Lesson 1: Outdoor Recreation IMPORTANT THINGS THAT SHOULD BE

REMEMBERED WHEN PARTICIPATING IN AN

OUTDOOR RECREATION OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY
is organized activities done during one’s free The leave no trace of 7 Principles
time for his/her own personal reason, where an
interaction between man and an element of 1. Plan ahead and be prepared
nature and present. 2. Travel and camp on durable surfaces
3. Respect wildlife
Recreation - derived from the Latin word 4. Leave what you find
recreare which means to be refreshed. 5. Dispose waste properly
DIFFERENT OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES 6. Minimize of camp fire impact
7. Be considerate to others visitor
LAND ACTIVITIES
Commonly visitors created impact
• Camping
• Rock Climbing • Garbage
• Mountain Biking • Trampled vegetation
• Back Packing • Trails
• Trekking/Hiking • Forest fires
• Mountaineering • Wildlife dependence to human food
• Picnic • Vandalism
• Bird Watching • Contaminated water sources
• Orienteering • Name carved on tress and caves

WATER ACTIVITIES Lesson 2: MOUNTAINEERING

• Swimming A kind of outdoor-recreational activities that

• Surfing aims to reach peak of a forest-mountain
• White Water Rafting
• Canyoneering Why do we climb?
• Bamboo Rafting • Appreciate Nature
• Snorkeling • Experience new environments
• Canoeing • Broaden one’s horizon
• Kayaking • Acquire new skills and interests
• Fishing • Learn and appreciate other cultures
• Diving • Appreciate the value of outdoor
• Sailing recreation
AIR ACTIVITIES • Gain spiritual insights

• Parasaling Back Country

• Skydiving
• Paragliding
BENEFITS OF OUTDOORS ACTIVITIES
Physical Health Activities- prevent a person from
having a sedentary life.
Social Benefits- family bonding, meet and
Interact with others, promotes stewardship.
Economic Benefits- more productive at work.
Spiritual Benefits- stir up spiritual values.
Psycho-emotional benefits- helps people rest,
relax, de-stress or unwind, and feel revitalized.
means a place which there is no vehicle access,
no facilities, nothing developed. Youve got to
get out there on your own human power,
carrying everything you need, and it should be
some distance from roads.
Front Country
Is composed of outdoor areas that are easily
accessible by vehicle and mostly visited by day
users. Developed campgrounds are also
included in the front country arena. Front
country locations tend to be more crowded
and attract a wider range of visitor than
backcountry.

Rainforest
A type of dense forest of evergreen trees
growing in regions of heavy year-round rainfall
in tropical latitudes and warm temperate
latitudes. Rainforest have most complex and
diverse ecosystems, and sustain the greatest
concentration of biological diversity, almost half
of all species of animals and plants on earth.
Values of Mountaineering
• Self-reliance
• Wilderness survival skills
• Leadership and team-work
• Environmentalism/Ecological
Education
• Helping local economy
• Eco-Tourism
• Outdoor fitness activity
Mountaineer’s Creed
Take nothing but picture
Kill nothing but time
Leave nothing but your tracks
Climb Ethics
- Local Cultural Sensitivity
- Local Economy
Interaction w/fellow mountaineers
1. Each member of the club is equal
regardless of gender, sexual
orientation, creed, age, and race.
2. Respect for individual rights should be
observed at all times.
3. Greet fellow mountaineers or local folks
that you meet along the trail.
4. Offer your hand for a handshake.
5. Introduce yourself.
6. State the name of your club.
Mountaineering Activities
• Physical conditioning
• Climb Planning
• Gears Preparation
• Pitching tent
• Fire-making
• Trail sign and tracking
• Trekking formation and trail sign reading
• Knot tying and Rope Manship
• Cooking and Water Management
• Forest Protection Project
• River Crossing
• First Aid
• Map Reading and Orienteering
Mountaineering is FUN but DANGEROUS
• Exposed to elements
• Usually isolated away from outside
assistance.
• Requires focus and specific sets of skills.
• Weigh the risks against rewards.
• Careful planning and execution.
• You are never the master of the
environment.
Physical and Mental Preparation
• Build cardio-vascular and muscular
endurance (run-jogging, weight
training, and flexibility
• exercises)
• Eat and sleep well before any trip.
(more carbo before; potassium &
sodium rich food during
• the event; protein right after the
activity)
• Mountain forest is not always dry.
• Expect the worst, hope for the best.
• Patience, good-humor, and respect.
PLAN YOUR CLIMB!!!
• Unexpected dangers when lack of
Planning:
• lost, thirst and hungry.
• Hypothermia
• Injuries
• Crime
Lesson 3: Climb Preparation
1. Preparation
Objective:
1.1. Build cardio-respiratory endurance for long
hours of hike and climb.
1.2. Build muscle strength and endurance for
long hours of backpacking and trekking
different terrain.
1.3. Enough flexibility for easy of movement
while trekking.
2. Mental Preparation
Objective:
2.1. Develop clear and calm mind needed in
decision making.
2.2. Mental toughness during hard-time and
difficulties when faced with emergencies.
Planning Sequences Post Climb Meeting

1. Climb Objectives (level of preparation, what • All participants must attend

do the group want to achieve) • To meet not more than five (5) days
after the climb
2. Nature of Climb (level of difficulty, nature of • Review objectives
terrain, mountain elevation) • Outcome of the climb
3. Pre-Climb Meeting • Lesson learned
• Individual impression of each member
4. Grouping • Return of equipment’s
• Group scribe must submit a minute of
5. Budgeting the meeting
6. Meal plans and Equipment • Future plans

7. Courtesy calls Equipment Familiarization

8. Contact person • Essential Gears

• Group Equipment
9. Post climb meet • Food Provision
• Survival and Repair Kit
Climb Categories • Optional Items
1. Minor Climb (fun or recreational climb, Essential Gears
experiential climb).
• Money (water proof, be discreet)
2. Major Climb (high level of difficulties, need • Cell phone or other communication
more preparation and other consideration). device
3. Training Climb (for developing and skills • ID card
progress of club members). • Dog tag and whistle
• Hiking boots
4. Clean-up Climb (bantay banahaw, tree • Backpack
planting) • Fire starter (lighter, water proofed,
instant fuel)
5. Exploratory Climb (expedition, needs more • Flashlight and extra batteries
planning and preparation). • Folding knife/Multi tools
• Trail water
6. Guide-ship Climb (a tour-aid type climb)
• Wind Breaker/Rain Gear/Poncho
Pre-Climb Meeting • Water containers (pack it OUTSIDE the
water proofing)
Agenda: • Mess kit
• Notebook and pencil
1. Objective of the Climb
• Plastic bags and trash bags
2. Nature of the Climb
• Sandals
3. Route Planning
4. Itinerary (timetable, transportation, Hiking Boots
fees, climb officials, things to bring,
water source, ETA: have • Hiking shoes as the most essential piece
1. an of personal equipment.
2. allowance but try to stick on sked) • Trainer shoes can be as for beginners.
5. Groupings (trail grouping, meal • Bring trekking sandals for in-camp site
grouping, tent grouping) uses.
6. Budgeting (food/transportation costs,
Backpack
porter fee, barangay fee, permit)
7. Meal Planning (food, extra food, water, • Note: maximum carrying load should
fuel, extra) not exceed one-third (1/3) of your body
8. Equipment (load sharing) weight.
9. Courtesy calls
10. Contact person (who, when to expect
home)
Remember: ABCD Survival Kit

A – accessibility • Usually placed on top compartment of

backpack
B – Balance • Includes:
C – Compressibility • waterproofed matches, signal mirror,
extra trail food, surgical rubber
D – double water proofing glove/condom.

How to pack a BACKPACK First Aid Kit

Medium Gear – items that are needed • Must contain: Personal medicine,
frequently triangular bandage, adhesive
bandage, forceps;
Heaviest Gear- tent, camping supplies, • medicine for fever, diarrhea, allergies,
electronics skin irritation, alcohol/betadine, insect
Lighter Gear- towels and lightweight clothing. • repellant.

Light Gear- sleeping bags, coats and less Toiletries

frequently accessed supplies. • Toilet paper
Group Equipment • Toothpaste/tooth brush
• Dental floss
• Tent • Sun block
• Stove • Biodegradable soap
• Groundsheet and earth pad • Other personal hygienic needs
• Bolo and whet stone
• Map and compass Repair Kit
• Rope Duct tape, needle, tying string, nylon string,
• Group Flag safety pins.
• Camping Light
• Camping light Optional Items
• Climbing hardware
• Trowel • Rubber bands/garters
• Camera and tripod
Clothing and Sleeping Gears • Portable stool
• Walking stick
Note: avoid using clothes made of cotton and • Back pack cover
neon-colored clothes. • Hammock with tree huggers
No. of days + 1; bundle clothes per day • Tarp shelter and strings

Cloth Layering:

Food Provisions LESSON 4: TRAIL SIGN, TREKKING AND CAMPING

• Trail Food TREKKING is defined as a “journey”, which is

• Packed Lunch typically something that is more challenging,
• Fuel for Stove requires more effort and that tends to take more
• Group Food than one day.
• Rice and eggs BENEFITS OF TREKKING
• Cook set
• Minimal spoilage 1. Overall improved fitness
• Lightweight 2. Reduced stress
• Less water consumption 3. Social benefits
• Easy to Prepare 4. Softer skill development
• Nutritious (more CHO and potassium 5. Cultural understanding
rich) 6. Improves cardiovascular strength
7. Inner cleanse
CAMPING
The activity of spending a vacation living in a
camp, tent, or camper.
• Camp – place consisting of a more or
less permanent shelters used for
camping/vacation
• or for other recreational purposes.
• Campers – person who camps outdoor
attending any type of gathering, which
made their
activities outdoor held in tent and
lasting for a number of days.
• Campfire – a meeting of campers
around such fire.
• Camp followers – person who follow the
campers from place to place to
provide services
or sell goods.
• Campsite – an area suited for camping.
Place where you can build your tent.
• Prairies – a large area of flat or rolling
grass land with few and isolated trees.
This is the
land of place where campers build their
tents.
• Tent – portable shelter usually of canvas
or skins stretched over a supporting
framework
of poles.
• Wood craft – the skills and expression in
matters pertaining to the woods, as
hunting,
fishing or camping.
When looking for a campsite, remember:
• Look for durable surfaces include
established trails and campsites, rock,
gravel, or dry
grasses.
• Protect riparian areas by camping at
least 61 meters (200FT) from lakes and
streams.
• Good campsites are found, not made.
Altering a site is not necessary.
CAMPING CATEGORIES
• Organize Camping – camping design
to provide outdoor experiences under
a Going on Camping
supervision of a group of professional
staff and trained camp leaders.
• Short – Term Camping – combination of
hike and camping, extending more or
less for one or two nights.
• Backyard Camping – done in
developed place like the school
campus.
• Day camping – campers stay in camp
only for a day.
• Standing Camp – extends more over
than three days and two nights.
• Resident Camp – lasting for several days
or weeks. They have more time to know
each other.
• Testing Camp – to test leaders in their
ability to lead or run a camp
• Summer Camp – during summer where
selected campers are allowed to join.
• Traveling Camp – a moving camp
considered the most difficult kind of
camping.
Every morning or every other morning, a
camp is broken and moves to other
places.
• Fresh Air Camping – outdoor living that
provides experiences for families living
in
congested areas.
• Specialized Camping – a modified
camping with programs for the
physically and
mentally challenged individual.
• School Camping –program of outdoor
education design for the benefit of the
school
children.
• G. Individual and Family Camping –
camping widely enjoy by many, the
range of
which extends from lone camper to
congregate groups sleeping in tent or
temporary
shelters
Camping Benefits
• Source of recreation and enjoyment
• Major source of business
• Social Enrichment
• Personal Development
• Offers the Good Chance to serve Other
People
• Learning to take a Closer Look to one’s
need and Interest in the Future.
• Camping Preparation
• WHAT WHERE WHEN HOW
• Camp Organization
• Getting Ready for the Camp
• Preliminary Campsite Visitation (Ocular)
• Water
 • Fire wood • Following a compass bearing.
• Terrain • Pacing.
• Exposure • Judging Distance.
• Safety
ORIENTEERING MAP
SETTING UP A TENT
Orienteering maps are made especially for bush
• Remove all pointed objects or stones. navigation and show much more detail than
• Place ground sheet. most topographic maps. Such maps depict
• Place tent on top of ground sheet with natural features such as contours, watercourses,
pegs properly installed and tent rock detail and vegetation as well as
properly oriented constructed features such as roads, building
• according to wind direction. and power lines.
• Connect your tent poles
• Insert tent-poles. PARTS OF A MAP
• Install fly sheet and taut lines. • Title - What the map is, on the top of the
• Raises the tent map.
• Stake the tent to the ground • Scale - Tells you how to read the
Type of a Tent distance on the map.
• Compass Rose - Shows the directions on
1. Pop up tent the map.
2. Dome tent • Legend - Lists each symbol and explains
3. Hoop tent what it shows on the map.
4. Tunnel tent
5. Geodesic tent MAP DIRECTION

Parts of Tent • 4 Cardinal points (North, South, East,

and West).
1. Rain Sheet • Further divided in 16 divisions.
2. Entrance • Each division is approximately 22.5 mils
3. Peg or 500 mils.
4. Ground sheet
5. Pole COMPASS
6. Tent body • True North - The direction of the Earth’s
7. Guy line North Pole, which is 90 degrees north.
LESSON 5: MAP, COMPASS AND ORIENTEERING The North
• Pole star is directly above the North
ORIENTEERING Pole.
• Magnetic North - The direction of the
Basic Idea- Participant must navigate from one Earth’s magnetic pole, i.e., the direction
point to another using a map and compass. in which the
An Adventure- Orienteering can be enjoyed a needle of the compass point.
leisurely walk in the woods or as competitive • Grid North - The direction of the vertical
race. grid line called eastings.
NOTE: all three North do not point at the
WHY ORIENTEER? same direction.
• Is a navigation and orientation
• Enjoy the outdoors instrument that shows direction relative
• Challenge yourself physically to geographic directions.
• Challenge yourself mentally • There are many types of compasses
• Gain navigational skills such as Protractor compass or
BASIC ORIENTEERING SKILLS Orienteering compass, Lensatic
compass, Thumb compass, Digital
• Folding the map. apps, GPS, Specialty compass
• Thumbing the map. (gyrocompass, and geological
• Orientating the map to north (with compass). For mountaineering the
ground or compass) protractor compass is the commonly
• Reading features on the map. use in navigation.
• Taking a compass bearing.
PARTS OF ORIENTEERING COMPASS
• SCALES AND RULERS These are the lines
and numbers that run along the edges
of the baseplate, revealing distances
on paper and conversions into actual
distances (as in: This many inch is
actually this many miles).
• DIRECTION OF TRAVEL ARROW This is
usually a small triangle that points to the
shortest edge of the baseplate away
from the compass housing.
• ROTATING HOUSING The needle spins
inside of this, which is enclosed and
raised above the rest of the baseplate.
The dial rotates around it.
• INDEX LINE This is the end of the straight
line from the direction of travel arrow
where it touches the dial. It may sit on
the opposite end of the magnifier.
• DIAL WITH DEGREES This circle rotates
around the housing. It marked in
degrees, going from 0 to 360 for
complete circle.
• DECLINATION SCALE These marks help
users if they navigating in an area in
which magnetic north and true north
Don’t exactly match up. Declination is
the term for the difference between the
two, which can change depending on
the user spot on the globe
• ORIENTING ARROW This is an arrow
marked on the base of the housing, and
it rotates along with the dial.
• ORIENTING LINES These lines run parallel
to and rotate with the orienting arrow.
• A BASEPLATE This flat, roughly
rectangular surface holds the compass
housing and is marked with lines,
numbers, and other information
necessary to translating data from
maps into information that can be used
in the real world
• MAGNETIC NEEDLE This is the thin,
magnetized sliver that spins in relation
to the Earth's magnetic field and
indicates the direction of north. It the
key component of a compass
LESSON 6: KNOT TYING, LASHING, GADGET
MAKING
KNOT TYING
An outdoor skill used in interlacing or
fastening of the parts of one or more ropes.
In mountaineering, knowledge and skills in
rope are necessary for pitching tent,
preparing a turf, climbing and ascending,
packing things, and many more.
Rope Knot Terminology Tying Instructions
• Bight: Any part of a rope between the
ends. Bight also is used to refer to a
curved section of a rope within a knot
being tied.
• Loop: A bight becomes a loop when
the two ropes cross. If the working end
is crossed over the standing line, it is an
overhand loop. It is an underhand loop
if the working end runs under the
standing part.
• Elbow: Two or more loops in close
proximity to each other.
• Working End: The active end being
used to tie the knot.
• Standing End: The end not being use in
the tying of the knot. The rope part that
is not being used is called the Standing
Part.
KNOT TYING THAT CAN BE USED FOR
MOUNTAINEERING
• Overhand knot: this knot is used as a
safety knot with the purpose of securing
loose ends.
• Figure-8 stopper knot: is used to stop the
end of the rope from moving through a
device such as a rappel rack.
• Bowline: this knot may be used as a
static anchor knot. However, this should
NEVER be used in moving application
because it can untie when going over
an edge. Remember to always safely
the loose end.
• Butterfly Knot: this is a bridle knot that
provides a midline attachment point.
This knot is designed to take a three-
dimensional pull.
• Square knot: this is used in binding two
ropes, with the same diameter,
together. To know if a square knot is
done correctly, the tail ends should
emerge from the same side of knot. But
remember, square knot should not be
 used in load-bearing application or to
support a human load.
• Double Fisherman’s knot this is used to
join two ropes of equal (or slightly
unequal) diameter together for load
bearing applications.
• Clove Hitch: this is an adjustable anchor
hitch often tied around anchor points,
horizontally or vertically.
• Cow Hitch: this is used to anchor.
LASHING TYPES
• SHEER LASHING: This method is used to
join two poles together to form a scissor
shape often used for table legs (sheer
legs).
• ROUND LASHING: This method is used to
join two poles to make a longer length,
for example when making a flagpole.
• CONTINUOUS LASHING: This method is
used to join flat planks (lath) or small
poles on to a horizontal surface. This is
the last step in building a table top or
chair seat.
NOTE:
• STRONG verses WRONG: Since lashing
has been around for so long and is
practiced in every country on the
planet, there are many different ways
to lash. Keep in mind that NO one way
is the ONLY way – rather judge your
technique based on how strong or
secure it is and how neat the lashing
looks. Keep trying different standard
ways until you find a method that works
best for you and your project.
GADGET MAKING
Simple camp table, Camp cloth drying rack,
Forked Sticks and cross bar, Dish washing rack,
Double fire bucket holder, Hand wash station
and Garbage bag holder
LESSON 7: FIRE BUILDING AND FIRE MAKING
What is the Fire Triangle?
- The fire triangle, or combustion triangle, is the
three components needed to ignite and sustain
a fire. The three ingredients of a fire triangle are;
heat, fuel and oxygen.
- If just one of these components is removed, the
fire triangle will collapse and the fire will be
extinguished.
1. Heat- A source of heat is required in
order for ignition to occur, and different
materials have different ‘flash points’
e.g. the lowest temperature at which
they ignite.
2. Fuel- In order for a fire to start there must
be a material to burn – and this is
referred to as the fuel. Fuel is any kind of
combustible material, including paper,
oils, wood, gases, fabrics, liquids, and
rubber.
3. Oxygen- To sustain the combustion
reaction, oxygen (or an oxidizing
agent) is needed, as it reacts with the
burning fuel to release heat and CO2.
Earth’s atmosphere consists of 21%
oxygen, so there is plenty available to
trigger a fire if the other two
components are present.
Fire Triangle Facts
• Normal air contains 21% oxygen.
• Fuel may also contain oxygen
• Heat sources include: the Sun, hot
surfaces, sparks, friction and
• electrical energy.
• Fuel sources can be a solid, liquid or
gas.
How to build a camp fire:
Find or Build a Fire Ring- Campgrounds: Build
fires only in designated fire rings, grills or
fireplaces. Most developed campgrounds have
some version of these. Using a fire ring will lesson
your impact and keep your fire contained.
Evaluate the site before starting a fire. If the site
is brushy or has low-hanging branches, keep
your fire small or skip it altogether. In dry
conditions, fly-away embers could easily ignite
a wildfire.
Backcountry: In backcountry areas where fires
are permitted, use an existing fire ring if one has
been left behind.
Clear away all flammable material from your fire
pit. Ideally, the base of your fire should be sand
or gravel or mineral soil. Intense heat can sterilize
healthy soil, so choose your site conscientiously.
Gather Fire Wood
• To burn a successful fire, you’ll need
three types fuel: tinder, kindling and
firewood. Tinder includes small twigs,
dry leaves, needles or forest duff.
Kindling consists of small sticks, typically
less than one inch around. Firewood is
 any larger piece of wood and is what Be utterly certain a fire and its members
will keep your fire going long into the are out and cold before you depart.
night.
Clean up the Campfire
Build the Campfire
• Burn trash items only if they can be fully
• Cone: Start with a small cone of kindling consumed by fire and turned to ash. Do
around a few handfuls of tinder that are not attempt to burn plastic, cans or foil.
loosely piled in the center of the fire ring. If you do burn something that not fully
Once the fire is going strong and the consumed, collect the remains when
temperature increases, you can add the fire is out and either pack it out or
larger logs a few at a time as needed. put it in a trash receptacle.
• Log cabin: Place two larger pieces of
firewood parallel to each other and
with some room in between to form the
base of your structure. Then, turn 90
degrees and place two slightly smaller
pieces on top and perpendicular to
form a square. Place plenty of tinder
inside the square. Continue adding a
few more layers of firewood around the
perimeter, getting a little bit smaller with
each layer. Finish with a layer of kindling
and tinder across the top. Remember to
leave space between logs so the fire
can get plenty of oxygen.
• Upside down (pyramid): Start with three
or four of your largest logs side-by-side
on the bottom layer. Turn 90 degrees
and then add a second layer of slightly
smaller logs on top. Continue
alternating a few more layers in this
manner, getting smaller as you go.
Place your kindling and tinder on top.

Light the Campfire

• Light the tinder with a match or lighter.

Using fire starter that is designed to
easily ignite can help the tinder catch
the flame.
• After lighting the tinder, blow lightly at
the base of the fire to provide oxygen,
which will help increase the intensity of
the flame and further ignite the wood.
• As the fire burns, move embers to the
center to burn them completely.
Ideally, you should reduce them to
white ash.

Extinguish the Campfire

• Generally, though, you should

extinguish your fire by pouring water on
it (be careful not to stand where the
steam can scald you), stirring the ashes,
then applying more water. Repeat as
often as needed. Ashes should be cool
to the touch before you leave the site.