LOGICAL AND CRITICAL THINKING

FINAL SUBMISSION:
Submitted by: Danial Ahmed Javed

Roll No:BS688619

Part 1: Arguments and Logic:

1) It’s a Flat Earth

By Gary Richardson

April 1, 2019

Summary:

Gary Richardson was seeing a Netflix documentary ‘Behind the Curve’ as he never believed in
the flat earths theory and thought that he would be sitting and laughing about it but as he saw the
documentary he had his believes changed and got 4 arguments from it.

 Standing on the earth and can’t see the earths curvature because if it was round the
buildings would have been slant.
 Saying that it’s all our government and rich powerful people to keep us in control and
oppressed.
 Telling story about Bill Nye downtown highlife with a girl.
 The flight pattern in southern hemisphere making no sense because there are no direct
flights from Australia to South America.

Permises:

Argument about denying fact and reality of what the earth really is.

Conclusion:

The Article of flat earth, whole theory given by Gary Richardson is an inductive argument and is
weak with every opinion he gave had no fact in it. He watched a movie and started being a part
of the flat earth community, the earth has been seen through Hubble telescope, other satellites
and many pictures we have of the earth and the universe. The astronauts who went to moon also
had seen the earth and we have the videos recorded about the whole journey to the moon. There
are many flights which flew from Australia to South America people travel through direct
flights. As he’s saying the buildings aren’t slant if the earth is a sphere, the earth has its big size
and mass with its great gravity force which is keeping everything in contact to earth. The earth
curvature is seen at high altitude of 35,000ft and above it. It’s not a tennis ball size earth its huge,
and the gravity is what makes things get in sphere because sphere is the most stable shape in
universe. It’s a belief or claim that earth is flat not a fact.

Refrence: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/04/08/its-a-flat-earth

2) China military, Wuhan scientists made Covid? Big revelations in shocking report:

By

Mallika Soni

Jun 11, 2023

Summary:

Mallika Soni wrote an article about the Covid-19 virus where how and when it was made by
whom as in her article she wrote that the Chinese were running a covert projects of dangerous
experiment, scientists in Wuhan were working alongside with the military on a deadly virus
which caused the leak from the china virology lab and the pandemic started. Indian reporters and
article writers saying that is was done in collaboration with the Chinese military, when the
Wuhan institute of virology experimented on deadly BAT SARS virus which turned in to deadly
covid-19 pandemic killing millions of people.

Permises:

China made Covid-19 which brought killings worldwide, the arguments hasty generalization
about the Chinese people.

Conclusion;
As written by Mallika Soni in the article about the Chinese covid-19 pandemic, it’s a deductive
argument and it’s an invalid argument. As the Covid-19 pandemic expanded all over the world
every country was in that pandemic millions of people died and china alone millions of people
died why would a country made a virus which will kill its own people and mainly effect its
economy because of the isolation the economic conditions were bad it’s invalid argument and is
a hasty generalization which is committed when you have limited samples and from it you draw
a conclusion for all the group members off that group that’s what the article writer Mallika Sonni
did without the samples which are not sufficient they draw conclusions about the Chinese people
like they were the one who invented and make conclusion for all the group.

Refrence: https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/china-military-wuhan-scientists-made-
covid-big-revelations-in-shocking-report-101686482709587.html

3) Islam Is a Religion of Violence:

By Ayaan Hirsi Ali

Summary:

Ayaan Hirsi Ali has placed an argument against the Islamic state, the brutal jihadist have
continued to kill many life in Iraq and Syria. The USA and Russia started a military campaign
against the jihadist and have been linking the ISIS relations with the ALQAEDA. George
W.Bush launched the ‘global war on terror’ through which the violent strains of Islam has
metastasized many countries. Author saying the extremism coming from the Islamic jihadists are
they coming from the stem of the sacred text (as said by the author). The author says about the 3
types of Muslims some who are extremists and do force Islamic laws the second are the devoted
Muslims who don’t do violence and third are the modifying Muslims who promote the
separation of religion from politics and other reforms. Author is saying to understand weather the
violence is inherent in the doctrine of Islam we will look in to the example of the founding father
of Islam and the Quran Islamic Jurisprudence.

Permises:

Argument on Islamic extremists and generalizing to all groups with less context and information.

Conclusion:
Ayaan Hirsi Ali argument is an deductive argument and is invalid as it is making decisions that
are hasty if some Muslims who are not even the Muslims are doing bad in the name of Islam
doesn’t makes all of them bad. Our beloved HOLY PROPHET(PBUH) and the teachings of the
HOLY QURAN never ever has said or has something like killing people it’s the most loving and
peace spreading religion the teachings were provided by the Mighty GOD ALLAH which in
deed are not bad but or hatred, killing it is all about peace and believing in one GOD, people like
Ayaan Hirsi Ali don’t read about the total context of the situation and the history and the hate
they are spreading among people for the people and indeed it is a fallacy of hasty generalization,
It is committed when you have limited samples and from it you draw a conclusion for all the
group members off that group. The Author has limited samples about the Muslim terrorist and
making it draw conclusions for all groups of Muslims and their sacred texts. American
imperialism has cause more death and suffering than any historical religious war combined. The
author fails to look at historical context throughout human history.

Refrence: https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/11/09/islam-is-a-religion-of-violence-ayaan-hirsi-ali-
debate-islamic-state/

PART2) Incorrect Reasoning and Fallacies:

Identify two instances of incorrect reasoning or fallacies from real-life situations or

advertisements. Describe the fallacy committed in each case and why it is the reasoning.

1AD) Meta’s Quest 2 Super Bowl ad takes a retired animatronic dog into the metaverse:

Apeal to Pity Fallacy:

The AD is about a toy dog who sings in an arcade after the closure of the arcade the dog is sad
about it and got thrash everywhere the fallacy here used in the AD is appeal to pitty which
exploit the feelings of another person and to use it to benefit yourself or to benefit by making
another sympathetic party by using the pity fallacy and at the end the dog has been picked up by
a person and placed in a museum where he got to be in a meta verse by VR headset which was
placed on his head which made his quest and made his life pity in to fun.

Refrence: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfj-QH7IMxQ
2AD) Complete Protection Plus | Sensodyne:

Apeal to Authority Fallacy:

The AD is about a Sensodyne tooth paste which is been recommended by doctors advisory and is
very beneficial for them, the fallacy here used in this ad is appeal to authority in which we use a
experts opinion to back up an argument. Sensodyne uses doctors in its ads to make the argument
more strong so people have more trust in it and yes who you trust the more you buy it and thus
giving strong evidence of their toothpastes benefits which seems to be promising to the
consumer.

Refrence: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ot30pV1nX0

Part2) Create your own argument that commits a logical fallacy. Clearly state the fallacy
committed, identify the premises and conclusion, and explain why the argument is flawed.

Fallacy of ignorance:

Therefore UFO AND ALIENS exists because there’s no way we can deny that they don’t
because the universe is vast and therefore we haven’t explored the universe yet. The fallacy of
ignorance is committed when something is incapable of being proved, or something that we or
nobody else knows about and still we claim it in the conclusion.

PART3) Correct Reasoning:

1)Construct a deductive argument with three premises and a conclusion. Ensure that the
argument is valid by using appropriate logical principles:

Premises:

All fishes can breathe under water

Therefore sharks are fish

Therefore sharks can breathe underwater

Conclusion and evidence

Therefore fishes breathe underwater

2) Construct an inductive argument with three premises and a conclusion. Ensure that the
argument is strong by providing sufficient evidence and reasoning:

Premises:

3) Explain the difference between soundness and validity in deductive arguments. Provide
an example of a valid argument that is not sound and explain why it is not sound:

Differentiate:

Valid arguments may have false conclusions and when we are making an argument we should
make an argument that is valid and has sound.

Sound arguments are one that are not only valid but there premises are actually true.

Premises:

This bottle has alcohol

Alcohol gets people drunk

Therefore if I empty this bottle I’ll get drunk.

Evidence:

This bottle actually has water therefore the premise is false.