Subject Name Chemistry 1

Topic Bond polarity

Chapter 3

1. Chapter Overview
 Bond polarity
 Dipole moment
 Intermolecular forces

2. Learning Objectives
 To understand bond polarity and dipole moment
 To describe intermolecular forces
 To explain effects of hydrogen bonding

3. Learning Outcomes:
On successful completion of this topic students should be able to:
 Explain bond polarity and dipole moment
 Deduce the polarity of molecules based on the shapes and the resultant dipole
moment
 Explain factors that influence Van der Waals forces
 Explain effects of hydrogen bonding based on the following physical properties.
- Boiling point
- Solubility
- Density of water compared to ice
Bond polarity and Dipole Moment
Non polar covalent bond
 For diatomic molecule e.g. H2 or Cl2, the bonding electrons are
_______________centered between two atoms and both attracted equally to the
nuclei of both atoms.

 This is because both atoms are identical and have the same
_________________values.

 This type of bond is called non-polar covalent bond.

Polar covalent bond

 When two atoms that is not identical e.g. H-Cl form a covalent bond, the bonding
electron will be attracted more strongly by the more electronegative atom.

 So in HCl molecule,

 The more electronegative Cl will attract the bonding pair electron more
strongly than H.

 This cause Cl atom has a partial –ve charge and H atom has partial +ve
charge.

 Now, the HCl molecule is said to be polar and the bond is a polar covalent
bond.

 The polarity can be indicated by symbol in two ways:

δ+ δ-
H – Cl or H – Cl
 Other polar bond e.g.:

δ+ δ- δ+ δ- δ+ δ-
C- Cl C–N C-O
 Polarisation:

 Dipole: is created when two electrical charges of opposite sign are separated by
a small distance.

 H-Cl has a dipole because _______________________

 The size of dipole is measured by its _______________ (µ) and its unit in debyes
(D).
 e.g.

Hydrogen Halide Dipole moment, µ (D)

HF 1.91

HCl 1.05

HBr 0.80

Polarity of Molecule Based on Shape and Resultant Dipole Moment

 Dipole moments are vector quantities with ____________and
________________.

 Molecules with dipole moment=0 are ________________________.

 Diatomic molecules with two identical atom e.g. __________________are non

polar.

 Molecules with polar bonds maybe polar or non-polar molecule depending on the
shape of molecule.

Polar bond Polar bond

Non-polar molecule Polar molecule

Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

 Intermolecular forces of attraction are responsible for the physical properties e.g.
melting point, boiling points and solubility.

 Applies to attraction between covalent molecules generally.

 Intermolecular
forces

Van der Waals Hydrogen

Forces bonding

Dipole-dipole
London forces
forces (permanent
(dispersion force)
dipole)

Dipole-Dipole Force
 Exists between ____________molecules only.
 Positive end of one molecule will attract the negative end of another molecule.
 Only occur between molecules with permanent dipole moment.

London force (dispersion force)

 Exists generally in non –polar molecules such as N2, O2, Xe, and Ne.

 Electrons in a molecule are in continual motion. At any point in time, the

______________________maybe unsymmetrical making one side of the
molecule slightly negative and the opposite slightly positive giving the atom a
temporary dipole moment.

 This dipole will induce neighboring molecule to become dipole too.

 The force of attraction between temporary dipole and _____________dipole are

known as London force.

 The dipoles continually arise and disappear as a result of electron movement.

Effect of Van der Waals Forces

a) Molecular size

 Strength of VDW forces increase with increasing molecular size (Mr).

Reason: Increased Mr means increased number of electrons thus causing

bigger electron cloud. Bigger electron cloud is easier to be polarized since
nucleus has lesser control over the electron.

e.g:
 b) Molecular shape

 Linear molecules can be packed close together than branched molecules

which are bulky. Hence, VDW forces in linear molecules are stronger than
those of branched isomers.

- Straight chain has larger surface area,

greater contact over entire length of
molecule so higher VDW force.

- Branched chain is bulky

-Therefore the boiling point of butane is
higher than iso-butane.

Hydrogen bonding
 In order for H-bond to occur, must attain certain requirements:

(a)

(b) Attached to small and highly electronegative atom (O, N or F)

(c) Have an unshared pair of electrons on the electronegative atom

 Hydrogen bonding is the strongest bond in terms of weak intermolecular

forces. Although covalent bond and ionic bond is much stronger than
weak intermolecular forces.

Effect of Hydrogen Bonding on Physical Properties

 Hydrogen bonding affects

(a) The boiling points of water, ammonia and hydrogen fluoride

(b) The solubility of simple covalent molecules such as ammonia,

methanol and ethanoic acid in water
 (c) The density of water and ice

Effect of hydrogen bonding on boiling point

 Figure below compares the boiling points of hydrides of Group 14 to 17

element

 HF has a higher boiling point than HCl due to strong hydrogen bonding
exists between the HF.

 The increasing point from HCl to HI is the results of increasing strength of

the Van der Waals forces due to increasing molecular mass of halides
down the group.

 Similar trend can be seen for Group 15 and Group 16.

 Group 14 element display normal behavior because CH4 cannot form

________________only normal VDW forces.

Effect of hydrogen bonding on the solubility of simple covalent compounds

 In general, covalent compounds are insoluble in water but ammonia (NH3) a

covalent compound is soluble in water because ammonia molecules can form
hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

 Most organic compounds are insoluble in water. Organic compounds that are
soluble in water include

(a) Amines e.g. C2H5NH2

(b) Alcohols e.g. ethanol C2H5OH

 (c) Carboxylic acid e.g. ethanoic acid CH3CH2OH

 Because of the _________and _________groups in these organic compounds

can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

Figure: Hydrogen bonding between ethanol and

water

Effect of hydrogen bonding on the density of water and ice

Why ice (solid) is less dense than water (liquid)?
 In ice, each water molecule is surrounded _________________ by four other
water molecules linked together by hydrogen bonding.
 Water molecules arrange themselves to
maximize the hydrogen bonding between
them. This leaves
__________________which is called ‘open’
structure that accounts for the fact that ice is
less dense than water.

 On melting, some of the hydrogen bonds

break and the water molecules become more
closely packed and so water has a higher
density than ice.
KEY TERMS

KEYTERMS DEFINITION

A pair of separated opposite electrical charges within a

Dipole
molecule.

Polarisability The ease with which the electron cloud of an atom or

molecule can be distorted by a nearby electric field
Van der Waals forces Weak intermolecular forces

Metallic bond Electrostatic attraction between positive metal ions and

the ‘sea’ of mobile electrons.

REFERENCES (follow Harvard Referencing)

1. Silberberg, M.S.,2009, Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change,

5th edition, McGraw Hill.
2. Zumdahl, S.S and Zumdahl, S.A.,2009, Chemistry, 8th edition, Brooks/Cole.
3. Blackman, 2008, Chemistry, 2nd edition, John Wiley.
4. Noorbani, A,2012, College Chemistry, IPTA Publications.