LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL REVIEWER
enrollment of the school, college or
Jose Rizal Law
• SECTION 1: Courses on the life, works and
writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novel
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall
be included in the curricula of all schools,
colleges and universities, public or private:
Provided, that in the collegiate courses, the
original or unexpurgated editions of the Noli
Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their
English translation shall be used as basic
texts.
o The Board of National Education is
hereby authorized and directed to
adopt forthwith measures to
implement and carry out the
provisions of this Section, including
the writing and printing of
appropriate primers, readers and
textbooks. The Board shall, within
sixty (60) days from the effectivity of
this Act, promulgate rules and
regulations, including those of a
disciplinary nature, to carry out and
enforce the provisions of this Act. The
Board shall promulgate rules and
regulations providing for the
exemption of students for reasons of
religious belief stated in a sworn
written statement, from the
requirement of the provision
contained in the second part of the
first paragraph of this section; but not
from taking the course provided for in
the first part of said paragraph. Said
rules and regulations shall take effect
thirty (30) days after their publication
in the Official Gazette.
• SECTION 2: It shall be obligatory on all
schools, colleges and universities to keep in
their libraries an adequate number of copies
of the original and unexpurgated editions of
the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as
well as of Rizal’s other works and biography.
The said unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their
translations in English as well as other
writings of Rizal shall be included in the list of
approved books for required reading in all
public or private schools, colleges and
universities.
o The Board of National Education shall
determine the adequacy of the
number of books, depending upon the
university.
• SECTION 3: The Board of National Education
shall cause the translation of the Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as other
writings of Jose Rizal into English, Tagalog and
the principal Philippine dialects; cause them
to be printed in cheap, popular editions; and
cause them to be distributed, free of charge,
to persons desiring to read them, through the
Purok organizations and Barrio Councils
throughout the country.
• SECTION 4. Nothing in this Act shall be
construed as amendment or repealing
section nine hundred twenty-seven of the
Administrative Code, prohibiting the
discussion of religious doctrines by public
school teachers and other person engaged in
any public school.
• SECTION 5. The sum of three hundred
thousand pesos is hereby authorized to be
appropriated out of any fund not otherwise
appropriated in the National Treasury to
carry out the purposes of this Act.
• SECTION 6. This Act shall take effect upon its
approval.
Added Information about Jose Rizal Law:
• Also known as the Republic Act 1425
• Approved on June 12, 1956 in Official Gazette
of the Philippines in the same month.
• Sworn Written Statement – it is with
attorney’s notary.
Why should we study Rizal?
• Lahat ng problem noon, nag-eexist pa rin
ngayon.
• It neutralizes globalization, or culture.
• It is for freedom, for the people sacrificed their
lives.
• It is a medicine for apathy.
Jose Rizal
• Birthdate: June 19, 1861
• Birth Place: Calamba Laguna
• Baptismal Date: June 22, 1861
• Death Anniversary: December 30, 1869
PRELIM EXAM QUESTIONS:
1.) Did Bonifacio and Rizal really meet?
• July 3, 1892: Andres Bonifacio attended a
meeting of Filipino patriots in Tondo, Manila
and met a man named Jose Rizal. The
 meeting was called because Rizal wanted to
form a civil association. The Filipino patriots
agreed on the plan and the Liga Filipina was
established.
2.) What led the awakening of Filipino Nationalism?
• September 6, 1834: Opening of Philippines to
International Trade.
• November 17, 1869: Opening of Suez Canal.
3.) What is the Family Name of Rizal?
• Mercado, which was adopted in 1731 by
Domingo Lamco (the paternal great-great-
grandfather of Jose Rizal), who was a full-
blooded Chinese. Rizal’s family acquired a
second surname – Rizal – which was given by
a Spanish alcalde mayor of Laguna, who was
a family friend. Thus said Dr. Rizal, in his letter
to Blumentritt (without date or place).
4.) How come they changed their surname to Rizal?
• Because they are target of Spaniards during
that time.
• As well as, Gov. General Narciso Claveria
issued a law for Filipinos to have a Spanish
and Indigenous Surname.
• Which, it can be seen from Catalogo
Alfabetico de Apellidos.
• Cordilleras Surname were not colonized,
because they suppressed the Spaniards
Colonizers.
• Rizal, is originally Ricial which means the
green of young growth or green fields.
5.) Is Mercado family rich?
• No, they are only average family.
6.) How many siblings did Rizal have?
• 10 siblings
7.) What is their birth order?
• Saturnina Rizal (1850-1913)
➢ Eldest child of the Rizal-Alonzo
marriage. Married Manuel Timoteo
Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas.
• Paciano Rizal (1851-1930)
➢ Only brother of Jose Rizal and the
second child. Studied at San Jose
College in Manila; became a farmer
and later a general of the Philippine
Revolution.
• Narcisa Rizal (1852-1939)
➢ The third child. married Antonio Lopez
at Morong, Rizal; a teacher and
musician.
• Olympia Rizal (1855-1887)
➢ The fourth child. Married Silvestre
Ubaldo; died in 1887 from childbirth.
• Lucia Rizal (1857-1919)
➢ The fifth child. Married Matriano
Herbosa.
• Maria Rizal (1859-1945)
➢ The sixth child. Married Daniel
Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna.
• Jose Rizal (1861-1896)
➢ The second son and the seventh child.
He was executed by the Spaniards on
December 30,1896.
• Concepcion Rizal (1862-1865)
➢ The eight child. Died at the age of
three.
• Josefa Rizal (1865-1945)
➢ The ninth child. An epileptic, died a
spinster.
• Trinidad Rizal (1868-1951)
➢ The tenth child. Died a spinster and
the last of the family to die.
• Soledad Rizal (1870-1929)
➢ The youngest child married Pantaleon
Quintero.
8.) When Rizal was a toddler together with his mom
they went to Pilgrimage:
• Where: Antipolo, Rizal (tail-end of Sierra
Madre)
• Montalban was the first name of Antipolo.
• Tayabas Quezon was the first name of
Quezon Province.
9.) Who was accused?
• Teodora Alonzo: According to Barbara Cruz-
Gonzales, great-granddaughter of Teodora,
the poisoning accusation was rooted in Doña
Teodora trying to mediate between her
brother Jose Alberto and his estranged wife,
Teodora Alberto. Her brother wanted to
divorce his wife, but Doña Teodora dissuaded
him from doing so to preserve the family’s
reputation. This enraged the wife, who was
purportedly sleeping with a leader of the
Guardia Civil. One day, when Doña Teodora
brought food to Teodora Alberto, the latter
refused to eat it and instead fed it to her dog,
which allegedly died after eating the food.
With the help of her Guardia Civil lover,
Teodora Alberto had Doña Teodora arrested
 in front of her whole family. Naturally, the
family patriarch and her husband Francisco
Mercado attempted to fight, but Doña
Teodora calmed everyone down. Powerless,
she didn’t protest, but carried out the
punishment with as much dignity as she
could. To shame her and prolong her
punishment, the Guardia Civil made Doña
Teodora walk 50 kilometers around Laguna.
Then, they put her in prison without trial. This
happened in the 1870s when Jose Rizal was 11
years old. Doña Teodora was around 45. This
was just one of the numerous sacrifices
she had to endure to protect her family. It
was also these persecutions that planted
the seed of indignation in an 11-year-old
Rizal and compelled him to write powerful
propaganda against the Spaniards many
years later.
• Then, in the 1880s, she was again arrested for
allegedly refusing to use her Spanish name
Rizal.
10.) Who are the three (3) uncles of Rizal?
• Three uncles were brothers of her mother:
➢ Uncle Jose Alberto, love for arts.
➢ Uncle Manuel Alberto, physical
activities.
➢ Uncle Gregorio Alberto, love for
reading books.
11.) Education of Rizal:
• Elementary: Ateneo de Municipal Manila
• High School: Unibersidad de Santo Tomas
• College, Medicine: Unibersidad Central de
Madrid
• Rizal did not take Medicine in UST.
12.) What was his connection to the three friars?
• The martyred Filipino priests: Jose Burgos,
Mariano Gomes, and Jacinto Zamora died on
February 17, 1872. They were falsely
implicated in the Cavite uprising and
executed by garroted in Bagumbayan (now
Rizal Park).
• GOMBURZA served as an inspiration for Jose
Rizal's historic work, El Filibusterismo. Which
was intended to assert his view that their
deaths were unfair.
13.) What was his Vocational Course?
• Rizal first enrolled in UST to take Philosophy
and Letters in 1877. At the same time, he took
a vocational course at Ateneo which was a
land-surveyor and got an assessor's degree.
14.) What was his love life back then, who was his
greatest love?
• Leonor Rivera – Kipping: She was intelligent
and knew how to play the piano. She was
reserved and soft-spoken, which, according
to Rizal are ideal characteristics of a woman.
Such was Rizal's idealization of Leonor that he
immortalized her as Maria Clara in his two
novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
➢ Leonor Rivera was born on April 11,
1867 to Antonio Rivera and Silvestre
Bauzon. She was six years younger
than Rizal. Antonio Rivera and
Francisco Mercado (Rizal's Father)
were cousins, making Rizal and
Rivera second cousin.
➢ Engr. Charles Henry Porter Kipping
(British Engineer): who is mother of
Leonor is in favor with because he’s
helped build the Manila-Dagupan
Railway system in 1890.
• Leonor Valenzuela: Leonor “Orang”
Valenzuela, Rizal's second object of affection,
is literally the girl-next-door. They met when
Rizal was a sophomore medical student at
the University of Santo Tomas, during which
time he also lived at Doña Concha Leyva's
boarding house in Intramuros, Manila.
• Segunda Katigbak: Rizal was linked to
numerous women in his day, but the first love
he ever had, according to his diary Memorias
de un Estudiante de Manila, was Segunda
Katigbak.
15.) What was written in his diary?
• Rizal's diary entry on the eve of his departure:
“Japan has enchanted me. The beautiful
scenery, the flowers, the trees, and the
inhabitants – so peaceful, so courteous, and
so pleasant. O-Sei-San, Sayonara, Sayonara!
I have spent a happy golden month; I do not
know if I can have another one like that in all
my life.
• Seiko Usui, also known as O Sei San, was a
Japanese samurai's daughter. She was 23
years old when she first met him. She taught
Rizal the Japanese art of painting known as
su-mie. She also helped Rizal improve his
knowledge of Japanese language.
16.) What is the country Rizal went to that he had a
culture shock?
• Germany: Rizal “expressed his high regards
and admiration of the German womanhood.
“The German woman is serious, studious and
diligent, and they do not pay much attention
to their clothes nor to jewels,” he wrote.
17.) Profession of Rizal:
• An Ophthalmologist (medical or osteopathic
doctor who specializes in eye and vision care)
by profession.
• But he was also: Author, Poet, Polymath,
Scientist, Revolutionary, Novelist, Journalist,
and Visual Artist.
18.) What school did Rizal specialized Pathology?
• None, because he was an Ophthalmologist.
19.) Who were his mentors during his Medicine
School?
• Rizal was also a physician who trained in
ophthalmology under two prominent
European ophthalmologists, Louis de Wecker
and Otto Becker.
20.) Friend of Rizal whom he was closed with:
• Ferdinand Blumentritt: he became one of
Rizal's closest confidants although they met
only once. He translated a chapter of the
latter's first book, Noli Me Tangere, into
German and wrote the preface to Rizal's
second book, El filibusterismo, although he
was against its publication as he believed
that it would lead to Rizal's death.
• They shared a passion for the study of
languages. They exchanged reference books
as well as connections with other scholars
who could help the other with his work in
research and translation.
21.) What country did Rizal quarantined?
• San Francisco, California, USA
• He was quarantined for six days because of
small pox.
22.) What were his pen names?
• Laong Laan: "Laong" is a Tagalog word
meaning "a long time," while laan," means
"reserved for a purpose." Laong Laan thus
means "kept in reserve for a purpose for a
long time."
• Dimasalang: sagisag na kanyang nakuha
noong siya'y pumasok sa "Freemasonry"
noong 1883. Ito ay nagkakahulugang
"untouchable" o "hindi masalang" sa Taal
Tagalog.
23.) His flirting history and locations?
• Segunda Katigbak: She was also a close
friend of Rizal's sister, Olympia, whom he
visited every week at the La Concordia
College. However, Segunda was already
engaged to be married to a man who lived in
her town, and Rizal had to stop pursuing her.
Rizal was 16-year-old boy back then.
• Leonor Valenzuela: They met when Rizal was
a sophomore medical student at the
University of Santo Tomas, during which time
he also lived at Doña Concha Leyva's
boarding house in Intramuros,
Manila. Orang, who was then 14 years old,
was his neighbor.
• Leonor Rivera: They met when Rizal was 18
and Leonor was 13, at the boarding house of
Rizal's uncle in Intramuros, Manila. Leonor
was Rizal's second cousin. Leonor's parents
highly disapproved of their relationship as
they were wary of Rizal being a "Filibuster." In
his letters, Rizal called Leonor "Taimis" to hide
her identity. Upon the coercion of her mother,
Leonor burned Rizal's letters to her - but it
was said she kept the ashes of those letters.
A story goes that she hid some of these ashes
in the hem of her wedding gown.
• Consuelo Ortega Y Rey: She was the daughter
of Don Pablo Ortiga Y Rey, who was Mayor of
Manila when Maria dela Torre was the
governor. While Rizal was in Madrid, he would
hang out at Don Pablo's house, which
became a place where Filipino students
would often get together. Through one of
these gatherings, Rizal met Consuelo.
• Seiko Usui: Rizal wrote about how he was
charmed by Japan's beauty, cleanliness, and
peace and order. But if there was one thing
that almost kept him in the country where
cherry blossoms bloom most beautiful, it was
a woman named Seiko Usui, affectionately
called O-Sei-San.
• Gertude Beckett: He went to London and met
a woman named Gertrude Beckett, the eldest
daughter of his landlord. She even assisted
Rizal as he finished some of his popular
sculptures, "Prometheus Bound," "The
Triumph of Death over Life," and "The
Triumph of Science over Death." He called her
Gettie, she called him Pettie. But all
 documents lead to say one thing: the feelings
weren't mutually shared.
• Suzanne Jacoby: When he arrived in Belgium
in 1890, he lived at a boarding house that was
run by two sisters whose last name was
Jacoby. The sisters had a niece named
Suzanne.
• Nellie Boustead: Remember that famous time
when Antonio Luna and Jose Rizal almost got
into a duel because of a girl. The girl in the
middle of that madness was Nellie Boustead.
Rizal and Nellie met in Biarritz, where Nellie's
wealthy family hosted Rizal's stay at their
residence on the French Riviera. Before
Biarritz, Rizal already made friends with the
Boustead family a few years back, and even
played fencing with Nellie and her sister.
• Josephine Bracken: She as the woman who
stayed with Rizal until his execution in 1896.
She was also, allegedly, the woman whom
Rizal married. Without a legal paper, Rizal
and Josephine lived together, and had a son,
who died a few hours after birth. Rizal named
his son after his father, Francisco. Josephine
was the adopted daughter of one George
Taufer, whom she lived with in Hongkong for
years before she needed to seek help from an
ophthalmologist due to George's blindness.
Rizal was highly popular in Dapitan, where he
founded a hospital and a school for boys. It
was here in May 1895 that he first met
Josephine Bracken, (who had accompanied a
blind patient to his clinic, which is George).
24.) Place of reunion with his family when he studied
abroad:
• December 6, 1891, his father Francisco, his
brother Paciano and brother-in-law Silvestre
Ubaldo arrived in Hong Kong. He was
overwhelmed with the sudden arrival.
25.) Educational Backgrounds of Rizal:
• Empowered to grant academic titles, the
University of Santo Tomas issued Rizal a
diploma with a degree on Bachelor of Arts on
March 20, 1877 after passing his examination
on March 14, 1877.
• Rizal finished the Preparatory Course in
Theology and Law (1877-1878), the Cursos de
Amplicacíon (Advanced Courses) for the
subjects Physics, Chemistry, and Natural
History from 1878-1879, then took a total of
four years of Medicine courses, from 1878-
1882.
• Rizal eventually earned a land surveyor's and
assessor's degree from the Ateneo Municipal
while taking up Philosophy and Letters at
the University of Santo Tomas. Upon learning
that his mother was going blind, Rizal opted
to study ophthalmology at the UST Faculty of
Medicine and Surgery.
26.) Is Rizal a Lawyer?
• No.
27.) The 1891 Banquet:
• The banquet at Restaurante Ingles in Madrid.
During his speech, Rizal made it clear that the
victory of Juan Luna and Felix Resurrecion
Hidalgo brought pride and honor to both the
Philippines, where they were born, and the
Kingdom of Spain, where they were polished
into greatness.
28.) What was the reason why he was exiled?
• Due to his association with the members of
Katipunan, Jose Rizal was implicated as one
of its founders and was tried for sedition,
rebellion and conspiracy before a military
court. Rizal was already in the Mediterranean
when he was arrested en route and brought
back to Manila for trial. He was convicted as
guilty of all three charges. He was sentenced
to death and was exiled to Dapitan in 1893.
29.) How was Rizal arrested?
• Rizal was arrested by the Spanish authorities
on several grounds, including founding a
society, publishing books and newspapers
that spread rebellious and seditious ideas to
the public, possessing a bundle of handbills
that violated the Spanish orders, criticizing
the religion spread by the Spaniards and
spreading filibusterism in the Philippines.
• Rizal was arrested while en-route to Spain,
imprisoned in Barcelona and sent back later
to Manila to stand trial. He was charged with
being a traitor to Spain and the mastermind
of the revolution. He pleaded his innocence
but he was still convicted on all three charges
of rebellion, sedition and conspiracy and
sentenced to death.
• Earlier, Rizal was already considered as an
enemy of the state by the Spanish authorities
with the publication of his two great novels -
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. Thus,
Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896 in
 Bagumbayan (Luneta), which has been
renamed Rizal Park in his memory.
• After Andrés Bonifacio issued the Grito de
Balintawak in 1896, Rizal was arrested,
convicted of sedition, and executed by firing
squad on December 30, 1896.
30.) What was his relationship to Katipuneros, is he
connected?
• Rizal was not directly a part of the Katipunan,
even denouncing the group and disagreeing
with the cause. However, he served as an
inspiration to its members and was
considered as its honorary president, with his
name even serving as a password for the
higher-ranking members of the movement,
who were called bayani.
31.) Ship that he boarded, and its number:
• May 3, 1882: José Rizal left secretly the
Philippines for Spain. He boarded the
Salvadora (PH4312); using a passport as Jose
Mercado, which was procured for him by his
uncle Antonio Rivera, father of Leonor Rivera.
• July 3, 1887: He boarded the steamer
Djemnah (UB-105), the same steamer on
which he came to Europe five years ago. The
steamer was on route for the Orient via the
Suez Canal, Rizal saw this historic canal for
the second time.
32.) What were his plans or conditions, for him to not
fight against Spaniards?
• His preferred and declared tact was to fight
with education and through peaceful
transformation, even if that meant just asking
that the Philippines and the Filipinos be
granted equal civil and political rights—under
Spain—for a start. If Rizal’s purpose with
his Noli and El Fili was to awaken minds, then
what he underestimated if at all was that the
aroused would be impatient—very impatient,
and very rebellious.
33.) Eight rays of sun in the Philippine Flag:
• Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Cavite, Nueva
Ecija, Batangas, Laguna, and Tarlac.
34.) Who were the parents of Rizal?
• Teodora Alonzo Realonda (Mother) and
Francisco Mercado (Father)
35.) Diego Silang; Silang Revolt
• Diego Silang y Andaya Was a rebel leader
who conspired with British forces to
overthrow the Spanish in the northern
Philippines and establish an independent
Ilocano nation. His revolt was fueled by
grievances stemming from Spanish tributes
and abuses, and his belief in self-government,
that the administration and leadership of the
Roman Catholic Church and government in
the Ilocos Region (at this time did not include
Pangasinan) should be led to trained Ilocano
officials. After he was assassinated, his wife
Gabriela Silang continued the fight.
• Unjust and forced working.
36.) GOMBURZA
• It was against this charged environment that
GOMBURZA were accused and found guilty
of allegedly orchestrating the Cavite Mutiny
of 1872, and charged with treason and
sedition by Spanish authorities. They were
sentenced to public execution by garrote in
the same year.
• Garrote was a two-way killing by Spaniards
in Bagumbayan on February 17, 1872.
➢ Mariano Gomez (73 years old):
Eyewitnesses described Gomez as
calm and resigned to his fate. His
eyeglasses fell as he walked to the
scaffold, and his famous last words
were: “Let us go where the leaves
never fall or move without the will of
God.” Also, he was the first priest to
go.
➢ Jose Burgos (35 years old): Paciano’s
teacher and friend. Burgos had the
worst time, having heard the crank of
the garrote followed by the sound of
breaking necks thrice before his turn.
He had just turned 35. Burgos’ death
was the most dramatic, as retold in
detail by the Frenchman Edmond
Plauchut, who said he was in a bad
state. Before the hood was placed
over his head in preparation for
execution, Burgos stood abruptly
from the garrote seat and shouted:
“What crime have I committed to
deserve such a death? Is there no
justice in the world?” Then 12 friars
restrained him and calmed him down
with advice to accept a Christian
death. Pushed back into the seat,
Burgos sprung up again shouting:
 “But I haven’t committed any crime!”
At that point, one of the friars holding
him down hissed: “Even Christ was
innocent!” That remark calmed
Burgos who then accepted his fate
after pardoning his executioner and
giving one last blessing that brought
the curious crowd to their knees.
➢ Jacinto Zamora (37 years old): He
went next to Gomez. Witnesses
marveled at Zamora’s amazing
serenity at the execution site not
knowing the priest had suffered a
nervous breakdown. One could say
that he was already dead before the
garrote broke his neck.
• Zaldua is the fourth man, justly forgotten
because the case against Gomburza was
built largely on his testimony. He was said to
have ratted on the priests in exchange for a
pardon, and got what he deserved by being
executed first.
• The three priests were not involved in the
mutiny; they hardly even knew each other.
What they were, however, were prominent
figures in the secularization movement,
which wanted to take Church power away
from the colonial Spanish and give native
Filipinos increased roles in Church affairs.
• Secularization occurs when there is a decline
in religion. Secularization may occur because
of the advancement of science. Individuals
may choose to rely on science to explain how
the world operates rather than spirituality.
37.) What is a friar land?
• The lands referred to were the unassigned
villages or lands belonging to the
government, lands which had been usurped
by the religious orders.
SOCIO-POLITICAL BACKDROP DURING RIZAL’S
ERA
• Between 1810-1833: Mexico and Ecuador
succeeded in getting independence from
Spain.
• In America and Europe, there was a viral
revolutionary environment: Greeks, Turks,
Dutch, Hungarians, Austrians, and
Americans.
➢ Italy was freed from united Germany.
➢ French Revolution: The French
Revolution was a period of major
social upheaval that began in 1787
and ended in 1799. It sought to
completely change the relationship
between the rulers and those they
governed and to redefine the nature
of political power. It was a watershed
event in world history that began in
1789 and ended in the late 1790s with
the ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte.
During this period, French citizens
radically altered their political
landscape, uprooting centuries-old
institutions such as the monarchy and
the feudal system.
➢ Other areas: Haiti freed from France;
India fought against British.
• In the Philippines: uprisings from 1807-1872.
➢ Novales Revolt: The Novales Revolt of
1823 was an uprising led by Captain
Andres Novales, a creole who was
dissatisfied with the treatment
accorded to the creoles or insulares
by the Spanish authorities. The revolt
erupted on 1 June 1823, and was
immediately ceased on the eve of 2
June 1823 or the following day.
➢ Hermano Pule Revolt: One of the most
famous religious revolts is the Pule
Revolt, more formally known as the
Religious Revolt of Hermano
Pule. Undertaken between June 1840
and November 1841, this revolt was
led by Apolinario de la Cruz,
otherwise known as "Hermano Pule.”
Hermano Puli fought against the
secularization of Spanish Friars, and
he sought for equality especially on
the union of men and women.
➢ Cavite Mutiny: One of the reasons of
the novel, El Filibusterismo. brief
uprising of 200 Filipino troops and
workers at the Cavite arsenal, which
became the excuse for Spanish
repression of the embryonic
Philippine nationalist movement.
Ironically, the harsh reaction of the
Spanish authorities served ultimately
to promote the nationalist cause.
• All these failed, but they fertilized the ground
for social change and separatism.
• Opening of PH in the international trade
(1834), and opening of Suez Canal (35 years
from 1834).
➢ Influx of wealth in the form of liberal
ideas, literature, word of mouth.
 ➢ Filipinos were enlightened; Philippine
Education was blooming, blatant
social inequality and oppression.
➢ Marked change in behavior of Indios –
they became less submissive, and
assertive.
➢ This era recreated the PH into the
image of trade empire in Asia.
➢ More educated mestizos or Filipinos -
paved way for propaganda
movement.
• This era also marked upgrade in
chemistry, physics, and sciences.
• Rizal’s stay in Europe: exposure to books
that carried a lot of strong messages, e.g.
authors: Chateaubriand, Daudet, Dumas,
Hugo, Lesage, Sue, Voltaire, and Zola, et
al.
• Rosseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu –
gave significant political changes. The
emerging view is that sovereignty resides
in the people, and not to rulers or
monarchs.
• Nationalism, democracy, and people-
empowerment are growing political
thoughts.
• In the Philippines: Spain was informed of
the maladministration and corruption in
the country; rapid leadership transition;
ugly picture of crisis between religious
societies and colonial government.
➢ Secularism – Padre Pelaez, Burgos: In
the early 19th century,
Pelaez advocated for the
secularization of Filipino priests and is
considered the "Godfather of the
Philippine Revolution." His cause
towards beatification has been
initiated; he has the title "Servant of
God."
➢ José Burgos (1837-1872) was a Filipino
Catholic Priest and a leader of the
secularization movement, referring to
the full incorporation of Filipino priests
into the Catholic hierarchy of the
Philippines, then dominated by
Spanish friars.
▪ Cavite Mutiny: siege in
San Felipe Port, Cavite:
The Cavite Mutiny of 1872
was an uprising of military
personnel of the Spanish
arsenal in Cavite including
Fort San Felipe,
on January 20, 1872.
Around 200 soldiers and
laborers led by Sergeant
Francisco La Madrid rose
up in the belief that it
would elevate a national
uprising.
▪ No evidence, but
GOMBURZA were
implicated to this uprising.
They were executed
through garrote.
• Later on, Rizal would dedicate his El Fili to
the memory of GOMBURZA: Paciano
worked under Fr. Burgos who was also his
teacher and friend. The execution of
GOMBURZA after being implicated in the
Cavite Mutiny in 1872 had a deep and
lasting impact on Paciano. He joined and
actively supported the propaganda
movement. He was also one of the
witnesses in the execution, and he
narrated all of the things that happened
to his brother that led Rizal in writing the
El Filibusterismo.
• Another inspiration of Rizal: Calamba
Agrarian Problem – his family was evicted
by Friars: The agrarian dispute at the
Hacienda de Calamba was one of the
most prominent sources of Filipino
resentment in Spanish colonial rule.
Among those affected in the conflict was
Rizal's family. Paciano Rizal's endeavors
resulted in Rizal's family to obtain the vast
land of Pansol. Jose Rizal's family was
forced to leave their home, while their
furniture and other belongings were taken
and put on the streets for the public to
see. Other families were subsequently
expelled as well, and their possessions
were dumped in the streets.