Life, Works, and Writings of Rizal
Recto
1.
2. To pay tribute to our national hero for
devoting his life and works and in shaping
the Filipino character.
3. To gain an inspiring source of
patriotism thru the study of Rizal's works
and works.
Goals and teaching RA 1425
* The teaching of Rizal course in higher
education institutions in our country
today is anchored on the patriotic policy
statements of Rizal Law and the patriotic
goals set by the then National Board on
National Education
* To recognize the relevance of Rizal"s
ideals, thoughts, teachings, and life
values to present conditions in the
community
* To apply Rizal's ideas in the solution of
day-to-day situations and problems in
contemporary life
* To develop an understanding and
appreciation of the qualities, behaviour
and character of Rizal
* To foster the development of moral
character, personal discipline, citizenship
and vocational efficiency among the
Filipino youth
RIZAL, An American Sponsored Hero
• There were controversies that Rizal was
not chosen directly by the Filipino people
to be our national hero, indeed it was the
Americans who picked him as against the
other contenders to wit: Aguinaldo,
Bonifacio and Mabini.
THE STORY OFTHE RIZAL LAW
* The original Rizal Bill was filed by
Senator
* Claro M. Recto and it was sponsored by
* Senator Jose P. Laurel.
* The intention of the law is to promote
patriotism and nationalism
* However several people opposed the
bill
* The source of opposition to the
legislation of a law that was supposed to
promote patriotism and love of country
came from the Catholic Church and its
allies in Congress and the media
* The original bill was Senate Bill 438
AN ACT TOMAKE NOLI ME TANGERE AND
EL FILIBUSTERISMO COMPULSORY
READING IN ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES FOR OTHER
PURPOSE
* The opposition to the Rizal bill
escalated as priests and Bishops preached
against Rizal Bill during masses and
discussions in the radio were done
denouncing the bill.
* Archbishop Santos even threatened to
close down all catholic schools, colleges
and universities if the Rizal Bill becomes a
law.
Against Rizal Bill
1. Senator Soc Rodrigo
2. Congressman Miguel Cuenco
3. Accion Catolico
4. Fr. Jesus Cavana
5. Archbishop of Manila Rufino Santos
Supporters of the Rizal Bill
* Veteranos de la Revolucion
* Alagad ni Rizal
* Knights of the grand Rizal
* Free Masons
* Mayor Arsenio Lacson
* Jesuit Father Horacio dela Costa
* Fr. De la Costa admitted that abuses
did happen in the Catholic Church and
there were historical mistakes committed
by the church
* He said that Rizal"s works only
exposed abuses within the Church and
that the abuses were committed by the
individual clergymen and should not be
treated as reflective of the entire clergy.
Substitute bill
• A substitute bill was filed wherein it is
not compulsory anymore and it allowed
students to be exempeted from reading
the works of Rizal but not from taking the
course.
Major periods in the Life of Rizal
First period (186|-1872) Young Rizal
Second Period (1872-1882) first turning
point of Rizal, the GOMBURZA were
already executed
Third Period (|882-1892) when he
decided to leave the Philippines to escape
persecution
Fourth Period (1892-|896) when he was
exiled in Dapitan
Senator Claro M.
* Main author of the
* Rizal Law.
* Received opposition from the Catholic
Church.
* Branded as a communist and anti-
catholic.
* He did not agree on the introduction
of the expurgated version of Noli and
"The people who would eliminate the
books of Rizal from the schools would
blot out from our minds the memory of
the national hero.
* This is not a fight against Recto but a
fight against Rizal"
May 12, 1956 - a compromise was
inserted by Committee on Education
chairman Sen. Jose P. Laurel
accommodate to the objections of the
Catholic Church.
-The compromise was that only college
(university) students would have the
option of reading unexpurgated versions
of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
According to laurel
•By reading and studying Rizal's life,
teachings and writings, Filipino youth will
be able to gain incorruptible confidence,
direction, courage and determination to
move forward in our people's journey
towards an abundant life.
• Fr. De la Costa admitted that abuses did
happen in the Catholic Church and there
were historical mistakes committed by
the church
• He said that Rizal"s works only exposed
abuses within the Church and that the
abuses were committed by the individual
clergymen and should not be treated as
reflective of the entire clergy.
• Rizal Law
• Enacted on June 12, 1956
• Requires the teaching of Rizal Course in
every Colleges and University in the
Philippines
• Students may exempt themselves from
reading Noli me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo but not from taking the
course Legislations by the Philippine
Commission
• Act no. 137, which organized a politico-
military district and named it as a
province of Rizal in honor of the most
illustrious Filipino
• Act no. 243, which authorized a public
subscription for the erection of a
monument in honor of Rizal and Luneta
• Act no. 345, which set aside the
anniversary of Rizal's death as a day of
observance.
Marcu 16, 1521
•It marked the arrival of the Spaniards in
the Philippines led by Ferdinand
Magellan.
• They celebrated the first Catholic mass
in the Philippines on March 31, 1521, an
Easter Sunday, on Mazaua (today
believed to be Limasawa in Southern
Leyte).
• Magellan sought alliances with local
chieftains, marking the beginning of
Spanish colinzation.
19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES AS RIZAL'S
CONTEXT
* As Jose Rizal was born and grew up in
the 19th century
* 19th century is commonly depicted as
the birth of modern life, as well as the
birth of many nation-states around the
globe
* A period of massive changes in Europe,
Spain and even in the Philippines
* It was during this era that the power
and glory of Spain, the Philippine's
colonizer had waned both in its colonies
and in the world.
The economic context 4 historical
elements
1. End of the Galleon Trade
2 Opening of Suez Canal
3. The rise of the export of the crop
economy
4.
Established monopolies in the Philippines
* The Galleon Trade (1565to 1815) was a
ship trade going back and forth between
Manila and Acapulco, Mexico
* It started when Andres de Urdaneta, in
convoy under Miguel Lopez de Legaspi
discovered a route from Cebu to Mexico
in 1565.
* The trade served as the central income
generating business for Spanish colonists
in the Philippines.
* It resulted to the intercultural
exchanges between Asia (ESPECIALLY
Philippines), Spanish America, and
onward to Europe and Africa
* The Manila Galleon Trade allowed
modern, liberal ideas to enter the
Philippines, eventually and gradually
inspiring the movement for
independence from Spain.
Opening of the suez canal
* Artificial sea level water way in Egypt
* Constructed by the Suez Canal
Company between 1859 and 1869
* Opened on November 17, 1869
* The distance of travel between Europe
and the Philippines was considerably
abbreviated and thus virtually brought
the country closer to Spain
* Travel period before was 90 days or
more
* Now it is 32 to 40 days
* The Suez canal expedited the
importation not only of commercial
products but also of books, magazines
and newspaper with liberal ideas
* It stimulated more and more Spaniards
and Europeans with liberal ideas to come
to he country and interact with local
reformists
* The availability of the Suez Canal has
also encouraged the illustrados,
especially Jose Rizal to pursue higher
education abroad
Monopolies
* Source of wealth during the post
galleon era was government monopoly
* Opium monopoly (chinese)
* Basi wine monopoly
* Betel nut monopoly
* Explosives
* Tobacco monopoly
* Tobacco monopoly lasted for more 100
years
* The monopoly positively raised
revenues for the government and made
Philippine tobacco prominent all over
Asia and some parts of Europe
* It was finally abolished in 1882
Social background
A. Education system
* Up to 9t century friars control the
schools
* Ignore primary education
* Instruction is focused on Fear of God
and obedience to friars
* Parrot the book without understanding
* Did not develop self confidence
* Inferiority complex
* UST (IGIl) only mestizos and spaniards
were admitted here
THE RISE OF THE CHINESE MESTIZO
* The rise of a new middle class or clase
media.
* They benelited from opening the
country to foreign commerce and trade
Sle to send their son to Europe to study
From their rank started the Filipino
propagandista
ECONOMIC DOCTRINE
* Mercantilism-
* Lassiez faire- let alone policy
THE RISE OF THE INQUILINgS
* The Spanish term inquilino has the
same meaning as the English "Tenant"
* Inquilino system is better understood as
a qualified system of tenancy or the right
to use land in exchange for rent.
* Inquilinos paid a fixed rent and the
amount was determined by the size and
quality of the land being worked on
Political landscape
* The rise and spread of liberalism and
democracy was actually a consequence of
the growth and development of
nationalism.
* The principal ideas of liberalism - liberty
and equality- where first realized
successfully in the American revolution
and then achieved in the part of French
revolution
* Liberalism demanded representative
government as opposed to autocratic
monarchy, equality before the laws as
opposed to autocratic monarchy, equality
before the law as opposed to legally
separate classes
* The idea of liberty also meant specific
individual freedoms, freedom of the
press; freedom of speech; freedom of
assembly; and freedom from arbitrary
arrest.
* Democracy was non-existent in the
Philippines in the 19th century.
* The ecclesiastical and civil authorities
then were not inclined to grant basic
human rights to the Filipinos, as it will be
detrimental to Spain's colonial
administration of the Philippines.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
* Refers to the transformation of
manufacturing brought about by the
invention and use of machines.
* This develooment started in England
and later on sareed into the Belgium.
France, Germany, and even the United
States.
Positive effects of industrialism
1. The rise of the factary system
2. Mass production of essential and non
essential goods
3. Improvement of people's standard of
living
4. Greater urbanization of society
5. Beginnings of specialization or division
of labor
6. Invention of labor saving devices
7. Beginnings of industrial capitalism
8. Fostering of liberalism and nationalism
9. Encouragement of mobility
To solve the evils created by the
industrial system different measure were
proposed:
* For the Liberals, laissez-faire policy has
to be sustained
* The socialists assert that the
government has to control vital industries
and resources
* The communists suggest that all factors
of production be owned and controlled
by the government.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF
NATIONALISM
* Nationaliam la a sense of loyalty or
paychological attachment members of a
nation share, based on a common
language, history, eulture, and desire for
independence.
* A feeling that drives a people together
as a nation
* Love of country expressed in devotion
to and advocacy of national interest and
independence.
- However the development of
nationalism in the Philippines was very
slow.
- Loyalty to the nation began only after
the unjust execution of fathers Gomez.
Burgos and Zamora on February 17. 1872
* Spain ruled the Philippines for 300 years
* It was Spain who gave the country its
identity
* The country came to be known as
Philippines because of their colonization
here
* With the use of the cross. (religion), the
natives were pacified
* Reduccion plan was implemented
As a result:
1. Easy to collect taxes
2. Became law abiding citizens
3. Transformed into little brown
Spaniards.
* The fall of Queen Isabella and the
triumph of liberalism in 1869 led to the
appointment of Carlos Ma. De la Torre as
governor general in the Philippines
* Democratic and liberal philosophy in
governing
* Encouraged the aspirations of the
reformists
* abolished the censorship of the press
* Set up reform commissions
* Public discussions in newspaper
* Freedom of the speech
* Freedom of expression
FACTORS THAT LED TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF PHILIPPINE
NATIONALISM
* Opening of the Philippines to World
Commerce
* Influx of liberal ideas
* Secularization movement
* Liberal regime of Carlos Ma. Delatore
* Cavite Mutiny
* Execution Gomburza
Spain in the 19th Century
• A period of political instability because
of the frequent rise and fall of ministries
and constitutions.
* To save the country from political
disunity. the Spanish crown worked out
the canovite system or rotavitism.
* Under this policy. the liberals and the
conservatives in Spain took turns in
administering the affairs of the country
* As a consequence of this, there were
frequent changes in the top colonial
administration in the Philippines.
* Because of this the colonial
administration became very inefficient
and corrupt.
* The Philippines became a dumping
ground for the relatives and favorites of
Spanish politicians in Madrid.
* they observed laissez faire policy in
exchange of the policy of mercantilism.
Reasons
* They need to follow the trend of
economic development in Europe at that
time
* Need to speed up the growth of her
commerce and trade
LAISSEZ-FAIRE POLICY
* The government will not interfere in the
conduct of trade and business.
Effects:
-Spain ended the galleon or the Manila
Acanules trade in 1873
-Opening of the enuntry to foreign
Eominerce and trade
-Created a middle elass imbued with givie
courage and personal independenes,
which started guestioning the abuses of
the Spanish regime.
-The start for blameuring for reforms in
the Philippines from 1872 to 1892
The Philippines during Rizal's time
* Filipinos lost their ancestral lands on
account of Spain's encomienda system
* They were forced to accept Spanish
culture and religion
* Governed directly by the Spanish
Crown, thru the Ministry of Colonies
* Policies from Luzon to Mindanao
emanated from Manila
* Governor General (appointed by the
Spanish Monarch)- head of the Spanish
colonial government
Governor General
* Head of spanish colonial government
* Represents the Crown in all
governmental matters
* Vice Royal patron over religious affairs
* He could nominate priests for
ecclesiastical administration of the
parishes
* Commander in Chief of the colonial
army
* As the Chief executive he was the ex-
officio president of the
Royal Audencia
* He has legislative powers
* Laws enacted by the governor-general
were called ACTOS ACORDADOS
* Power of CUMPLASSE- the power to
decide which law should be implemented
or disregarded
LGU
1. Provinces or Alcaldias
2. Towns or Pueblos
3. Barrios or Barangays
PROVINCES OR ALCALDIAS
* Headed by alcalde mayor
* Exercised executive and judicial
functions
* The mast corrupt unit in the LGU
because of indulto de commercia
* The alcaldias or provinces were divided
into towns or PUEBLO
TOWNS OR PUEBLOS
* Headed by gobernadorcilla
* Responsible for tax collection
* Need to mortgage his properties to
ensure remittance of the tax collection
* Divided into barangays
BARRIOS OR BARANGAY
* Smallest unit of government Headed by
a cabeza de barangay
* Maintain the peace and order and the
collection of taxes and tributes in the
barangay
* City government is called
AYUNTAMIENTO
* Governed by a cabildo or city council,
composed of a city mavar(alcalde en
ordinario) councilors (regidores), chief
constable (aquacil mayor), and a
secretary (escribano)
SPANISH FRIAR
* Supervising representative of the
Spanish government for all local affairs.
* Local school inspector
* Health inspector
* Prison inspector
* Inspector of the accounts
Friars Approval Needed on the following:
* Census list
* Tax list
* List of army conscripts
* Register of births
* Deaths
* marriages
FRAILOCRACIA- The friars are powerful
and influential and feared by the civil
authorities.
Guardia Civil
* Organized in 1867
* A corps of native police
* Deal with outlaws and renegade
* Filibusteros- enemies of government
* Erehes- enemies of the church
Audencia Real
* Highest court in the Philippine
* Adjudicate appeals for civil and criminal
cases
* Forum for settling issues on governance
Auditing agency of the finances of SCG
* No legislature in the Philippines & Phil
representation to Spanish cortes was
abolished in 1837
Governed thru special laws
* Las Leves de Indias
* Spanish Colonial administration was
corrupt and inefficient
Reasons:
1. Gov-gen exercised absolute powers
2. Positions were given to unqualified and
unfit person
3. Widespread selling of lower position to
highest bidders
- Filipinos were treated slaves
- Spaniards imposed and collected all
forms of taxes and contribution
- Required to render polo y servicio
- Colonizer adheres to the doctrine of
limpieza de sangre or purity of blood
In the triangle
Peninsulares insulares
Chinese mestizo
indios
CONSEQUENCE OF LIMPIEZA DE SANGRE
* Social ranking
* Lower classes were abused
*Racial discrimination
*Lower class were inferior and unworthy
of education
EDUCATION
* Up to 19th century friars contral the
schools
* Ignore primary education
* Instruction is focused on Fear of God
and obedience to friars
* Parrot the book without understanding
* Did not develop self confidence
* Inferiority complex
UST (16lI) only mestizos and spaniards
were admitted here
* Public education for natives
* Educational decree of 1863 was passed
* Teaching of spanish language were
prohibited by the friars
Thus the flaws of education were:
1. Over emphasis on religion
2. Limited and irrelevant curriculum
3. Obsolete classroom facilities
4. Inadequate instructional materials
5. Absence of academic freedom
6. Racial prejudice against Filipinos
ECONOMY
* Open for foreign trade IN 1834
* It stimulated agricultural production
and export of sugar, rice, hemp and
tobacco
* Opportunities for trade, increased
Filipino contacts with foreigners and
peninsular
Spaniards
* Those who prosper in foreign trades
had the chance to send their sons to
schools in
Europe
* Filipinos who were educated abroad,
were able to absorb the intellectual
developments in Europe
* The awareness of a completely different
type of society prevalent in Europe made
these European- educated Filipinos
disenchanted with Spain
FACTORS THAT LED TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF PHILIPPINE
NATIONALISM
* Opening of the Philippines to World
Commerce
* Influx of liberal ideas
* Secularization movement
* Liberal regime of Carlos Ma. Delatore
* Cavite Mutiny
* Execution Gomburza