GIỚI TỪ

(Preposition)
1. Khái niệm
Giới từ: từ đi với N, cụm danh từ, đại từ để chỉ sự liên hệ của các từ này với
các thành phần khác trong câu
➔ Giới từ không có nghĩa nhất định, cần dựa vào ngữ cảnh, tình huống hoặc
cấu trúc cụ thể để hiểu

2. Giới từ chỉ nơi chốn

In, On, At, Above, Below, Over, Under, Near, By/Beside/Next to,
Inside/outside, Between/Among, Against, In front of, Behind, Opposite,
Across.
IN
In + không gian (vị trí được bao quanh): Trong, ở trong
There’s no one in the room / in the building / in the garden
There’s someone in the pool / in the sea/ in the river
What do you have in your mouth / in your hand
I live in Vietnam / HCM city
There was not a cloud in the sky
Is there anything interesting in the newspaper/ in the book
The car key is in my pocket
He is standing in a line / in a row/ in a queue
In + car / taxi
They arrived in a taxi
He got in the car and go away
In + phương hướng (In the East/ West/ South/ North)
Ha Noi is in the north of Vietnam
In + cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn sau
In the middle of (ở giữa) In the front of (ở trước) / In the back of (ở sau) (a car)
That old man has a pain in the middle of his back
I was in the front of the car when we had the accident
My baby is sleeping in the back of the car
In + N chỉ địa điểm đặc thù ( in bed / in hospital / in prison)
Her nephew is now in hospital
(Cháu trai của cô ấy đang nằm viện)
I unfortunately got hit by a flu and was in bed for 3 days
(Tôi không may bị cảm và nằm liệt giường 3 ngày rồi)
Because of his crime, he will be in prison for the rest of his life
(Bởi vì tội ác của mình, anh ta sẽ phải ngồi tù / ở tù cả đời)

ON
On + Bề mặt: Trên, ở trên
I sat on the floor / on the ground / on the grass / on the beach
There is a picture on the wall
The notice on the door is about the new policy
The cat jumped on my face
There is a dirty mark on the ceiling
The information about travel is on page 8 of the newspaper
Here’s the shopping list. Do not buy anything that is not on the list
(on a map, on a menu, on a website,…)
On + số tầng (nhà)
My office is on the fourth floor
The reception desk is on the ground floor
On + một số nơi chốn sau:
On a river, on a road, on the coast
Your town is on the coast on is it inland
There is a boat on the river
On + các phương tiện (công cộng, nhiều người)
On a bus, on a train, on a ship, on a plane,
There are too many people on the bus today
You are not allowed to smoke on the plane
Ngoại lệ: on a bike / motorbike
She was on her bike / She passed me on her motorbike
On + tên đường, đường phố
The White house is on Charles road
The children are playing on the street
On + phương hướng
On the left / On the right (phía bên trái, phía bên phải)
Go straight ahead and you will see the department store on the left, the
hardware store is on the right.
If you look on your right, you’ll see the motel

AT
At + địa điểm, điểm cụ thể: Ở, tại
At home, at the station, at the airport, at the crossroad, at the seaside
He will pick me up at the airport
The girl who is standing at the crossroad/ roundabout is so gorgeous
Your cousins was waiting for the bus at the station
My husband is sitting at his desk
Turn left at the next junction
We have to get off the subway at the next stop
There is someone at the door
 At the top/ bottom of something: Đầu, cuối của cái gì đó (tài liệu, giấy)
The title is at the top of the page
Sign at the bottom of the document
At the beginning / at the end of sth: ở đầu / cuối của cái gì đó
At the beginning of the lesson, we will go into the theory
The teacher gave us some exercises at the end of the lecture
At + số nhà, tên một toà nhà
They live at 25 Wall street
There’s a good film at the theatre / cinema
The meeting took place at the company’s headquarters
At + nơi sống, làm việc, học tập (không có mạo từ)
At home, at work, at school, at university,…
I’ll be at work until 5:30
My sister is still at school. My brother is at college
At + sự kiện
At an event, At a conference, At the party,…
There were lots of people at the wedding yesterday
I saw you at the concert yesterday.

Các giới từ chỉ nơi chốn khác

Above (trên) / Over (ngay trên): ở trên, cao hơn (vị trí, chiều cao)
We were flying above / over the cloud
There was a mirror over the fireplace
He open the cupboard above the sink
The light is above the dining table
Below (dưới) / Under (ngay dưới): dưới, ở dưới
The lake is almost 900 feet below sea level
Please read the description below
They live on the floor below
The ball is under the table
I put my red pen under a book
Near / Close to / Adjacent to (liền kề): gần
Don’t sit near the door
I want to choose a flat that close to my house
They lived in a house adjacent to the railway
They work in adjacent building
(Họ làm việc trong những toà nhà liền kề nhau)
By / beside / next to: bên cạnh, bên
Come and sit by / beside / next to me
Inside / Outside; Indoor / Outdoor
• Inside / Outside vừa là adj, vừa là adv
→adj: mang nghĩa là phía bên trong, phần/mặt bên trong của một cái gì
đó
• Indoor / Outdoor là adj, Indoors / Outdoors là adv.
→adj: diễn tả sự kiện, hành động, tình huống được xảy ra, hoàn tất hoặc
tổ chức ở bên trong hoặc bên ngoài toà nhà
Với vai trò là ADJ
The inside market is colored yellow.
There is an indoor swimming pool in the middle of the ground floor.
The outside wall of the building was painted gray.
The hotel has an outdoor swimming pool.
Với vai trò là ADV
→ inside / outside và Indoors / Outdoors có nghĩa như nhau (bên trong/ vào
trong toà nhà hoặc bên ngoài / ra ngoài toà nhà)
Tuy nhiên, Outside chỉ hoạt động diễn ra ở chung quanh hoặc gần nhà;
Outdoors chỉ hoạt động diễn ra ở các địa điểm xa hơn (camping, working)
 It’ going to rain, let’s go inside / indoor
Many herbs can be grown inside/indoors.
We waited outside in the corridor until it was our turn to go in.
The animals spend their lives outdoors
Between / Among: ở giữa
• Between: dùng khi nói đến 2 hoặc nhiều hơn đối tượng riêng rẽ / khi 2
đối tượng là thời gian, con số
• Among: dùng khi nói đến một nhóm, không tách ra và không được gọi
tên cụ thể, số lượng phải từ 3 trở lên
- What’s the relationship between you and her?
- What’s the relationship among those people?

- I didn’t see any difference between the real bag and the imitation bag
- I didn’t see any difference among these bags?

- The negotiations between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile are going well
- The negotiations among the countries of South America are going well

- I’m trying to decide between the green shirt, the blue shirt, and the black
shirt
- I’m trying to decide among these shirts

- I gave Nam and Nga some money and told them to share between them
- I gave my students some money and told them to share among them

❖ Giữa thời gian, và con số ➔ chỉ dùng Between

I live in HCM city between 2019 and 2030
What were you doing between 5 am and 7 am?

Against: tựa vào

I put the ladder against the wall
She leaned against the door
In front of (phía trước) / Behind (phía sau) / Opposite (đối diện) /
Across (bên kia)
There’s a national park in front of my school
The garage is behind the house
The mall is opposite the sports center
The library is just across the road

3. Giới từ chỉ thời gian

In, On, At, In time, On time, During, While, For, Since, From…to, By, By the
time, Until/Till, Not until, Before, After
IN
In + tháng, năm, mùa, thập niên, thế kỷ→ chỉ khoảng thời gian dài
(Vào, trong,…)
I take the TOEIC test in December (Tôi sẽ thi TOEIC vào tháng 12)
I moved to HCM city in 2019
The weather is very cold in winter
She dresses as if she lived in the 80s
This house was built in 18th century
In + các buổi trong ngày / kỳ nghỉ cụ thể
I work out in the morning / afternoon/ evening
What are you going to do in the Tet holiday / in the summer terms
In → dùng để nói đến khoảng thời gian phải mất để hoàn thành việc gì đó
(Trong vòng, trong…)
I learned to drive in 4 hours (tôi học lái xe trong vòng 4 tiếng)
I wrote the dissertation in a month
In → dùng để nói điều gì đó sẽ xảy ra trong bao lâu nữa
(Trong vòng, trong)
The train will be leaving in a few minutes
He’ll be back in a week
 ON
On + thứ ngày trong tuần , ngày tháng
(Vào,…)
See you on Tuesday / Friday / Sunday
My birthday is on 15th May / May 15th / on the fifteenth of May / On the
15th of May
On + ngày lễ, kì nghỉ (chỉ 1 ngày trong kỳ nghỉ, không phải toàn bộ)
What are you doing on Christmas Day?
(Bạn làm gì vào ngày Giáng sinh)
My family reunite on New Year's Day
(Cả nhà tôi đoàn tụ vào ngày đầu năm mới)
On + Buổi trong ngày cụ thể
Do you usually go out on Saturday evening?
He has a meeting on Monday morning.
I’ll see you on Wednesday afternoon.

AT
At + giờ, thời điểm (vào lúc, lúc) (noon, night, midnight, sunset, sunrise,…)
They left at 5 o’clock
I join a Yoga class at lunchtime
I don’t like going out at night
We shouldn’t make noise at midnight
Let’s take a walk on the beach at sunset / sunrise.
Let’s catch up at/on (the) weekends
At + các từ sau sẽ mang nghĩa là now (bây giờ, hiện tại, thời điểm này)
At the moment, at present, at the minute, at this time
Can we talk later? I’m busy at the moment
She and I finished at the same time (cùng lúc)
At + dịp lễ, kỳ nghỉ (toàn bộ những ngày trong ngày nghỉ)
I’ll be home at Christmas
Where are you going to go at Thanksgiving?
On time: đúng giờ (punctual, not late)
Please be on time. Don’t be late
(Vui lòng đến đúng giờ. Đừng trễ nha)
The conference was well-organised. Everything began and finished on
time
In time: kịp lúc, kịp giờ (soon enough)
Will you be home on time for dinner?
(Con sẽ về nhà kịp bữa tối chứ?)
I bought a present online for my friend‘s birthday. I hope it arrives in
time (Tôi mong là nó sẽ về kịp (kịp sinh nhật của bạn)
During: trong suốt, suốt (During + N)
I fell asleep during the movie
We met some really night people during our holiday
The shop closed during the whole of February
While: trong khi, trong lúc (While + mệnh đề (S+V)
We saw Joe while we were waiting for the bus
I suddenly began to feel ill while I was doing the exam
I’m going to Macau next week. I hope the weather will be good while
I’m there
For + khoảng thời gian (trong…)
We watched TV for 2 hours last night
How are you? I haven’t seen you for ages (for ages: lâu lắm rồi)
Since + mốc thời gian (từ, từ khi, kể từ)
I’ve been learning English since I was five
He’s moved to England since 2015
Since last year, we didn’t talk to each other anymore
From…to: từ…đến
From 2019 to 2022, I live in HCM city
He works from morning to night every day
By: trước , khi (không muộn hơn…)
We had better hurry. We have to be home by 5 o’clock.
(Tốt hơn là chúng ta nhanh lên. Chúng ta phải về đến nhà trước, lúc 5h
→ tức là trước 5 giờ hoặc 5 giờ đúng, không được muộn hơn 5 giờ)
Where’s Sarah? She should be here by now
(Sarah đâu rồi? Cô ấy nên ở đây lúc này rồi chứ → lúc này hoặc trước
lúc này, không phải muộn hơn lúc này
I have to finish this report by Thursday
By the time: trước, trong khoảng thời gian,…
It’s too late to go to the bank now. By the time we get there, it will be
closed
Giờ quá trễ để ra ngân hàng. Trước khi / trong khoảng thời gian chúng ta
đi đến đó thì nó sẽ đóng rồi)
Hurry up! By the time we get to the cinema, the film will already have
started
Nhanh lên! Khi/ trong lúc chúng ta đến rạp thì bộ phim sẽ bắt đầu rồi
My car broke down on the way to the party last night. By the time I
arrived, most of other guests had left
Until / Till: cho đến khi, đến khi
Joe will be away until Monday
(Joe sẽ đi vắng cho đến thứ 2) →Tức là ngày thứ 2 thì Joe sẽ về / ở đây.
Shall we go now? No, let’s stay until/till it stops raining
Before / After: Trước khi / Sau khi
She regularly go for a run before breakfast
We’ll hang out after the conference