CHAPTER 2 : OSCILLATOR

DEE30043 : ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

DEE30043 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

CHAPTER 2 : OSCILLATOR
HANEDA-AZWA-FAZURA-LAILA-SHATINI-HAFIZAH-MAISARAH-FARIDAH SESI JUN/DIS 2020
JKE – PSAS
 DEFINE OF OSCILLATOR

Oscillator is an electronic
device which generates an AC
signal with required
frequency, amplitude and
wave shape.
 CLASS OF OSCILLATOR

SINUSOIDAL NON-SINUSOIDAL
OSCILLATOR OSCILLATOR

Known as Harmonic Known as

Oscillator Relaxation Oscillator

Generate complex
non-sinusoidal
Generates a purely waveforms that
sinusoidal changes very
waveform which is quickly from one
constant amplitude condition of stability
and frequency to another such as
“Square wave”,
“Triangular wave” or
“Sawtoothed wave”
type waveforms
 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF OSCILLATOR

DC INPUT AC OUTPUT
OSCILLATOR

FUNCTION: Oscillator is a device that can

change DC voltage to AC voltage
 REQUIREMENT OF OSCILLATOR CIRCUITS

✔ Power Source

✔Device or components that

determine the frequency

✔Amplification of oscillation
✔Positive Feedback.
 Barkhausen Conditions

1.The magnitude of the loop

gain (Aβ) must be unity.

2.The phase shift around the

loop must be 360° or 0°.
BASIC OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Output
Amplifier

Frequency
Generator Feedback
Circuit
 a) AMPLIFIER

✓ Amplifiercircuit needs DC power supply to

bias the transistor.

✓ Previously it has been explained that

oscillator needs DC power supply to
produce output.

✓ Actuallythe meant DC power supply is the

one that been given to the amplifier.
 b) FEEDBACK

❑Feedback is a condition where some portion of the

output signal is being re-supply to the input part.

❑Oscillator used a Positive Feedback principle

 b) FEEDBACK
Output, Vo
Vi Ve
Amplifier, A

Vf

Basic Feedback Block Diagram

β = feedback factor
Vf = βVo or AβVe
Af = V o = A …… formula to get the amplifier gain with
Vi 1 - Aβ positive feedback
 b) FEEDBACK
❑In oscillator concept, it does need input voltage, hence the
formula for input portion is Vi = 0. This mean the value of the
formula | 1 – Aβ | must be nil or | Aβ | = 1. Take a look at below
circumstances:

If | Aβ | = 1
• value of Vf = AVe will be Vf = ( 1 )Ve or Vf = Ve.
This mean feedback voltage will be as same as
input voltage to amplifier.
• In this condition, the oscillator will perform at its
best or the input signal will keep oscillating.

Figure 1 :Condition A | = 1
 b) FEEDBACK
If | Aβ | < 1
• e.g: if the value of | A | = 0.5 (lesser than 1). Hence Vf = ½ Ve. This mean
the feedback voltage will getting lesser than input voltage to amplifier.
• In this conditon, the output voltage will decrease and disperse in few cycles
because the feedback voltage is not large enough to sustain the output
voltage.

Figure 2: Condition | A | < 1

If | Aβ | > 1
• e.g: if | A | = 2 hence, Vf = 2Ve. This mean, the feedback voltage will be
greater than input voltage to amplifier.
• In this condition, the output voltage will be increased until it reached
saturated level and will be cut-off.

Figure 3: Condition | A | > 1

c) FREQUENCY GENERATOR CIRCUIT
• The feedback and amplifier signals could not confirm the oscillation. It needs a
control division / frequency generator. It is normally placed at the feedback portion.
• Generally, the frequency generator circuit for oscillator in the consumers products are
divided into two:

RC -Oscillator that LC -Oscillator that

Channel generates Audio Channel generates Radio
Oscillator Frequency Oscillator Frequency

-It is also known

as Tank Circuit. It
-It is for producing is for producing a
a low and medium high frequency
frequency signal. signal (>1MHz)
and it usually
produces a more
-Example: Phase- stable frequency.
Shift & Wein-
Bridge Oscillator -Example:
Colpitt’s, Hartley,
Armstrong &
Crystal Oscillator
TYPES OF SINUSOIDAL OSCILLATOR

RC OSCILLATOR LC OSCILLATOR

1 RC Phase Shift Oscillator 2 Colpitt’s Oscillator

Wien Bridge Oscillator 3 Hartley Oscillator

Twin-T Oscillator 4 Armstrong Oscillator

5 Crystal Oscillator

Clapp Oscillator
 1) RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
➢ Phase-Shift Oscillator consists of amplifier and feedback channel with three RC
circuits. This Oscillator produces a sine wave output signal using regenerative
feedback from the resistor-capacitor combination.

Amplifier

Feedback

Figure: RC Phase Shift Oscillator Circuit

 RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
CIRCUIT OPERATIONS:

➢Transistor and Resistor R1, R2, R3, R4 and Capacitor C4, C5 is a

combination of Amplifier circuit (Common Emitter Amplifier with Voltage
Divider Technique).

➢Output signal from the amplifier has a phase different as much as 180º
compared to input signal. In order to produce a positive feedback signal, the
output signal must be phase shifted as much as 180º to have a same phase
as the input. RC channel could produced a 180º phase shifting where each
of the RC channel will phase shifting as much as 60º.

OSCILLATION FREQUENCY:

1
f =
2RC 6
 RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
EXAMPLE 1:
Determine the frequency of oscillations of a RC Oscillator circuit having 3-
stages each with a resistor and capacitor of equal values. R=10kΩ and
C=500pF.

EXAMPLE 2:
Determine the frequency of oscillations in phase shift oscillator to operate
as an oscillation given C1=C2=C3= 1nF and R1=R2=R3=10kΩ.
 2) COLPITT’S OSCILLATOR
➢ The Colpitts oscillator uses a pair of tapped Capacitors (two capacitors and a
single inductor) to produce the regenerative feedback necessary for oscillation.

Amplifier

Feedback

Figure: Colpitt’s Oscillator Circuit

 COLPITT’S OSCILLATOR
CIRCUIT OPERATIONS:

➢Transistor and Resistor R1, R2, R3, R4 and Capacitor C3, C4, C5 is a
combination of Amplifier circuit.

➢Amplifier will give an 180o phase different to the output signal. LC circuit in
the feedback coil will produce phase shifting as big as 1800. So the
feedback voltage will have the same phase as the input voltage at
transistor.

OSCILLATION FREQUENCY:

1
f = CT =
C1.C2
Feedbackfactor ,  =
C2 C1
2 LCT C1 + C2 C1 AV =
C2
 COLPITT’S OSCILLATOR
EXAMPLE 1:
A Colpitts Oscillator circuit having two capacitors of 24nF and 270nF
respectively are connected in parallel with an inductor of 5mH. Determine
the frequency of oscillations of the circuit (f), feedback factor () & voltage
gain (Av).

EXAMPLE 2:
Given C1 = 10µF, C2 = 0.47µF and L = 1.2H. what is the resonant
frequency? Determine feedback factor and voltage gain.
 3) HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
➢ The Hartley Oscillator uses a pair of tapped Inductors ( two inductors and an
single capacitor) to produce the regenerative feedback necessary for oscillation.

Amplifier

R3 C3 C4

C2

Feedback
R4

Figure: Hartley Oscillator Circuit

 HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
CIRCUIT OPERATIONS:

➢Transistor and Resistor R1, R2, R3, R4 and Capacitor C2, C3, C4 is a
combination of Amplifier circuit.

➢Amplifier will give an 180o phase different to the output signal. LC circuit in
the feedback coil will produce phase shifting as big as 1800. So the
feedback voltage will have the same phase as the input voltage at
transistor.

OSCILLATION FREQUENCY:

1
f= LT = L1 + L2 FeedbackFactor ,  =
L1 L2
2 CLT L2 AV =
L1
 HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
EXAMPLE 1:
Hartley Oscillator circuit having two inductors L1=10mH, L2=50mH with
capacitor C=200pF. Determine frequency operation (f), feedback factor ()
& voltage gain (Av).

EXAMPLE 2:
What is the operating frequency of the Hartley oscillator if C=100pF and
L1=L2=20µH. Find feedback factor () & voltage gain (Av).
 4) ARMSTRONG OSCILLATOR
➢ The Armstrong Oscillator uses a transformer coupling to produce the regenerative
feedback necessary for oscillation.

Feedback

L1 L2 C2

C3

Amplifier

Figure: Armstrong Oscillator Circuit

 ARMSTRONG OSCILLATOR
CIRCUIT OPERATIONS:

➢In Amplifier circuit, Resistor R1, R2 and R3 are purposely to provide distort
voltage to transistor. Capacitor C1 and C2 are used to intercept alternate
signal. This configuration will give 180o phase different to the output signal.

➢Therefore Tr transformer is chosen in order to produce phase shifting as big

as 180o to get a feedback voltage that has a same phase as the input
transistor. Usually the winding ratio between the L1 coil and L2 coil is fixed so
that the multiply outcome between the ‘A’ square and feedback factor,, is one
( |A| = 1 ). Example given, if amplifier gain is 10, winding ratio must be 1 : 10 .

OSCILLATION FREQUENCY:

1
f=
2 L2C2
 ARMSTRONG OSCILLATOR
EXAMPLE 1:
In Armstrong oscillator, if the winding ratio between the transformer is 1:20
and the capacitor used in this resonance circuit is 50F, determine the
resonance frequency of this circuit.

EXAMPLE 2:
In Armstrong oscillator, if the winding ratio between the transformer is 1:15
and the capacitor used in this resonance circuit is 100F, determine the
resonance frequency of this circuit.
 5) CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
➢ To obtain a very high level of oscillator stability a Quartz Crystal is generally used
as the frequency determining device to produce a another types of oscillator circuit
known generally as a Quartz Crystal Oscillator.

Amplifier

Feedback

Figure: Crystal Oscillator Circuit

 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
CIRCUIT OPERATIONS:

➢When a voltage source is applied to a small thin piece of quartz crystal, it

begins to change shape producing a characteristic known as the Piezo-Electric
Effect.
➢This piezo-electric effect is the property of a crystal by which an electrical
charge produces a mechanical force by changing the shape of the crystal and
otherwise, a mechanical force applied to the crystal produces an electrical
charge.
➢Then, piezo-electric effect devices can be classed as Tranducers as they
convert energy into other energy (electrical to mechanical or mechanical to
electrical).
➢This piezo-electric effect produces mechanical vibrations or oscillations which
are used to replace the LC tank unit (feedback circuit) in the previous oscillators.
➢When the alternate voltage is applied to this crystal, mechanical vibration is
occurred and this vibration has a natural resonance frequency that depends on
the crystal thickness. In order to get a higher frequency, the crystal must be
thinner.
 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

CP

CS

Figure: Crystal Symbol and Electrical Equivalent Circuit

 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
CIRCUIT OPERATIONS:

➢The equivalent circuit for the quartz crystal shows an RLC series circuit,
which represents the mechanical vibrations of the crystal, in parallel with
a capacitance, Cp which represents the electrical connections to the
crystal.

➢Quartz crystal oscillators operate at “parallel resonance”, and the equivalent

impedance of the crystal has a series resonance where Cs resonates with
inductance, L and a parallel resonance where L resonates with the series
combination of C1 and C2 as shown.

OSCILLATION FREQUENCY:
1 1
fs = fp = CT =
CS .C P
2 LCS 2 LCT CS + CP
 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
EXAMPLE 1:
Calculate the serial resonance frequency for the oscillator with parameter
R=600Ω, L=0.08H, Cs=0.003pF and Cp=8pF.

EXAMPLE 2:
A crystal has this value: L=3H, Cs=0.05pF, R=2kΩ and Cp=10pF. What are
the series and parallel resonant frequencies of the crystal?
 SUMMARY
OSCILLATORS
Type Characteristics
RC Oscillators
Phase-shift • Uses feedback with THREE RC CIRCUIT
• fr = 1
2RC√6
• Cannot be adjusted over wide frequency range

LC Oscillators
Colpitts • Uses a PAIR OF TAPPED CAPACITORS
• CT = C1C2 fr = 1
C1 + C 2 2√LCT
• Widely used

Hartley • Uses a PAIR OF TAPPED INDUCTORS

• LT = L1 + L2 fr = 1
2√CLT

Armstrong • Uses a TRANSFORMER for feedback

• fr = 1
2√L2C2
• Not used frequently

Crystal • Uses a quartz crystal

• fp = 1 fs = 1
2√LCp 2√LCs
• Very accurate and stable