Lesson Proper for Week 7

VISUAL ARTS: OVERVIEW

Definition:

1. It is the arts created primarily for visual perception, as drawing, graphics, painting, sculpture, and
the decorative arts. ([Link])
2. These are the arts that meet the eye and evoke emotion through an expression of skill and
imagination. They include the most ancient forms, such as painting and drawing, and the arts that
were born thanks to the development of technology, like sculpture, printmaking, photography, and
installation art, the latter a combination of multiple creative expressions. Though beauty is in the
eye of the beholder, different eras in art history have had their own principles to define beauty,
from the richly ornamented taste of the Baroque to the simple, utilitarian style of the Prairie School.
([Link])
3. Visual arts or studio art refers to art experienced primarily through the sense of sight. ([Link])

VISUAL ART DIMENSION

2-D Art

Typical courses include drawing, illustration, sketching, painting, and collage. All are two-dimensional or
2-D forms of visual art, in which the final product is created on a flat surface. Printmaking and
photography are considered 2-D arts even though the images they portray may appear to be 3-D. Most
collages and many mosaics are also 2-D, although there is some overlap with 3-D art depending on the
media the artist uses.

3-D Art

Three-dimensional or 3-D art courses include sculpture, metalworking, jewelry design, ceramics, pottery,
woodworking, architecture, and landscape design. Students create 3-D visual art pieces by starting with
2-D tools, like graphite pencils or charcoal, to sketch their designs. They then use the media-specific to
the final 3-D product, such as clay, wood, metal, stones, precious gems, glass, and other materials.

Medium of Arts

1. DRAWING - is a means of making an image, using of a wide variety of tools and techniques.
2. PAINTING- is the practice of applying pigment suspended in a carrier (or medium) and a binding
agent (a glue) to a surface (support) such as paper, canvas, or a wall.
3. PRINTMAKING - is creating for artistic purposes an image on a matrix which is then transferred to a
two-dimensional (flat) surface by means of ink (or another form of pigmentation).
4. PHOTOGRAPHY - is the process of making pictures by means of the action of light.
5. FILMMAKING - is the process of making a motion picture, from an initial conception and research,
through scriptwriting, shooting and recording, animation or other special effects, editing, sound, and
music work, and finally distribution to an audience; it refers broadly to the creation of all types of
films, embracing documentary, strains of theatre and literature in film, and poetic or experimental
practices, and is often used to refer to video-based processes as well.
6. COMPUTER ART- is an art in which computers played a role in the production or display of the
artwork.
7. SCULPTURE - is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials -
typically stone such as marble - or metal, glass, or wood
8. Mixed media - refers to an artwork in the making of which more than one medium has been
employed
9. DECORATIVE ARTS – These include art used for displace, design, and decoration.
10. FASHION ARTS - is a form of art dedicated to the creation of clothing and other lifestyle accessories

ARTS: STYLE AND FACTOR

1. Geographical Factors - places where artists stay influence their work. Example:
a. Marble sculptures in Romblon because of the rich supply of marble.

2. Historical Factors - historical events exert a great influence on the artist. Example:
a. Jose Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere

3. Social Factors – the purpose is for people. Example:

a. English writer Ben Jonson composed “Songs to Celia”
b. An Italian sonneteer named Francesco Petrarch wrote works for Laura

4. Ideation Factors - ideas coming from various people that influence artists. Example:
a. Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, said that the human body is the most beautiful
thing to present in art. This soon gave birth to nudism.

5. Psychological Factors - works produced by artists are affected by their psychological make-up or
framework. Example:
a. “The Sick Child” by Edward Munch (right) – childhood experience of contracting an illness
after the loss of a loved one; “The Filipino is Worth Dying for” by Sen. Benigno Aquino, Jr. – written
when he was still a deportee in the U.S.

6. Technical Factors - using different techniques, brushes, and strokes.

Figure 4: THE MILKMAID BY VERMEER

Source: [Link]

ELEMENTS OF VISUAL ARTS

1. Line - is the path of a moving point through space. It may indicate direction, texture, contours, or
movement.
 2. Shape - is the area enclosed by a line or other shapes. Shapes may be geometric (triangle,
rectangle, circle...) or have an organic or natural character (trees, leaves, rocks, puddles...).

3. Color - is defined by hue, value, and intensity. It is the range of visual light in the spectrum and
properties of the pigments used in making visual art.
a. Hue is the name given to different wavelengths of light from the visual spectrum.
b. Value is the degree of lightness or darkness.
c. Intensity is the amount of pigment or saturation. The bright a color the more pigment it
contains.

4. Value - is the degree of lightness or darkness.

5. Form - is a three-dimensional (length, height, and depth of volume) shape.

6. Space - is the area occupied by an object or the area formed by the absence of an object(s).

7. Texture - It's defined as a description of the way something feels or looks like it would feel.

PRINCIPLE OF VISUAL ARTS

A. Rhythm - is a patterned organization of colors, lines, textures, or combinations of art elements that
create a pleasing effect. A visual rhythm will lead the eye from one area to another in a rhythmical and
orderly manner.

B. Balance - is the perception of equilibrium between the elements in the piece of art.

C. Emphasis - is the focal point of interest in a piece created by accenting or exaggerating a specific
area or art element to create greater interest.

D. Contrast - is the comparison of two elements that appear different (values of light and dark, hues).
Strong contrasts are the most dissimilar examples of an art element (dark - light, black-white)

E. Unity - is the perception of the parts of a piece and their relationship with the dominant or unifying
elements.
Lesson Proper for Week 8

PAINTING

Painting is the expression of ideas and emotions, with the creation of certain aesthetic qualities, in a
two-dimensional visual language. It is the practice of applying a particular medium, such as tempera,
fresco, oil, acrylic, watercolor or other water-based paints, ink, gouache, encaustic, or casein. Medium is
commonly applied to the base with a brush but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and
airbrushes, can be used.

THE BEGINNING OF PAINTING

What we call art in all its forms – painting, sculpture, drawing and engraving – appeared in human
groups all over the world in the period known as the Upper Paleolithic, which is roughly from 40,000 to
10,000 years ago. In Europe, sophisticated and powerful paintings from this period have been
discovered in caves such as Lascaux in France. Cave paintings consist of pigments such as colored earth
rubbed onto the rock. In some cases, they appear to have been mixed into a paste first. The paintings
mostly represent animals but there are some human images.

Since then painting has changed in essence very little. Supports evolved from rock faces, through the
walls of buildings, to portable ones of paper, wood, and finally cloth, particularly canvas. The range of
pigments expanded through a wide range of earth and minerals, to plant extracts and modern synthetic
colors. Pigments have been mixed with water and gum to make a paint, but in the fifteenth century in
Europe, the innovation of using oil (linseed) produced a newly flexible and durable medium that played
a major part in the explosion of creativity in Western painting at the Renaissance and after. At the same
time subject matter expanded to embrace almost every aspect of life (genres).

MEDIUM - A medium refers to the materials that are used to create a work of art. The plural of medium
is media.

1. Pigment: Nearly all paint colors come from nature. Dirt, rock, plants, etc. are the raw material,
which is ground down into what is called a pigment.

2. Acrylic Paint: A thick shiny paint made by mixing pigment with water and an acrylic base. Dries
within a few hours.

3. Poster Paint: A solid water-based paint that dries to a matt finish.

4. Fresco: The word is Italian for "fresh". The technique involves painting with dry pigment on wet
plaster. Fresco linseed). Takes several days to dry.

5. Tempera: A water-based paint that may or may not be mixed with egg yolks (egg tempera).
Figure 3. The Creation of Adam, a fresco painting by Italian artist Michelangelo
Source: [Link]

6. Watercolor: A soft and see-through (transparent) paint made from pigment, water and gum
Arabic.

SUBJECT/ TYPES OF PAINTING - The term subjects in art refers to the main idea that is represented in
the artwork. The subject in art is basically the essence of the piece.

1. Caves markings.

2. Early Egyptians painted fragments of life stories of the pharaohs.

3. The Greeks and Romans were so fond of their male and female deities.

4. Portraiture • Portraits are pictures of men and women singly or collectively

5. Still Life - is a work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace
objects

Figure 4. - Mount Banahaw – Landscape by Fernando Amorsolo

Source: [Link]

6. Landscape - natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, and forests.

7. Country life

8. Real events’ Historical figures

9. Religious figures and symbols

STYLE is any distinctive, and therefore recognizable, way in which an act is performed or an artifact
made or ought to be performed and made.

1. Realism – It is the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding
artistic conventions.

Figure 5. Stone Breakers – Realism – by Gustave Courbet

Source: [Link]

2. Cubism - They brought different views of subjects (usually objects or figures) together in the same
picture, resulting in paintings that appear fragmented and abstracted.

Figure 6. The Weeping Woman – Cubism by Pablo Picasso

Source: [Link]

3. Impressionism - relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on
accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities.

Figure 7. Sunrise – Impressionism by Claude Monet

Source:[Link]

4 Pointillism – It is a technique of painting in which small, distinct dots of color are applied in patterns
to form an image. Georges Seurat and Paul Signac developed the technique in 1886, branching from
Impressionism.

Figure 8. A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte - Pointillism - by Georges Seurat
Source:[Link]
hl=en-GB&avm=2
5 Expressionism - Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective,
distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas.

Figure 9. The Starry Night - Impressionism by Vincent Van Gogh

Source:[Link]
B07N6CXVVQ

6 Romanticism - a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century,
emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.

Figure 10. Spoliarium – (Misspelled Spolarium) - Romanticism by Juan Luna

Source: [Link]
Lesson Proper for Week 9

SCULPTURE

Sculpture is a three-dimensional art made by one of four basic processes: carving, modelling, casting,
constructing. It is a three-dimensional form of art which represents imaginary or natural shape of an
identified subject or object. It could be free standing, relief, or kinetic. This mainly includes the
combination and shaping hard materials to create an aesthetic form and value. This is viewed as one the
realistic forms of art for it secures the full dimensions of objects.

There are several materials which can be used for sculpture. Stone and wood are mostly the ancient
materials used by primitive people. Others include granite, marble, precious aluminum, glass, plastic,
wax, fruit, vegetable and even ice. The life of a work of sculpture depends on the capability of the
material used to withstand environmental and atmospheric changes. The use of wood as a medium can
be prone to damage due to natural circumstances. The use of ice and of wax as materials for sculpture
can just be a temporal one for the melting of the ice and of the wax is an inevitable situation especially f
there will be changes in temperature.

Two Processes of Sculpting

There are mainly two ways of sculpting images or objects, these are:

a. Additive Process- This process covers the use and assemblage of material pieces to form a new image.

Examples: Specific additive sculpting techniques are: pottery, paper-mache’, molding, assemblage,
casting, and welding to mention a few.

b. Subtractive Process- This principally involves the removal of necessary parts of a medium until the
desired form is achieved.

Sculpting Technique

1. CARVING is a sculptural technique that involves using tools to shape a form by cutting or scraping
away from a solid material such as stone, wood, ivory or bone.

2. CASTING involves making a mold and then pouring a liquid material, such as molten metal,
plastic, rubber or fiberglass into the mold. A cast is a form made by this process. Many sculptures are
produced by the artist modelling a form (normally in clay, wax or plaster). This is then used to create a
mold to cast from. A mold can be cast more than once, allowing artists to create editions of an artwork.
[Link]

3. MODELING is an additive process. This means a soft material is worked by the artist to build up a
shape or form (rather than scraping or material away as in carving). Also, unlike carving, soft materials
such as clay and wax can be changed and reworked. Modelling a maquette can also often be the first
step in the creation of a finished sculpture.

4. CONSTRUCTING AND ASSEMBLING emerged in the twentieth century as a new way of making
sculpture with the cubist constructions of Picasso. These were still life subjects made from scrap (found)
materials glued together. Constructed sculpture in various forms became a major stream in modern art,
including in movements such as constructivism or techniques like assemblage. Artists have used
techniques including bending, folding, stitching, welding, bolting, tying, weaving, and balancing to
construct sculptures from a wide variety of materials and found objects.

Types of Sculpture

a. Round- Also known as free-standing sculpture, wherein the object itself does not rely on any base. An
example of this would be statues.

b. Relief- This sculpture has a background surface to which is projected. It is further classified into high,
bas, sunk or counter-relief.

GREATEST SCULPTURES OF ALL-TIME

Over many centuries, great artists have provided humanity with incredible things. One of those
incredible things is the art of sculpting

Bronze David
Made in the 1440's, by Donatello (1386-146) Bronze David is one of the most famous sculptures today. It
is notable as the first unsupported standing work in bronze cast during the Renaissance period, and the
first freestanding nude male sculpture made since antiquity. It depicts the young David with an
enigmatic smile, posed with his foot on the severed head of Goliath just after killing it.

Savannah Bird Girl Statue

The sculpture, known as the Bird Girl, was created in 1936, by sculptress Sylvia Shaw Judson (1897-
1978) in Lake Forest, Illinois. It achieved fame when it was featured on the cover of the 1994 novel,
Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil. It was sculpted at Ragdale, the summer home of her family.
Bird Girl is cast in bronze and stands 50o inches tall. She is the image of a young girl wearing a simple
dress and a sad or contemplative expression, with her head tilted to the left. She stands straight, her
elbows propped against her waist as she holds up two bowls out from her sides. The bowls are often
described by viewers as "bird feeders.

Discobolus
The Discus Thrower, or the Discobolus, is a famous lost Greek bronze original. The sculpture of it is still
unknown. The Disco-bolus was completed towards the end of the severe period (460-450 BC). It is
known through numerous Roman copies, both full-scale ones in marble, such as the first to be
recovered, the Palombara Discobolus, or smaller scaled versions in bronze. As always 'in Greek athletics,
the Discus thrower is completely nude.

The Kiss

The Kiss is an 1889 marble sculpture by the French sculptor, Auguste Rodin (1840-1917). This sculpture
has an interesting story to it. It depicts the 13th-century Italian noble-woman immortalized in Dante's
Inferno, who falls in love with her husband, Giovanni Malatesta's, younger brother Paolo. Having fallen
in who love while reading the story of Lancelot and Guinevere, the couple are discovered and killed by
Francesca's husband. In the, sculpture, the book can be seen in Paolo's hand.

Lady Justice

The Lady Justice Sculpture is one of the great known sculptures in the world. This statue is attributed to
any one artist, but the fact that it adorns so many courthouses in the world made it one of the more
popular sculptures. The sculpture goes by many names, including Scales Justice and Blind Justice, but is
most commonly known as Lady Justice. The statue dates all the way back to ancient Greek and Roman
times the Goddess of justice and law.

Pieta
Created by Michelangelo (1475-1564), the Piet depicts the Virgin Mary holding her only son, Jesus
Christ, in her arms. Prior to sculpting the Pieta, Michelangelo was not a very known artist. He was only in
his early twenties when he was told to do a life-sized sculpture of the Virgin Ma holding her son in her
arms. In about two years from a single slab of marble, Michelangelo create one of the most beautiful
sculptures ever.

Famous Artworks in Public Spaces, Philippines

1. EDSA People Power Monument - This monument towering along EDSA was designed by sculptor
Eduardo Castrillo in 1993.

2. The Quezon Memorial Circle - The tallest triad structure in Quezon City designed by Filipino
architect Federico llustre.

3. The Oblation – The University of the Philippine’s' renowned landmark, it is a masterpiece of

National Artist Guillermo Tolentino in 1935. Guillermo was commissioned by Rafael Palma (then
University President) to craft a monument that would express in visual form the second stanza of Jose
Rizal's "Mi Ultimo Adios" ("Last Farewell").

4. Andres Bonifacio Monument - This sculpture featuring a 45-foot high pylon topped by a winged
figure of victory was crafted by national artist Guillermo Tolentino in 1929.

5. The Transfiguration Eternal Garden – It is one of Napoleon Abueva's (national artist and Father of
Modern Philippine Sculpture) religious-themed creations in 1979, found at the Eternal Garden Memorial
in Balintawak, Quezon City.
Lesson Proper for Week 10

ARCHITECTURE

Architecture is an endeavor that provides not only immense pleasure but also mankind's imprint upon
the land, society, people and himself.

Definition of Architecture

1. Originated from the Greek word Architekton – Arch (great) and tekton (builder) or great builder.
2. Architecture is the art and science of building.
3. It is the conscious creation of utilitarian spaces with the deliberate use of material.
4. It is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or other
structures.
5. It is also a vehicle for artistic expression in three-dimensions.

“The mother art is architecture. Without an architecture of our own, we have no soul of our own
civilization.”

Frank Lloyd Wrigh

Definition of an Architect

An architect is an artist who designs structures to enclose residential, commercial, or public space
Architects work with construction technologies, building materials, topography, contractors, and
governmental regulations within a project budget to satisfy their clients' wants and needs. The architect
mediates between the client and the selected site.

Architectural Materials

STONE CONSTRUCTION

 Massive and virtually indestructible

 Symbol of strength and permanence
 Made by kivas or adobe
WOOD CONSTRUCTION

 Can be worked inside with portable hand tools

 Can be painted
 Trunks and timbers

CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

 Durable
 It resists erosion and natural disaster
 Needs few repair and little maintenance

METAL CONSTRUCTION

 Iron or steel (with some carbon)

 Expensive
 Can be reverted or welded

Architectural Structural Terms

1. Post and lintel – A building system where strong horizontal elements are held up by strong vertical
elements with large spaces between them.
2. Arch - A curved, symmetrical structure that covers an opening and is often used to support the weight
of a wall, roof, or bridge.

3. Column - an upright pillar that is often made from stone or concrete, which may be used to support
an arch or roof.

4. Trusses - framework composed of struts, posts, and rafters, which may support a roof, bridge, or
other similar structure.

5. Domes – It is an architectural element similar to the hollow upper half of a sphere; there is significant
overlap with the term cupola, which may also refer to a dome or a structure on top of a dome.
6. Spire - steeply pointed pyramidal or conical termination to a tower.

7. Eaves - part of the roof which forms the overhang.

8. Cantilever - beam supported at one end and carrying a load at the other end or distributed along the
unsupported portion.

9. Gables – It is the enclosed ends of a pitched roof.

10. Buttress – It is an exterior support, usually of masonry, projecting from the face of a wall and serving
either to strengthen it or to resist the side thrust created by the load on an arch or a roof.

I AM AN ARCHITECT – The History of Architecture

1. Prehistoric Architecture - Primitive Hut are made of dried leaves and dried woods; rocks for foundation.

2. Egyptian Architecture – Pyramid structures made of mudbrick and limestones.

3. Greek and Roman Architecture – Parthenon and Pantheon - imperial forum with decorum.

4. RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE – Churches and cathedrals - buildings are with linear perspective and artistic
expression

5. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ARCHITECTURE – Eiffel Tower and the likes - use of iron and steel and other new
innovations (high rise, too)

6. MODERN ARCHITECTURE – uses many different circular specs; steel and glasses, too.

7. POST MODERN ARCHITECTURE – ornament is grand and fractured are the design; rules are undefined

8. CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE – sustainable sites; LEED certified; recyclable materials are used are locally
supplied.

FILIPINO ARCHITECTS:

1. Pablo S. Antonio, National Artist in Architecture (1976), was born at the turn of the century. He pioneered
modern Philippine architecture. One of his major works includes Far Eastern University Administration and Science
buildings.

2. Leandro V. Locsin, proclaimed a National Artist of the Philippines for Architecture in 1990. The CCP Complex
is a virtual Locsin Complex with all five buildings designed by him- the Cultural Center of the Philippines, Folk Arts
Theatre, Philippine International Convention Center, Philcite and The Westin Hotel.

3. Ildefonso P. Santos, Jr. National Artist for Architecture (2006), was one of the pioneers of landscape
architecture that has included hundreds of parks, plazas, gardens, and a wide range of outdoor settings that have
enhanced contemporary Filipino life.

4. Juan F. Nakpil (1899-1986), National Artist for Architecture 1973, and tapped as the Dean of Filipino
Architects. Among his works are San Carlos Seminary, University of the Philippines Administration and University
Library and improved the Quiapo Church in 1930 by erecting a dome and a second belfry.
Lesson Proper for Week 11

DECORATIVE ARTS
The term "decorative arts" is a traditional term for a rather unwieldy range of artistic disciplines
concerned with the design and ornamentation of items, usually functional, that do not
necessarily have any intrinsic aesthetic qualities. Broadly-speaking, many decorative arts are
also classified as "crafts." Also, decorative art is part of the larger category of applied art.
Source: [Link]
Broadly understood, the decorative arts comprise objects that possess artistic qualities and
were created by skilled makers, but do not belong to the general categories of painting,
sculpture, or architecture. They include, but are not limited to, the decoration and furnishing of
interiors, personal adornment (costume and jewelry), and, later, with the rise of industrialization,
product design. From its origin in the mid-nineteenth century, methodology in decorative arts
studies concentrated on connoisseurship—dating, attribution, establishment of formal and
regional categories—which became increasingly specialized, usually divided by medium and
country of origin.
Source: [Link]
crafts/decorative-arts
How is Art different from Craft?
Weaving, painting, sculpture, pottery, photography, embroidery, macrame, etc. is it art or craft?
These are two forms of creativity that are commonly juxtaposed by the people, as they don’t see
any difference in them. But the fact is that art is different from the craft in a sense that art is a
creative merit that comes from within. On the contrary, the craft is skilled work, wherein there is
an application of technique, that people learn through much practice. Art emerges from the
heart, whereas craft comes from the mind. Here, in the given article, you may find all the
important differences between art and craft, so have a glance.

BASIS FOR COMPARISON ART CRAFT

An unstructured and boundless Craft refers to an activity,

form of work, that expresses which involves creation of
Meaning
emotions, feelings and vision is tangible objects with the
called art. use of hands and brain.

Based on Creative merit Learned skills and

technique

Serves Aesthetic purpose Decorative or functional

purpose

Emphasizes Ideas, feelings and visual Right use of tools and

qualities. materials.
Quantification Difficult Easy

Reproducible No Yes

Emergence Heart and soul Mind

Result of Innate talent Skill and experience

Key Differences Between Art and Craft

The difference between art and craft can be drawn clearly on the following grounds:
1. Art is described as an unstructured and open-ended form of work; that expresses
emotions, feelings, and vision. Craft denotes a form of work, involving the creation of
physical objects, by the use of hands and brain.
2. Art relies on artistic merit whereas craft is based on learned skills and technique.
3. Art is well known for serving an aesthetic purpose. On the other hand, craft serves human
objectives.
4. Art gives particular attention to ideas, feelings and visual qualities. Conversely, craft gives
stress on the right use of tools and materials, and the application of technique.
5. There is a flow of emotion in art, which emerges from heart and soul. In contrast, the craft
is the product of the mind.
6. Craft can be quantified easily which is not in the case of art.
7. The duplicability of art forms is not possible while craft forms can easily be copied.
8. Art is the consequence of an individual’s innate ability. On the contrary, craft is the result
of learned ability and experience.
Source: [Link]
%20described%20as%20an,on%20learned%20skills%20and%20technique .
ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF DECORATIVE ARTS DESIGN
1. Ancient Pottery
The earliest type of decorative art was ancient pottery, notably the Jomon
style Japanese ceramics pioneered from about 14,500 BCE. It was also widely produced from
about 5,000 BCE by a number of ancient Mediterranean civilizations, before reaching its apogee
in the Geometric Style, Oriental Style, Black-Figure and Red-Figure style of Ancient Greek
pottery.
Figure 2: Pottery
2. Metalwork
Another early producer of decorative art were the Celts, whose metalwork (c.500-50 BCE)
created such personal weaponry and items of jewelry, as the gold and bronze "Oak Tree of
Manching" (c.350-50 BCE), the bronze "Battersea Shield" (c.350-50 BCE), the bronze "Witham
Shield" (4th century BCE), the silver "Gundestrup Cauldron" (c.100 BCE), the bronze "Petrie
Crown" (100 BCE - 200 CE), the gold "Broighter Gold Collar" (1st century BCE) and the gold
"Broighter Boat" (1st century BCE). Later, Celtic artisans in Ireland produced a number of
exquisite ecclesiastical objects, and other works, such as the Tara Brooch (c.700 CE), the
Ardagh Chalice (8th/9th century CE), the Derrynaflan Chalice (8th/9th century CE), the
Moylough Belt Shrine (8th century CE), the Tully Lough Cross (8th/9th century) and the Cross of
Cong (12th century).

Figure 3: Weaponry
3. Tapestry and Textiles
These ornamental traditions were kept alive at the European royal courts of King Charlemagne
I and later Ottonian rulers, with new art forms being developed in the area of tapestry and
other textiles. The great Christian Gothic style building program then financed the development
of European stained-glass art, which it employed throughout its cathedrals
in France, England, Germany and elsewhere.

Figure 4: Tapestry
4. Furniture
After this, came the Rococo school which gave a huge impetus to decorative crafts such
as furniture-making, domestic furnishings, glass, and textiles. If Baroque was rooted in
architecture, the Rococo style was rooted in interior design, the art and science of enhancing
the interior of a building to achieve a healthier and more aesthetically pleasing environment for
the people. This style proved exceptionally popular in parts of Germany and central Europe. The
Rococo era is also noted for the popularity of Chinese decorative motifs, as in chinoiserie,
the pseudo-Chinese style of decoration which spread throughout Europe.

Figure 5: Chinoiserie

5. Ornamental Crafts
Ornaments is an accessory, article, or detail used to beautify the appearance of something to
which it is added or of which it is a part(architecture or interior design). Neither the socialism of
the French Revolution or the mass-production techniques of the Industrial Revolution, were
conducive to the aesthetics of ornamental crafts. As a result, it wasn't until the late 19th century,
in a reaction against machine-based products, that decorative art again came to the fore. It did
so due to William Morris and the Arts and Crafts Movement, a social and aesthetic movement
which arose out of the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society founded in 1888, although its roots
date from the 1850s and the aesthetics of the art critic John Ruskin (1819-1900).

Figure 6: Ornamental rugs/wall papers

6. Poster Art
Meanwhile, advances in chromolithography in Paris by the French lithographer Jules Cheret
(1836-1932) led to a huge poster art craze across Europe. This merged during the 1890s with
the first modern international design style, namely Art Nouveau (popularized by groups like the
Vienna Secession) which peaked at the 1900 International Exhibition in Paris. Alphonse Mucha
(1860-1939) epitomized Art Nouveau posters. Then, as Art Nouveau began to lose its edge,
Figure 7: Poster Art
7. Decorative and Applied Arts
After World War I came, the highly influential Bauhaus Design School, and afterwards the last
major decorative movement emerged, known as Art Deco. Art Deco, short for Arts Décoratifs, is
characterized by rich colors, bold geometry, and decadent detail work. Applied Arts is when
themes like floral and geometric designs are used to improve the aesthetic values of functional
objects.

Figure 8: Art Deco

8. Needlework including Embroidery
During the 1970s, in America, the Feminist art movement came out strongly in favor of
traditional female-inspired decorative crafts, including needlework, embroidery, glass art and
ceramics. See, for instance, "The Dinner Party" (1979, Brooklyn Museum, New York), by Judy
Chicago (b.1939), which championed these skills.

Figure 9: Needlework or embroidery

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