Cry of Pugad Lawin

The Cry of Pugad Lawin (Filipino: Sigaw

ng Pugad Lawin, Spanish: Grito de
Pugad Lawin) was the beginning of the
Philippine Revolution against the
Spanish Empire.[1]

In late August 1896, members of the

Katipunan led by Andrés Bonifacio
revolted somewhere around Caloocan,
which included
Cry of Pugad
parts of the
Lawin
present-day
Quezon City.[2][3]

Originally the term

cry referred to the
first clash between
the Katipuneros NHCP Marker in
and the Civil Pugad Lawin
Guards (Guardia Shrine
Civil). The cry Native name Sigaw
could also refer to ng
the tearing up of Pugad
community tax Lawin
certificates
(cédulas Date August
personales) in 23, 1896
defiance of their (exact

allegiance to date
disputed)
Spain. The
inscriptions of Venue Province
of Manila,
"Viva la
Captaincy
Independencia
General of
Filipina" can also
the
be referred as term
Philippines,
for the cry. This exact
was literally location
accompanied by uncertain.
patriotic shouts.[4] See here
for more
info.
Because accounts Organised
of the event vary, by Katipuna
the exact date and Outcome Start of th
place of the event Philippine
is unknown.[3][4] Revolution

From 1908 until Formati

of an
1963, the event
insurge
was thought to
governm
have occurred on
August 26 in
Balintawak. In 1963, the Philippine
government declared August 23 to be
the date of the event in Quezon
City.[5][4]
Characterization of the event
The term "Cry" is translated from the
Spanish el grito de rebelion (cry of
rebellion) or el grito for short. Thus the
Grito de Balintawak is comparable to
Mexico's Grito de Dolores (1810).
However, el grito de rebelion strictly
refers to a decision or call to revolt. It
does not necessarily connote shouting,
unlike the Filipino sigaw.[3][4]
 List of Katipunan Members
present in Balintawak in August
1896 by Guillermo Masangkay

Guillermo Masangkay

On August 26, a big meeting was held in

Balintawak, at the house of Apolonio
Samson, then cabeza of that barrio of
Caloocan. Among those who attended,
I remember, were Bonifacio, Emilio
Jacinto, Aguedo del Rosario, Tomas
Remigio, Briccio Pantas, Teodoro Plata,
Pio Valenzuela, Enrique Pacheco, and
Francisco Carreon. They were all
leaders of the Katipunan and composed
the board of directors of the
organization. Delegates from Bulacan,
Cabanatuan, Cavite, and Morong were
also present.

At about nine o'clock in the morning of

August 26, the meeting was opened
with Andres Bonifacio presiding and
Emilio Jacinto acting as secretary. The
purpose was to discuss when the
uprising was to take place. Teodoro
Plata, Briccio Pantas, and Pio
Valenzuela were all opposed to starting
the revolution too early...Andres
Bonifacio, sensing that he would lose
the discussion then, left the session hall
and talked to the people, who were
waiting outside for the result of the
meeting of the leaders. He told the
people that the leaders were arguing
against starting the revolution early, and
appealed to them in a fiery speech in
which he said:"You remember the fate
of our countrymen who were shot in
Bagumbayan. Should we return now to
the towns, the Spaniards will only shoot
us. Our organization has been
discovered and we are all marked men.
If we don't start the uprising, the
Spaniards will get us anyway. What
then, do you say?"[6]

"Revolt!" the people shouted as one.[6]

Bonifacio then asked the people to give
a pledge that they were to revolt. He
told them that the sign of slavery of the
Filipinos were (sic) the cedula tax
charged each citizen. "If it is true that
you are ready to revolt... I want to see
you destroy your cedulas. It will be a
sign that all of us have declared our
severance from the Spaniards.[7]

The Cry of Balintawak occurred on

August 26, 1896. The Cry, defined as
that turning point when the Filipinos
finally refused Spanish colonial
dominion over the Philippine Islands.
With tears in their eyes, the people as
one man, pulled out their cedulas and
tore them into pieces. It was the
beginning of the formal declaration of
the separation from Spanish rule."Long
Live the Philippine Republic!", the cry of
the people. An article from The Sunday
Tribune Magazine on August 21, 1932
featured the statements of the
eyewitness account by Katipunan
General Guillermo Masangkay, "A
Katipunero Speaks". Masangkay
recounts the "Cry of Balintawak",
stating that on August 26, 1896, a big
meeting was held in Balintawak at the
house of Apolonio Samson, then the
cabeza of that barrio of Caloocan. At
about nine o'clock in the morning of
August 26, the meeting was opened
with Andres Bonifacio presiding and
Emilio Jacinto acting as Secretary. In
August 1896, after the Katipunan was
discovered, Masangkay joined
Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, and others in
a clandestine meeting held on the 26th
of that month at Apolonio Samson’s
house in Caloocan.

Initially, the leaders of the movement

quarreled over strategy and tactics, and
many of its members questioned the
wisdom of an open rebellion due to the
lack of arms and logistical support.
However, after Bonifacio’s intense
and convincing speech, everyone
destroyed their cedulas to symbolize
their defiance towards Spain and,
together, raised the cry of “Revolt".[4]

Pio Valenzuela

In 1936, Pio Valenzuela, along with

Briccio Pantas and Enrique Pacheco
said (in English translation) "The first
Cry of the revolution did not happen in
Balintawak where the monument is, but
in a place called Pugad Lawin." In 1940,
a research team of a forerunner of the
National Historical Institute (NHI) which
included Valenzuela, identified the
location as part of sitio Gulod, Banlat,
Kalookan City. IN 1964, the NHI
described this location as the house of
Tandang Sora.[8] (translate: the first cry
of revolution was not happened in
Balintawak where it taking place, but in
the locality which is known as Pugad
Lawin.

The first place of refuge of Andres

Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Procopio,
Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Aguedo del
Rosario, and myself was Balintawak,
the first five arriving there on August 19,
and I on August 20, 1896. The first place
where some 500 members of the
Katipunan met on August 22, 1896, was
the house and yard of Apolonio Samson
at Kangkong. Aside from the persons
mentioned above, among those who
were there were Briccio Pantas,
Alejandro Santiago, Ramon Bernardo,
Apolonio Samson, and others. Here,
views were only exchanged, and no
resolution was debated or adopted. It
was at Pugad Lawin, the house, store-
house, and yard of Juan Ramos, son of
Melchora Aquino, where over 1,000
members of the Katipunan met and
carried out considerable debate and
discussion on August 23, 1896. The
discussion was on whether or not the
revolution against the Spanish
government should be started on
August 29, 1896... After the tumultuous
meeting, many of those present tore
their cedula certificates and shouted
"Long live the Philippines! Long live the
Philippines!"[9]

Santiago Alvarez

Santiago Alvarez regarding the Cry of

Balintawak flaunted specific endeavors,
as stated:
We started our trek to Kangkong at
about eleven that night. We walked
through the rain over dark expanses of
muddy meadows and fields. Our
clothes drenched and our bodies
numbed by the cold wind, we plodded
wordlessly. It was nearly two in the
morning when we reached the house of
Brother Apolonio Samson in Kangkong.
We crowded into the house to rest and
warm ourselves. We were so tired that,
after hanging our clothes out to dry, we
soon feel asleep. The Supremo began
assigning guards at five o'clock the
following morning, Saturday 22 August
1896. He placed a detachment at the
Balintawak boundary and another at the
backyard to the north of the house
where we were gathered. No less than
three hundred men assembled at the
bidding of the Supremo Andres
Bonifacio. Altogether, they carried
assorted weapons, bolos, spears,
daggers, a dozen small revolvers and a
rifle used by its owner, one Lieutenant
Manuel, for hunting birds. The Supremo
Bonifacio was restless because of fear
of sudden attack by the enemy. He was
worried over the thought that any of the
couriers carrying the letter sent by
Emilio Jacinto could have been
intercepted; and in that eventuality, the
enemy would surely know their
whereabouts and attack them on the
sly. He decided that it was better to
move to a site called Bahay Toro. At ten
o'clock that Sunday morning, 23 August
1896 we arrived at Bahay Toro. Our
member had grown to more than 500
and the house, yard, and warehouse of
Cabesang Melchora was getting
crowded with us Katipuneros. The
generous hospitality of Cabesang
Melchora was no less than that of
Apolonio Samson. Like him, she also
opened her granary and had plenty of
rice pounded and animals slaughtered
to feed us. The following day, Monday,
24 August, more Katipuneros came and
increased our number to more than a
thousand. The Supremo called a
meeting at ten o'clock that morning
inside Cabesang Melchora's barn.
Flanking him on both sides at the head
of the table were Dr. Pio Valenzuela,
Emilio Jacinto, Briccio Pantas, Enrique
Pacheco, Ramon Bernardo, Pantelaon
Torres, Francisco Carreon, Vicente
Fernandez, Teodoro Plata, and others.
We were so crowded that some stood
outside the barn. The following matters
were approved at the meeting:
1. An uprising to defend the people's
freedom was to be started at
midnight of Saturday, 29 August
1896;
2. To be on a state of alert so that the
Katipunan forces could strike
should the situation arise where the
enemy was at a disadvantage.
Thus, the uprising could be started
earlier than the agreed time of
midnight of 29 August 1896 should
a favorable opportunity arise at
that date. Everyone should steel
himself and be resolute in the
struggle that was imminent; and
 3. The immediate objective was the
capture of Manila.

After the adjournment of the meeting at

twelve noon, there were tumultuous
shouts of "Long live the Sons of the
People!"[10]

Asserted dates and venues

Various accounts give differing dates
and places for the Cry of Pugad Lawin.
An officer of the Spanish guardia civil,
Lt. Olegario Diaz, stated that the Cry
took place in Balintawak on August 25,
1896. Historian Teodoro Kalaw in his
1925 book The Filipino Revolution wrote
that the event took place during the last
week of August 1896 at Kangkong,
Balintawak. Santiago Alvarez, a
Katipunero and son of Mariano Alvarez,
the leader of the Magdiwang faction in
Cavite, stated in 1927 that the Cry took
place in Bahay Toro, now in Quezon
City on August 24, 1896. Pío Valenzuela,
a close associate of Andrés Bonifacio,
declared in 1948 that it happened in
Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896.
Historian Gregorio Zaide stated in his
books in 1954 that the "Cry" happened
in Balintawak on August 26, 1896.[7]
Fellow historian Teodoro Agoncillo
wrote in 1956 that it took place in Pugad
Lawin on August 23, 1896, based on Pío
Valenzuela's statement. Accounts by
historians Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel
Encarnacion and Ramon Villegas claim
the event to have taken place in
Tandang Sora's barn in Gulod, Barrio
Banlat, Caloocan (now part of Quezon
City).[11][12]

Some of the apparent confusion is in

part due to the double meanings of the
terms Balintawak and Caloocan. At the
turn of the century. Balintawak referred
both to a specific place in modern
Caloocan and a wider area which
included parts of modern Quezon City.
Similarly, Caloocan referred to modern
Caloocan and also a wider area which
included modern Quezon City and part
of modern Pasig. Pugad Lawin, Pasong
Tamo, Kangkong and other specific
places were all in "greater Balintawak",
which was in turn part of "greater
Caloocan".[3][4]
Asserted dates and venues of the Cry[13][14]
Person Place Date

August 25,
L.T. Olegario Diaz Balintawak
1896

Last week of
Teodoro Kalaw Kangkong, Balintawak
August

August 24,
Santiago Alvarez Bahay Toro
1896

August 23,
Pio Valenzuela Pugad Lawin
1896

August 26,
Gregorio Zaide Balintawak
1896

Teodoro Agoncillo (according to statements of August 23,

Pugad Lawin
Valenzuela) 1896

Research (Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Tandang Sora's barn in August 24,

Encarnacion, Ramon Villegas) Gulod, Banlat 1896

Prior events
These events vitalized the unity of the
Filipino People and brought "thirst" for
independence. The Cry of the Rebellion
in Pugad Lawin, marked the start of the
Philippine Revolution in 1896 which
eventually led to Independence of the
country in 1898.

Cavite Mutiny

On January 20, 1872, about 200 Filipino

military personnel of Fort San Felipe
Arsenal in Cavite, Philippines, staged a
mutiny which in a way led to the
Philippine Revolution in 1896. The 1872
Cavite Mutiny was precipitated by the
removal of long-standing personal
benefits to the workers such as tax
(tribute) and forced labor exemptions
on order from the Governor General
Rafael de Izquierdo.
Izquierdo replaced Governor General
Carlos Maria de la Torre some months
before in 1871 and immediately
rescinded Torre’s liberal measures
and imposed his iron-fist rule. He was
opposed to any hint of reformist or
nationalistic movements in the
Philippines. He was in office for less
than two years, but he will be
remembered for his cruelty to the
Filipinos and the barbaric execution of
the three martyr-priests blamed for the
mutiny: Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose
Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, later
collectively called “Gomburza.”
Izquierdo used the mutiny to implicate
Gomburza and other notable Filipinos
known for their liberal leanings.

The three priests were stripped of their

albs, and with chained hands and feet
were brought to their cells after their
sentence. Gomburza became a rallying
catchword for the down-trodden
Filipinos seeking justice and freedom
from Spain.

It is well to remember that the seeds of

nationalism that was sown in Cavite
blossomed to the Philippine Revolution
and later to the Declaration of
Independence by Emilio Aguinaldo
which took place also in Cavite. 1872
Cavite Mutiny paved way for a
momentous 1898, it was a glorious
event before we came across to
victory.
[15]

Martyrdom of the Gomburza

The execution of the three Filipino

priest, Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos,
and Jacinto Zamora, who were linked
by the Spanish friars as the
masterminds of the Filipino insurgency
in Cavite. They were prominent Filipino
priests charged with treason and
sedition. The Spanish clergy connected
the priest to the mutiny as part of a
conspiracy to stifle the movement of
secular priests who desired to have
their own parishes instead of being
assistants to the regular friars.

Father Mariano Gomez, an old man in

his mid-‘70, Chinese-Filipino, born in
Cavite. He held the most senior position
of the three as Archbishop’s Vicar in
Cavite. He was truly nationalistic and
accepted the death penalty calmly as
though it were his penance for being
pro-Filipinos.
Father José Burgos is a Spanish
descent, born in the Philippines. He was
a parish priest of the Manila Cathedral
and had been known to be close to the
liberal Governor General de la Torre. He
was 35 years old at that time and was
active and outspoken in advocating the
Filipinization of the clergy.

Father Jacinto Zamora is a 37 years old,

was also Spanish, born in the
Philippines. He was the parish priest of
Marikina and was known to be
unfriendly to and would not
countenance any arrogance or
authoritative behavior from Spaniards
coming from Spain. February 17, 1872 in
an attempt of the Spanish government
to instill fear among the Filipinos so that
they may never commit such daring act
again, the Gomburza were executed.
This event was tragic but served as one
of the moving forces that shaped
Filipino nationalism.
[16][17][18]

Propaganda Movements and other

Peaceful Campaign for Reforms

For more than three centuries the

Spanish colonizers became too abusive
of their power, force labor, unjustifiable
collection of taxes, and deprivation of
education brought about centralised
idea of independence to the majority of
Filipinos. Political and social reforms
then were sought through writings
themed on liberalism, honoring rights of
the Filipinos, defense against violence
and injustices, and sovereignty for the
aspirations of the people.

From 1880 to 1896 propaganda

movements became expansive, though
it didn't achieve its purpose for reforms
it fostered a sense of nationalism
among Filipinos.
Noli Me Tángere and El filibusterismo
are some of the literary works written
by Jose Rizal, who is one of the many
ilustrados, together with the other
prominent reformist Graciano López
Jaena, Mariano Ponce and Marcelo H.
del Pilar who aimed on uniting the
whole country, and eventually to
achieve independence. It was until the
latter part of the 1890s when the
peaceful movement was shifted to
bloody revolts led by Andres Bonifacio
who believe that peaceful reforms
won't make any change to the corrupt
Spaniards, thus initiating the first phase
of revolution after the tearing of cedulas
at the Cry of Pugadlawin

Jose P. Rizal's Exile in Dapitan

In June 26, 1892, very excitement was

caused among to the Filipinos. His
popularity feared the Spaniards, and as
they notice to his every moves - all
houses where he had been were
searched and the Filipinos seen in his
company were suspected. As he had
planned, on July 3, 1892 he founded the
La Liga Filipina in the house of Doroteo
Ongjunco in Tondo, Manila. Four days
after the civic organization's foundation,
Jose Rizal was arrested by the Spanish
authorities on four grounds: First, he
published an anti-Catholic and anti-friar
books and articles. Second, having in
possession a bundle of handbills, the
Pobres Frailes, in which violates the
advocacies of the Spanish orders. Third
for dedicating his novel, El
Filibusterismo to the three “traitors”
(Gomez, Burgos and Zamora) and for
giving an highlights to the novel's title
page that “the only salvation for the
Philippines was separation from the
Spain". And last, had a simply criticizing
the religion and aiming for its exclusion
from the Filipino culture.
[19]

Foundation and the Discovery of

the KKK

After the disbandment of the La Liga

FILIPINA, some of its former members,
spearheaded by Andres Bonifacio
established the Kataas-taasang,
Kagalang-galangang Katipunan mga
anak ng bayan (KKK), with its goal of
independence from Spain, the
Katipunan led by Andres Bonifacio
started the revolution preceded by the
Cry of Balintawak.
The KKK was revealed by Father
Mariano Gil who was disgusted over the
governor's attitude, next ran to the
military governor of Manila, General
Echaluce, and revealed what he knew
about the Katipunan. But Echaluce, did
not believe him, instead he took
precautions to make Manila safe from
any disturbances. At almost the same
time, an unfortunate event incident
happened between two Katipuneros
that are working in the Spanish-owned
Diario de Manila. Apolonio de la Cruz
and Teodoro Patiño had a
misunderstanding, and Patiño took his
revenge to Apolonio by revealing the
secrets of the society to his sister,
Honoria. The latter was reported to
have cried. The madre portera, Sor
Teresa, suggested that Teodoro Patiño
tell all he knew to Father Mariano.
Afternoon of August 19, Patiño told
Father Mariano of what he knew about
the secret society. The friar immediately
hurried to the printing shop, Diario de
Manila and searched the premises for
the hidden proofs of the existence of
the Katipunan with the accompaniment
of the owner of the periodical. The
lithographic stone used to print the
Katipunan receipts was found and when
it was shown to Patiño, he confirmed
that it was true. At midnight, the locker
of Policarpio Turla, whose signature
appeared in the receipts, was forced
open and the rules of the society and
other pertinent documents were found.
These proofs were turned over to the
police and were now convinced to the
existence of a vast underground society
whose purpose is to overthrow Spanish
sovereignty in the Philippines.[20]

Legal document
The introduction to the original Tagalog
text of the Biak-na-Bato Constitution
states:
Ang paghiwalay ng Filipinas sa
kahariang España sa patatag ng
isang bayang may sariling
pamamahala’t kapangyarihan
na pangangalang “Republika ng
Filipinas” ay siyang layong
inadhika niyaring
Paghihimagsik na kasalukuyan,
simula pa ng ika- 24 ng Agosto
ng taong 1896… (English: The
separation of the Philippines
from the Spanish empire by the
establishment of a self-
governing nation called the
 "Republic of the Philippines" has
been the aim of the current
Revolution, starting on August
24, 1896.

The Spanish text also states:

la separación de Filipinas de la
Monarquia Española,
constituyéndose en Estado
Independiente y soberano con
Gobierno propio, con el nombre
de República de Filipinas, es en
su Guerra actual, iniciada en 24
de Agosto de 1896… (English:
 The separation of the
Philippines from the Spanish
Monarchy, constituting an
independent state and with a
proper sovereign government,
named the Republic of the
Philippines, was the end
pursued by the revolution
through the present hostilities,
initiated on 24 August 1896…)

These lines indicate that in so far as the

leaders of the revolution are concerned,
revolution began on 24 August 1896.
The document was written only one and
a half years after the event and signed
by over 50 Katipunan members, among
them Emilio Aguinaldo , Artemio Ricarte
and Valentin Diaz.

Emilio Aguinaldo’s memoirs, Mga

Gunita ng Himagsikan (1964, English
title:Memories of the Revolution), refer
to two letters from Andres Bonifacio
dated 22 and 24 August that pinpoint
the date and place of the crucial Cry
meeting when the decision to attack
Manila was made.[8]
Tearing of cédulas
Not all accounts relate the tearing of
cédulas in the last days of August. Of
the accounts that do, older ones
identify the place where this occurred
as Kangkong in Balintawak/Kalookan.
Most also give the date of the cédula-
tearing as August 26, in close proximity
to the first encounter. One Katipunero,
Guillermo Masangkay, claimed cédulas
were torn more than once – on the
24th as well as the 26th.[4]

For his 1956 book The Revolt of the

Masses Teodoro Agoncillo defined "the
Cry" as the tearing of cedulas,
departing from precedent which had
then defined it as the first skirmish of
the revolution. His version was based
on the later testimonies of Pío
Valenzuela and others who claimed the
cry took place in Pugad Lawin instead
of Balintawak. Valenzuela's version,
through Agoncillo's influence, became
the basis of the current stance of the
Philippine government. In 1963,
President Diosdado Macapagal ordered
the official commemorations shifted to
Pugad ng uwak, Quezon City on August
23.[5][4]
Formation of an insurgent
government
An alternative definition of the Cry as
the "birth of the Filipino nation state"
involves the setting up of a national
insurgent government through the
Katipunan with Bonifacio as President in
Banlat, Pasong Tamo on August 24,
1896 – after the tearing of cedulas but
before the first skirmish. This was called
the Haring Bayang Katagalugan
(Sovereign Tagalog Nation).[3]
Why Balintawak?
The Cry of Rebellion in the Philippines
happened in August 1896. There are lot
of controversies puzzling the minds of
the readers regarding the real place and
date of this event.[21] Some accounts
pointing directly to Balintawak are
associated with 'The Cry’. Lt. Olegario
Diaz of the Spanish Civil Guards wrote
in 1896 that the event happened in
Balintawak,[22] which corroborates the
accounts of the historian Gregorio
Zaide and Teodoro Kalaw. On the other
hand, Teodoro Agoncillo based his
account from that of Pio Valenzuela
that emphasized Pugad Lawin as the
place where the ‘cry’ happened.

Here are some reasons why Pugad

Lawin is not considered as the place of
the ‘cry’. (1) People of Balintawak
initiated the revolution against the
Spaniards that is why it is not
appropriate to call it ‘Cry of Pugad
Lawin’. (2) The place Pugad Lawin
only existed in 1935 after the rebellion
happened in 1896. Lastly, (3) The term
‘Pugad Lawin’ was only made up
because of the hawk’s nest at the top
of a tall tree at the backyard of Tandang
Sora in Banlat, Gulod, Kaloocan where it
is said to be one of the hiding places of
the revolutionary group led by Andres
Bonifacio.[23]

Other cries
In 1895, Bonifacio, Masangkay, Emilio
Jacinto and other Katipuneros spent
Good Friday in the caves of Mt.
Pamitinan in Montalban (now part of
Rizal province). They wrote "long live
Philippine independence" on the cave
walls, which some Filipino historians
consider the "first cry" (el primer
grito).[4]
Commemoration
The Cry is commemorated as National
Heroes' Day, a public holiday in the
Philippines.[24]

The first annual commemoration of the

Cry occurred in Balintawak in 1908 after
the American colonial government
repealed the Sedition Law. In 1911 a
monument to the Cry (a lone Katipunero
popularly identified with Bonifacio) was
erected at Balintawak; it was later
transferred to Vinzons Hall in the
University of the Philippines Diliman,
Quezon City. In 1984, the National
Historical Institute of the Philippines
installed a commemorative plaque in
Pugad Lawin.[4]

References
1. Sichrovsky, Harry. "An Austrian Life for
the Philippines:The Cry of Balintawak"
(http://www.univie.ac.at/Voelkerkunde/
apsis/aufi/rizal/har-cry.htm) . Retrieved
August 29, 2009.
2. Ocampo, Ambeth R. (1995). Bonifacio's
bolo (https://books.google.com/books?
id=YWhxAAAAMAAJ) . Anvil Pub. p. 8.
ISBN 978-971-27-0418-5.
3. Guerrero, Milagros; Encarnacion,
Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramon (1996),
"Balintawak: the Cry for a Nationwide
Revolution", Sulyap Kultura, National
Commission for Culture and the Arts, 1
(2): 13–22.
4. Borromeo-Buehler, Soledad M. (1998),
The cry of Balintawak: a contrived
controversy : a textual analysis with
appended documents (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C) ,
Ateneo de Manila University Press,
ISBN 978-971-550-278-8.
5. "Proclamation No. 149, s. 1963" (https://
www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1963/08/2
2/proclamation-no-149-s-1963/) .
Official Gazette of the Philippine
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The Philippine Revolution and the
Filipino-American War as Told by Its
Eyewitnesses and Participants (https://
books.google.com/books?id=L_ZwAAA
AMAAJ) . University of Santo Tomas
Publishing House. ISBN 978-971-506-
391-3. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
7. Zaide, Gregorio (1990). "Cry of
balintawak". Documentary Sources of
Philippine History. 8: 307–309.
 8. "In Focus: Balintawak: The Cry for a
Nationwide Revolution" (https://ncca.go
v.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/
balintawak-the-cry-for-a-nationwide-r
evolution/) . ncca.gov.ph. June 6,
2003. "na hindi sa Balintawak nangyari
ang unang sigaw ng paghihimagsik na
kinalalagian ngayon ng bantayog, kung
di sa pook na kilala sa tawag na Pugad
Lawin"
9. Zaide, Gregorio (1990). "Cry of Pugad
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Philippine History. 8: 301–302.
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Jose Victor Torres
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(https://web.archive.org/web/201107110
01816/http://www.filipinojournal.com/v
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m=08062009225054) . Archived from
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Antonette Piedad-Pugay
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18. "Cavite Mutiny | Summary, Importance,
& Facts" (https://www.britannica.com/e
vent/Cavite-Mutiny) . Encyclopedia
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19. "CHAPTER Eight: JOSE P. RIZAL'S
EXILE IN DAPITAN (1892-1896)" (http://
bshmjoserizal.weebly.com/1/post/2014/
07/chapter-eight-jose-p-rizals-exile-in
-dapitan-1892-1896.html) . Jose
Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo
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21. The cry of Balintawak : a contrived
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1998. Retrieved June 1, 2020. {{cite
book}}: |website= ignored (help)
22. Duka, Cecilio D. (2008). Struggle for
Freedom' 2008 Ed (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC) .
Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 141 (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJ
UC&dq=%22Olegario+Diaz%22+cry+ba
lintawak&pg=PA141) . ISBN 978-971-
23-5045-0.
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pers.blogspot.com/) . Retrieved
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24. "Monday holiday remembers historic
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p090828.htm&no=46) . Philippine
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August 28, 2009. Retrieved
November 11, 2020.

"In Focus: Balintawak: The Cry for a

Nationwide Revolution" (https://ncca.
gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-fo
cus/balintawak-the-cry-for-a-nation
wide-revolution/) . ncca.gov.ph.

Further reading
Borromeo, Soledad Masangkay
(1998). The Cry of Balintawak: A
 Contrived Controversy : a Textual
Analysis with Appended Documents
(https://books.google.com/books?id=
RJnMSmXLvr4C) . Ateneo University
Press. ISBN 978-971-550-278-8.

External links
Andres Bonifacio The Wikimedia
Commons
Eve Of St.
has media
Bartholomew (http:// related to
Cry of
www.filipinaslibrary.o
Pugad
rg.ph/filipiniana/viewh Lawin.
eroe.asp?heroe=13&p
ick=13&pg=2)
The Cry of Pugad Lawin (http://www.
msc.edu.ph/centennial/pugadlawin.ht
 ml)
National Historical Institute:
Celebrating National Heroes Day (htt
p://www.nhi.gov.ph//index.php?optio
n=com_content&task=view&id=14&It
emid=3/index.php?option=com_cont
ent&task=view&id=510&Itemid=1)

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