Ms Topic 18 Classification, Biodviersity and Conservation j16-n22

4 mutations in weed (species) ;
5 chance / random / spontaneous (mutations) ;

6 idea that resistant weeds have selective advantage ; [max 4]
(d) social MARK SCHEME

TOPIC increased
18: CLASSIFICATION, BIODIVERSITY
yield / more food / cheaper food ; & CONSERVATION
environmental PAPER 4: M/J2016 – O/N2022
glyphosate, less hazardous than other weed killers / breaks down in soil
or
SECTION A
less fertiliser used (because weed competition reduced) ; [2]
1 18.1.d, 18.2.b, 18.3.f J16/42/5

[Total: 13]
5 (a) 1 mark-release-recapture ; AW
2 detail of trapping ; e.g. live mammal trap
bait with, food / chocolate / peanut butter
3 detail of marking ; e.g. paint / clipping fur / not to have adverse effects
4 time of second trapping detail ; e.g. not too soon or mixing won’t occur /
not too long after as migration may occur
5 detail of calculation ; e.g. Lincoln / Petersen, index
or
population size = number caught / marked, time 1 x no. captured time 2
number of marked individuals recaptured time 2
6 public reports ; e.g. online site / use of reporting app
7 detail of reporting, time frame / areas ; e.g. raccoon spotting week
8 detail of calculating numbers per unit area / use of computer modelling ; [max 3]
(b) (i) Eukarya ; A Eukaryota R eukaryotes [1]
(ii) 1 (cells) have a nucleus ;

2 (cells) contain membrane-bound organelles ; A mitochondria / ER / golgi
3 ribosomes are, large / 22 nm / 80S ;
4 DNA is linear ;
5 histones present ;
6 ref. to cytoskeleton / microtubules / undulipodia / cilia ; [max 3]
Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper

Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 42
© Cambridge International Examinations 2016
(c) max 2 for mp1–4
1 may compete with other species for, food / habitat ;
2 may be predators of other species ;
3 may spread disease to other species ;
4 may reduce population sizes / cause extinction of other species ;
5 may spread, disease / rabies, to humans ;
6 may bite humans ; [max 3]
[Total: 10]
2 18.1.d, 18.2.c, 18.3.f, 18.3.e J16/43/5

6 (a) codominance ;
sex linkage ; [2]
(b) (male) CBCBZaZa ; x (female) CSCSWZA ;
(gametes) CBZa CSZA or CSW ;
CBCSZAZa ; CBCSWZa ;
(male, blue, barred) (female, blue, non-barred)
accept other symbols but only with key [5]
(c) blue colour is, heterozygous / CBCS ;

test cross ;
with non-barred female ;
if all offspring barred, must be ZAZA / homozygous ;
if offspring not all barred, must be ZAZa / heterozygous ; [max 3]
[Total: 10]
7 (a) deamination / amine group removed ; A amino / NH2

ammonia / NH3, formed ;
combined with carbon dioxide ;
Cambridge International AS/A Level – May/June 2016 9700 43
5 (a) 1 mark-release-recapture / AW ; A catch, mark, return, catch

A mark-and-recapture
description (max 3)
2 detail of trapping ; e.g. Longworth / Sherman / live / small mammal
3 detail of marking ; e.g. felt tip pen / clipping fur / not to have adverse effects
4 detail of timing of second trapping ; e.g. not too soon or mixing will not occur /
not too long after as migration may occur / after 24 hours / 1 day (any number
of days up to two weeks)
5 detail of calculation ; e.g. Lincoln Index / Petersen index
or number marked time 1 × no. captured time 2
number of marked individuals recaptured time 2
A symbols in equation if key is given [max 4]
(b) glycogen ;
centrioles / centrosomes ;
(may have) cilia / flagella / microvilli ;
no cell wall ;
no, large / central / permanent, vacuole ; A no tonoplast [max 2]
(c) (i) 1 reduce, other organisms’ abundance / biodiversity ; A endanger, rare

species / water voles A causes extinction
2 alter food, chains / webs ;
3 due to predation ;
4 due to competition ;
5 due to spreading disease ;
6 may change habitat ; e.g. create shade, change soil pH
7 may be toxic / threaten human health ; [max 3]
(ii) culling / hunting / trapping ;

contraceptive measures ;
biological control disease agent ; I introduce new mink-eating predator
I biological control alone [max 1]
[Total: 10]
3 18.1.a, 18.2.a, 18.1.f, 18.3.c N16/43/5
6 (a) key to 4 chosen symbols ;
A any two lettered pairs (e.g. E/e and A/a) identified I symbols for wing length
no eyes and black abdomen must be lower case (e, a)
with eyes and striped abdomen must be upper case (E, A)
allow ecf to max 3 if error in symbols
parents genotypes Eeaa × eeAa ;

gametes Ea ea × eA ea ; A each gamete written twice
F2 genotypes Eeaa eeaa EeAa eeAa ; [4]
(b) cross with, homozygous recessive / black no-eyes, fly ;

A double recessive / aaee (or own symbols) / organism showing recessive
characters or phenotype [1]
© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

Cambridge International AS/A Level – October/November 2016 9700 43
Question Answer Mark Guidance
5(a) three from 3 A interactions between living and non-living

ref. to interactions between, biotic and abiotic (components) ; or between, the community / populations of different
species, and the physico-chemical environment
yes
tree supports, many species / community / many interactions ; A idea of, discrete / self-contained / self-sustaining,
group of species / community
energy flow / food web, occurs on one tree ; A description of three-step food chain on tree
no
idea that tree is part of larger ecosystem / interactions occur with organisms outside
tree ;
part of, savannah / larger, energy flow / food web / nutrient recycling ;
5(b)(i) 105 ; 1 A 104.5 / 104
5(b)(ii) genus Acacia ; 2 R genus name with lowercase first letter

species (Acacia) mellifera / nilotica / tortilis ; R species name with uppercase first letter
5(b)(iii) two from 2

sample sizes in Table 5.1
1 are small ; ora idea that they should be the same
2 sample size varies (between the 3 species) ; ora e.g. large sample size reduces effects of anomalies
or large sample size allows anomalies to be
3 anomaly could be, missed / have disproportionate effect ; indentified / either maximum or minimum for A. tortilis
could be an anomaly / high max for A. nilotica could
be an anomaly
4 small(er) / decreased, sample size would be, less representative / less valid / less
accurate ; ora
Page 11 Mark Scheme

© UCLES 2016
Syllabus Paper
Cambridge International AS/A Level – October/November 2016 9700 43
Question Answer Mark Guidance
5(c) three from 3 A knock-on effects e.g. insects (needed to) pollinate
idea of, species, inter-related / interact (in reserve) ; plants that elephants eat / insect competitors stunt
trees so easier for elephants to reach
I elephants eat insects

to conserve one species need to protect whole ecosystem ;
elephants / large animals, eat acacia ;
AVP ; e.g. research raises, profile of / money for, game reserve or presence of
research team deters elephant poachers
Total: 11
Question 4 18.1.b, 18.1.f,Answer

18.2.a Mark J17/41/8
Guidance
6(a)(i) C; 1
6(a)(ii) one from 1 A progesterone is low, at end / in E

progesterone concentration decreases ; A oestrogen concentration is low, at end / in E
oestrogen concentration decreases, near end / in D ;
6(a)(iii) corpus luteum ; 1
6(a)(iv) one from 1 A maintains the uterus lining

maintain the endometrium ; R maintains the, endometrium wall / uterus wall
negative feedback / inhibition, of, FSH / GnRH / LH ; I thickens lining
9700/41 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2017
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
8(a) max 4 of: 4

1 different habitats ;
2 different niches ;
3 many (different) species / large variety of species ;
4 ref. to (much) genetic diversity within a species ;
5 different selection pressures ;
6 ref. to adaptation ;
7 different, climate / rainfall / temperature / soil / topography / conditions ;
8(b)(i) both sites are the same / no (significant) difference between two sites ; 1
8(b)(ii) genera 2 and species 4 ; 1

PUBLISHED
8(b)(iii) all figures to 3 d.p. to score but only penalise extra d.p. or rounding error associated with extra d.p. once 3
number on grassland
species n/N (n / N)2
not grazed
Onthophagus pennsylvanicus 6641 0.873 0.762
Canthon ebenus 774 0.102 0.010
Canthon pilularius 108 0.014 0.000

© UCLES 2017 Onthophagus hecate Page 13 of 18
85 0.011 0.000
total 7608 0.772
n / N figures correct / numbers of each species divided by total ;
(n / N)2 calculated and added up ; ecf from incorrect column 1 including figures with fewer / more than 3 d.p.
0.228 ; ecf total figure subtracted from 1
8(b)(iv) greater species evenness on grazed grassland ; ora A mostly, one species / O. pennsylvanicus, on not grazed 2
grazing increases (dung beetle species) (bio)diversity ; ora
if opposite conclusion reached check answer for (iii) and apply ecf for mp2 if D > 0.521
5 18.1.c, 18.2.a, 18.1.f J17/42/8
© UCLES 2017 Page 14 of 18

PUBLISHED
8(a) 1. random sampling ; max 4
2. (using) random number generator for coordinates ;
3. in both sites ;
4. measure, percentage cover / (Braun-Blanquet / ACFOR) scale cover ;
5. using (square frame) quadrats ;
6. repeat sampling ;
8(b)(i) family / sub-family ; 1
8(b)(ii) that there is no significant difference (between the two sites) ; 1
8(b)(iii) 3
animal taxon number n (n / N)2
present in N
soil under
brambles
pseudoscorpion 21 0.512 0.262
wireworm 12 0.293 0.086
gamasid mite 7 0.171 0.029
springtail 1 0.024 0.001
total 41 0.378
n / N figures correct or numbers of each species divided by total ;
(n / N)2 calculated and added up ;
total figure subtracted from 1 / 1 – 0.378 = 0.622 ; ecf

PUBLISHED
8(b)(iv) apply ecf from (iii) if D is very different to 0.663 / 0.622 2
1. bracken and bramble / both sites, have similar Simpson’s Index of Diversity (D) numbers ;
or
bracken and bramble / type of vegetation, has little effect on soil organism diversity ;
2. soil organisms more abundant under bracken ; ora
6 17.3.e, 18.3.c, 18.1.a N17/42/1

9700/42 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
1(a)(i) three from: 3
1 the numbers of, prey / herbivores / sheep / goats, would increase ;
2 decrease in number of plants / idea of overgrazing ;
3 damage to habitat ; e.g. erosion
4 increased competition (for plants) ;
5 lack of food causes, herbivore numbers to decline / herbivores to migrate away ;
6 reduction in, biodiversity / species diversity / genetic diversity / genetic variation ;
7 AVP ; e.g. increase in other predators / disruption to food web
1(a)(ii) one from: 1
1 snow leopards are, hard to see / camouflaged ;
2 vast habitat to cover (to locate snow leopards) / inaccessible locations / solitary ;
3 AVP ; e.g. difficulty getting permission from some governments to go into certain areas

PUBLISHED 2017
1(b) three from: 3
1 ban trade (of, leopard / leopard products) ;
2 ban hunting ;
© UCLES 2017 3 detection methods ; e.g. customs / trading officers / wildlife

Page 3 of forensics
20 / extra rangers
4 enforcement measures ; e.g. fines / prison / punishment
5 raise public awareness / education ;
6 ref. to protected areas / national parks ;

PUBLISHED 2017
1(c) two from: 2
1 genetic diversity decreases / AW ;
2 increased chance of two harmful recessive alleles coming together / increase in inbreeding depression / decrease in
hybrid vigour ;
3 (some) less likely to survive ;
4 (because) less likely to adapt to change in, environmental conditions / selection pressure ;
1(d) two from: 2
1 appearance / morphology / visible features / looked similar to leopards ;
2 breeding (to produce fertile offspring) ; ora

3 ref. to behaviour ;
2(a)(i) NADP ; 1
2(a)(ii) two from: 2

7 18.1.b, 17.3.e, 18.2.c N17/43/1

PUBLISHED 2017
1(a) two from: 2
1 variation in / diversity of, ecosystems / habitats ;
2 number of / (how) many / variety of / diversity of, species ;
3 the (relative) abundance of each species ;
4 genetic diversity / range of alleles, within a species ;
1(b)(i) genes and environment ; 1
1(b)(ii) one from: 1
1 whales, mobile / swim / migrate ;
2 (they inhabit) large, area / distances ;
3 live, underwater / at great depths ;
1(c) two from: 2
1 (water) pollution from, industry / boats ;
2 accidents involving / damaged by, boats / fishing gear ;
3 lack of / competition for, food / krill / prey ;
4 noise / vibration, disturbs whale, communication / behaviour / mating ;
5 illegal, whaling / hunting ;
6 reproduction rate is slow / one offspring at a time / long gestation ;

PUBLISHED 2017
1(d) two from: 2
toxins (PCBs / DDT) are

1 present in, water / river / sea ;
2 ingested / absorbed by, producers / phytoplankton / algae ;
3 bioaccumulation or toxins, pass up / accumulate up, food chain ;
4 persistent / long-lasting / not broken down (in environment / whale) ;
5 fat / lipid, soluble ;
1(e)(i) two from: 2
1 sodium ions do not enter (neurones / nerve cells / axons) ;
2 (neurones) cannot depolarise or cannot, generate / transmit, impulses / action potentials ;
3 reason for death ;
1(e)(ii) one from: 1
unicellular / not multicellular ;
motile / have flagella ;
8 18.1.e, 17.3.e, 18.3.c J18/41/1

PUBLISHED
1(a)(i) any one from: 1

positive correlation ;
as area (of forest) increases, number / population / orangutans, increase(s) ; ora
1(a)(ii) 25 000 – 7300 2

2016–1985 ;
571 (per year) ;
1(a)(iii) 12.78 / 12.8 / 13 (years) ; 1
1(b) any two from: 2
1 hunting / poaching, for, bushmeat / (traditional) medicine / crop protection ;

2 hunting / (live) capture, for pets / trade ;
3 disease ;
4 breeding problems due to, individuals isolated / mates inaccessible / inbreeding in small populations ;
1(c) any three from: 3
1 breeding (programmes) ;
2 release / reintroduction (to, wild / Sumatra/ reserves) ;
3 educate / raise public awareness ;
4 research, diet / breeding / behaviour / genetic diversity ;
5 raise money for, reserves / protecting wild population ;
6 AVP ; e.g. cooperate with governments
9 17.3.e, 18.3.c, 18.3.d J18/42/1

PUBLISHED
1(a) any 3 of: 3

1 killed by humans ;
© UCLES 20182 difficulty in finding a mate ; Page 5 of 17
3 loss of habitat / habitat fragmentation / habitat polluted / deforestation ;
4 food shortage ;
5 (new) diseases ;
1(b) any 3 of: 3

1 maintains or increases, gene pool / genetic diversity / genetic variation ;
2 maintains or increases, heterozygosity ;
3 hybrid vigour ;
4 reduces / prevents, inbreeding depression ;
5 reduce chances of harmful recessive alleles coming together ;
1(c) any 2 of: 2

1 IVF or description;
2 embryo transfer ;
3 surrogacy or description ;
4 artificial insemination ;
10 17.3.e, 18.3.c, 18.3.d J18/43/1

PUBLISHED
1(a)(i) 0.03 ; 1
1(a)(ii) three from: 3
1 more humans result in fewer macaques / ora ;

2 (humans) kill macaques ;
3 (humans) destroy macaque habitat / named example ;
4 (humans) bring disease ;
1(b) four from: 4
1 captive breeding / assisted reproduction ;

2 release into wild ;
3 education ;
4 ban, hunting / trade ;
5 reserves / national parks / zoos ;
6 provide food ;
7 provide healthcare / monitor populations for disease ;
8 limit / ban, on new building ;
11 17.3.e, 18.3.c, 18.3.d, 18.2.a N18/42/1
9700/42 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme October/November 2018

PUBLISHED
1(a)(i) any two from 2

1 deforestation or habitat, destruction / fragmentation ;
2 killed ;
3 disease ;
4 reduction in food supply ;
1(a)(ii) any three from 3

1 captive breeding / AI / IVF / surrogacy ;
2 release into the wild / insurance populations ;
© UCLES 2018 3 education / awareness ; Page 5 of 17
4 (work with Philippine government to) set up reserves ;
5 research, diet / habitat / breeding / behaviour / genetic diversity ;
6 veterinary care / monitor health ;
1(b) any three from 3

1 hybrids formed / fewer warty pigs produced ;
2 may be sterile ;
3 genetically different (from warty pigs) ;
4 (hybrid) less adapted for natural environment ;
5 (hybrid) ref. to susceptibility to, diseases / parasites ;
1(c) Eukarya ; 2
R eukaryote(s) / Eukaryota
class ;
12 17.3.e, 18.3.c N18/43/1

PUBLISHED
1(a)(i) any three from 3

1 habitat destruction ;
2 competition for food / food shortage ;
3 predation / predators ;
4 disease / infection ;
5 AVP ; e.g. pollution / pesticide use / removed from wild (to zoos) to conserve species / problems finding a mate
1(a)(ii) any two from 2

1 (captive) breeding ;
2 release into wild / insurance populations ;
3 education / increase awareness (of illegal bird trade) ;
4 research, diet / habitat / breeding / behaviour / genetic diversity ;
5 raise money / work with (Bali) government, to set up reserves ;
6 veterinary / health, care ;
1(b) any four from 4

1 low / little / less / decreased (genetic) (bio)diversity / variation ;
2 low / little / less / decreased, heterozygosity ;
3 harmful recessive alleles may come together ;
4 inbreeding depression ;
5 no / less / decreased, hybrid vigour ;
6 not / less, able to adapt to, new / changed, selection pressure / disease / environment ;
13 18.1.b, 18.1.f, 18.3.b J19/41/8

PUBLISHED
8(a) 1 C; 3
2 greater / highest / most, number of (plant + insect) species / species richness ;
3 greater / highest / most, number of habitats ;
8(b) area A because if one species, increases / decreases (in abundance), this may affect the whole, community / food web / 1
ecosystem ;
8(c) any one from: 1
1 species may have, medicinal / economic / aesthetic, benefits ;
2 (to maintain) genetic diversity / genetic variation / alleles ;
3 ref. to ethical / moral / stewardship ;
14 18.1.a J19/42/7
9(a) any seven from: 7

1 reaction / photosynthesis, controlled / affected, by more than one / several, factors ;
2 factor / variable, nearest its minimum value / in shortest supply ;
3 which, prevents increase in rate / restricts rate / makes rate plateau ;
to increase crop yield in glass house:

4 light intensity + temperature + carbon dioxide concentration ;
5 artificial lights / lamps / provide lighting at night ;
6 heaters / open windows / control ventilation ;
7 CO2 from, cylinders / dry ice / combustion / (named) fuel heater ;
8 automation / computerised control / digital control ;
9 ref. to optimum, light intensity / temperature / CO2 concentration / conditions ;
10 AVP ; e.g. water / irrigation / sprinklers
control / optimum, humidity
(named) fertiliser / nitrate / manure

PUBLISHED
Question PUBLISHED
Answer Marks
Question
7(a) any three from: Answer Marks 3
6(b)(ii) any three from: 3
1mitochondrial
functionalDNA
/ self-contained / specific, entity / unit / area ;
accept ora throughout
21 community
inherited from(ofmother
organisms)
alone ;/ all living organisms of all species / all populations of organisms ;
32 ref. to interactions
recombination ; over, doesn’t occur ;
/ crossing
43 abiotic / physical,
mutations, occur atand, biotic /rate
a constant biological, factors
/ molecular clock; A
; living and non-living
54 mtDNA mutates
idea that linked faster (than nuclear
by, energy DNA) ;cycling / food webs / food chains / nutrient cycle ;
flow / mineral
7(b) 5. many
niche ; copies of mtDNA (per cell) ; 3
6 is smaller
species ; / has fewer genes ;
7 not;associated with histones ;

abiotic
8 mtDNA analysis is quicker ;
15 18.1.d J19/43/7
7 recapture ; 6
small / mobile / AW ;
harm ;
predators ;
mix / disperse / integrate ;
marked ;
16 18.1.c, 18.1.d, 18.1.f J20/41/8

9700/41 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2020
PUBLISHED
8(a) any four from: 4
1 ref. to use of quadrats ;
2 ref. to size (of quadrat) ;
3 grid marked out ;
4 use of random number generator
5 measure species frequency ;
6 use of key or Braun Blanquet / other named, scale ;
7 measure, species abundance / percentage cover ;
8 repeat sampling ;
9 both sites treated the same ;
8(b)(i) 0.23 and 0.05 ; 1
8(b)(ii) Σ (n÷N)2 = 0.19 ; 2
D = 0.81 ;
8(b)(iii) field A has a higher species diversity than field B ; 1
17 18.2.a, 18.2.b, 18.2.c, 18.2.d J20/42/8

PUBLISHED
8(a) 2
5 1 8 6 2 4 3 7 ;;
all correct = 2 marks

four in correct consecutive sequence = 1 mark
8(b) 3
Fungi Plantae
method of nutrition heterotrophic autotrophic ;
storage polysaccharide glycogen starch ;
main component of cell wall chitin cellulose ;
8(c) bacteria ; 1
8(d) RNA or DNA ; 2
single-stranded or double-stranded ;
18 18.1.d, 18.1.e J20/43/8

PUBLISHED
8(a) any five from: 5
1 lay out a, line / tape ;
2 (line / tape) runs from low tide area to high tide area ;
3 ref. to use of quadrats ;
4 ref. to interrupted belt transect ;
5 place quadrats at regular intervals ;
6 measure species frequency ;
7 use of key or Braun Blanquet / other named, scale ;
8 repeat sampling ;
8(b)(i) B and C ; 1
8(b)(ii) Pearson’s linear correlation / Spearman’s Rank ; 1
19 18.1.d, 18.1.e N20/42/8
9700/42 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme October/November 2020

PUBLISHED
8(a) any five from: 5
1 mark–release–recapture ;
2 capture (sample of) rats and count them ;

3 ref. to humane traps ;
4 mark so as to not adversely affect rats

or
describe method of marking such as, tagging / using dyes ;
5 return to where they were caught / AW ;
6 allow time to mix (with population) / AW ;
7 capture second sample ;
8 count number caught and number marked ;
9 population size estimate (M1) =

number in first sample (N1 ) ×number in second sample (N2 )
;
number in second sample that are marked (M2 )
10 AVP ; e.g. repeat

PUBLISHED
8(b)(i) 6 × 164 2
rs = 1 –
83 − 8
or
984
=1–
504
or
= 1 – 1.95 ;
rs = – 0.95 ;
8(b)(ii) there is a strong correlation ; 2
negative correlation / as the altitude increases the mean height of the soft rush decreases ;
20 18.3.c, 18.3.f N20/43/3

PUBLISHED

1 geographic(al), isolation / barrier between populations ;
2 no / low / less, (inter)breeding / gene flow ;
3 different mutations occur ;
4 different (named), selection pressures / environment(al conditions) ;
5 natural selection ;
6 genetic drift ;
7 allopatric (sub)speciation ;
3(b) cytochrome c oxidase / (mitochondrial) gene / DNA / base, sequences, 2

(nearly) identical / (very) similar ;
small number of bases different / low percentage difference ;
difference to other species is greater ;

3(c) any two from: 2
1 identify species, quickly / automatically / by non-experts ;
2 compare with, Red List / IUCN list / CITES appendix ;
3 confiscate / destroy / relocate, endangered species / ES products ;
4 prosecute / stop activities of, smugglers / traders / poachers ;
5 prevent entry of, predators / competitors / diseases, that could harm native ES ;
21 18.1.1, 18.1.2, 18.1.5, 18.1.4 J21/41/3

PUBLISHED
3(a)(i) any three from: 3

(individuals / organisms / members of a species are similar / same)
1 morphologically ;
2 physiologically ;
3 biochemically ;
4 genetically ;
5 ecologically / occupy same niche ;
6 behaviourally ;
7 can (inter)breed to form fertile offspring ;
8 reproductively isolated (from other species) ;
9 share, an evolutionary lineage / recent common ancestor ;
10 share a, binomial / Linnaean, name ;
3(a)(ii) domain: Eukarya ; 2

kingdom: Animalia ;
3(a)(iii) any two from: 2

1 classification / taxonomy, reflects / shows / depends on, evolutionary / phylogenetic, relationships ;
2 organisms / species, that, are closely related / share recent common ancestor, should be classified together ;
3 help identify, larger taxonomic groups / orders / families / genera ;
4 AVP ;
3(b)(i) (1478 × 103 × 2 =) 304 468 ; 1
3(b)(ii) any three from: 3

1 to, store / analyse / process ;
2 large quantity of data ;
3 to, compare / match, (many) sequences ;
4 to, calculate / measure / quantify, (percentage), similarity / difference ;
5 ref. to fast / accurate / efficient ;

22 18.1.5, 18.3.6, 18.3.1 PUBLISHED J21/42/3
3(a)(i) any three from: 3

1 multicellular ;
2 have, specialised cells / tissues / organs ;
3 heterotrophic / described ;
4 ref. to nervous system ;
5 vacuoles / vesicles, are, small / temporary / not permanent ;
6 are eukaryotes / have eukaryotic cells ;
7 detail of eukaryote ; e.g. nucleus / (named) membrane-bound organelle / 80s ribosomes
8 ref. to mobility ;
3(a)(ii) any three from: 3
1 records / assesses, biodiversity ;
2 so conservation decisions can be made / AW ;
3 example of conservation action 1 ;
4 example of conservation action 2 ;
e.g. (IUCN) red list of threatened species / identifying endangered species

(CITES) regulation of trade
ref. assisted reproduction or ref. captive breeding
seed banks
place in, zoos / national parks / marine parks / botanical gardens
5 (taxonomic hierarchy is) internationally, recognised / standardised / AW ;

PUBLISHED
3(a)(iii) any two from: 2
1 (yes because as number of species has increased) biodiversity has increased ;
2 (idea of no because) numbers of new species that are being discovered are greater than the numbers of species
becoming extinct ;
3 (idea of no because) does not assess number of individuals in a species ;
4 AVP ; e.g. some species only exist in captivity
3(a)(iv) insects 2
1024 945
(×100 ) ;
1 438 805
71 ;
ecf – accept 1 mark if wrong data chosen
insects 1024 945

e.g. (×100 ) = 86
arthropods 1191770
arthropods 1191770
(×100 ) = 83
animals 1 438 805
3(b)(i) any two from: 2
1 habitat loss / habitat fragmentation / urbanisation / building / deforestation ;
2 insecticides / pesticides / farming / agriculture / fertilizers ; I pollution
3 new / increase in, predators / diseases / parasites ;

4 food shortage / increased competition (for food) ;
PUBLISHED
3(b)(ii) any two from: 2
1 Bt toxin (only) kills, specific insects / insects that feed on the crops ;
2 reduces use of, insecticides / pesticides ;
3 idea that insects survive to pollinate plants ;

23 18.1.1, 18.1.5, 18.3.5 J21/43/3
4(a) diabetes: 2
insulin from (GM) bacteria ; A ref to, yeast / animal cells
single gene disorder:

gene therapy
or
insert, functional / normal / dominant, allele into, target / somatic / stem, cells or genome ; A gene
R replacing one allele with another

PUBLISHED
3(a)(i) any two from: 2
1 differences in, morphology / phenotype / characteristics ;
2 differences in, physiology / biochemistry ;
3 genetic differences / AW ;
4 differences in behaviour ;
5 differences in ecological niche ;
6 isolated, populations / species

or
found in different geographical areas / AW
or
reproductively isolated / AW ;
3(a)(ii) any two from: 2
1 mate them together ;
2 see if offspring can interbreed / see if offspring are fertile;
3 ref. to bioinformatics investigation / described ;
3(b) any two from: 2
1 Fungi ;
2 Protoctist(a) ;
3 Prokaryota(e) / Prokaryote ; I bacteria
PUBLISHED
3(c) any four from: 4

1 hard to control / may become invasive / AW ;
2 may lack predators ;
3 may lack herbivores ;
4 may, prey on / parasitise, local / native, species / organisms ;
5 may compete with, local / native, species / organisms ; A description e.g. eat their food supply
6 may decrease, biodiversity / species richness / species abundance / AW ;
7 may have effects on, food web / ecosystem ;
8 may introduce diseases ;
3(d) any two from: 2
1 ban on African fruit should be lifted ;
2 can export more fruit / can export fruit to Asia / find new overseas markets ;
3 economic benefit / more work / more opportunities for farmers / social benefit ;
N21/41/3
24 18.2.3, 18.2.4, 18.2.6, 18.3.1, 18.3.3
N21/43/3

PUBLISHED
1 use random sampling (technique) ;
2 repeat and find mean / multiply estimates up for whole area ;
3 (frame) quadrats to measure, plants / vegetation / stationary organisms ;
4 detail of using quadrat ;
5 mark-release-recapture for (named) animals ;
6 detail of, trapping / marking, (named) animals ;
7 calculate / use, Simpson’s index (of diversity) ;
8 species richness and, (relative) abundance / species evenness ;

9700/41 9 AVP ; Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme October/November 2021
PUBLISHED
3(b) any four from: 4
1 climate change / end of (last) ice age / (global / local) warming ;
2 arctic fox, species / population, not well-adapted / unable to adapt ;
3 hunting, removed / caused extinction of, lynx / large predators ;
4 introduction of, named / alien / invasive / domestic, species / animal ;
5 may, eat / compete with / spread disease to, native, species / animal ;
6 overgrazing problem explained ;
7 may, change / destroy / disrupt, habitats / food webs ;

PUBLISHED
3(c) any five from: PUBLISHED 5
Question 1 Answer
obtain, healthy / fertile / wild-caught / captive bred, (founder) animals ; Marks
4(c) any
2 three
ref. to from:
genetic, variation / diversity / testing ; 3
13 DNA analysis
(consider not available
if), sufficient for everyone
/ suitable, habitat / ;area, available ;
24 lifestyle
(consider change ; A e.g.prey
if) sufficient, lose/ food,
weight / stop smoking
available ; / take exercise
35 early
publictreatment ;
safety advice / education ;
46 allows people
(organise) to plan ; e.g.
compensation fororganise
farmers care
who /lose
appoint power; of attorney / take out medical insurance / make will / gift
livestock
property to children / retire early
7 outlaw, killing / disturbing, lynx ;
5 decide whether to have children / ref. (therapeutic) termination ;
© UCLES 2021
8 (plan to) monitor, lynx / other animal / prey, populations ;
Page 9 of 21
6 results may cause, anxiety / stress / panic / depression (if positive)
9 or
(plan to) cull / control / use contraceptives, if population, grows too much / spreads too far ;
reduce worry (if negative) ;
10 AVP ;
7 results may affect ability to get, insurance / credit / jobs ;
Question 8 idea of predictions may not be accurate ; Answer Marks

25 18.2.2, 18.2.4, 18.2.6, 18.2.5 N21/42/5
4(a)(i) 1 crime scene DNA may be present in, small amount / minute quantity ; 2
2 PCR, amplifies / replicates / copies / multiplies, DNA ;
5(a) Fig. 5.1: species ; 3
4(a)(ii) 1 (negative) DNA moves to, positive electrode / anode ; 2
Fig. 5.2: genetic ;
2 smaller / lighter, fragments move, faster / further / longer distance ;
Fig. 5.3: habitat / ecosystem ;

PUBLISHED
5(b)(i) plants: 4
1 quadrats ;
2 transects ;
3 ref. to use, ACFOR / Braun-Blanquet

or
estimate percentage cover (of species)
count species
calculate plus species abundance
record species density
AW species frequency ;
insects:
4 pooters / pitfall traps / nets / light traps / sugar traps ;
5 mark-release-recapture ;
accept in either section:
6 (identification) keys ;
5(b)(ii) estimate biodiversity: Simpson’s index (of biodiversity) ; 2
9700/42 test relationship: Pearson’s linearCambridge

correlation International AS & A Level
coefficient / Spearman’s – Mark
rank Scheme
correlation ; October/November 2021
PUBLISHED
5(c) any three from: 3
negative
1 smaller crop area so lower yield ;
2 prairie strip insects may feed on crop ;
3 (so) less, profit / income ; must be linked to mp1 or mp2

positive
4 (soil) more fertile / described, so higher yield ;
5 less / no, fertiliser / phosphorus compounds / nitrogen compounds, used ; ignore minerals
6 (so) more, profit / income

or
reduction in expenses ; must be linked to mp4 or mp5

26 18.1.4 PUBLISHED J22/41/1(a)
1(a)(i) Eukarya ; 2
Animalia ;
1(a)(ii) any one from: 1

warning to predators / to deter predators ;
AVP ;
1(b) any three from: 3

271 Ca2+ (stays) 18.3.1,
in, cytoplasm 18.3.2
/ sarcoplasm ; PUBLISHED J22/41/8
2 Ca2+, binds / bound, to troponin ;
Question 3 tropomyosin, shifted / does not cover (myosin) binding Answer sites (on actin) ; Marks
4 myosin-actin, cross bridges / bonds, exist / remain ;
8(a)(i)
© UCLES 2021 any
5 three from: / muscle, contracted / shortened / paralysed
sarcomere(s) Page 16;of 24 3
1 habitat loss ;
1(c) 2any for,
threeagriculture
from: / building / roads / forestry / mines / development ; 3
3 hunting / fishing ;
41 collecting
Ca2+, entersplants ;
/ diffuses into, synaptic knob ;
52 humans aid spread of (animal
through (voltage-gated) calcium / plant) disease ; ;
(ion) channels
63 humans
vesicles aid spread acetylcholine
containing of, alien / invasive
; / competing, species ;
74 (named)
move to /pollution
fuse with, / pesticides
presynaptic ; membrane ;
5 exocytosis of acetylcholine ;
8(a)(ii) 29 000  7000 29 000  7000 22 000 2
1 or ;
2000  1950 50 50
2 440 ;
PUBLISHED
8(b) any seven from: 7

1 (named) food ;
2 (named) medicines ;
3 wood / fibres / paper / rubber ;
4 genetic diversity for future use ;
5 science / technology / research ;

6 education ;
7 aesthetic / wellbeing ;
8 (eco)tourism / attract visitors ;
9 ethical / moral / stewardship ;

10 local cultural significance ;
11 maintain / protect / stability of, food chains / food webs ;
12 pollination / ecosystem services ;
13 protect against, soil erosion / coastal erosion / flooding ;

14 soil formation ;
15 (named) mineral, cycles / recycling OR ref. to stage in cycle of named element ;
16 climate stability ;

28 18.2.4, 18.3.1, 18.1.5 PUBLISHED J22/42/10
10(a) any three from: 3
1 marking, not harmful (described) / cannot be removed (described) ;
2 constant population size ;
3 no, births / deaths (described)

© UCLES 2022
or Page 16 of 19
no, immigration / emigration / migration ;
4 (sufficient time for) marked individuals to mix with rest of population ;
5 (penguins are) mobile ;
1 loss of habitat / example ;
2 climate change ;
3 predation ;
4 competition for, food / resources / breeding sites / example ;
5 new disease ;
6 pollution / example ;
7 numbers get so low that population can’t recover / AW ;

9700/42
10(c) 13 000 / 1.3  104 ; Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2022
1
PUBLISHED
10(d) any four from: 4
1 multicellular ;
2 eukaryote / eukaryotic / (cells) contain a nucleus ;
3 specialised cells / tissues / organs ;
4 heterotrophic (nutrition) / described ;
5 nervous system ;
6 cilia / flagella ;
7 mobile / motile ;
29 18.3.1, 18.3.6, 18.3.3 J22/43/8

PUBLISHED
8(a) any two from: 2
1 loss of habitat / described ;
2 climate change / global warming ;
3 predation ; I hunting
4 competition for, food / resources / breeding sites / example ; A not enough food
5 new disease ;
6 numbers get so low that population can’t recover / AW ;
1 trade ban (if species is in danger of extinction) ;
2 if species is not (yet) at risk of extinction permit required ;
3 ref. to border controls / checks ; A fines / punishment if caught
4 (provide countries with) lists of species that are, rare / endangered ;
5 encourages governments, to join CITES / to abide by CITES regulations ;

9700/43 6 AVP ; Cambridge
e.g. every International
few years they have aAS & A Level with
conference – Mark
theirScheme
members May/June 2022
PUBLISHED
1 captive breeding / description ;
2 assisted reproduction / example ;
3 reintroduce into the wild ;

4 medical care ;
5 education / public awareness ;
6 research ;
7 projects in the field ;
8 ref. to maintaining genetic databases, to avoid inbreeding

or
working with other zoos ;
N22/41/1
30 18.3.1, 18.3.6, 18.3.4
N22/43/1

PUBLISHED
1(a) any two from: 2
1 habitat loss ;
2 competition with / disease from, farm / invasive / alien, animals / species ;
3 climate change ;
4 hunting / poaching / killing by humans ;
5 AVP ;
1 global / international / worldwide (authority / advisory) ;
2 (to give advice to) conserve / protect, nature / biodiversity / habitats ;
3 assess / categorise, species conservation status ;
4 ref. Red List (of Threatened Species) ;
5 influence, governments / policy ;
6 educate / raise awareness ;
PUBLISHED
1 mating / IVF / (super-ovulate female plus) AI ;
2 remove embryo (from, mated / artificially inseminated, female) ;
3 check / select, healthy / normal / best, embryos ;

4 may freeze embryos for, storage / later use ;
5 implant embryos in (different female) uterus ;
6 ref. surrogate (mother) ;
7 ref. (named female reproductive) hormone(s) ;
8 AVP ;
31 18.3.6, 18.3.4 N22/42/1

PUBLISHED
1(a) any three from: 3
1 Red List ;
2 e.g. threatened / endangered / extinct etc., species ;
3 ref. education / spreads awareness ;
4 provides a global forum for sharing expertise / AW ;
5 provides advice about conservation issues ;
1(b) 1 cattle at edge / old and weak cattle, (easy) for lions to kill (for food) ; 2
2 (so) the remaining cattle can survive / AW ;
1 female given, hormone / FSH / gonadotropins ;
2 ref. to superovulation / AW ;
3 (secondary) oocytes / ova, harvested / AW ; Ignore eggs
4 detail of harvest ; e.g. use of fine needle / using ultrasound
5 sperm / semen, added to (secondary) oocytes / ova ;
6 cultured / AW, for several days / until embryo or blastocyst stage ; Ignore number of cells
7 embryo / blastocyst, placed in uterus ;
SECTION B
32 18.2.b, 18.3.c J18/42/9

PUBLISHED
9(a) any 8 of: 8

1 no, nucleus / nuclear envelope ;
2 circular DNA / plasmid ; A circular chromosome
3 cell membrane composition different (from, bacteria / eukarya) ;
4 no membrane-bound organelles / named example ;
5 70S ribosomes ;
6 cell wall present ;
7 cell wall does not contain peptidoglycans ;
8 cells divide by, binary / multiple, fission ;
9 (mostly) unicellular ;
10 (some) have histones associated with DNA ;
11 (some) are extremophiles / description ;

PUBLISHED
9(b) any 7 of: 7

1 variety / collection, of seeds ;
2 long-term storage ;
3 (storage) to, prevent germination / maintain dormancy ;
4 detail of storage conditions ; e.g. frozen or stored at temperatures below –13 °C dried
5 seeds regularly tested for viability / description ;
6 seeds re-stocked regularly ;
7 maintain genetic diversity / genetic material preserved / acts as a gene bank ;
8 detail of future use ; e.g. can be used after environmental disaster / new diseases / used to increase numbers
9 maintains biodiversity ;
10 research / education ;
11 AVP ; e.g. takes up less space than growing plants / ref. to cheaper to store than whole plants
33 18.2.b, 18.3.d J18/43/9

PUBLISHED
9(a) eight from: 8
1 nucleus ;
2 (double) membrane-bound organelles ; A example
3 80S ribosomes ;
4 chloroplasts / mitochondria, have 70S ribosomes ;
5 linear DNA ;
6 DNA associated with, histones / proteins ;
7 chloroplasts / mitochondria, DNA is circular ;
8 unicellular, colonial and multicellular ;
9 cells divide by mitosis ;
10 reproduction can be asexual and sexual ;
11 AVP ;
9(b) seven from: 7
1 useful for species where reproduction is difficult / AW ;

2 example ; e.g. from habitat fragmentation / reproductive physiology
3 increases the rate of, reproduction / offspring production ;
4 IVF ;
5 hormone treatment / superovulation ;
6 (many) oocytes harvested ;
7 (oocytes) mixed with sperm ;
8 embryos placed in uterus ;
9 surrogacy ;
10 detail ; e.g. use a similar species / non-rare breed
11 ref. to portmanteau animal / embryo transfer ;
12 AVP ; e.g. embryo splitting
cryopreservation of sperm
artificial insemination
34 18.2.b, 18.3.c N18/41/9

PUBLISHED
9(a) any eight from 8

1 no, nucleus / nuclear envelope ;
2 circular DNA ;
3 histone-like / HU / HN-S / INF, proteins associated with DNA ;
4 no membrane-bound organelles ;
5 named example of absent organelle ;
6 70S / 18 nm, ribosomes ;
7 cell wall made of, peptidoglycan / murein ;
8 binary fission ;
9 unicellular ;
10 spherical / rod / spiral / comma / corkscrew, shape or may form, pairs / tetrads / strings / filaments / clusters / palisades ;
11 size detail ;
12 Gram-negative have, extra / second / outer, membrane ;
13 AVP ; (other structural feature)
14 AVP ; (other non-structural feature)
9(b) any seven from 7

1 collect / take, plants / seeds, from the wild ;
2 (from) many countries / international effort ;
3 (especially from) areas at risk from climate change ;
4 grow / cultivate / plant, seeds / plants (in botanic gardens) ;
5 increase, plant / seed, number ;
6 tissue culture / cloning ;
7 (store in) seed bank ;
8 maintain / measure, genetic diversity or ref. to gene bank ;
9 cooperate with, governments / charities / agencies / universities ;
10 for research ;
11 to conserve habitats ;
12 to restore habitats ;
13 to reintroduce species (to wild) ;
14 educate (public) / raise awareness ;
15 raise funds ;
16 AVP ; e.g. prepare suitable habitats / growing conditions
35 18.2.c, 18.3.c N19/42/9

PUBLISHED
Fungi and Animalia

1 eukaryotic cells ;
2 & 3 details of eukaryotic cells ;; e.g. nucleus / linear DNA / chromosomes / histones / 80s ribosomes /
(named) membrane-bound organelles
4 heterotrophic / described ;
5 ref. to glycogen ;
Fungi only
6 some unicellular ;
7 hyphae / mycelium ;
8 multinucleate parts ;
9 ref. to spores ;
10 cell walls of chitin ;
Animalia only
11 multicellular ;
12 specialised cells ;
13 differentiated into, tissues / organs ;
14 some motile ;
15 (some cells have) cilia / flagella ;

PUBLISHED
9(b) any eight from: 8
methods
1 provide as natural environment as possible / described ;
2 storage of, sperm / eggs / gametes ; A sperm banks
3 artificial insemination / IVF ;
4 embryo transfer / surrogate mothers ;
5 can monitor, health of mother / development of foetus ;
6 (international) cooperation between zoos ;
7 genetic records kept / ‘stud’ book ;
8 release into the wild ;
problems
9700/43 9 may be stress in captivity ; Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme October/November 2019
PUBLISHED
10 mate may be rejected ;
8 111 glycolysis
reproductive
; cycles may be disrupted (in captivity) ; 6
2 cristae ;
312 &ATP
13 named problems
synth(et)ase ; with release ;; e.g. difficulty in finding food / may not integrate into groups / more susceptible to
4 protonsdisease / very little
/ hydrogen ions natural
/ H+ ; habitat left to release animals into
5 matrix ;
366 Krebs / TCA18.2.d, 18.3.g
/ citric acid, cycle ; N19/43/9
9(a) any eight from: 8

1 not cellular ;
2 contain, nucleic acid / genetic material / DNA / RNA (core) ;
3 DNA may be single-stranded or double-stranded ;
4 (core surrounded by) protein coat / capsid / capsomeres ;
5 may have, external / lipoprotein, envelope / membrane ;
6 20–750 nm ;
7 obligate parasites ;
8 reproduced / replicated, in / by, host cells ;
9 disease-causing / pathogenic ;
10 no, metabolism / respiration / nutrition / excretion / growth ;
11 cannot move / immobile ;
12 have, proteins / enzymes, to help, infection / replication ;
13 (highly) specific to host (cells) ;
14 not (thought to be) living ;
15 AVP ; e.g. lytic / lysogenic, life cycles
antigenic, variability / drift / shift

PUBLISHED
9(b) any seven from: 7

1 name 1 ;
2 name 2 ; e.g. WWF / Greenpeace / Nature Conservancy / Wildlife Conservation Society / Oceana / Sea
Shepherd / Conservation International / CITES / IUCN / IFAW / WAZA / World Seed Bank / IPBES
3 raise, funds / donations ;
4 influence, governments / businesses ;
5 ban / reduce, hunting / polluting / oil drilling / mining / deforestation ;
6 research / reports ;
7 conserve, species / populations / habitats / biodiversity OR prevent extinction ;
8 education / publicity campaigns / raise awareness ;
9 hold protests OR take direct action to prevent, development / exploitation ;
10 promote coexistence of wildlife and people ;
11 regulate / legislate for, trade in wild species ;
12 estimate / monitor / categorise, threatened / endangered, species ;
13 detail of CITES trade categories ;

1 action potential / depolarisation / impulse, at pre-synaptic membrane ;
2 (voltage-gated) calcium ion channels open / calcium ions enter (cell / cytoplasm / (motor) neurone / pre-synaptic knob) ;
3 vesicles fuse with pre-synaptic membrane ;
4 acetylcholine / ACh, released, by exocytosis / into synaptic cleft ;
5 (ACh) binds to receptors on, muscle cell membrane / sarcolemma / motor end plate ;
6 sodium ion channels open / sodium ions enter (muscle cell / sarcoplasm) ;
7 depolarisation of, (muscle) cell surface membrane / sarcolemma ;
8 (depolarisation) spreads / transmitted, to / down / via, T-tubules ;
9 depolarisation of (adjacent) sarcoplasmic reticulum (membrane) ;
10 (voltage-gated) calcium ion channels open ;
11 calcium ions, move / diffuse, out of SR / out of cisterna(e) ;
12 calcium ions, move / diffuse, into, sarcoplasm / cytoplasm ;
13 calcium ions, start contraction / bind to troponin ;

Ms Topic 18 Classification, Biodviersity and Conservation j16-n22

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ms Topic 18 Classification, Biodviersity and Conservation j16-n22

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

4 mutations in weed (species) ;

5 chance / random / spontaneous (mutations) ;

(d) social MARK SCHEME

1 18.1.d, 18.2.b, 18.3.f J16/42/5

(b) (i) Eukarya ; A Eukaryota R eukaryotes [1]

(ii) 1 (cells) have a nucleus ;

Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper

2 18.1.d, 18.2.c, 18.3.f, 18.3.e J16/43/5

(b) (male) CBCBZaZa ; x (female) CSCSWZA ;

(gametes) CBZa CSZA or CSW ;

accept other symbols but only with key [5]

(c) blue colour is, heterozygous / CBCS ;

7 (a) deamination / amine group removed ; A amino / NH2

5 (a) 1 mark-release-recapture / AW ; A catch, mark, return, catch

(c) (i) 1 reduce, other organisms’ abundance / biodiversity ; A endanger, rare

(ii) culling / hunting / trapping ;

parents genotypes Eeaa × eeAa ;

(b) cross with, homozygous recessive / black no-eyes, fly ;

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

Question Answer Mark Guidance

5(a) three from 3 A interactions between living and non-living

5(b)(i) 105 ; 1 A 104.5 / 104

5(b)(ii) genus Acacia ; 2 R genus name with lowercase first letter

5(b)(iii) two from 2

Page 11 Mark Scheme

Question Answer Mark Guidance

I elephants eat insects

Question 4 18.1.b, 18.1.f,Answer

6(a)(ii) one from 1 A progesterone is low, at end / in E

6(a)(iii) corpus luteum ; 1

6(a)(iv) one from 1 A maintains the uterus lining

Question Answer Marks

8(a) max 4 of: 4

3 many (different) species / large variety of species ;

4 ref. to (much) genetic diversity within a species ;

5 different selection pressures ;

7 different, climate / rainfall / temperature / soil / topography / conditions ;

8(b)(ii) genera 2 and species 4 ; 1

9700/41 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2017

Question Answer Marks

Canthon pilularius 108 0.014 0.000

total 7608 0.772

n / N figures correct / numbers of each species divided by total ;

0.228 ; ecf total figure subtracted from 1

grazing increases (dung beetle species) (bio)diversity ; ora

5 18.1.c, 18.2.a, 18.1.f J17/42/8

© UCLES 2017 Page 14 of 18

8(a) 1. random sampling ; max 4

2. (using) random number generator for coordinates ;

4. measure, percentage cover / (Braun-Blanquet / ACFOR) scale cover ;

5. using (square frame) quadrats ;

8(b)(i) family / sub-family ; 1

8(b)(ii) that there is no significant difference (between the two sites) ; 1

n / N figures correct or numbers of each species divided by total ;

(n / N)2 calculated and added up ;

total figure subtracted from 1 / 1 – 0.378 = 0.622 ; ecf

9700/42 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2017

8(b)(iv) apply ecf from (iii) if D is very different to 0.663 / 0.622 2

2. soil organisms more abundant under bracken ; ora

6 17.3.e, 18.3.c, 18.1.a N17/42/1

1(a)(i) three from: 3

1 the numbers of, prey / herbivores / sheep / goats, would increase ;

2 decrease in number of plants / idea of overgrazing ;

3 damage to habitat ; e.g. erosion