Ancient and Imperial China

The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC, from
the Shang dynasty (1600–1046 BC), during the king Wu Ding's reign, who was recorded as the
twenty-first Shang king by the written records of Shang dynasty unearthed. Ancient historical
texts such as the Records of the Grand Historian (100 BC) and the Bamboo Annals (296 BC)
describe a Xia dynasty (2070–1600 BC) before the Shang, but no writing is known from the
period, and Shang writings do not indicate the existence of the Xia. The Shang ruled in
the Yellow River valley, which is commonly held to be the cradle of Chinese civilization.
However, Neolithic civilizations originated at various cultural centers along both the Yellow
River and Yangtze River. These Yellow River and Yangtze civilizations arose millennia before
the Shang. With thousands of years of continuous history, China is one of the world's
oldest civilizations, and is regarded as one of the cradles of civilization.
The Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC) supplanted the Shang, and introduced the concept of
the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. The central Zhou government began to weaken due
to external and internal pressures in the 8th century BC, and the country eventually splintered
into smaller states during the Spring and Autumn period. These states became independent and
warred with one another in the following Warring States period. Much of traditional Chinese
culture, literature and philosophy first developed during those troubled times.
In 221 BC Qin Shi Huang conquered the various warring states and created for himself the title
of Huangdi or "emperor" of the Qin, marking the beginning of imperial China. However, the
oppressive government fell soon after his death, and was supplanted by the longer-lived Han
dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). Successive dynasties developed bureaucratic systems that enabled
the emperor to control vast territories directly. In the 21 centuries from 206 BC until AD 1912,
routine administrative tasks were handled by a special elite of scholar-officials. Young men,
well-versed in calligraphy, history, literature, and philosophy, were carefully selected through
difficult government examinations. China's last dynasty was the Qing (1644–1912), which was
replaced by the Republic of China in 1912, and in the mainland by the People's Republic of
China in 1949, resulting in two de facto states claiming to be the legitimate government of all
China.
Chinese history has alternated between periods of political unity and peace, and periods of war
and failed statehood – the most recent being the Chinese Civil War(1927–1949). China was
occasionally dominated by steppe peoples, most of whom were eventually assimilated into
the Han Chinese culture and population. Between eras of multiple kingdoms and
warlordism, Chinese dynasties have ruled parts or all of China; in some eras control stretched as
far as Xinjiang and Tibet, as at present. Traditional culture, and influences from other parts of
Asia and the Western world (carried by waves of immigration, cultural assimilation, expansion,
and foreign contact), form the basis of the modern culture of China.
Map of china
China is situated between latitudes 18° and 54° North and longitudes 73° and 135° East, which is
in Eastern Asia. Fourteen countries share boundaries with China. The total land boundaries of
China measures 22,117 kilometers (13,743 miles) long.
With a population of over 1.3 billion residents, the People's Republic of China is the most
densely populated nation in the world. China consists of twenty-two provinces, one claimed
province, four municipalities, five autonomous regions, and two specially administered regions.
The capital of China is Beijing. The total area of China is 9,640,821 square kilometers
(3,704,427 square miles). In terms of land area, the People's Republic of China is the second
largest country in the world and in terms of total area, the fourth largest country in the world.
China's shoreline extends approximately 14,500 kilometers (9,000 miles), the eleventh longest
shoreline in the world. China is bordered by the South China Sea to the southeast and by the East
China Sea towards the east, separating China from Korea, Taiwan, and Japan.
The 14 nations bordering China are as follows:

 Pakistan
 Kyrgyzstan
 Laos  Tajikistan
 Vietnam  Russia
 India  Kazakhstan
 Burma  North Korea
 Nepal  Mongolia
 Bhutan
 Afghanistan

3.A strong bond

Pakistan despite being aligned with the western block was among the first countries to recognize
China in 1950. In 1951, formal diplomatic relations were established between Pakistan and
China. Pakistan was the first Muslim and third non-communist country to establish diplomatic
relations with Chin. The Bandung conference in 1955 provided the first proper opportunity to the
leadership of the both countries to interact. Pakistani Prime Minister, M. A. Boghra took this
opportunity to assure the Chinese leadership that Pakistan has no hostile designs towards China
and has joined military alliances such as SEATO and CENTO for their threat perception towards
India and that it will not take part in any action against China, if it were to happen. The Chinese
leadership accepted this position and in 1956, Pakistan’s then Prime Minister Hussain Shaheed
Suhrawardy visited China in October and Chinese Prime minister Zhou En Lai visited in
December. In 1959, General Ayyub was shown a Chinese map which showed a large Pakistani
area as Chinese territory. It further states that in September 1959, a few minor border skirmishes
also took place between Pakistan and China in the Hunza border area. On the diplomatic front,
Pakistan voted for a resolution condemning Chinese excesses in Tibet. However, the relationship
soon took a different turn, a development which resulted in the establishment of one of the most
unique bilateral relationship in international history. In 1961, Pakistan voted for the restoration
of China’s rights in the United Nations. In a significant development, Pakistan and China signed
a border agreement on March 2, 1963. Both countries signed an agreement on border relations,
and the construction of a road linking China’s Xingjian- Uygur autonomous region with the
northern areas of Pakistan. In 1963, Pakistan and China signed their first trade agreement. Since
then the bilateral relationship progressed and high level diplomatic exchanges increased
significantly. During the 1965 Pakistan-India war, China came to the aid of Pakistan and
provided it necessary support. This played an important role in the improvement and further
cementing of Pakistan-China relations and this also ended Pakistan’s search for a reliable source
of aid and support in its rivalry against India. The split in the communist world and the USSR-
China Ussuri river war of 1969 divided the communist bloc. The United States of America
decided to take advantage of this situation and decided to make friendly overtones to China. As it
had no link with the Chinese, it requested Islamabad to facilitate the contact. Islamabad
facilitated Henry Kissinger’s secret visit to China.10 Chinese leadership was sympathetic
towards Pakistan during the 1971 crisis and civil war. While it supported Pakistan, it also
suggested cautious approach in addressing the problem. In the wake of the 1971 crisis between
Pakistan and India, China provided economic, political and moral support to Pakistan to
overcome the traumatic situation that had emerged as a result of the separation of East Pakistan
which became Bangladesh. In 1972, China in support of Pakistan used its veto in the United
Nations Security Council against the move to recognize Bangladesh’s independence. Bhutto is
credited to be the architect of the Pak-China friendship as the foreign minister of Pakistan during
the Ayyub era. During Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s era, Pakistan-China relations were on solid footings.
Bhutto was a student of Socialism and regularly donned a Mao cap which became his signature
cap. During this phase of the bilateral relationship, both countries were supportive of each other.
The relationship was mutually beneficial as both sides provided critical support to each other. In
response to China’s support to Pakistan, Islamabad also provided critical support to China.
Islamabad played a bridge between China and the Muslim world, it played a major role in
bringing USA and China together, PIA was first non-communist country airline to operate to and
from China. It also significantly contributed in breaking China’s isolation.
Pak-China relationship backgrounds
Pakistan and China celebrated 2011 as a year of friendship to mark 60 years of the diplomatic
relations. Pak-China friendship, which is described by the leadership of both countries as higher
than mountains, deeper than the oceans, and of late, sweeter than honey, is a unique case in the
international system we live in. The Pakistan-China relationship is however, not based on love or
romance as many would have us believe but on sound geostrategic and realist calculations. This
is exactly why the decision makers on both sides need to continuously work on it. The relations
between the two countries were established in 1950 when Pakistan decided to recognize the
People’s Republic. However, the relations got strengthened in later 50s and 60s and since then
both countries have cooperated and supported each other on various forums. China ended
Pakistan’s search for a balancer in its relations with India. Both countries exchange high-level
visit regularly. China provides Pakistan with economic, military and technical aid and assistance
and on its part; Pakistan supports China on issues of Tibet, Xinjiang, human rights etc. Pakistan
played a pivotal role in bringing US and China together and arranged a secret visit of Kissinger
to smooth things and then President Nixon visit to China. Pakistan also supported and assisted
China in establishing contacts with the Muslim world. Pakistan and China are collaborating in a
number of sectors especially defense, trade and developmental and energy sector. Since 1960s,
China has been the most important supplier of military goods to Pakistan. The JF-17 Thunder is
the hall mark of this defense cooperation. Other than that both countries have collaborated in
establishing munitions factories, China has provided technical assistance in improving and
modernizing existing facilities. Both countries have also cooperated in a nuclear energy sector
and have organized joint military exercises and officers from both countries attend courses at
military institutions. Economic trade between Pakistan and China are increasing at a rapid pace
and a free trade agreement has been signed. China has also pointed that it will increase its
investments in Pakistan and is currently investing in various projects related to development of
infrastructure. Such as power plants, building of roads, gold and copper mines, electricity and
power and nuclear plants. From 2007 to 2010, the Chinese investment was expected to increase
from $ 4 billion to $ 15. The most important commonly known joint project is the deep sea port
of Gwadar. However, there are a number of issues which require immediate attention to avoid
any further complication for the relationship prime amongst them is the issue of ETIM and its
terrorist activities in Xinjiang area. There is a view, held by a number of Pakistan and China
watchers that China is concerned about Chinese Uighur separatists finding a safe haven in
Pakistan's tribal areas. On July 18, 2011, a series of bomb blasts and knife attacks happened in
Hotan, Xijiang. The Muslim militants accepted the responsibility for these attacks. Chinese
officials pointed out that these militants were trained in the Pakistani tribal areas. Islamabad and
Beijing are already working closely on anti-terrorism issues but Islamabad should need to
address this even more carefully. While this paper argues that there are no chances of any
problems emerging for this relationship, Islamabad needs to invest a lot more in understanding
the Chinese mindset and the compulsions and limitations of the relationship. At present, China is
working hard to achieve its goal of emerging on the global scene as a major power by 2050 and
is perhaps not willing to let anything come in its way which can create difficulties to achieve this
goal. Farukkh Saleem, a few years back aptly wrote: the new Peking Man has a singular goal --
to double, triple and quadruple China's $4 trillion GDP by 2050. And, any country that can help
China go where it wants to go is a friend -- or you are on your own. 4 Instead of focusing on a
single aspect of the Pakistan and China relationship, the paper provides an overview. This has
been done intentionally so that the paper can be readable and accessible to not only the experts of
the South Asian affairs but general readership including students. The aim is to provide the
readership basic background information on it. This paper argues that the bilateral relationship is
on firm grounds but needs further efforts to strengthen the economic relations and people to
people contact. It is a surprise that such close allies until recently had almost non-existent
people-to-people contact and/ or tourist activity. The paper is divided into three main parts: first
part scans through the history of the bilateral relations, second looks at the relationship since
2000 and third analyzes the India factor in the relationship and what areas Pakistan and China
need to address to further improve the alliance.
Diplomatic relations
Pakistan and China established diplomatic relations on 21 May 1951. This relationship has built
on the strength of its successive achievements, and has become formidable with each passing day
and year. The leadership of both countries is committed to taking this relationship forward. To
understand the depth of this unique relationship, here is a glimpse of the milestones reached over
the years:
Pakistan and China enjoy close and friendly relations since the establishment of diplomatic
relations in May 1951. Pakistan was one of the first countries that recognized the People’s
Republic of China. Over the years, the relationship has blossomed into an “All-Weather Strategic
Cooperative Partnership”. Pakistan considers China as one of its closest friend and partner and
China considers Pakistan as its “Iron Brother”.
The bilateral relationship between the two neighboring countries is characterized by feelings of
mutual trust, respect and goodwill towards each other. There is a regular exchange of visits at the
highest level between the two countries. The strategic cooperation between Pakistan and China
has grown over the past several decades.
Economically, China is Pakistan’s largest trading partner and a major investor, especially in
infrastructure and energy sector. During 2018, bilateral trade between the two countries reached
US$ 18 billion. With the official launch of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), the
bilateral relationship has been elevated to a higher level. CPEC is a flagship project of Chinese
President Xi Jinping’s initiative of “One Road and One Belt”. It aims at enhancing connectivity
and improving infrastructure between Pakistan and China. Several projects are being
implemented under CPEC, for enhancement of infrastructure and generation of energy. People-
to-people contacts are an important aspect of the bilateral relationship. The year of 2015 was
celebrated as the Year of Friendly Exchanges between Pakistan and China and several high
profile events were organized including seminars, exchange of visits and cultural events to
highlight people-to-people interactions.

Economic & Trade Relations:

China is currently Pakistan’s largest single trading partner; while Pakistan is China’s second
largest trading partner in South Asia. Major imports from China include machinery and
mechanical appliances, metals, chemical products, mineral ores, plastic scrap and transport
equipment. Main exports include cotton yarn, cotton fabric, rice, leather and fish products.
In recent years, the bilateral trade volume between China and Pakistan has increased rapidly with
stable commodity structure. However, despite robust investment from China, bilateral trade
remains anemic. China’s imports from Pakistan reflect a downward trend whereas China’s
exports to Pakistan are on an upward trajectory. Bilateral trade, which stood at US$ 1.3 billion in
2002, reached US$ 19.08 billion in 2018. Imports from China stood at US$ 12.7 billion and
exports from Pakistan to China at US$ 1.85 billion in 2019.
To enhance bilateral trade volume, the two countries signed the 2nd Phase of China Pakistan
Free Trade Agreement (CPFTA) during the Prime Minister’s visit in April 2019. CPFTA-II
became operational from 1st January 2020. It would ensure provision of level-playing field in
terms of concessions vis-à-vis other competitors; robust safeguard measures for protection of
domestic industry; improved tariff reduction modality; higher liberalized import value from
China and lesser import value for Pakistan and attracting FDI into SEZs.
Investment:
According to the State Bank of Pakistan Annual Report 2018, during FY 2018, China was the
biggest investor in Pakistan with an investment of US$ 1.591 billion out of a total of US$ 2.537
billion which amounts to 63% of total FDI. With the initiation of CPEC, there has been an
upsurge in investment flows into Pakistan especially in infrastructure and energy sectors.
Some projects are as follows
China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC):
Pakistan and China have constituted a Joint Cooperation Committee (JCC) to implement CPEC.
The JCC is co-chaired by Pakistan’s Federal Minister for Planning, Development and Reform
and Vice-Chairman of China’s National Development and Reform Commission. It is supported
by 8 Joint Working Groups covering the various areas of cooperation as including: (i) Energy,
(ii) Transport Infrastructure, (iii) Gwadar, (iv) industrial cooperation, (v) Planning & Finance,
(vi) Security, (vii) Socio-Economic Development, and (viii) International Cooperation. Two new
JWGs have been added. The ninth and tenth JWGs on Science & Technology and Agriculture
have been established in March 2020 during the visit of the President to China.
Nine JCC meetings have been held to date, with the last one taking place on 5 November, 2019
in Islamabad. Next meeting of the JCC is scheduled to be held in China in 2020.
Energy Cooperation:
As of September 2019, 12 power projects have either been completed or were under
construction. The total installed capacity of these projects was 7,240 MW with total investment
of about 12.4 US billion dollars. In addition, 9 projects stand at early stage (some are constructed
by phases, with a total installed capacity of 6390 MW).
As of fiscal year 2018-19, COD CPEC energy projects had generated $250 million in tax
revenue for Pakistan and provided over 10,000 jobs. They now accounted for 14.5% of available
energy in the NTDC grid.
The JCC welcomed significant positive momentum in resolving the issue of delayed tariff
payments and agreed to promote the introduction of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI)
technology in Pakistan.
It was also agreed to continue consultations and finalize the Pakistan-China Development Plan
for oil and gas sector. Pakistan side proposed these projects for consideration by the Chinese
side, i.e. (a) Finalization of feasibility study on South North Gas Pipeline; (b) Up-gradation of
Pakistan Refinery Ltd. Karachi; (c) Coal-to-Liquid Engineering Plant based in Thar Coal at Thar
Sindh, and (d) Thar Block-VI for Coal gasification to Fertilizer projects.
Transportation and Infrastructure Cooperation:
The 392-kilometer-long Multan-Sukkur section of the Peshawar-Karachi Motorway was
completed ahead of schedule and inaugurated at the JCC.
Work on upgrading the Karakoram Highway’s Havelian-Thakot section was also on track for
timely completion. Its Havelian-Mansehra section would be opened to traffic in the near term.
In Gwadar, work on the redesigned Eastbay Expressway and the New Gwadar International
Airport was proceeding according to timelines. Various issues regarding Orange Line Mass
Transit project in Lahore had been resolved (the project is to be operational from March 2020).
Both sides agreed to expedite the design review and feasibility approval of the Main Line (ML)-I
Peshawar-Karachi railway project and agreed to constitute financing committees. Possibility of
RMB financing would also be explored.
It was agreed that Pakistan would submit financing request for Karachi Circular Railway (KCR)
for further deliberation. Both sides also agreed to consider Quetta Mass-transit and greater
Peshawar Mass-transit project in the next JWG Meeting after approval of their PC-1s.
Gwadar:
Gwadar was considered as an entry point for transshipment to Afghanistan.
Gwadar Smart Port City Master Plan was endorsed by JCC.
The 300 MW coal-fired power plant was launched, and its preparatory work would be expedited.
China would dispatch expert’s teams for the early implementation of a 1.2 million gallons per
day (MGD) desalination plant.
Detailed planning was being undertaken for the further development of Gwadar’s Free Zone
which had already been granted considerable concessions.
A medical college and nursing school would be considered for Phase I of the Gwadar
Development Authority (GDA) hospital project.

Industrial Cooperation:
The JCC reviewed progress on three SEZ’s namely Rashakai, Dhabeji, and Allama Iqbal. The
importance for supporting infrastructure, targeted incentives for investors and a “one-window”
facility was reaffirmed.
The first round of business diagnosis for Pakistani’s textiles sector was undertaken and its
findings on enhancing industrial productivity and overall competitiveness were presented. It was
agreed to expand and deepen the business-diagnosis mechanism to other industrial subsectors. It
was agreed to activate the Pakistan-China Business Council to give full play to the private
sectors of both countries. The Council would comprise senior executives from leading
enterprises. The JCC agreed to support revitalization of Pakistan Steel Mills (PSM). A
comprehensive incentives package for investors was in the final stages of preparation by
Pakistan and would be unveiled at the earliest.
Socioeconomic Development and Agriculture:
Out of 17 fast-track socioeconomic development projects, 12 were ready for commencement,
while the remaining five projects would also be expedited.
Special emphasis was placed on early launch of Pakistan-China joint agricultural technology
laboratory.
Both sides would also enhance cooperation in agricultural areas including deep processing
technology, fisheries, and disease-free zones.
Both sides also agreed to accelerate the procedures for: (a) Baluchistan Solar Power Lighting
Equipment; (b) Drinking Water Equipment Supply (Solar powered pumps in KP and Water
filtration plants in AJK); (c) Smart Classroom Project for Higher Education; (d) Provision of
Medical Equipment and Material and (e) Pakistan Vocational School’s Equipment Up-grading
and Renovation Project.
Economic relations
The 60th anniversary of China-Pakistan relations was celebrated in 2011. Pakistan was the third
non-communist and the first Muslim country to recognize China in 1950. The diplomatic
relations between China and Pakistan were established in May 1951. The friendship between
China and Pakistan is all weather and everlasting. The relationship is deeper than the oceans and
higher than the mountains. The bolstering relations of China and Pakistan have become a model
for a friendly co-existence of developing neighboring countries. China and Pakistan are enjoying
strong bilateral cultural, economic and military relationships. Both of the countries are striving
together for promoting peace, stability and economic prosperity in Asia. In the past, China-
Pakistan ties were mainly of military and strategic importance. But now the economic relations
of China-Pakistan are strengthening specially after the conclusion of Free Trade Agreement
(FTA) in 2007. In this paper we would focus upon the economic relations of China and Pakistan.
We also used the granger causality test to understand the relationship between Chinese Inward
FDI and Economic Growth. We took the annual data from 1980 t0 2012. We found that growth
in China caused inward FDI.
China Mobile Pak
China Mobile Pakistan (CMPak) is a 100% owned subsidiary of China Mobile Communications
Corporation. The pioneering overseas set up of China Mobile came through acquisition of a
license from Millicom to operate a GSM network in Pakistan. Taken over in 2007 with a market
share of only 2%, Zong has seen exponential growth in the last few years to increase it by 10
folds to about 20%. Currently, CMPak engages in the provision of cellular mobile voice and data
services to the Pakistani market through 2G, 3G and 4G technologies.
CMPak envisions to enable a fully connected environment for Pakistanis by leveraging the
technological edge in 4G LTE, whilst providing the most reliable and affordable products in the
market. On the technological front, CMPak draws heavily from the research and experience of
China Mobile Communications Corporation, which is the largest telecom service provider in the
world, thus enabling cutting edge, state-of-the art services to subscribers. These high standards of
performance are testified by the service award of “No.1 Operator in voice and data services” by
the Pakistan Telecommunications Authority.

CMPak has the largest 4G subscriber base and the widest 4G coverage across the length and
breadth of the country. The unprecedented level of coverage and 4G connectivity provided by
CMPak is a testament of our commitment to provide stable, affordable and reliable services to
our customers. In the coming years, CMPak aims to further uplift the coverage and service
quality in order to maintain and improve outstanding data experience to the users. We believe
that digitization is a catalyst for economic growth and we will continue to enable it by leading
the data services market of Pakistan.

Gwadar Deep Sea Port

The swathe of land was handed to the China Overseas Port Holding Company in November 2015
as part of a 43-year lease, while construction of the project began on 20 June 2016. The
special economic zone is expected to employ approximately 40,000 people, with possibility for
future expansion
Larkana sugar mill.
Sugarcane research station was established in 1973-1974 with the cooperation of China in
Naudero city on Larkana-Sukkur road. The covered area of this explorative class is 20 acres.
• Saindak Copper project in Baluchistan.
Saindak Copper-Gold Mine is located near Saindak town in Chagai District of Baluchistan,
Pakistan. The discovery of gold, copper & silver deposits at Saindak was made in the 1970s
in collaboration with a Chinese engineering firm.
• The machine tool factory of Karachi
MTF Road, Off National Highway, Bhains Colony (Cattle Colony) Bin Qasim Town,
Karachi, Karachi City, Sindh 75030.
• Thar coal power plant
The Engro Thar Coal Power Project (Thar-ll) is a coal-fired power plant developed as part of
the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor by Sindh Engro Coal Mining Company (a joint
venture between the government of Sindh and Engro Corporation) and China Machinery
Engineering Corporation in the Thar Block-II of the Thar Coalfield, Tharparkar
District, Sindh, Pakistan 25 kilometers from the town of Islamkot near the village of
Singharo-Bitra.
In May 2008, the Government of Sindh invited proposals for the development of Thar Coal
reserves through a public-private partnership basis. The Sindh Engro Coal Mining
 Company (SECMC) was formed as a joint venture between Government of Sindh and Engro
Corporation in October 2009 in order to develop of mining at Thar Coal Block II of the Thar
coalfield. In May 2013, a power company in the name of Thar Power Company Ltd.
(THARCO) was incorporated as a subsidiary of SECMC with the mandate to develop the
first power project based on coal mined by SECMC. As per the JV agreement, Engro is
responsible for Project Management and Financing, while GoS for Infrastructural
Development and attaining requisite consents and approvals for the project.
• Lahore orange line metro train project
• Dawood wind power project at Sindh
• Road network corridor from Kashgar to Gwadar
• QUAID E AZAM solar power, Bahawalpur
• Coal fired power plant, Sahiwal.
• Coal fired power plant, Jhelum
Military relations
China is Pakistan’s largest defense supplier. China transferred equipment and technology and
provided scientific expertise to Pakistan’s nuclear weapons and ballistic missile programs
throughout the 1980s and 1990s, enhancing Pakistan’s strength in the South Asian strategic
balance. The most significant development in China–Pakistan military cooperation occurred in
1992 when China supplied Pakistan with 34 short-range ballistic M-11 missiles.5 Recent sales of
conventional weapons to Pakistan include JF-17 aircraft, JF-17 production facilities, F-22P
frigates with helicopters, K-8 jet trainers, T-85 tanks, F-7 aircraft, small arms, and ammunition.6
Beijing also built a turnkey ballistic-missile manufacturing facility near the city of Rawalpindi
and helped Pakistan develop the 750-km-range, solid-fueled Shaheen-1 ballistic missile.7 While
the U.S. has sanctioned Pakistan in the past—in 1965 and again in 1990—China has consistently
supported Pakistan’s military modernization effort. China has helped Pakistan build two nuclear
reactors at the Chashma site in the Punjab Province and continues to support Pakistan’s nuclear
program, although it has been sensitive to international condemnation of the A. Q. Khan affair
and has calibrated its nuclear assistance to Pakistan accordingly. During Pakistani President
Zardari visit to Beijing in mid-October 2008, Beijing pledged to help Pakistan construct two new
nuclear power plants at Chashma, but did not propose or agree to a major China–Pakistan
nuclear deal akin to the U.S.–India civil nuclear agreement. U.S. congressional Members have
expressed concern about China’s failure to apply Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) “full-scope
safeguards” to its nuclear projects in Pakistan.
The India Factor
China has been able to successfully pursue closer relations with India, especially on the
economic front (bilateral trade rose from $5 billion to $40 billion in the course of five years),
while continuing to pursue strong military and strategic ties to Pakistan. China’s interest in
improving ties to India over the last decade has spurred Beijing to develop a more neutral
position on the Kashmir issue, rather than reflexively taking Pakistan’s side, which has
traditionally meant supporting United Nations resolutions calling for a plebiscite or backing
Pakistan’s attempts to wrest the region by force, as with Pakistan’s 1965 Operation Gibraltar.10
A turning point in China’s position on Kashmir came during the 1999 Kargil crisis when Beijin
helped convince Pakistan to withdraw forces from the Indian side of the Line of Control
following its incursion into the Kargil region of Jammu and Kashmir. Beijing made clear its
position that the two sides should resolve the Kashmir conflict through bilateral negotiations, not
military force. India was pleased with China’s stance on the Kargil crisis, which allowed Beijing
and New Delhi to overcome tensions in their relations that had developed over India’s 1998
nuclear tests. g Despite the evolution in the Chinese position on Kashmir, China continues to
maintain a robust defense relationship with Pakistan, and to view a strong partnership with
Pakistan as a useful way to contain Indian power. China’s attempt to scuttle the U.S.–India civil
nuclear agreement at the September 2008 Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) meeting was evidence
for many Indians that China does not willingly accept India’s rise on the world stage. The
Chinese—buoyed by the unexpected opposition from NSG nations like New Zealand, Austria,
and Ireland—threatened the agreement with delaying tactics and last-minute concerns signaled
through an article in the Chinese Communist Party’s English-language paper, The People’s
Daily.11 The public rebuke of the deal followed several earlier assurances from Chinese leaders
that Beijing would not block consensus at the NSG.

• China enjoys strong defense ties with Pakistan.

• China provided a lot of military equipment’s to the Pakistan Army,
helping in establishment of factories, providing technological
facilities as well as financial support:
• Heavy mechanical complex
• Aeronautical complex (kamra)
• The armies had also scheduled a joint military exercises.
• China helped Pakistan when there is no hope of external support.
• E.g. in 1965,1971 wars Both, countries are involved in the several
projects to enhance military and defense systems, which includes:
• JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft
• K-8 Karakorum advance aircraft
• JI-8 aircraft
• L-15 aircraft
• Al-Khalid tanks
• the Babur cruise missile.
• F-22 navel frigates
 China's role in Pakistan’s nuclear programs:
Views on Pakistan and China relationship
Pakistan has a long and strong relationship with China. The long-standing ties between the two
countries have been mutually beneficial. A close identity of views and mutual interests remain
the center-point of bilateral ties. The Chinese leadership has acknowledged Pakistan's steadfast
support on key issues.
. Issues of Pakistan and china relationship
• Taliban which are labeled as Pakistani terrorists are involved in violence in Chinese
province Xinjiang. Pakistan's failure to prevent this.
• U.S. War On Terror and China is against of U.S. influence in the region. as, Pakistan is a
US ally i.e. China is forced to step up its support in order to maintain its influence in
region.

Conclusion
Pakistan and China have remained trusted friends and neighbors despite the changes at
regional and international level. Recent divisions at regional and global level indicate
opportune for both countries to further strengthen their defense and strategic relationship.
The issue of terrorism and extremism needs to be tackled through mutual intelligence
sharing. Pakistan needs to ensure the security of Chinese workforce deployed in Gwadar and
on the other projects that are already underway in various sectors in Pakistan. China and
Pakistan share common security concerns in the region and this commonality has so far
cemented the bonds of strategic and defense relationship between the two. China has
supported Pakistan at every step and even helped Pakistan to establish strong defense system,
it would also be right to say that China is the biggest arms supplier of Pakistan.