Cc19 Geometrym WSK 03

Chapter 3
Chapter 3 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 123) 10. When calculating the slope of a horizontal line, the vertical
2 − (−1) 3 change is zero. This is the numerator of the fraction, and zero
1. m = — = — divided by any number is zero. When calculating the slope
−1 − 3 −4
3 of a vertical line, the horizontal change is zero. This is the
slope = −— denominator of the fraction, and any number divided by zero
4
−1 − 2 −3 −3 is undefined.
2. m = — = — = — = 3
−3 − (−2) −3 + 2 −1
Chapter 3 Mathematical Practices (p. 124)
slope = 3 1
1. These lines are perpendicular. They have slopes m1 = −—2
−2 − (−2) −2 + 2 0 and m2 = 2.
3. m = — = — = — = 0
1 − (−3) 1+3 4
4
slope = 0
y = 2x − 4
4. y = mx + b −6 6
1 = −3(6) + b 1
y = −2 x + 1
1 = −18 + b −4
19 = b 2. These lines are coincident, because their equations are

The equation is y = −3x + 19. equivalent.
4
5. y = mx + b
8 = −2(−3) + b
−6 6
8=6+b
2=b 1
y = −2 x + 1
−4
The equation is y = −2x + 2.
1
3. These lines are parallel. Their slopes are equal, m1 = −—2
6. y = mx + b 1
and m2 = −—2.
5 = 4(−1) + b 4
5 = −4 + b 1
y = −2 x + 1
9=b −6 6
The equation is y = 4x + 9. 1
y = −2 x − 1
7. y = mx + b −4
1
−4 = —2 (2) +b 4. These lines are neither parallel nor perpendicular because
1
−4 = 1 + b their slopes are m1 = −—2 and m2 = 1. They intersect
at (−2, 2).
−5 = b
4
The equation is y = —12 x − 5.
y=x+4
8. y = mx + b −6 6
1
−5 = −—4(−8) +b
1
−5 = 2 + b y = −2 x + 1
−4
−7 = b
1
The equation is y = −—4 x − 7. 3.1 Explorations (p. 125)
1. a. Parallel lines have no common points.
9. y = mx + b
b. Intersecting lines have one point in common.
9 = —23(0) + b
c. Coincident lines have infinitely many points in common.
9=0+b
9=b
The equation is y = —23 x + 9.
Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Geometry 71

All rights reserved. Worked-Out Solutions
Chapter 3
2. a. ⃖⃗
AB and ⃖⃗
BC are intersecting lines. They intersect at 2. ∠2 and ∠3 do not belong because they are vertical angles
point B. formed by one pair of intersecting lines and one point of
⃖⃗ and ⃖⃗
b. AD BC are parallel lines. They are coplanar and will
intersection. The other three pairs of angles are formed by
two lines cut by a transversal.
never intersect.
c. ⃖⃗
EI and ⃖⃗
IH are coincident lines. Points E, I, and H are Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics
collinear.
CD is ⃖⃗
3. The line containing point B parallel to ⃖⃗ AB.
d. ⃖⃗
BF and ⃖⃗
EH are skew lines. They are not coplanar and will
never intersect. 4. The line containing point B that appears to be perpendicular
EF and ⃖⃗
e. ⃖⃗ CG are skew lines. They are not coplanar and will to ⃖⃗
CD is ⃖⃗
BC.
never intersect.
5. The line containing point B that is skew to ⃖⃗
CD is ⃖⃗
BF.
⃖⃗ and ⃖⃗
f. AD GH are parallel lines. They both lie on plane
ABG, which is not drawn, and they will never intersect. 6. The plane containing point B parallel to plane CDH is
plane ABF.
3. a. Vertical angles: ∠1, ∠3; ∠2, ∠4; ∠5, ∠7; ∠6, ∠8
Two pairs of opposite rays are formed by each of these MK and ⃖⃗
7. Parallel lines: ⃖⃗ LS
pairs of angles.
b. Linear pairs: ∠1, ∠2; ∠1, ∠4; ∠2, ∠3; ∠4, ∠3; ∠5, ∠8; NP and ⃖⃗
8. Perpendicular lines: ⃖⃗ PQ
∠5, ∠6; ∠6, ∠7; ∠7, ∠8
9. no; ⃖⃗
NP intersects ⃖⃗
KM
One pair of opposite rays is formed by each of these pairs
of angles.
10. no; by the Perpendicular Postulate (Post. 3.2), only one
4. Two lines are parallel if they are coplanar and do not
NP at point P. Because ⃖⃗
line can be perpendicular to ⃖⃗ PQ is
intersect. Two lines intersect if they are coplanar and have marked as perpendicular to ⃖⃗
NP, ⃖⃗
PR cannot be perpendicular
exactly one point in common. Coincidental lines are coplanar to ⃖⃗
NP.
and share all the same points because the equations of the
11. Corresponding angles: ∠1, ∠5; ∠2, ∠6; ∠3, ∠7; ∠4, ∠8
lines are the same. Skew lines are lines that do not intersect
and are not coplanar. 12. Alternate interior angles: ∠3, ∠6; ∠4, ∠5
5. Sample answer: ⃖⃗

EC and ⃖⃗
BD are skew lines because they 13. Alternate exterior angles; ∠2, ∠7; ∠1, ∠8
DH and ⃖⃗
are not coplanar and they do not intersect. ⃖⃗ CG are
parallel because they are coplanar and will never intersect. 14. Consecutive interior angles: ∠3, ∠5; ∠4, ∠6
⃖⃗
AF and ⃖⃗
FH are intersecting lines because they intersect at
point F. 15. ∠1 and ∠5 are corresponding angles.
16. ∠11 and ∠3 are consecutive interior angles.

3.1 Monitoring Progress (pp. 126–128)
EH that contains F is ⃖⃗
1. The only line skew to ⃖⃗ CF. 17. ∠6 and ∠13 are consecutive interior angles.
2. yes; Because ⃗

—
DM is perpendicular to BF at M, no other 18. ∠2 and ∠11 are alternate interior angles.
line could also be perpendicular to the same line through
the same point, according to the Perpendicular Postulate 19. Lines that do not intersect could be skew lines. Correct
(Post. 3.2). statement: If two coplanar lines do not intersect, then they
are parallel.
3. ∠1 and ∠5 are corresponding angles.
20. There are an infinite number of lines through a given point
4. ∠2 and ∠7 are alternate exterior angles. that can intersect with the line, but only one is perpendicular.
Correct statement: If there is a line and point not on the
5. ∠4 and ∠5 are alternate interior angles. line, then there is exactly one line through the point that is
perpendicular to the given line.
3.1 Exercises (pp. 129–130)
21. a. true; The floor is level with the horizontal just like the
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check ground.
1. Two lines that do not intersect and are not parallel are b. false; The lines intersect the plane of the ground, so they
skew lines. intersect certain lines of that plane.
c. true; The balusters appear to be vertical, and the floor of
the treehouse is horizontal. So, they are perpendicular.
72 Geometry Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

Worked-Out Solutions All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
22. no; All three lines could intersect at the same point or two 2. a. Corresponding angles are congruent when they are formed
skew lines intersected by a third. by two parallel lines and a transversal.
b. Alternate interior angles are congruent when they are
formed by two parallel lines and a transversal.
c. Alternate exterior angles are congruent when they are
formed by two parallel lines and a transversal.
d. Consecutive interior angles are supplementary when they
are formed by two parallel lines and a transversal.
23. yes; If the two lines cut by the transversal are parallel and 3. When two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, the pairs
the transversal is perpendicular to both lines, then all eight of angles that are congruent are alternate interior angles,
angles are right angles. alternate exterior angles, and corresponding angles.
24. a. The lines parallel to ⃖⃗ MP, ⃖⃗

NQ are ⃖⃗ LS , and ⃖⃗
KR. 4. m∠2 = 100°, m∠3 = 80°, m∠4 = 100°, m∠5 = 80°,
m∠6 = 100°, m∠7 = 80°, m∠8 = 100°
b. The lines that intersect ⃖⃗
NQ are ⃖⃗ NK, ⃖⃗
NM, ⃖⃗ QP, and ⃖⃗
QR.
NQ are ⃖⃗
c. The lines that are skew to ⃖⃗ PS , ⃖⃗ KL, and ⃖⃗
ML, ⃖⃗ RS . 3.2 Monitoring Progress (pp. 133–134)
d. yes; If lines do not intersect, then they are either parallel 1. m∠4 = 105° by the Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem
or skew depending on whether they are coplanar. (Thm. 2.6).
m∠5 = 105° by the Corresponding Angles Theorem
25. ∠HFB and ∠GJH are corresponding angles to ∠BCG.
(Thm. 3.1).
26. ∠AJH is a consecutive interior angle to ∠BCG. m∠8 = 105° by the Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem
(Thm. 3.3).
27. ∠HJC and ∠DFC are alternate interior angles to ∠FCJ.
2. ∠3 and ∠7 are corresponding angles, so m∠3 = m∠7.
28. ∠HJG is an alternate exterior angle to ∠FCA. ∠7 and ∠8 are supplementary angles.
m∠3 + m∠8 = 180°
29. no; They can both be in a plane that is slanted with respect to
the horizontal. 68° + (2x + 4)° = 180°
2x + 72 = 180
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency 2x = 108
30. m∠1 = m∠3 = 76°, because ∠1 and ∠3 are vertical angles x = 54
and vertical angles are congruent.
m∠2 = 180° − 76° = 104°, because ∠1 and ∠2 are 3. yes; The congruence of ∠3 and ∠2 is not dependent on the
supplementary angles and their sum is 180°. congruence of ∠1 and ∠3, so the order does not matter.
m∠2 = m∠4 = 104°, because ∠2 and ∠4 are vertical angles
and vertical angles are congruent. 4. 41°; Because the Sun’s rays are parallel, ∠1 and ∠2 are
alternate interior angles. By the Alternate Interior Angles
31. m∠1 = 180° − 159° = 21°, because ∠1 and ∠2 are Theorem (Thm. 3.2), ∠1 ≅ ∠2. So, by the definition of
supplementary angles and their sum is 180°. congruent angles, m∠1 = m∠2 = 41°.
and vertical angles are congruent. 3.2 Exercises (pp. 135–136)
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
and vertical angles are congruent.
1. Both theorems refer to two pairs of congruent angles that
3.2 Explorations (p. 131) are formed when two parallel lines are cut by a transversal,
and the angles that are congruent are on opposite sides of
1. m∠1 = m∠3 = m∠5 = m∠7, m∠2 = m∠4 = m∠6 = m∠8,
the transversal. However with the Alternate Interior Angles
and any odd-numbered angle is supplementary to any
Theorem (Thm. 3.2), the congruent angles lie between
even-numbered angle.
the parallel lines, and with the Alternate Exterior Angles
Theorem (Thm. 3.3), the congruent angles lie outside the
parallel lines.
2. m∠2 and m∠3 is the pair that does not belong. These are
consecutive interior angles, which are supplementary. The
other three are pairs of congruent angles.

Chapter 3
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics 11. m∠1 = 100°, m∠2 = 80°, m∠3 = 100°; Because the 80°
3. m∠1 = 117° by the Vertical Angles Theorem (Thm. 2.6). angle is a consecutive interior angle with both ∠1 and ∠3,
m∠2 = 117° by the Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem they are supplementary by the Consecutive Interior Angles
(Thm. 3.3). Theorem (Thm. 3.4). Because ∠1 and ∠2 are consecutive
interior angles, they are supplementary by the Consecutive
4. m∠1 = 150° by the Corresponding Angles Theorem Interior Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.4).
(Thm. 3.1).
m∠2 = 150° by the Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem 12. m∠1 = 47°, m∠2 = 133°, m∠3 = 47°; Because ∠1 is
(Thm. 3.3). consecutive interior angles with the angle that is a vertical
angle with the 133° angle, they are supplementary by the
5. m∠1 = 122° by the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.4). The
(Thm. 3.2). vertical angle is also 133° by the Vertical Angels Congruence
122° + m∠2 = 180° Theorem (Thm. 2.6). Because the 133° angle and ∠2 are
m∠2 = 180° − 122° = 58° alternate interior angles, they are congruent by the Alternate
by the Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.4) Interior Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.2). Because the 133°
angle and ∠3 are consecutive interior angles, they are
6. m∠1 = 140° by the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem supplementary by the Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem
(Thm. 3.2). (Thm. 3.4).
m∠2 = 40° by the Linear Pair Postulate (Post. 2.8).
13. In order to use the Corresponding Angles Theorem
7. Alternate interior angles are congruent. (Thm. 3.1), the angles need to be formed by two parallel lines
128° = 2x° cut by a transversal, but none of the lines in this diagram
appear to be parallel; ∠9 and ∠10 are corresponding angles.
128 2x
—=—
2 2 — — —
14. a. When AD BC , with DB as the transversal, then ∠ ADB
64 = x and ∠ CBD are alternate interior angles, and they are
— as the transversal, ∠ BCA
congruent (Thm. 3.2). With AC
8. Consecutive interior angles are supplementary.
and ∠ DAC are alternate interior angles, and they are
72° + (7x + 24)° = 180° congruent (Thm. 3.2).
96 + 7x = 180 — —
b. Two pairs of supplementary angles when AB DC
96 − 96 + 7x = 180 − 96 are ∠ BAD and ∠ CDA and ∠ ABC and ∠ DCB by the
Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.4).
7x = 84
7x 84
—=— 15. Given p q, and t as the transversal.
7 7 Prove Alternate exterior angles are congruent.
x = 12
t
9. m∠5 = 65° because alternate interior angles are congruent. 1

m∠5 + (11x − 17)° = 180° by the definition of p
supplementary angles. 3
2 q
65° + (11x − 17)° = 180°
11x + 48 = 180
11x + 48 − 48 = 180 − 48
STATEMENTS REASONS
11x = 132
1. p q, and t as 1. Given
11x 132
—=— the transversal.
11 11
x = 12 2. ∠1 ≅ ∠3 2. Corresponding Angles
Theorem (Thm. 3.1)
10. m∠4 + 118° = 180° by the definition of supplementary
3. ∠3 ≅ ∠2 3. Vertical Angles Congruence
angles. Theorem (Thm. 2.6)
So, m∠4 = 180° − 118° = 62°.
Alternate interior angles are congruent. 4. ∠1 ≅ ∠2 4. Transitive Property of
Congruence
62 = 8x + 6
56 = 8x
56 8x
—=—
8 8
x=7

Chapter 3
16. Given p q, and t as the transversal. 21. 5x° + (14x − 10)° = 180° 2y° = 5x°
Prove Consecutive interior angles are supplementary. 19x − 10 = 180 2y = 5(10)
t 19x = 190 2y = 50
19 190 2 50
—
19
x = —
19 —2 y = —
2
1 p
3 2
x = 10 y = 25
q
22. 2y° + (2x + 12)° = 180° 4x° + (y + 6)° = 180°
2y + 2x = 168 4x + y = 174
2 2 168
STATEMENTS REASONS —2 y + —2 x = —2
y = −4x + 174
1. p q, and t as 1. Given y + x = 84
the transversal.
y = −x + 84
2. ∠1 ≅ ∠3 2. Alternate Interior Angles
Theorem (Thm. 3.2) −x + 84 = −4x + 174
3. m∠1 = m∠3 3. Definition of congruent 3x + 84 = 174
angles 3x = 90
4. m∠2 + m∠3 = 180° 4. Linear Pair Postulate x = 30
(Post. 2.8)
y = −30 + 84 = 54
5. m∠2 + m∠1 = 180° 5. Substitution Property
of Equality 23. no; In order to make the shot, you must hit the cue ball so
that m∠ 1 = 65°. The angle that is complementary to ∠ 1
6. ∠1 and ∠2 are 6. Definition of
supplementary angles must have a measure of 25° because this angle is alternate
supplementary angles.
interior angles with the angle formed by the path of the cue
ball and the vertical line drawn.
17. Because the trees form parallel lines, and the rope is a
transversal, ∠2 and the 76° are consecutive interior angles. 24. 60°; ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 5 by the Corresponding Angles Theorem
So, they are supplementary by the Consecutive Interior (Thm. 3.1), ∠ 2 ≅ ∠ 4 by the Alternate Interior Angles
Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.4). Theorem (Thm. 3.2), ∠ 2 ≅ ∠ 3 by the definition of angle
76° + m∠2 = 180° bisector, and ∠ 4 ≅ ∠ 5 is given. So, by the Transitive
Property of Congruence, all five of the angles labeled
m∠2 = 180° − 76°
must be congruent to each other. From the diagram,
m∠2 = 104° m∠ 1 + m∠ 2 + m∠ 3 = 180°, and because they all have the
18. a. ∠1 and ∠2 are alternate interior angles, same measure, it must be that they each have a measure of
so m∠1 = m∠2 = 70°. 180°
— = 60°.
3
∠1 and ∠3 are consecutive interior angles.
70° + m∠3 = 180° Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
m∠3 = 180° − 70° = 110° 25. If two angles are congruent, then they are vertical angles.
(false)
b. ∠1 and ∠2 are congruent by the Alternate Interior Angles
Theorem (Thm. 3.2). ∠1 and ∠3 are supplementary by 26. If you see a tiger, then you went to the zoo. (false)
the Consecutive Interior Angels Theorem (Thm. 3.4). By
substitution, ∠2 and ∠3 are supplementary. So, ∠ABC is a 27. If two angles are supplementary, then they form a linear pair.
straight angle. (false)
c. yes; m∠ 2 will be 60° and m∠ 3 will be 120°. The opening
28. If we go to the park, then it is warm outside. (false)
of the box will be more steep because ∠ 1 is smaller.
19. yes; If the transversal is perpendicular to the parallel lines, the

angles formed at the intersection are all right angles (90°).
20. no; It is impossible to have parallel lines in spherical

geometry. Because all lines are circles with the same
diameter, any two lines will always intersect in two points.

Chapter 3
3.3 Explorations (p. 137) 3.3 Exercises (pp. 142–144)
1. a. If two lines are cut by a transversal so that the Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
corresponding angles are congruent, then the lines are
1. corresponding angles, alternate interior angles, and alternate
parallel. The converse is true.
exterior angles
b. If two lines are cut by a transversal so that the alternate
interior angles are congruent, then the lines are parallel. 2. Two lines cut by a transversal are parallel if and only if the
The converse is true. corresponding angles are congruent.
c. If two lines are cut by a transversal so that the alternate Two lines cut by a transversal are parallel if and only if the
exterior angles are congruent, then the lines are parallel. alternate interior angles are congruent.
The converse is true. Two lines cut by a transversal are parallel if and only if the
d. If two lines are cut by a transversal so that the consecutive alternate exterior angles are congruent.
interior angles are supplementary, then the lines are Two lines cut by a transversal are parallel if and only if the
parallel. The converse is true. consecutive interior angles are supplementary.
2. The converse is true for all four of the theorems involving
parallel lines and transversals. Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics
3. Lines m and n are parallel when the marked corresponding
3. If you assume the converse of the Corresponding Angles angles are congruent.
Theorem (Thm. 3.1), then you can use it to prove the 120° = 3x°
converse of the other three theorems.
120 3x
—=—
3 3
3.3 Monitoring Progress (pp. 138–141)
x = 40
1. yes; The angle that is corresponding with the 75° angle also
forms a linear pair with the 105° angle. So, it must be 4. Lines m and n are parallel when the marked corresponding
180° − 105° = 75° by the Linear Pair Postulate (Post. 2.8). angles are congruent.
Because the corresponding angles have the same measure, 135° = (2x + 15)°
they are congruent by definition. So, m n by the
Corresponding Angles Converse (Thm. 3.5). 120 = 2x
120 2x
—=—
2. The hypothesis and conclusion of the Corresponding Angles 2 2
Converse (Thm. 3.5) are the reverse of the Corresponding x = 60
Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.1).
5. Lines m and n are parallel when the marked consecutive
3. Given ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 8 interior angles are supplementary.
Prove j k 180° = 150° + (3x − 15)°
180 = 135 + 3x
4. It is given that ∠ 4 ≅ ∠ 5. By the Vertical Angles
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 2.6), ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 4. Then by the 45 = 3x
Transitive Property of Congruence (Thm. 2.2), ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 5.
45 3x
So, by the Corresponding Angles Converse (Thm. 3.5), g h. —=—
3 3
5. Using the Transitive Property of Parallel Lines (Thm. 3.9) x = 15
over and over again, you can show that the ground is parallel
to the step above it and the one above that, and so on, until 6. Lines m and n are parallel when the marked alternate exterior
you have stated that the line formed by the ground is parallel angles are congruent.
to the line formed by the top step. x° = (180 − x)°
2x = 180
6. m∠ 8 = 65°; By the Transitive Property of Parallel Lines
2x 180
(Thm. 3.9), p r. By the Corresponding Angles Theorem —=—
2 2
(Thm. 3.1), the angle at the intersection of line r and line s
that is corresponding with the 115° angle would also have x = 90
a measure of 115°. This angle also forms a linear pair
with ∠ 8. So, by the Linear Pair Postulate (Post. 2.8),
m∠ 8 = 180° − 115° = 65°.

Chapter 3
7. Lines m and n are parallel when the marked consecutive 12. Given ∠ 3 and ∠ 5 are supplementary.
interior angles are supplementary. Prove j k
3 2
x° + 2x° = 180° 5
j
3x = 180 k
3x 180
—=— STATEMENTS REASONS
3 3
x = 60 1. ∠ 3 and ∠ 5 are 1. Given
supplementary.
8. Lines m and n are parallel when the marked alternate interior
angles are congruent. 2. ∠ 2 and ∠ 3 are 2. Linear Pair Postulate
supplementary. (Post. 2.8)
3x° = (2x + 20)°
x = 20 3. m∠ 3 + m∠ 5 = 180°, 3. Definition of
m∠ 2 + m∠ 3 = 180° supplementary angles
9. Let A and B be two points on line m. Draw ⃖⃗
AP and
4. m∠ 3 + m∠ 5 = 4. Transitive Property of
construct an angle ∠ 1 on n at P so that ∠ PAB and ∠ 1 are
m∠ 2 + m∠ 3 Equality
corresponding angles.
5. m∠ 2 = m∠ 5 5. Subtraction Property of
Equality
P 1
n 6. ∠ 2 ≅ ∠ 5 6. Definition of congruent
angles
m
A B
7. j k 7. Corresponding Angles
Converse (Thm. 3.5)
10. Let A and B be two points on line m. Draw ⃖⃗

AP and 13. yes; Alternate Interior Angles Converse (Thm. 3.6)
construct an angle ∠ 1 on n at P so that ∠ PAB and ∠ 1 are
corresponding angles. 14. yes; Alternate Exterior Angles Converse (Thm. 3.7)
n 15. no
P m
16. yes; Corresponding Angles Converse (Thm. 3.5)
1 A
B 17. no
18. yes; Alternate Exterior Angles Converse (Thm. 3.7)

11. Given ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 8 1
19. This diagram shows that vertical angles are always
Prove j k 2 j
congruent. Lines a and b are not parallel unless x = y, and
8 k you cannot assume that they are equal.
STATEMENTS REASONS 20. It would be true that a b if you knew that ∠ 1 and ∠ 2
were supplementary, but you cannot assume that they are
1. ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 8 1. Given
supplementary unless it is stated or the diagram is marked as
2. ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 2 2. Vertical Angles Congruence such. You can say that ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are consecutive interior
Theorem (Thm. 2.6) angles.
3. ∠ 8 ≅ ∠ 2 3. Transitive Property of Congruence
21. yes; m∠ DEB = 180° − 123° = 57° by the Linear
(Thm. 2.2)
Pair Postulate (Post. 2.8). So, by definition, a pair of
4. j k 4. Corresponding Angles Converse corresponding angles are congruent, which means that
(Thm. 3.5) ⃖⃗
AC ⃖⃗
DF by the Corresponding Angles Converse (Thm. 3.5).
22. yes; m∠ BEF = 180° − 37° = 143° by the Linear

Pair Postulate (Post. 2.8). So, by definition, a pair of
corresponding angles are congruent, which means that
⃖⃗
AC ⃖⃗
DF by the Corresponding Angles Converse (Thm. 3.5).
23. no; The marked angles are vertical angles. You do not know
anything about the angles formed by the intersection of ⃖⃗
DF
and ⃖⃗
BE.

Chapter 3
24. yes; m∠ EBC = 115° by the Vertical Angles Congruence 31. Two angles must be given. Sample answer:
Theorem (Thm. 2.6). Because m∠ EBC + m∠ FEB = ∠ 2 ≅ ∠ 7 or ∠ 4 ≅ ∠ 5 by the Alternate Interior Angles
115° + 65° = 180°, ∠ EBC and ∠ FEB are supplementary Converse (Thm. 3.6)
by definition, which means that ⃖⃗ ⃖⃗ by the Consecutive
AC DF ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 8 or ∠ 3 ≅ ∠ 6 by the Alternate Exterior Angles
Interior Angles Converse (Thm. 3.8). Converse (Thm. 3.7)
25. Yes, all streets are parallel to each other. ∠ 2 ≅ ∠ 5 or ∠ 4 ≅ ∠ 7 by the Consecutive Interior Angle
E 20th Ave. is parallel to E 19th Ave. by the Corresponding Converse (Thm. 3.8)
Angles Converse (Thm. 3.5). E 19th Ave. is parallel to ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 5, ∠ 2 ≅ ∠ 6, ∠ 3 ≅ ∠ 7, ∠ 4 ≅ ∠ 8 by the
E. 18th Ave. by the Alternate Exterior Angles Converse Corresponding Angles Converse (Thm. 3.5)
(Thm. 3.7). E 18th Ave. is parallel to E 17th Ave. by the
Alternate Interior Angles Converse (Thm. 3.6). So, they 32. Sample answer:
are all parallel to each other by the Transitive Property of t
Parallel Lines (Thm. 3.9). 1
r
26. Because each rung of the ladder is parallel to the one directly 2
above, using the Transitive Property of Parallel Lines 3
s
(Thm. 3.9), the top rung is parallel to the bottom rung.
27. The two angles marked as 108° are corresponding angles.

Because they have the same measure, they are congruent to In this diagram, angles from only one intersection are
each other. So, m n by the Corresponding Angles Converse marked as being congruent. In order to prove that the two
(Thm. 3.5). lines are parallel, you need to know something about at
least one angle formed by each of the intersections that the
28. ⃗
EA ⃗
HC by the Corresponding Angles Converse transversal makes with the two other lines. For instance, if
(Thm. 3.5). ∠ AEH ≅ ∠ CHG by definition you knew something about the measure of ∠ 3, you would be
because m∠ AEH = 62° + 58° = 120° able to determine whether line r is parallel to line s.
and m∠ CHG = 59° + 61° = 120°. However, ⃗EB is not
parallel to ⃗
HD because corresponding angles ∠ BEH and 33. Given m∠ 1 = 115°, m∠ 2 = 65°
∠ DHG do not have the same measure and are therefore Prove m n 1 m
not congruent. 2
n
29. A, B, C, D; The Corresponding Angles Converse (Thm. 3.5)
can be used because the angle marked at the intersection STATEMENTS REASONS
of line m and the transversal is vertical angles with, and
therefore congruent to, an angle that is corresponding with 1. m∠ 1 = 115°, m∠ 2 = 65° 1. Given
the other marked angle. The Alternate Interior Angles 2. m∠ 1 + m∠ 2 = 2. Reflexive Property
Converse (Thm. 3.6) can be used because the angles that m∠ 1 + m∠ 2 of Equality
are marked as congruent are alternate interior angles. The
Alternate Exterior Angles Converse (Thm. 3.7) can be used 3. m∠ 1 + m∠ 2 = 115° + 65° 3. Substitution Property
because the angles that are vertical with, and therefore of Equality
congruent to, the marked angles are alternate exterior angles.
4. m∠ 1 + m∠ 2 = 180° 4. Simplify.
The Consecutive Interior Angles Converse (Thm. 3.8) can be
used because each of the marked angles forms a linear pair 5. ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 5. Definition of
with, and is therefore supplementary to, an angle that is a are supplementary. supplementary angles
consecutive interior angles with the other marked angle.
6. m n 6. Consecutive Interior
Angles Converse
30. m∠ 1 = 32°; The 32° angle that is marked is corresponding
(Thm. 3.8)
with ∠ 2. So m∠ 2 = 32° by the Corresponding Angles
Theorem (Thm. 3.1). Considering the line formed by the top
of the step and the line formed by the floor, ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are
alternate interior angles. So, if ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 2, then the top of
the step will be parallel to the floor by the Alternate Interior
angles Converse (Thm. 3.6).

Chapter 3
34. Given ∠ 1 and ∠ 3 are supplementary.

——
37. no; Based on the diagram, AB DC by the Alternate Interior
1
Prove m n 2 m
Angles Converse (Thm. 3.6), but you cannot be sure that
3 ⃖⃗
AD ⃖⃗
BC.
n
38. no; In order to conclude that r s, you would need to show
STATEMENTS REASONS that ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 3. In order to conclude that p q, you would
need to show that either ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 2 or ∠ 3 ≅ ∠ 4.
1. ∠ 1 and ∠ 3 are 1. Given
supplementary. 39. a. p q r b. Givenp q, q r
2. m∠ 1 and 2. Definition of supplementary Prove p r
m∠ 3 = 180° angles
3. ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 2 3. Vertical Angles Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 2.6)
4. m∠ 1 = m∠ 2 4. Definition of congruent
angles c. p q r
5. m∠ 2 + m∠ 3 5. Substitution Property of
1
= 180° Equality 2 3
6. ∠ 2 and ∠ 3 are 6. Definition of supplementary
supplementary. angles
7. m n 7. Consecutive Interior Angles
Converse (Thm. 3.8) STATEMENTS REASONS
35. Given ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 2, ∠ 3 ≅ ∠ 4 A 1. p q, q r 1. Given
— CD
Prove AB — 1
D
2 E 2. ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 2, 2. Corresponding Angles Theorem
3
B ∠2 ≅ ∠3 (Thm. 3.1)
4
C
3. ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 3 3. Transitive Property of
STATEMENTS REASONS Congruence
1. ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 2, ∠ 3 ≅ ∠ 4 1. Given 4. p r 4. Corresponding Angles Converse
(Thm. 3.5)
Theorem (Thm. 2.6) 40. a. Use the Corresponding Angles Converse (Thm. 3.5).
3. ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 3 3. Transitive Property of (2x + 2)° = (x + 56) °

Congruence x + 2 = 56
4. ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 4 4. Transitive Property of x = 54
Congruence If x = 54, p q.
— CD
5. AB — 5. Alternate Interior Angles b. Use the Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem (Thm. 2.6)
Converse (Thm. 3.6) and the Consecutive Interior Angles Converse (Thm. 3.8).
36. Given a b, ∠ 2 ≅ ∠ 3 c d (y + 7)° + (3y − 17) ° = 180°
Prove c d 2
a 4y − 10 = 180
1 4
3
b 4y = 190
4 190
—4 y = —
4
STATEMENTS REASONS y = 47.5

If y = 47.5, r s.
1. a b, ∠ 2 ≅ ∠ 3 1. Given
c. no; If x = 54, then (x + 56)° = 110°. If y = 47.5, then
2. ∠ 3 ≅ ∠ 1 2. Alternate Interior Angles (y + 7)° = 54.5°. Because these two angles form a linear
Theorem (Thm. 3.2) pair, their sum should be 180°, but 110° + 54.5° = 164.5°.
So, both pairs of lines cannot be parallel at the same time.
3. ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 2 3. Transitive Property of
Congruence
4. c d 4. Corresponding Angles
Converse (Thm. 3.5)

Chapter 3
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency 9. By the Linear Pair Postulate (Post. 2.3):
——
41. d = √ (−2 − 1)2 + (9 − 3)2 m∠ 1 + 138° = 180°
——
= √(−3)2 + (6)2 m∠ 1 = 42°
— —
= √9 + 36 = √45 ≈ 6.71 By the Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.3):
——— m∠ 1 = m∠ 2 = 42°
42. d = √ (8 − (−3))2 + (−6 − 7)2
—— 10. m∠ 1 = 123° by the Corresponding Angles Theorem
= √ (8 + 3)2 + (−13)2 (Thm. 3.1).
——
= √(11)2 + (−13)2 m∠ 2 = 123° by the Vertical Angle Congruence Theorem
— —
= √ 121 + 169 = √ 290 ≈ 17.03 (Thm. 2.6).
——
43. d = √ (0 − 5)2 + (8 − (−4))2 11. By the Linear Pair Postulate (Post. 2.8):
——
= √(−5)2 + (8 + 4)2 m∠ 1 + 57° = 180°
——
= √(−5)2 + (12)2 m∠ 1 = 123°
— —
= √25 + 144 = √ 169 = 13 m∠ 2 = 57° by the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem
—— (Thm. 3.2).
44. d = √ (9 − 13)2 + (−4 − 1)2
——
= √(−4)2 + (−5)2 12. yes; Consecutive Interior Angles Converse (Thm. 3.8)
— — (69° + 111° = 180°)
= √16 + 25 = √41 ≈ 6.40
13. no
3.1–3.3 What Did You Learn? (p. 145)
1. G 14. yes; Transitive Property of Parallel Lines (Thm. 3.9)
J
15. a. All of the bars are parallel to each other by the Transitive
H
Property of Parallel Lines (Thm. 3.9).
C b. ∠ 1 corresponds to ∠ 2 by the Corresponding Angles
A B Theorem (Thm. 3.1). So, m∠ 1 = m∠ 2 = 58°.
2. For part (a), I started by writing the equation 16. a. Sample answer: q p and m k
(2x + 2)° = (x + 56)°, because the angles represented by
b. Sample answer: n ⊥ m and n ⊥ k
these two expressions are corresponding angles with respect
to lines p and q. So, in order for lines p and q to be parallel c. Sample answer: Lines k and q are skew, and linesℓand m
by the Corresponding Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.1), the are skew.
expressions must be equal to each other. For part (b), I started d. Because m k, ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 2 by the Alternate Exterior Angles
by writing the equation, (y + 7)° + (3y − 17) ° = 180°. In Theorem (Thm. 3.3).
order for lines r and s to be parallel, the angles represented
by these two expressions must be supplementary because 3.4 Explorations (p. 147)
each one forms a linear pair with one of the consecutive
— ——
1. a. AB ⊥ CD ; AB is parallel to the horizontal edge of the
interior angles formed by lines r and s and transversal q. paper because points A, O, and B are all the same distance
— is parallel to the vertical
from the edge. Similarly, CD
3.1–3.3 Quiz (p. 146) edge of the paper because points C, O, and D are the same
⃖⃗ is parallel to ⃖⃗
1. GH EF. 2. ⃖⃗
FG is perpendicular to ⃖⃗
EF.
distance from the edge. The horizontal and vertical edges
form right angles in the corners. So, lines parallel to them
⃖⃗ is skew to ⃖⃗
3. GC EF. will also be perpendicular.
— — —
b. AO ≅ OB ; Point O must be the midpoint of AB because
4. Plane GCB is parallel to plane ADF. Any three of the four — —
the paper was folded in half. So, AO and OB are congruent
points G, C, B, and F can be used to form the parallel plane. by definition of midpoints.
5. ∠ 3 and ∠ 5, and ∠ 4 and ∠ 6 are consecutive interior angles. 2. a. Check students’ work.
6. ∠ 3 and ∠ 6, and ∠ 4 and ∠ 5 are alternate interior angles. b. They are all right angles.
7. ∠ 1 and ∠ 5, ∠ 2 and ∠ 6, ∠ 3 and ∠ 7, and ∠ 4 and ∠ 8 are

corresponding angles.
8. ∠ 1 and ∠ 8, and ∠ 2 and ∠ 7 are alternate exterior angles.

Chapter 3
3. a. Check students’ work. 3.4 Exercises (pp. 152–154)
b. Check students’ work. Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
— —
c. Check students’ work; CD is perpendicular to AB , and
—
point O is the midpoint of AB . Point C is the same
1. The perpendicular bisector of a segment is the line that
passes through the midpoint of the segment at a right angle.
distance from A as it is from B, and D is the same distance
from A as it is from B. So, the segment connecting C and 2. “Find XZ” is different, which asks for the distance
D contains all the points that are equidistant from points A between two points. The other three ask for the length of a
and B. — is not a
perpendicular segment from the point X to lineℓ. XZ
perpendicular segment.
4. Sample answer: If you have a segment, and you fold it in ——
half so that both halves match, the fold will be perpendicular XZ = √(−3 − 4)2 + (3 − 4)2
——
to the segment. When lines are perpendicular, all four angles = √ (− 7)2 + (−1)2
—
are right angles. If two lines intersect to form a linear pair of = √ 50 ≈ 7.1 units
congruent angles, then the lines are perpendicular. In a plane, ——
if a transversal is perpendicular to one of the two parallel XY = √(−3 − 3)2 + (3 − 1)2
——
lines, then it is perpendicular to the other line. Finally, in a = √ (− 6)2 + (2)2
plane, if two lines are perpendicular to the same line, then —
= √ 40 ≈ 6.3 units
they are parallel to each other.
5. If AB = 4 units, AO = 2 units and OB = 2 units. Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics
——
3. AY = √ (3 − 0)2 + (0 − 1)2
——
3.4 Monitoring Progress (pp. 148–151) = √ (3)2 + (−1)2
———
1. EG = √ (1 − (−4))2 + (2 − (−3))2
— —
——
= √ 9 + 1 = √10 ≈ 3.16
= √(1 + 4)2 + (2 + 3)2 The distance from point A to ⃖⃗
XZ is about 3.16 units.
—
= √(5)2 + (5)2 ——
— — 4. AZ = √ (3 − 4)2 + [3 − (−1)]2
= √(25 + 25) = √ 50 ≈ 7.1 ——
= √ (−1)2 + (3 + 1)2
The distance from E to ⃖⃗
EF is about 7.1 units. — — —
= √ 12 + 42 = √1 + 16 = √17 ≈ 4.12
2. Given h k, j ⊥ h j The distance from point A to ⃖⃗
XZ is about 4.12 units.
Prove j ⊥ k 1 2 h
3 4 5. Using P as the center, draw two arcs intersecting with
5 6 k line m. Label the intersections as points X and Y. Using
7 8 X and Y as centers and an appropriate radius, draw arcs that
intersect. Label the intersection as Z. Draw ⃖⃗
PZ .
STATEMENTS REASONS
P
1. h k, j ⊥ h 1. Given
m
2. m∠ 2 = 90° 2. Definition of perpendicular
lines X Y
Z
3. ∠ 2 ≅ ∠ 7 3. Alternate Exterior Angles
Theorem (Thm. 3.3)
4. m∠ 2 = m∠ 7 4. Definition of congruent 6. Using P as the center, draw two arcs intersecting with
angles line m. Label the intersections as points X and Y. Using
5. m∠ 7 = 90° 5. Transitive Property of X and Y as centers and an appropriate radius, draw arcs that
Equality intersect. Label the intersection as Z. Draw ⃖⃗
PZ .
6. j ⊥ k 6. Definition of perpendicular
lines P
3. yes; Because a ⊥ d and b ⊥ d, you can conclude that b a m

by the Lines Perpendicular to a Transversal Theorem Y
X
(Thm. 3.12). Z
4. yes; Because b ⊥ d and c d, you can conclude that b ⊥ c

by the Perpendicular Transversal Theorem (Thm. 3.11).

Chapter 3
7. Using P as the center and any radius, draw arcs intersecting 12. The distance form point C to ⃖⃗
AB is not 12 centimeters,
m and label those intersections as X and Y. Using — must be
it is 8 centimeters. The segment from C to AB
X as the center, open the compass so that it is greater —
perpendicular to AB in order to equal the distance from C
than half of XP and draw an arc. Using Y as the center —.
to AB
and retaining the same compass setting, draw an arc that
intersects with the first. Label the point of intersection as Z. 13. Given ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 2 g
Draw ⃖⃗
PZ . Prove g ⊥ h
1 2 h
Z
X
P STATEMENTS REASONS
Y
1. ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 2 1. Given
m 2. m∠ 1 = m∠ 2 2. Definition of congruence
8. Using P as the center and any radius, draw arcs intersecting 3. m∠ 1 + m∠ 2 = 180° 3. Linear Pair Postulate
m and label those intersections as X and Y. Using (Post. 2.8)
X as the center, open the compass so that it is greater 4. m∠ 2 + m∠ 2 = 180° 4. Substitution Property of
than half of XP and draw an arc. Using Y as the center Equality
and retaining the same compass setting, draw an arc that
intersects with the first. Label the point of intersection as Z. 5. 2(m∠ 2) = 180° 5. Distributive Property
Draw ⃖⃗
PZ . 6. m∠ 2 = 90° 6. Division Property of
Equality
7. m∠ 1 = 90° 7. Transitive Property of
Equality
m 8. g ⊥ h 8. Definition of perpendicular
X P Y lines
Z
14. Given m ⊥ p and n ⊥ p m n
Prove m n
9. Using a compass setting greater than half of AB, draw two 1 2
arcs using A and B as the centers. Connect the points of
p
intersections of the arcs with a straight line.
A
STATEMENTS REASONS
1. m ⊥ p 1. Given
B 2. ∠ 1 is a right angle. 2. Definition of perpendicular
lines
10. Using a compass setting greater than half of AB, draw two 3. n ⊥ p 3. Given
arcs using A and B as the centers. Connect the points of
intersections of the arcs with a straight line. 4. ∠ 2 is a right angle. 4. Definition of perpendicular
lines
B 5. ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 2 5. Right Angles Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 2.3)
6. m n 6. Corresponding Angles
Converse (Thm. 3.5)
A
11. In order to claim parallel lines by the Lines Perpendicular

to a Transversal Theorem (Thm. 3.12), both lines must be
marked as perpendicular to the transversal. The correct
statement is: Lines x and z are perpendicular.

Chapter 3
15. Given a ⊥ b b 17. none; The only thing that can be concluded in this diagram is
that v ⊥ y. In order to say that lines are parallel, you need to
Prove ∠ 1, ∠ 2, ∠ 3, and ∠ 4
1 2 a know something about both of the intersections between the
are right angles.
3 4 transversal and the two lines.
18. b c; Because a ⊥ b and a ⊥ c, lines b and c are parallel by the

Lines Perpendicular to a Transversal Theorem (Thm. 3.12).
STATEMENTS REASONS
1. a ⊥ b 1. Given 19. m n; Because m ⊥ q and n ⊥ q, lines m and n are parallel by
the Lines Perpendicular to a Transversal Theorem
2. ∠ 1 is a right angle. 2. Definition of perpendicular
(Thm. 3.12). The other lines may or may not be parallel.
lines
3. m∠ 1 = 90° 3. Definition of right angle 20. none; The only things that can be concluded in this diagram
are that a ⊥ d and b ⊥ c. In order to say that lines are parallel,
4. ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 4 4. Vertical Angle Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 2.6) you need to know something about both of the intersections
between the transversal and the two lines.
5. m∠ 4 = 90° 5. Transitive Property of
Equality 21. n p; Because k ⊥ n and k ⊥ p, lines n and p are parallel by the
6. ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are a 6. Definition of linear pair Lines Perpendicular to a Transversal Theorem (Thm. 3.12).
linear pair.
22. y z and w x; Because w ⊥ y and w ⊥ z, lines y and z are
7. ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are 7. Linear Pair Postulate parallel by the Lines Perpendicular to a Transversal Theorem
supplementary. (Post. 2.8) (Thm 3.12). Because w ⊥ z and x ⊥ z, lines w and x are
8. m∠ 1 + m∠ 2 8. Definition of parallel by the Lines Perpendicular to a Transversal Theorem
= 180° supplementary angles (Thm. 3.12).
9. 90° + m∠ 2 = 180° 9. Substitution Property of 23. m∠ 1 = 90°, m∠ 2 = 60°, m∠ 3 = 30°, m∠ 4 = 20°,
Equality m∠ 5 = 90°; m∠ 1 = 90°, because it is marked as a right
10. m∠ 2 = 90° 10. Subtraction Property of angle.
Equality m∠ 2 = 90° − 30° = 60°, because it is complementary to the
11. ∠ 2 ≅ ∠ 3 11. Vertical Angle Congruence 30° angle.
Theorem (Thm. 2.6) m∠ 3 = 30°, because it is vertical angles with, and therefore
12. m∠ 3 = 90° 12. Transitive Property of congruent to, the 30° angle.
Equality m∠ 4 = 90° − (30° + 40°) = 20°, because it is forms a right
13. ∠ 1, ∠ 2, ∠ 3, and 13. Definition of right angle angle together with ∠ 3 and the 40° angle.
∠ 4 are right angles. m∠ 5 = 90°, because it is vertical angles with, and therefore
congruent to, ∠ 1.
16. Given ⃗
BA ⊥ ⃗
BC
A 24. no; The shortest distance from a point on one line to the
Prove ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are other line will be different for different points on the line
complementary. unless the lines are parallel.
1
2
B 25. For a ⊥ b: For b c:
C
(9x + 18)° = 90° (9x + 18)° = [5(x + 7) + 15]°
STATEMENTS REASONS
9x + 18 − 18 = 90 − 18 9x + 18 = 5x + 35 + 15
1. ⃗
BA ⊥ ⃗
BC 1. Given
9x = 72 9x + 18 = 5x + 50
2. ∠ ABC is a right angle. 2. Definition of 9x + 18 − 18 = 5x + 50 − 18
x=8
perpendicular lines
9x = 5x + 32
3. m∠ ABC = 90° 3. Definition of right
angle 9x − 5x = 5x − 5x + 32
4. Angle Addition 4x = 32
4. m∠ ABC = m∠ 1 + m∠ 2
Postulate (Post. 1.4) So, x = 8 when x=8
5. 90° = m∠ 1 + m∠ 2 5. Transitive Property a ⊥ b and b c.
of Equality
6. ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are 6. Definition of
complementary. complementary angles

Chapter 3
—
26. point C; Because AC appears to be perpendicular to the
3
32. Using x = 0, the y-intercept of y = —2 x + 4 is 4. Find the
water’s edge, it would represent the shortest distance from equation of the line perpendicular to −3x + 2y = −1
point A to the line formed by the opposite edge of the stream. through the point (0, 4) on y = —32 x + 4.
— — — —
27. In A, C, D, and E, AC BD and AC ⊥ BD .
Rewrite the equation in the form of y = mx + b.
−3x + 2y = −1
28. There are eight right angles. Because two lines always 2y = 3x − 1
intersect in two points, and each intersection creates four
3 1
right angles, there will be eight right angles formed by two y = —x − —
2 2
perpendicular lines.
2
The slope is —32 , so, the slope of the perpendicular line is −—3 .
2
y = −—x + b
3
⋅
2
4 = −— 0 + b
3
4=b
2
The equation of the line is y = −—3 x + 4.
29.
Find the intersection of the lines y = —32 x − —12 and
2
y = −—3x + 4.
3 2 1
—x − — = −—x + 4
2 3 2
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
3 1 2
A B 6 —x − — 6 = −—x 6 + 4 6
2 2 3
9x − 3 = −4x + 24
13x = 27
30. The line segments that are
perpendicular to the crosswalk 27
x=—
require less paint, because they 13
represent the shortest distance 2
y = −—x + 4
from one side of the crosswalk 3
to the other.
⋅
2 27 4 13
y = −— — + —
3 13 13
⋅
−18 52
y=—+—
31. Because a ⊥ c, b ⊥ c, and d c, then by the Perpendicular 13 13
Transversal Theorem (Thm. 3.11), a ⊥ d and b ⊥ d. There are y=—
34
four right angles and opposite sides are equal. So, the shape 13
is a rectangle. 27 34
The point of intersection is — ,— .
13 13 ( )
——
√( 13 − 0 ) + ( 13 − 4 )
27 34 2 2
distance = — —
= √( ) + ( − ⋅ )
——
27 2
34 4 13 2
— — —
13 13 13
= √( ) + ( − )
——
27 34 52
2 2
— — —
13 13 13
= √(
——
−18
169 ) ( 13 )
729 2
+ — —
=√
—— —
√ 729
= (
169 ) ( 169 )
+ —
324 1053
—
169
≈ 2.5 units —

Chapter 3
33. Find the length of the segment that is perpendicular to the c. y = —12 x + b
plane and that has one endpoint on the given point and one
endpoint on the plane; You can find the distance from a line ⋅
−2 = —12 (2) + b
to a plane only if the line is parallel to the plane. Then you −2 = 1 + b
can pick any point on the line and find the distance from that −3 = b
point to the plane. If a line is not parallel to a plane, then the
The line y = —12 x − 3 is parallel to the line y = —12x + 2.
distance from the line to the plane is not defined because it
The slopes are equal.
would be different for each point on the line.
6
1
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency y = 2x + 2
6 + 4 10
34. — = — = 2 −9 9
8−3 5 1
y = 2x − 3
3−5 2
35. — = −— −6
4−1 3
8 + 3 11 d. m = −2, so the perpendicular line will have a slope of
36. — = — m = —12 .
7+2 9
13 − 4 9 y = −2x + b
37. — = — = 3
2+1 3
⋅
−3 = −2 (2) + b
38. slope = 3; y-intercept = 9 −3 = −4 + b
1 1=b
39. slope = −—2 ; y-intercept = 7
The line y = −2x + 1 is perpendicular to the line
1
40. slope = —6 ; y-intercept = −8 y = —12 x + 2. The slopes are opposite reciprocals and have a
product of −1.
41. slope = −8; y-intercept = −6 6
1
y = 2x + 2
3.5 Explorations (p. 155)
−9 9
3
1. a. y = —2 x + b y = −2x + 1
⋅
2 = —32 0 + b
−6
2=b
The line y = —32x + 2 is parallel to the line y = —32 x − 1. e. y = −2x + b
The slopes are equal.
⋅
−2 = −2 (0) + b
4 −2 = b
3
y = 2x + 2 The line y = −2x − 2 is parallel to the line y = −2x + 2.
−6 6 The slopes are equal.
3 4
y = 2x − 1
y = −2x + 2
−4
3 −6
b. m = —2 , so the perpendicular line will have a slope of
6
2
m = −—3 . y = −2x − 2
2
y = −—3x + b −4
⋅
1 = —32 0 + b
1=b
2
The line y = −—3x + 1 is perpendicular to the line
y = —32x − 1. The slopes are opposite reciprocals and
have a product of −1.
2
y = −3x + 1
4
−6 6
3
y = 2x − 1
−4

Chapter 3
f. m = −2, so the perpendicular line will have a slope of 3. For a line parallel to a given line, the slopes will be the
m = —12. same. For a line perpendicular to the given line, the slopes
will be opposite reciprocals. Find the y-intercept of a line
y = —12 x +b
by substituting the slope and the given point into the
0 = —12⋅ (4) + b slope-intercept form of a line, y = mx + b, and solving
for b. Once you know the slope and y-intercept of a line,
0=2+b
you can get the equation of the line by substituting them
−2 = b
into y = mx + b.
The line y = —12x − 2 is perpendicular to the line
y = 2x + 2. The slopes are opposite reciprocals and have 4. The slope is 3.
a product of −1. y = 3x + b
4
⋅
−2 = 3 (1) + b
y = −2x + 2 −2 = 3 + b
−6 6
−5 = b
1
y = 2x − 2 The line y = 3x − 5 is parallel to the line y = 3x + 2
−4 through the point (1, −2).
1
(
2. a. For the blue line, use the points (0, 3) and −—2 , 0 to write
3
) The slope is 3. The slope of the perpendicular line is −—3 .
1
the equation. y= −—3x + b
0−3 −3
⋅( ) ⋅
2 1
slope = — = — = −3 −— = 2 −2 = −—3 (1) + b
3
−—2 − 0 −—2
3 3
1
−2 = −—3 + b
The y-intercept is 3.
−6 = −1 + 3b
y = mx + b
−5 = −3b
y = 2x + 3 5
—3 = b
For the red line, use the points (1, 0) and (0, −2) to write
1
the equation. The line y = −—3x − —53 is perpendicular to the line y = 3x + 2
−2 − 0 −2 through the point (1, −2).
slope = — = — = 2
0−1 −1
The y-intercept is −2. 3.5 Monitoring Progress (pp. 156–159)
y = mx + b 4 1. In order to divide the segment in the ratio 4 to 1, partition the
y = 2x − 2 y = 2x + 3 segment into 4 + 1, or 5 congruent parts. P is —45 of the way
from point A to point B.
−6 6
—=—
slope of AB
4−3 1
=—
y = 2x − 2
8−1 7
−4
To find the coordinates of P, add —45 (or 0.8) of the run to the
b. For the blue line, use the points (0, −3) and ( 3
−—2, 0 to) x-coordinate and add —45 (or 0.8) of the rise to the y-coordinate.
write the equation.
0 − (−3) ⋅
run = 7 0.8 = 5.6 x = 1 + 5.6 = 6.6
slope = — = — = 3
3
3
3 ⋅(
2
)
−— = −2
3
⋅
rise = 1 0.8 = 0.8 y = 3 + 0.8 = 3.8
−—2 − 0 −—2 So, the point is P(6.6, 3.8).
The y-intercept is −3.
2. In order to divide the segment in the ratio 3 to 7, partition the
y = mx + b 3
segment into 3 + 7, or 10 congruent parts. P is — 10
of the way
y = −2x − 3 from point A to point B.
For the red line, use the points (−4, 0) and (0, 2) to write
the equation.
—=—
slope of AB
5−1 4
=—
4+2 6
2−0 2 1
slope = — = — = — To find the coordinates of P, add — 3
(or 0.3) of the run
0 − (−4) 4 2 3 10
The y-intercept is 2. to the x-coordinate and add —
10
(or 0.3) of the rise to the
4
y-coordinate.
y = mx + b
y = −2x − 3
⋅
run = 6 0.3 = 1.8 x = −2 + 1.8 = −0.2
1
y = —x + 2
2
−8 4
⋅
rise = 4 0.3 = 1.2 y = 1 + 1.2 = 2.2
1
y = 2x + 2
So, the point is P(−0.2, 2.2).
−4

Chapter 3
4
3. The slope of line a is — = 2. 7. The slope of y = −2x is −2, so the line perpendicular to
2
4 y = −2x will have a slope of —12 .
The slope of line b is — = 2. 1
2 y = —x + b
3 2
The slope of line c is — = 3.
1
−1 − 0
The slope of line d is — = −—.
1
1
2 ⋅
6 = — (−1) + b
0+3 3 1
6 = −— + b
Lines a and b have equal slopes. Therefore, a b. 2
12 = −1 + 2b
The product of the slopes of the lines c and d is −1.
So, c ⊥ d. 13 = 2b
4. a. slope of the parallel line = 3 13
—=b
2
y = 3x + b
The line perpendicular to y = 2x is y = —12 x + —
13
.
5 = 3(1) + b 2
Find the point of intersection.
5=3+b
y = 2x Equation 1
2=b
1 13
Because m = 3 and b = 2, an equation of the line is y = —x + — Equation 2
2 2
y = 3x + 2.
1 13
b. slope of perpendicular line: 3 ⋅ m = −11
−2x = —x + —
2 2
m = −—3 −4x = x + 13
1
y= −—3 x + b −5x = 13
5=
1
−—3(1) + b −5 13
—x = —
5=
1
−—3 + b 5 5
13
16
— =b x = −—
3 5
1 16
Because m = −—3 and b = —
1 16
y = −—3 x + —3
.
3
, an equation of the line is
( )13
y = −2 −— = —
5
26
5
5. The graph of x = 4 is a vertical line and the graph of y = 2

(13 26
So, the perpendicular lines intersect at −— ,— .
5 5 )
is a horizontal line. So, they are perpendicular by Theorem
3.14.
Find the distance from (−1, 6) to −—(
13 26
,— .
5 5 )
———
√( − 5 − (−1) ) + ( 265 − 6 )
13 2 2
6. The slope of y = x + 4 is 1, so the line perpendicular to distance = — —
y = x + 4 will have a slope of −1.
= √(
———
−13 + 5
y = −x + b —
5 ) + ( 26 −5 30 )
2
—
2
= √(
4 = −6 + b ——
−8 −4
5 )
+(
5 )
2 2
10 = b — —
— —
The line perpendicular to y = x + 4 is y = −x + 10.
√ √
64 16 80
= — + — = — ≈ 1.79 units
Find the point of intersection. 25 25 25
x + 4 = −x + 10 Equation 1 3.5 Exercises (pp. 160–162)
2x + 4 = 10 Equation 2
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
x + 4 = −x + 10
1. A directed line segment AB is a segment that represents
2x + 4 = 10 moving from point A to B.
2x = 6
2 6 2. Two lines are perpendicular if the product of their slopes
—2 x = —2
equals −1.
x=3
y=3+4=7
So, the perpendicular lines intersect at (3, 7).
Find the distance from (6, 4) to (3, 7).
—— ——
distance = √(3 − 6)2 + (7 − 4)2 = √ (−3)2 + (3)2
— —
= √ 9 + 9 = √18 ≈ 4.24 units

Chapter 3
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics 6−4 2 1
7. The slope of line a is — = — = —.
5+1 6 3
3. In order to divide the segment in the ratio 1 to 4, partition the
2−1 1
segment into 1 + 4, or 5 congruent parts. P is —15 of the way The slope of line b is — = —.
3+1 4
0+2 2 1
The slope of line c is — = — = —.
—=—
slope of AB
−2 − 0 −2 2
=—=— 3+3 6 3
3−8 −5 5 6+2 8
The slope of line d is — = — = −4.
To find the coordinates of P, add —15 (or 0.2) of the run to the 1 − 3 −2
x-coordinate and add —15 (or 0.2) of the rise to the y-coordinate. Lines a and c have equal slopes. Therefore, a c.
⋅
run = −5 0.2 = −1 x=8−1=7
The product of the slopes of the lines b and d is −1.
⋅
rise = −2 0.2 = −0.4 y = 0 − 0.4 = −0.4
Therefore, b ⊥ d.
So, the point is P(7, −0.4).
2−3 −1 1
8. The slope of line a is — = — = −—.
4. In order to divide the segment in the ratio 3 to 2, partition the 2 − (−2) 4 4
segment into 3 + 2, or 5 congruent parts. P is —35 of the way −2 − 0 −2 1
The slope of line b is — = — = −—.
from point A to point B. 3+3 6 3
4+2 6
—=—
slope of AB
1 − (−4) 1 + 4 5
=—=—
The slope of line c is — = — = 3.
2−0 2
6 − (−2) 6 + 2 8 6−0 6
The slope of line d is — = — = 3.
To find the coordinates of P, add —35 (or 0.6) of the run to the 0 − (−2) 2
x-coordinate and add —35 (or 0.6) of the rise to the y-coordinate.
Lines c and d have equal slopes. Therefore, c d.
⋅
run = 8 0.6 = 4.8 x = −2 + 4.8 = 2.8
⋅
rise = 5 0.6 = 3 y = −4 + 3 = −1 The product of the slopes of the lines b and c is −1 and the
product of the slopes of the lines b and d is −1. Therefore,
So, the point is P(2.8, −1).
b ⊥ c and b ⊥ d.
5. In order to divide the segment in the ratio 5 to 1, partition the 4−0 6 2
segment into 5 + 1, or 6 congruent parts. P is —56 of the way 9. Line 1 has a slope of — = — = —.
7−1 4 3
from point A to point B. 6−0 6 3
Line 2 has a slope of — = — = −—.
—=—
slope of AB
−3 − 6 −9
=—=3
3 − 7 −4 2
−2 − 1 −3
⋅( )
2 3
The product of the slopes is — −— = −1.
To find the coordinates of P, add —56 of the run to the 3 2
x-coordinate and add —56 of the rise to the y-coordinate. Therefore, the two lines are perpendicular by the Slopes of
Perpendicular Lines Theorem (Thm. 3.14).
⋅
5
run = − 3 — = −2.5
6
x = 1 − 2.5 = −1.5
−2 − 1 −3 3
10. Line 1 has a slope of — = — = —.
⋅
5
rise = −9 — = −7.5
6
y = 6 − 7.5 = −1.5 −7 − (−3) −4
4 − (−1) 5
4
Line 2 has a slope of — = —.
So, the point is P(−1.5, −1.5). 8−2 6
6. In order to divide the segment in the ratio 2 to 6, partition the The slopes are not equal nor do their products equal −1. So,
segment into 2 + 6, or 8 congruent parts. P is —28 = —14 of the the lines are neither perpendicular nor parallel.
way from point A to point B. 7−3 4
11. Line 1 has a slope of — = — = 1.
—=—
slope of AB
−4 − 2 −6 3
= — = −—
−5 − (− 9) 4
5 − (−3) 8 4 2−6 −4
Line 2 has a slope of —— = — = −1.
To find the coordinates of P, add —14 (or 0.25) of the run −7 − (−11) 4
to the x-coordinate and add —14 (or 0.25) of the rise to the
y-coordinate.
⋅
The product of the slopes is 1 (−1) = −1.
⋅
run = 8 0.25 = 2 x = −3 + 2 = −1
Therefore, the two lines are perpendicular by the Slopes of
⋅
rise = −6 0.25 = −1.5 y = 2 − 1.5 = 0.5
Perpendicular Lines Theorem (Thm. 3.14).
So, the point is P(−1, 0.5). 9−5 4 2

12. Line 1 has a slope of — = — = −—.
−8 − 10 −18 9
−6 − (−4) −2 2
Line 2 has a slope of — = — = −—.
11 − 2 9 9
The slopes are equal. Therefore, the two lines are parallel by
the Slopes of Parallel Lines Theorem (Thm. 3.13).

Chapter 3
13. slope of the parallel line = −2 16. −x + 2y = 12

y = −2x + b 2y = x + 12
−1 = −2 0 + b ⋅ y = —12x + 6
−1 = 0 + b slope of the parallel line = —12
−1 = b y = —12x + b
Because m = −2 and
b = −1, an equation of the 3
y
⋅
0 = —12 4 + b
line is y = −2x − 1.
2 y = −2x + 3 0=2+b
1
−2 = b
−2−1 1 3 x
Because m = —12 and b = −2, y
y = −2x − 1 −2 an equation of the line 7
is y = —12x − 2. 5
1 1
y = 2x + 6
14. slope of the parallel line = — 4
5
3
1
y = —x + b 2
5 1
1
8=— 3+b
5 ⋅ −4 −3 −2−1 1 2 4 x
40 = 3 + 5b 1
−3 y = 2x − 2
37 = 5b
37 5b 17. The slope of the line is −9.
—=—
5 5 The slope of the perpendicular line is
37
—
5
= b
⋅
− 9 m = −1
Because m = —15 and b = — 37
, 8
y m = —19 .
5
an equation of the line is 1 37 y = —19 x + b
6 y = 5x +
⋅
1 37 5
y= —5 x + —5
. 5 0 = —19 0 + b
4
1 4 b=0
3 y= 5x + 5
2 Because m = —19 and b = 0, an equation of the line is
y = —19 x.
−2−1 1 2 3 4 5 x
y
8
−2
7
6
15. The slope is undefined, because x = −5 is a vertical line. So, y = −9x − 1

the line parallel to x = −5 must be vertical and go through
1
(−2, 6). Therefore, the equation is x = −2. y = 9x
x = −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 x
y
6 −2
5
4
18. The slope of y = −3 is 0, so the line perpendicular to
3
2
y = −3 has an undefined slope. Therefore, the equation is
1 x = 4.
−6 −4 −3 −1 x y
4
x = −5 −2 3
2 x=4
1
−4 −3 −2−1 1 2 3 5 x
−2
−4
y = −3
−5
−6

Chapter 3
19. y − 4 = −2(x + 3) 21. The slope of y = 3x is 3, so the line perpendicular to y = 3x

1
y − 4 = −2x − 6 will have a slope of −—3 .
1
y = −2x − 6 + 4 y = −—3 x + b
y = −2x − 2
1
⋅
7 = −—3 (−1) + b
The slope of the line is −2. 7 = —13 + b
The slope of the perpendicular line is 21 = 1 + 3b
⋅
−2 m = −1
1
20 = 3b
20
— =b
m= —2 . 3
20 1
The line perpendicular to y = 3x is y = −—3 x + — .
y = —12x + b 3
⋅
3 = —12 2 + b
y = 3x Equation 1
3=1+b 1 20
y= −—3x + — Equation 2
2=b 3
1 20
Because m = —12 and b = 2, an equation of the line is 3x = −—3 x + —3
y = —12x + 2. 9x = −x + 20
y
10x = 20
5 10 20
—
10
x=—
10
4
3 x=2
1
1
y = 2x + 2 y=3 2=6 ⋅
−4 −3 −2−1 1 2 3 4 5 x
So, the perpendicular lines intersect at (2, 6).
−2 y = −2x − 2
Find the distance from (−1, 7) to (2, 6).
—— —
−3 distance = √ (2 − (−1))2 + (6 − 7)2 = √32 + (−1)2
−4 — —
−5 = √9 + 1 = √ 10 ≈ 3.16 units
22. The slope of y = x − 6 is 1, so the line perpendicular to

20. 3x − 5y = 6
y = x − 6 will have a slope of −1.
−5y = −3x + 6
y = −1x + b
−5 −3 6
—y = —x + —
−5 −5 −5 −3 = −1 (−9) + b ⋅
3
y = —x − —
6 −3 = 9 + b
5 5
−12 = b
The slope of the line is —35 .
The line perpendicular to y = x − 6 is y = −x − 12.
The slope of the perpendicular line is
3
5 ⋅
— m = −1
5
y=x−6 Equation 1
m = −—. y = −x − 12 Equation 2
3
5
y = −—x + b x − 6 = −x − 12
3
3y = −5x + 3b 2x = −6
2 −6
⋅
3(0) = −5 (−8) + 3b —x = —
2 2
0 = 40 + 3b x = −3
40
−— = b y = −3 − 6 = −9
3
Because m = −—53 and b = −—
40 y So, the perpendicular lines intersect at (−3, −9).
3, 2
an equation of the line is −4−2 2 4 6 8 x
Find the distance from (−9, −3) to (−3, −9).
5 40 ———
y = −—3x − — 3
. −4 distance = √ (−3 − (−9))2 + (−9 − (−3))2
— — —
−6
−8
= √62 + (−6)2 = √36 + 36 = √ 72 ≈ 8.49 units
3 6
y = 5x − 5
5 40
y = −3 x − 3
−14
−16

Chapter 3
23. 5x + 2y = 4 24. −x + 2y = 14
2y = −5x + 4
2y = x + 14
2y −5x 4
—=—+— 2y x 14
2 2 2 —=—+—
−5 2 2 2
y = —x − 2 1
2 y = —x + 7
2
5
The slope of 5x + 2y = 4 is −—2, so the line perpendicular to The slope of −x + 2y = 14 is —12 , so the line perpendicular to
5x + 2y = 4 will have a slope of —25. −x + 2y = 14 will have a slope of −2.
2
y = —x + b y = −2x + b
5
⋅ ⋅ ( −—4 ) + b
2 1
−21 = — 15 + b 5 = −2
5
−21 = 6 + b 1
5=—+b
−27 = b 2
The line perpendicular to 5x + 2y = 4 is y = —25 x − 27. 10 = 1 + 2b
Find the point of intersection. 9 = 2b

9
5
y = −—x + 2 Equation 1 b=—
2 2
2
y = —x − 27 Equation 2 The line perpendicular to −x + 2y = 14 is y = −2x + —92 .
5
5 2
−—x + 2 = —x − 27 1
2 5 y = —x + 7 Equation 1
5 2 2
−—x = —x − 29 9
2 5 y = −2x + — Equation 2
25 4 2
−—x − —x = −29 1 9
10 10 —x + 7 = −2x + —
29 2 2
−—x = −29
10 x + 14 = −4x + 9
⋅( ) ⋅( ) 5x = −5
10 29 10
−— −—x = −29 −—
29 10 29
x = 10 x = −1
5
⋅
y = −— 10 + 2
2
1
2 ⋅
y = — (−1) + 7
1 14
y = −— + —
y = −25 + 2 2 2
13
y = −23 y=—
2
So, the perpendicular lines intersect at (10, − 23). 13
So, the perpendicular lines intersect at −1, —2
. ( )
Find the distance from (15, −21) to (10, −23). Find the distance from ( 1
−—4 , ) ( 13
5 to −1, —2
. )
√( ( ) ) (
——— ———
distance = √(10 − 15)2 + (−23 − (−21))2
)
1 2 2
13
distance = −1 − −— + —−5
—— 4 2
= √(−5)2 + (−2)2
√( ) ( )
———
— — −4 1 2 13 10 2
= √25 + 4 = √ 29 ≈ 5.39 units = —+— + —−—
4 4 2 2
√( ) ( ) √
—— —
−3 2 3 2 9 9
= + — = —+—
—
4 2 16 4
√ √
— —
9 36 45
= — + — = — ≈ 1.68 units
16 16 16
25. Because the slopes are opposites but not reciprocals, their
product does not equal −1. Lines 1 and 2 are neither parallel
nor perpendicular.

Chapter 3
26. Parallel lines have the same slope, not the same y-intercept.
y = 2x + 1, (3, 4)
( −72+ 1 0 +2 8 ) ( −62 82 )
30. midpoint = —, — = —, — = (−3, 4)
8−0 8
slope = — = — = 1
4 = 2(3) + b 1 − (−7) 8
−2 = b The slope of the perpendicular line is −1.
The line y = 2x − 2 is parallel to the line y = 2x + 1. y = −1x + b
⋅
4 = −1 (−3) + b
( −42+ 4 3 −2 1 )
27. midpoint = —, — = (0, 1) 4=3+b
−1 − 3 −4 1 1=b
slope = — = — = −—
4 − (−4) 8 2 Because m = − 1 and b = 1, the equation of the
The slope of the perpendicular line is 2. — is y = −x + 1.
perpendicular bisector of PQ
y = 2x + b 31. In order to divide the segment in the ratio 1 to 4, partition the
⋅
1=2 0+b segment into 1 + 4, or 5 congruent parts. P is —15 of the way
1=b
Because m = 2 and b = 1, the equation of the perpendicular 2 − (−2) 4
slope = — = —
— is y = 2x + 1.
bisector of PQ 5 − (−4) 9
To find the coordinates of P, add —15 (or 0.2) of the run to the
−5 + 3 −5 + 3
2 (
28. midpoint = —, — = (−1, −1)
2 ) x-coordinate and add —15 (or 0.2) of the rise to the y-coordinate.
⋅
run = 9 0.2 = 1.8, x = −4 + 1.8 = −2.2
3 − (−5) 8
slope = — = — = 1
3 − (−5) 8 ⋅
rise = 4 0.2 = 0.8, y = −2 + 0.8 = −1.2
The point on the graph that represents the school is
The slope of the perpendicular line is −1. (−2.2, −1.2)
y = −1x + b
— 6−4 2 1
⋅
−1 = −1 (−1) + b 32. slope of QR = — = — = −—
2 − 6 −4 2
−1 = 1 + b — 4−1 3
slope of RS = — = — = 3
−2 = b 6−5 1
— 1 − 3 −2
slope of ST = — = — = −—
1
Because m = −1 and b = −2, the equation of the 5−1
— is y = −x − 2. 4 2
perpendicular bisector of PQ — 6−3 3
slope of QT = — = — = 3
2−1 1
( 0 +2 6 2 −2 2 )
29. midpoint = —, — = (3, 0) — RS
Quadrilateral QRST is a parallelogram. QT
— —
— because they
−2 − 2 −4 2 have the same slope (m = 3), and ST QR because they have
slope = — = — = −—
6−0 6 3 ( 1
the same slope m = −—2 . )
The slope of the perpendicular line is —32 . — 8−6 2
33. slope of LM = — = —
3 5−0 5
y = —x + b
2 — −1 − 8 −9
slope of MN = — = — = 9
4−5 −1
3
0=— 3+b
2 ⋅ — 6+1
slope of LN = — = —
7
9 0 − 4 −4
0=—+b
2 Triangle LMN is not a right triangle because the slopes of
9 2 7
−— = b the sides are —, −—, and 9. No combination of the products
2 5 4
9
Because m = —32 and b = −—2 , the equation of the of two slopes equal −1. So, none of the segments are
— is y = —3x − —9.
perpendicular bisector of PQ
perpendicular.
2 2
34. Train tracks: y = 2x, V(−2, 3)
y = 2x + b
⋅
3 = 2 (−2) + b
3 = −4 + b
7=b
Because m = 2 and b = 7, the equation of the line that
represents the new road is y = 2x + 7.

Chapter 3
2 38. The angles of the quadrilateral are all right angles because
35. Train tracks: y = −—3 , P(2, 2)
3 the sides are all formed by horizontal or vertical lines. Also,
The slope of the perpendicular line is —2 .
the length of each side is n. So, JKLM is a square.
y = —32x + b
⋅
2 = —32 2 + b
39. XY is the same as YX. If the ratio XP to PY is 3 to 5, then
the ratio YP to PX is 5 to 3. This is the same point P in
2=3+b both cases.
−1 = b
40. yes; If two lines have the same y-intercept, then they
Because m = —32 and b = −1, the equation of the line that
intersect in that point. But parallel lines do not intersect.
represents the new road is y = —32x − 1.
41. a. Substitute 4x + 9 for y in the second equation.
36. The distance between the gazebo and the nature trail
is 42.4 feet. 4x − (4x + 9) = 1
Nature trail: y = 1
—3 x − 4, gazebo: (−6, 4) 4x − 4x − 9 = 1
The slope of the perpendicular line is −3. −9 = 1
y = −3x + b −9 ≠ 1
4 = −3 (−6) + b ⋅ Because there is no solution, the lines do not intersect and
are, therefore, parallel.
4 = 18 + b
b. Solve the second equation for y.
−14 = b
1 2x − y = 18
The line perpendicular to y = —3 x − 4 is y = − 3x − 14.
−y = −2x + 18
1 y = 2x − 18
y= —3 x −4 Equation 1
Substitute the result for y in the first equation.
y = −3x − 14 Equation 1
1 3(2x − 18) + 4x = 16
—3 x − 4 = −3x − 14
6x − 54 + 4x = 16
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
3 —13x − 3 4 = 3 (−3x) − 3 14 ⋅ 10x − 54 = 16
x − 12 = −9x − 42
10x = 70
10x − 12 = −42
x=7
10x = −30
y = 2x − 18
x = −3
⋅
y = —13 (−3) − 4 = −1 − 4 = −5 ⋅
y = 2 7 − 18
y = 14 − 18
So, the perpendicular lines intersect at (−3, −5).
y = −4
Find the distance from (−6, 4) and (−3, −5).
——— The lines intersect at one point (7, −4).
distance = √[−6 − (−3)]2 + [4 − (−5)]2
c. Substitute −5x + 6 for y in the second equation.
——
= √(−6 + 3)2 + (4 + 5)2 10x + 2(−5x + 6) = 12
——
10x − 10x + 12 = 12
= √(−3)2 + (9)2
— —
12 = 12
= √9 + 81 = √ 90 ≈ 9.49 units Because the statement 12 = 12 is always true, there are
Because each unit in the coordinate plane corresponds to infinitely many solutions, and the lines are the same.
10 feet, the distance between the gazebo and the nature trail
⋅
is about 10 9.49 = 94.9 feet.
37. The slope of a line perpendicular toℓmust be the opposite

reciprocal of the slope of lineℓ. Then the slope must be
negative, and have an absolute value greater than 1. So, an
inequality that represents the slope m of a line perpendicular
toℓis m < − 1.

Chapter 3
42. Given ax + by = 0, (x0, y0) Find the distance between (x0, y0) and
ax + by = 0
by = −ax
a
( b(ay0 − bx0) a(ay0 − bx0)
−——
a2 + b2
, —— .
a2 + b2
)
√( (
y = −—x —————
)) (
b b(ay0 − bx0)
The slope is −—.
a
b
b
distance = x0 − −——
a2 + b2
2 a(ay0 − bx0)
+ y0 − ——
a2 + b2
)2
The perpendicular line has slope —. ——————
√( ) ( )
a x0(a2 + b2) + b(ay0 − bx0) 2 y0(a2 + b2) − a(ay0 − bx0) 2
Let c be the y-intercept. = ——— + ———
a2 + b2 a2 + b2
√(
b
y = —x + c ——————
b
a
y0 = —x0 + c
a
=
x0a2 + x0b2 + aby0 − b2x0
———
a2 + b2
) (
2 y0a2 + y0b2 − a2y0 + abx0
+ ———
a2 + b2
) 2
√(
———
b
y0 − —x0 = c
ay0 − bx0
a =
x0a2 + aby0
—
a2 + b2
) (
2 y0b2 + abx0
+ —
a2 + b2
) 2
√(
—=c —————
a
b
y = —x + —
a
ay0 − bx0
a
=
(x0a2 + aby0)(x0a2 + aby0)
——— + ———
(a2 + b2)2 ) ( (y0b2 + abx0)(y0b2 + abx0)
(a2 + b2)2 )
Find the point of intersection of the line ax + by = 0 and the ——————
√( ) ( )
perpendicular line. a2(x 2a2 + 2x aby + b2y 2) b2(y 2b2 + 2abx y + a2x 2)
= 0
——— 0 0 0 + ———
0 0 0 0
ay0 − bx0
2 2 2(a + b )
2 2 2 (a + b )
b
√(
y = —x + — ——————
a a
a
b
b
−—x = —x + —
a
ay0 −
a
bx0 =
a2(a2x02 + 2abx0y0 + b2y02)
——— + ———
(a2 + b2)2 ) ( b2(a2x02 + 2abx0y0 + b2y02)
(a2 + b2)2 )
√
———
ax bx ay0 − bx0 (a2 + b2)(a2x02 + 2abx0y0 + b2y02)
−— = — + — = ———
b a a
(a2 + b2)2
ax bx ay0 − bx0
−— − — = —
√
———
b a a (a2x02 + 2abx0y0 + b2y02)
= ———
ay − bx0 (a2 + b2)
( ax bx
− —+— =— ) 0
√
a ——
b a ((ax0 + by0)2) ∣ ax0 + by0 ∣
ay0 − bx0 = —— = —
( a2x + b2x
− — =—
ab ) a
(a2 + b2)
—
√a2 + b2
(( a +b
2
− — x=—
ab
2
)) ay0 −
a
bx0 So, the distance between the line ax + by = 0 and the
b ay0 − bx0 ∣ ax0 + by0 ∣
ay0 − bx0 perpendicular line y = —x + — is —
x = — −—(a )(
ab
a2 + b2 ) a a — .
√a2 + b2
ay0 − bx0
x = — −—(1 )(
b
a2 + b2 ) Sample answer: Use the line and point from Monitoring
Progress Exercise 7 on page 159.
b(ay0 − bx0)
x = −——(
a 2 + b2 ) ∣ (2)(−1) + (1)(6) ∣
——
—
=—— =—— = —— ≈ 1.79 units
∣ −2 + 6 ∣ ∣4∣ 4
a √22 + 12 √5 √5 √5
y = −—x
b
−2 − k −2 − k
43. slope = — = —
y = −— −——
b (
a b(ay0 − bx0)
a2 + b2
) −7 − (−1) −7 + 1
−2 − k −(2 + k) (2 + k)
=—=—=—
−6 −6
y=— — (
a (ay0 − bx0)
1 a2 + b2 ) 6
The slope of the parallel line is 1.
2−k
(
y = ——
a(ay0 − bx0)
a2 + b2
) 1=—
6=2+k
6
Point of intersection: −—— (

b(ay0 − bx0) a(ay0 − bx0)
a2 + b2
, ——
a2 + b2
) 4=k

Chapter 3
0−2 −2 49. If lines x and y are vertical lines and they are cut by any
44. slope = — = —
7−k 7−k horizontal transversal, z, then x ⊥ z and y ⊥ z by Theorem
The slope of the given line is 1. The slope of the 3.14. Therefore, x y by the Lines Perpendicular to
perpendicular line is −1. Transversal Theorem (Thm. 3.12).
−2
−1 = — 50. If lines x and y are horizontal, then by definition mx = 0 and
7−k
my = 0. So, by the Transitive Property of Equality, mx = my.
−1(7 − k) = −2
Therefore, by the Slopes of Parallel Lines Theorem
−7 + k = −2 (Thm. 3.13), x y.
k=5
51. By definition, the x-axis is perpendicular to the y-axis. Let
45. Using points A(3, 2) and B(6, 8), find the coordinates of m be a horizontal line, and let n be a vertical line. Because
point P that lies beyond point B along ⃗
AB so that the ratio of any two horizontal lines are parallel, m is parallel to the
AB 3 x-axis. Because any two vertical lines are parallel, n is
AB to BP is 3 to 2. In order to keep the ratio, — = —,
2 BP 2 parallel to the y-axis. By the Perpendicular Transversal
solve this ratio for BP to get BP = —AB. Next, find the rise Theorem, (Thm 3.11), n is perpendicular to the x-axis. Then,
3
by the Perpendicular Transversal Theorem (Thm. 3.11), n is
and run from point A to point B. Leave the slope in terms of
perpendicular to m.
8 − 2 6 rise
rise and run and do not simplify. mAB = — = — = —.
6 − 3 3 run Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
2
Add — of the run to the x-coordinate of B, which is 52. y 53. y
3 7 3
2
3 ⋅ 2
— 3 + 6 = 8. Add — of the rise to the y-coordinate of B,
3
6
5
A(3, 6)
2
1
2
3 ⋅
which is — 6 + 8 = 12. So, the coordinates of P are (8, 12). 4
3
−3 −2−1 1 2 3 x
1 2 −2
46. The slope of the perpendicular line is −—2 .
1 −3
1
y= −—2x +b −1 1 2 3 x
−4 B(0, −4)
−5
Use the y-intercept of y = 2x + 5, (0, 5).
1
y = −—2x + b 54. y 55. y
1
⋅
5 = −—2 0 + b
4
3
2
1
5=b 2
−3 −2−1 1 2 x
1 1 C(5, 0)
y = −—2x + 5 D(−1, −2)
1 −1 1 2 3 4 5 x
Find the intersection of the perpendicular lines y = −—2 x + 5 −3
−2
and y = 2x.
1
2x = −—2x + 5 56.
x −2 −1 0
4x = −x + 10
5x = 10 y=x+9 −2 + 9 = 7 −1 + 9 = 8 0+9=9
x=2
x 1 2
y=2 2=4⋅ y = x + 9 1 + 9 = 10 2 + 9 = 11
Find the distance between (0, 5) and (2, 4).
——
distance = √(2 − 0)2 + (4 − 5)2 57.
— — — x −2 −1 0
= √22 + (−1)2 = √ 4 + 1 = √ 5 ≈ 2.24 units
y = x − —34 −2 − —34 = −—
4
11
−1 − —34 = −—4
7 3
0 − —34 = −—4
47. If lines x and y are perpendicular to line z, then by the Slopes
of Perpendicular Lines Theorem (Thm. 3.14), x 1 2
⋅ ⋅
mx mz = −1 and my mz = − 1. By the Transitive Property
⋅ ⋅
3
of Equality, mx mz = my mz, and by the Division Property y=x− —4 1− =
3
—4
1
—4
3
2 − —4 = —4
5
of Equality mx = my. Therefore, by the Slopes of Parallel

Lines Theorem (Thm. 3.13), x y.
48. If x y and y z, then by the Slopes of Parallel Lines Theorem

(Thm. 3.13), mx = my and my = mz. Therefore, by the
Transitive Property of Equality, mx = mz. So, by the Slopes
of Parallel Lines Theorem, (Thm. 3.13), x z.

Chapter 3
3.4 – 3.5 What Did You Learn? (p. 163) 7. 58° + 2x° = 180° Definition of supplementary angles
1. You can find the distance between two lines only if the two 2x = 122
lines are parallel. If you choose a point on one line and find
x = 61
the distance from that point to the other line, the answer will
always be the same when the lines are parallel. But if the 2y° = 58° Corresponding Angles Theorem
lines are not parallel, the answer will be different for every (Thm. 3.2)
point on the line. y = 29
The values are x = 61 and y = 29.
2. After drawing the perpendicular lines going through each
endpoint of the given segment, you could pick an arbitrary 8. (6x + 32)° = 116° Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem
point on one of the perpendicular lines. Then set the compass (Thm. 3.3)
to the distance from this point to the corresponding endpoint,
6x = 84
and use the same compass setting to mark a point on the
other perpendicular line that is the same distance from x = 14
the other endpoint. Connect these two points to construct (5y − 21)° + (6x + 32)° = 180° Definition of
the fourth segment of the rectangle. This segment should supplementary angles
be congruent and parallel to the original segment and
perpendicular to the other two constructed segments. ⋅
5y − 21 + 6 14 + 32 = 180
5y − 21 + 84 + 32 = 180
3. Because the distance from your house to the school is
5y + 95 = 180
one-fourth of the distance from the school to the movie
theater, you have to use five congruent segments. Four of 5y = 85
the segments are between your school and the movie theater y = 17
and one is between your house and your school. The values are x = 14 and y = 17.
Chapter 3 Review (pp. 164–166) 9. By the Consecutive Interior Angles Converse (Thm. 3.8),
1. All angles may or may not be right angles, and lines that m n when the marked angles are supplementary.
appear perpendicular to ⃖⃗
QR are ⃖⃗ RM, ⃖⃗
QL, ⃖⃗ QP, and ⃖⃗
RN.
x° + 73° = 180°
⃖⃗ are ⃖⃗
2. The lines that appear parallel to QR JK , ⃖⃗
ML, and ⃖⃗
NP. x = 107
The lines are parallel when x = 107.
3. The lines that appear skew to ⃖⃗
QR are ⃖⃗
KP, ⃖⃗
KL, ⃖⃗
JN , and ⃖⃗
JM.
10. By the Alternate Exterior Angles Converse (Thm. 3.6), m n
4. The plane that appears parallel to LMQ is plane JKPN, which
when the marked angles are congruent.
can be defined by any three of these four vertices.
147° = (x + 14)°
5. 35° + x° = 180° Definition of supplementary angles 133 = x
x = 145 The lines are parallel when x = 133.
y = 35 Corresponding Angles Theorem
(Thm. 3.2) 11. Use the Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem (Thm. 2.6) and
the Consecutive Interior Angles Converse (Thm. 3.8).
The values are x = 145 and y = 35.
3x° + (2x + 20)° = 180°
6. 48° + y° = 180° Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem 5x + 20 = 180
(Thm. 3.4) 5x = 160
y = 132 x = 32
(5x − 17)° = 48° Alternate Interior Angles Theorem The lines are parallel when x = 32.
(Thm. 3.2)
5x = 65 12. Use the Corresponding Angles Converse (Thm. 3.5).
x = 13 (7x − 11)° = (4x + 58)°

The values are x = 13 and y = 132. 3x = 69
x = 23
The lines are parallel when x = 23.
13. x y; Because x ⊥ z and y ⊥ z, lines x and y are parallel by the

Lines Perpendicular to a Transversal Theorem (Thm. 3.12).

Chapter 3
14. none; The only thing that can be concluded in this diagram 1
21. The slope of the perpendicular line is —2 .
is that x ⊥ z and w ⊥ y. In order to say that lines are parallel, 1
y= —2 x +b
you need to know something about both of the intersections
between the two lines and a transversal. −1 = 1
—2 ⋅6 + b
−1 = 3 + b
15. ℓ m n, a b; Because a ⊥ n and b ⊥ n, lines a and b are
parallel by the Lines Perpendicular to a Transversal Theorem −4 = b
(Thm. 3.12). Because m ⊥ a and n ⊥ a, lines m and n are Because m = —12 and b = −4, the equation of the line is
parallel by the Lines Perpendicular to a Transversal Theorem y = —12 x − 4.
(Thm. 3.12). Because ℓ⊥ b and n ⊥ b, linesℓand n are
parallel by the Lines Perpendicular to a Transversal Theorem 22. The slope of the perpendicular line is 2.
(Thm. 3.12). Because ℓ n and m n, linesℓand m are y = 2x + b
parallel by the Transitive Property of Parallel Lines
(Thm. 3.9).
3=2 0+b⋅
3=0+b
16. a b; Because a ⊥ n and b ⊥ n, lines a and b are parallel by the 3=b
Lines Perpendicular to a Transversal Theorem (Thm. 3.12). Because m = 2 and b = 3, an equation of the line is
y = 2x + 3.
17. The slope of the parallel line is −1.
1
y = −x + b 23. The slope of the perpendicular line is −—4 .
1
−4 = −3 + b y = −—4 x +b
−1 = b
Because m = −1 and b = −1, an equation of the line is
1
2 = −—4 ⋅8 + b
2 = −2 + b
y = −x − 1.
4=b
1
18. The slope of the parallel line is
1
—2 . Because m = −—4 and b = 4, an equation of the line is
1
y= 1
—2 x +b y = −—4 x + 4.
5= 1
—2⋅ (−6) + b 24. The slope of the perpendicular line is −7.
5 = −3 + b y = −7x + b
8=b
Because m = —12 and b = 8, an equation of the line is
⋅
5 = −7 (−1) + b
5=7+b
y = —12x + 8.
−2 = b
19. The slope of the parallel line is 3. Because m = −7 and b = −2, an equation of the line
y = 3x + b is y = −7x − 2.
0=3 2+b ⋅
0=6+b
−6 = b
Because m = 3 and b = −6, an equation of the line is
y = 3x − 6.
1
20. The slope of the parallel line is —3 .
y = —13x + b
⋅
−1 = —13 3 + b
−1 = 1 + b
−2 = b
Because m = —13 and b = −2, an equation of the line is
y = —13x − 2.

Chapter 3
25. The slope of the perpendicular line is 1.
y=x+b
4 3
( )
Find the distance from −—, — to (−2, 3).
5 5
distance = √ ( − − (−2) ) + ( − 3 )
———
⋅ 4 3 2 2
−1 = 1 2 + b — —
5 5
= √( − + 2 ) + ( − )
−1 = 2 + b ——
4 2
3 15 2
−3 = b — — —
5 5 5
= √( − + ) + ( )
The line perpendicular to y = −x + 4 is y = x − 3. Find the ——
2 2
4 10 12
point of intersection. — — —
5 5 5
= √( ) + ( )
y = −x + 4 Equation 1 ——
2 2
6 12
y=x−3 Equation 2 — —
5 5
=√ +
— —
−x + 4 = x − 3
√ 25
36 144 180
— =— —
−2x = −7 25 25
≈ 2.68 units
−7 7
x=—=—
−2 2
7 7 6 1 Chapter 3 Test (p. 167)
y=—−3=—−—=—
2 2 2 2 1. x = 61 by the Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem
7 1
So, the perpendicular lines intersect at —, — .
2 2 ( ) (Thm. 2.6); y = 61 by the Alternate Exterior Angles
Theorem (Thm. 3.3).
( )
7 1
Find the distance from —, — to (2, −1).
2 2 2. 8x° = 96° Corresponding Angles Theorem (Thm. 3.1)
distance = √ ( − 2 ) + ( − (−1) )
———
2 x = 12
7 1 2
— —
2 2 96° + (11y + 7)° = 180° Linear Pair Postulate (Post. 2.8)
= √( − ) + ( + )
——
7 4 1 2 2 2
— — — — 11y + 103 = 180
2 2 2 2
11y = 77
= √( ) + ( ) = √ + =
— — —
4 4 √4
3 3 29 9 18 2
— — ≈ 2.12 units
— — — y=7
2 2
26. The slope of the perpendicular line is −2. 3. (8x + 2)° = 42° Alternate Interior Angles Theorem
y = −2x + b (Thm. 3.2)
8x = 40
⋅
3 = −2 (−2) + b
x=5
3=4+b
−1 = b 42° + [6(2y − 3)]° = 180° Consecutive Interior Angles
1 Theorem (Post. 3.4)
The line perpendicular to y = —x + 1 is y = −2x − 1. Find
2 42 + 12y − 18 = 180
the point of intersection.
y = −2x − 1 Equation 1 12y + 24 = 180
1 12y = 156
y = —x + 1 Equation 2
2 y = 13
1
−2x − 1 = —x + 1
2
−4x − 2 = x + 2
−5x − 2 = 2
−5x = 4
−5x 4
—=—
−5 −5
4 4
x = — = −—
−5 5
⋅ ( −—5 ) − 1 = —85 − —55 = —35

4
y = −2
4 3
So, the perpendicular lines intersect at −—, — .
5 5 ( )

Chapter 3
———
4. The slope of y = −x is −1, so the line perpendicular to distance = √(−3 − 0)2 + (7 − (−2))2
y = −x will have a slope of 1. ——
= √(−3)2 + (9)2
y=x+b
— —
4=3+b = √9 + 81 = √ 90 ≈ 9.49 units
1=b
6. x = 97 by the Corresponding Angles Converse (Thm. 3.5).
The line perpendicular to y = −x is y = x + 1.
Find the point of intersection. 7. 8x° = (4x + 24)° Alternate Exterior Angles Converse
y = −x Equation 1 (Thm. 3.7)
4x = 24
y=x+1 Equation 2
x=6
−x = x + 1
8. Use the Vertical Angles Congruence Theorem (Thm. 2.6) and
−2x = 1 the Consecutive Interior Angles Converse (Thm. 3.8).
−2 1
—x = — (11x + 33)° + (6x − 6)° = 180°
−2 −2
1 17x + 27 = 180
x = −—
2 17x = 153
1
2 ( )
1
y = − −— = —
2
x=9
1 1
So, the perpendicular lines intersect at −—, — .
2 2 ( ) 9. a. The slope of the parallel line is 2.
y = 2x + b
1 1
Find the distance from (3, 4) to −—, — .
2 2 ( ) 2 = 2(−5) + b
√( ( ) ) ( )
———
2 2
2 = −10 + b
1 1
distance = 3 − −— + 4−— 12 = b
2 2
√( ) (
——
Because m = 2 and b = 12, an equation of the parallel
=
6
—+—
2
1
2
2 8 1
+ —−—
2 2 )2
line is y = 2x + 12.
√( ) ( )
— 1
7 2 7 2 b. The slope of the perpendicular line is −—2 .
= — + — 1
2 2 y = −—2x + b
√984 ≈ 4.95 units

— — 1
√
49 49 2 = −—2(−5) + b
= —+—= —
4 4 2 = —52 + b
1 1
5. The slope of y = —3 x − 2 is —3 , so the line perpendicular to 4 = 5 + 2b
y = —13x − 2 will have a slope of −3. −1 = 2b
y = −3x + b 1
−—2 = b
⋅
7 = −3 (−3) + b 1
Because m = −—2 and b = − —12, an equation of the
7=9+b 1
perpendicular line is y = −—2 x − —12.
−2 = b
The line perpendicular to y = —13 x − 2 is y = −3x − 2.
y = −3x − 2 Equation 1
y = —13x − 2 Equation 2
1
−3x − 2 = —3 x −2
−9x − 6 = x − 6
−10x − 6 = −6
−10x = 0
x=0
y= ( ⋅ 0 ) − 2 = −2
1
—3
So, the perpendicular lines intersect at (0, −2).

Find the distance from (−3, 7) to (0, −2).

Chapter 3
1 d. Find the distance from the meeting point, (150, 200), to
10. a. The slope of the parallel line is −—3 .
1 the subway, (450, 300).
y= −—3x + b ———
1 distance = √ (450 − 150)2 + (300 − 200)2
−9 = −—3(−1) + b ——
1 = √ 3002 + 1002
−9 = —3 + b —
= √ 100,000
−27 = 1 + 3b
≈ 316
−28 = 3b
28 The distance from the meeting point and the subway is
−—
3 =b
1 28
about 316 yards.
Because m = −—3 and b = −—
1
3 , an equation of the parallel 13. a. Sample answer: A pair of skew lines is ⃖⃗
AB and ⃖⃗
LM
28
line is y = −—3x − —3
. because the lines are non-intersecting, non-coplanar, and
b. The slope of the perpendicular line is 3. non-parallel.
y = 3x + b b. Sample answer: A pair of perpendicular lines is ⃖⃗
EF and
⃖⃗
IJ because the lines intersect at a right angle.
−9 = 3(−1) + b
⃖⃗ and ⃖⃗
c. A pair of paralel lines is CD EF because the lines are
−9 = −3 + b
perpendicular to the same transversal.
−6 = b
d. A pair of congruent corresponding angles is ∠ 1 and ∠ 3
Because m = 3 and b = −6, an equation of the
because the angles are corresponding and ⃖⃗
CD ⃖⃗
EF.
perpendicular line is y = 3x − 6.
e. A pair of congruent alternate interior angles is ∠ 2 and ∠ 3
11. The student assumes k ℓ and is trying to use the because the angles are alternate interior and ⃖⃗
CD ⃖⃗
EF.
Perpendicular Transversal Theorem (Thm. 3.11).
Chapter 3 Standards Assessment (pp. 168–169)
12. a. Line q passes through the points (100, 350) and (200, 50). 1. Every point on the red arc in Step 1 is the same distance
50 − 350 −300 from point A. Because the same compass setting is used,
The slope of line q is — = — = −3.
200 − 100 100 every point on the red arc in Step 2 is the same distance from
y = mx + b point B as all of the points in the blue arc are from point A.
y = −3x + b — ⊥ AB
Also, CD — because the shortest distance from a point to
50 = −3(200) + b a line is the perpendicular segment that connects the point
to that line. So, points C and D and every point on CD— are
50 = −600 + b
equidistant from points A and B, which means that M is the
650 = b midpoint of AB— by definition.
The equation of line q is y = −3x + 650.
2. x + 2y = 10
b. Line p passes through the points (0, 150) and (450, 300).
300 − 150 150 1 2y = −x + 10
The slope of line p is — = — = —. 1
450 − 0 450 3 y = −—2 x + 5
y = mx + b a. The slope of the parallel line is −—2 .
1
1 1
y = —x + b y= −—2 x + b
3 1
1 −5 = −—2 (4) + b
150 = —(0) + b
3 −5 = −2 + b
150 = b −3 = b
1
The equation of line p is y = —x +150. 1
Because m = −—2 and b = −3, an equation of the parallel
3
1
c. Find the point of intersection of line q and line p. line is y = −—2x − 3.
y = −3x + 650 Equation 1 b. The slope of the perpendicular line is 2.
1
y = —x + 150 Equation 2 y = 2x + b
3
1
−3x + 650 = —x + 150 −1 = 2(2) + b
3 −1 = 4 + b
−9x + 1950 = x + 450
−10x + 1950 = 450 −5 = b
−10x = −1500 Because m = 2 and b = −5, an equation of the
perpendicular line is y = 2x − 5.
x = 150
y = −3(150) + 650 = 200
The coordinates (150, 200) represent the meeting point.

Chapter 3
3. a. The angles are supplementary angles because 9. a. Friend’s house: (150, 400), your house: (150, 100)
44° + 136° = 180°. 150 + 150 400 + 100
b. The angles are adjacent angles because they have a (
midpoint = —, —
2 2 )
common side and a common vertex.
c. The angles are vertical angles because they are
( 300 500
)
= —, — = (150, 250)
2 2
non-adjacent and share a common vertex. The midpoint of the line segment joining the two houses
is (150, 250).
d. The angles are complementary angles because
42° + 48° = 90°. b. School: (400, 300)
4. a. The length of the field is 360 feet. Find the distance from the midpoint to the school.
———
b. The perimeter of the field is distance = √(400 − 150)2 + (300 − 250)2
⋅ ⋅
—
2 160 + 2 360 = 1040 feet. = √2502 + 502
⋅ 360 = 57,600 square feet.
—
c. The area of the field is 160 = √65,000
The cost at $2.69 per square foot is ≈ 255 yd
⋅
57,600 2.69 = $154,944. Because this is greater than
$150,000, the school does not have enough money.
You and your friend walk about 255 yards together.
5. Given ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 3
Prove ∠ 2 ≅ ∠ 4 1 3
2 4
STATEMENTS REASONS
1. ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 3 1. Given

Theorem (Thm. 2.6)

Theorem (Thm. 2.6)
6. yes; Because 141° + 39° = 180°, the marked angles are

supplementary. They are consecutive interior angels, so m n
by the Consecutive Angels Converse (Thm. 3.5).
7. D; Skew lines are lines that are non-coplanar,

non-intersecting, and non-parallel.
8. a. ∠ 4 ≅ ∠ 5 by the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem

(Thm. 3.2).
b. ∠ 2 ≅ ∠ 6 by the Corresponding Angles Theorem
(Thm. 3.1).
c. ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 8 by the Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem
(Thm. 3.3).
d. m∠ 6 + m∠ 4 = 180° by the Consecutive Interior Angles
Theorem (Thm. 3.4).


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Chapter 3

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