Name of the P, Name of the Semester BS ¢ (Hons) Mathematies-1 (CBCS), Duration YT Yor Maximum Marky + 3 Houra o 178 1. Systems of 1) A linear equ ant equations: ation ¢ Ryser one feat {n the variables Ye My omy ay 9 an equation that can " MX, Hk) bane ab Rah aX fully eon ee coetitens My) ty vy dy ate real or complex numbers, ee ‘ance. The subscript n may be any positive integer. F fice tr m of linear equations (or a linear system) is a collection of one or ‘ear equations involving the same varinbles, say Xy, Xyy 1 Xr For example, X- 2X, + x= 4 2x, + 4xy5-5 A solution of the system is a list (6,, 8, .», §,) of number that makes each equation a true statement when the values 51, S97, 8, are substituted for x1, Xp «wy Xy Tespectively. The set of all possible solutions is called the solution "set of the linear system. Two linear systems are called equivalent if ‘they “have the same solution set. . DOK system of linear equation has either no solution or a unique solution or infinitely many solution. A system of linear equations is said to be cohsistent if it has either one ~ solution or infinitely many solutions. A system is inconsistent if it has no solution. : 2x, - 3%, + 4xg=5 Ax, + 2, ~ 5x38 E 3x, - 5x3 27 i Then, the matrices i 2043 4 2-3 415 e 4 2 -Sland}4 2 -518 3 0 -5 30 -$)7 "i alled the coefficient mrattix and the atiginerted sais are renpectively calle iio) =e scanned with Camscannerx sion) MATHEMATICS-YEAR SEMESTERS) Cis rations aementary OW OPE ai Replacement: Replace Ne 8 PF the sum of elf and a rather : ’ uy Imerange: Interchange 689 FOS ce rete Mailing all ens i a rw by non-zero Hep mteces are suid to be fow equivalent f there isa ggg ctementary ow operations that wansforms ane matrix into the oe 3, Echelon forms : 3 Tenet pr mati said tbe in echelon frm 0 hel Fats sym ag ation, when there ane gate h y ere aes ee ange ante 7. SOWING a linear syste 22 intinately mey we ‘10 describe all the solutions = the solutions of TOW redactions 2linar Sys, the fling Write the ay — 1A eTee Ning twee properties a mon aere ros are above any rows of ll eros, ‘ory ering em af arow isin a coma to the Bae thaw bore “step (i: Use the row reduene ns! He system Us on a an qn Gh Of thei yall ens in a coum below a leading enty are zero tra matic in echelon form satisties the flowing adi the tis in reduced echelon frm (or seduced row econ tg (io) The leading entry ineach non-zero row is 1. mm, (@) Each leading 1 is the only non-zero entry in its column, other ise proeed to the nex ep action to obtain the reduced echelon for ‘SF equations conesponding to the sats ‘« An echelon matrix (respectively, reduced echelon matrix) is is in echelon form (respectively reduced echelon form), Vectors in Rare 2x1 column matrices with two ents + A leading entry of a row refers to the left most non-2r0 ent :nisa positive integer, then an ordered se column ee ener tape of rea umber, sly “The vector whose enties areal Be sis areal zerois called the zero vector ana is denoted ene + Any non-zero matrix may be row reduced into more than Ag olin scree oe es «+ Each matrix is row equivalent to one and only one reduced ech matrix, 4, Pivot position: Iwo vectors with sme numberof enies are sid to be equa her ‘Panallelogram rult for addition WH and ¥ in Rare represented as points inthe plane, then # = 'A pivot position in a matrix A is a location in A that correspnis nds to the fourth vertex ofthe parallelogram whose other vertices 55 and 5 leading 1 in the reduced echelon form of A. ‘A pivot column is a column of A that contains a pivot poston. 9. Linear Combinations: 5, Basic and free variables: “The vatlables corresponding tothe pivot columns in the mati se ODS basis variables, Basie Variables are also called the leading vatatie Mot these correspond to the columns containing the leading ensies He" ther than the basic variables are called free variables: 6. Existence and uniqueness theorem: Sol. A linear system is consistent if and only ee the suagnented rmatrix is not a pivot column i. if 38 S00 sana rugnerited matte bins no row ofthe form (0 O =~ © 1 ip in R ad ven seals, Then the vector F defined by, oho ote, _Sealled a linear combination of the vectors, Fa. LY with wags Scanned with CamScannermara IC ALGER Conca ses ay hi 00 pin ne 2 haegtn ina oo eno dienes ms ‘suations is said to be homogenecus if it car te mesh APSo achere, A isan mat matrix and 5 isthe zero vector in 2 A homogenous system of linear equations sepresentd by AF =O. swat Whe ov ony bs denoted by p39 A spanneat or generated by 5-7 ip} isthe collection ofall wees that, ah tem) 1A is an men mat 3 ayy ad ne doe Be and) denoted by AE, i the lear eangee Riggh Beat one StsON namely columns of A using A, the ear comings A Bo" ald the teva saton oF 2? ves of A using the corresponding entries in ¥ as weigne say x us equation AF, has a nannvialsltion i as Or ie, SRP me homogenen Be equation has aeast one free vasabia ‘f Linear Independence und Dependence ian indexed set of vee0e (nm deed st eco ft Su Dealt be BRA thy 2B a ont the trivial solton. Hence, (oTav-n¥p} sid tbe inet independent if each expression Therefore, If Ais an man matrix, with columns 3,2 ‘Then, the matirx equation areb has the same solution set 2s the vector equation wy tat tm ta = . which’ in tur, has the same solution set asthe sytem of Iie whose augmented matrix is, & % Hence, there exists a soluti corresponding system of linear eo generated by a linear combination of 72 Hence, the equation Ag=5 has a solution if jumns of A. combination of the col eye esl fe SHO yg 5) y= yt all equal to 20, such that atta top =O «+ A set containing a single non-2ro vectors linearly independent + Aset of to vectors (fii) slnary dependent if atleast on of he tectors is a multiple ofthe otber. The st is Hinestly independent nd only if neither ofthe vectors sa multiple of the other. ‘fa set contains more vectors than there ae entries in each weetne then the sets linearly dependent ie, the set (-Fps=-Yp) in Ris linearly dependent if p> m Let A be an mxn matrix a : i (fo each Bin the einion AF asa foatonoe Restety someon (ip Bach Be RM 9 a linear ‘combination of the depen cme {iy The coturnns of A span R™ er Scanned with CamScanner‘YEAR SEMESTERADCUCS ns gets: An inden yo dependent linearly dependent i sai ins a aroma + Sern SE ieee Spe sree ee TET se “has only the tivia solution. (@ T-maps R onto R™ nto Rif and only if th lyf the columns of A span 2”. ve ransforeations Man Tir Reto RT ae al SS toeachvecor rg (8,71 one-one it ana ee independent. nd only ifthe columns of a are linesthy 16, Elementary Matrices elementary mates i dn cleentary min one tts caine by petoming ng ‘operation on an identity matrix pestocming 3 is RT when A has # columns and the co-domai = ‘The Gowen ech clurn of A has m eres wy Than elementary row opera "Pet catatonic Senlymacinaransee ee ‘a because each image 7) 15 of the form AX. » Each elementary eee penton en ito mati Ee ix Eis invertible. The inverse of E is the cen "set mate wat srs Ea tose Sp Say we Se a felts Ato eke hacer ie a «Method for finding A Row ce the sagen ate TA £1 WAis ow equivalent : azivalent to then (A £1] row equivalent to} A". 18: Linear Transformation ‘A transformation Tis linear ift (Tees ¥) = T)=TO for al TF in the domain of T. (id Te) = eT(@), for all # and scalars ¢. . {Tis a linear transformation then, TO = sna, Needs) = eT @+4TO) [2 Jevetle ner tansirmaton ‘of T and all scalars cand linear transformation T: R" + RY is said tobe inverib the domain of T an a: Radocmatn 7 i nd tinny for all vectors 7, in «In general if Tis a lines + 69a) sae transformation then qT) teaTGI tT?) S(TG) = ¥ for all in RY. E T(S(E)) = & forall ¥ in RS. transformation § is called the inverse of T, and is denoted as T~ * Let T: R" — R" be a linear transformatic standard marie, tr Bien he tee tee eco Te +658 * 14. Matrix of a Tnear transformation Let T: R" > R™ bea linear transformation. ‘Then there © ‘matirx A such that, TGR) = AZ, forall F in B® Fnfect Aste man mateicwhose step cour of the identity matin > Thus, Ax (TEE!) 15. Properties ‘of Transformation Tn that case, TF) = at. A Subspaces of R": A subspace of R" is any set A in R", that satisfy these three The zero vectors ia A : = r ume vcs TO Scanned with CamScannerass athene Pr atkagooe oF “rises hint veg + te column pee he roe: Tc Peg ofA The cae Sa con eubepace of R™. othe (A-ADE = 0 a8 a non trivial solution. The ct af alt eastce ot wie ml space of matix A i Uhe set null A of ag. J omogeneous equation the null peasy eee of al soit oe the homogeneous equation AF =0. be Shape of cal te eee aibeas A—21an hence seta tan man mates A i 8 subspace of Rt ‘The cena os srmrering Tre eS apace: A bass fora SUDEPACE A OF RIS agg fe Sma agonal ‘angular matcx ee oe ce te ene mere mr of ati A ef & BM oe ag reat A cee on of «non-zero subspace A, denoted by dim A, Te di yectors in any Bais Of A dimension of the zero subspace (0) is defined tobe zr, _ Regn ies) ete sea lomo he coun space of A. concn covame It a matrix has columes then, rank A + dima Feehan nt th Sbenvecors that corresponding 10 distinc SRR cba gc fmm matis A, then the set (5,8 eo 8) + Chace olynomisf s an mer matin ten et (A=) 8 polynomial of depen ale the caret polynocal fk ‘he sealar equation det (Ai) =O ead te characte egusion A ear 3s am eigenvalue fan nen mate 42, stiles the characteristic equation; nes = det(A-a=0 ‘The algebraic multiplicity of an ey ‘00t ofthe characteristic equation. ‘Similarity of matrices: I A and Bare men matrices, then A is senlac to Bil there is an invertible matrix, such that, F'AP = B or A= PEP" Als dndarto® ten ictnia and tas eo B are similar. cee ae 1 ne mates A and B are similar, then A ae B have the same racterisic polynomial and hence ihe se genase ‘same multiplicities. ay pene * Caley Hamilton theorem: Every square matrix is characteris {ivenbe matric theorem: ea square an mat lowing: epsivatent parse eee As row equivalent to the xn mati. ‘has pivot postions. Fe ya ces gai j acme Sones Thonn independent set of exally p elements in A is automata: basis for A. ‘Also, any set ofp elements of A that spans 4p. Coordinate vector; Suppose that, the set S = (BB a ‘each vector ¥ in A, the co-ordinates of ¥ relative to the weg yyy Gy Such Chat te gach tea tot eeP A is automatically a baisfoc “The vector in R, Scanned with CamScanner98 has only the tri independent set. is one-to-one. ution for each & in R’ (jo) The equation (v) The columns of A form a linearly (vi) The linear, transformation x AY (vii) The equation has atleast one sol (vif) The columns of A span R". (ix) The linear transformation ¥ - Ax maps R" onto R". (x) There is an et matrix C such that CA = There is an ux" matrix D such that AD = I. (xii) AT is an invertible matrix. (xiii), The columns of A form a basis for R". (xiv) Col A = R". (xv) dim(col A) =" (xvi) rank A= 1 (xvii) Null A= (0} (xoiii) dim(Null 'A) = 0 (xix) The number 0 is not an eigenvalue of A. (xx) The determinant of A is not zero. ‘ scanned with CamscannerMi ODEL TEST PAPER-01 unique Paper Code 32, yome of the Paper é 3 am Name of the Course Bebra ester B.Se (H) Mathematie: é Sem 2 Tee naties-I (CBCS) puration m3 ? 3H Maximum Marks; 75 Q.1. (a) Prove that: sin 5¢= 16 e 20sin*t + 5 sin t 16 cos*t- 20 cos%t + 5 Sol. Consider (c isin 5 Bicone ae A ost + ising and expand using the Binomial theoren, (cos F + fin £)° = °Cy cos? + °C, costtisin t+ °C, costhi sin’? + Lo : if sin*t + 5C, cost.i‘sin't + °C; P.sin*t. i sint)® A = (cost + i sint)® = cos*t + Sicos*t.sint - 10 cos*t.sin*t — 101 cos*t. sinh +» 5cost.sin*t + i sin't = (cost + i siné)> = (cos*t — 10cos*t.sin*t + Scost.sin*?) + i(Scos*t.sint - 10cos?t. sin°t + sin°t) Using de-Moivre’s theorem to expand (cost + isint), (cost + isint)® = cos5t + isinSt = cosSt + isin5t = (cos%t - 10cos*t.sin’t + 5cost.sin't) + i(Scos*t.sint ~ 10cos?t. sin*# + sin’) Equating real and imaginary parts both sides. 2 cos5t = cost - 10cos*t.sin*t + Scost.sin’t sin5t = 5cos*t.sint 10cos*t.sin®t + sin’t & 5). 10cos°t.(1 - cost) + Scost.(1 ~ cos*t)* os5t = cost 10cos"F. 3 ce st — 10c08% + 10c08*t + Seost (1 + cost — 2cos*#) 20 cos*t + Scost 20cos” f+ Scost = #(1 sin?” - 10 (1 ii = ini * : Ore geint (1 + Sint 2sin*t) - 10sin*t + 10sin'F + sin"? a 5¢ — 2osin’t + Ssint : : 2) in terms of ange}. G1. dy) Raprons ai Scanned with CamScannet. BSc. (Hons) MATHEMATICS I YEAR (SEMESTER) CBCS ty — Sol: arg(z) + arg(Z) = arg(zz) 2 arg(z) + arg(Z) = arg(| z(*) Since, |=|? is a positive real number, > arg(|2|7)=0 5 arg(z)+arg(Z) = 0 > > Also, arg(z) ~ arg(z) = an > arg(z) ~ arg(-z) = arg(-1) Since, -1 is negative real number, > arg(-l) =n => arg(z) ~ arg(— > arg(-z) = Tf atg(z) > w. i Then, arg(—z) = arg(z) = x “And, if arg(z) <7 Then, arg(-z) = arg(z)-n+ 2n =arg(z)+7 Hence, arg(-z) = arg(z)—1; arg(z) > | arg(z) +m; arg(z) Z= cos x +i sin x; xe[0, 2n] dz Then, tS = 1 gives, ex cord a = Sitwe, z= cos xX +isinx ~~ F=cos t= fain scanned with CamscannerPAPER-01) SEMESTER-L 101 fain 2x PAPER-C2; R-C2; ALGEBRA (MODEL T Ee 2 2” (con y + fin x)" # con 2X yi »faln2e ; econ yt 8 (co a fal x)? cone » (eo 4 hatte x) (eo x= F8ltt8) ale’ Put in (i), e+ flivay) ¢ (cos de isin dy s corral a . [2eos an] +1 » Joon ar] « 2 = cos 2y = ad 2 wt cos 2 = i then, ee 2,58, 16, Me "6 6'6' 6 And, if cos 2x = 3 then, eo E28, 0 8 3°3°3°3 e required complex numbers z are;’ 24 = 605 & + isin 23 k= 1, 2,3, won B mm 4m Sm lle 1X6 aye Sqr 6 Hence, th ae 2 yetye ws XD E ZV 376 . where, ¥; = & Qala) Let ff A > Band g: B > C are functions. ¢ and f is onto, show that g is one-to-one. ( If gof is one-to-on (ii) If gof is onto and g is one-to-one, show that f is onto. a Sol, fi AB, g:B > Cr B00 A> C -to-one and f is onto. To show that, g is one-to-one. ~ (i) Let gof is on i g(by) = 8002) Pu be & B eBandfiA —> B is onto, eA, such that flay) = a fit) = bo Then, g(b,) = g(ba) Bives . - # = glfta)) slay] got (a,) = got (a) Since, by, Uy = There exists Ay % scanned with Camscanner(Hons. MATHEMATICS YEAR SEMESTERS) CVC jon: co, gof is one to One a= 4 New. b= fly) = fe) = Po oe b= by Hence, we have shown that, , : g(0,) = (by) implies by = by => g is one-to-one (id) Let gof is onto and To show that fis onto. Let b ¢ B be arbitrary. => Since, gof is onto => There exists a € A, such that, g is one-to-one g)ec gofla) = fb) = sl) = g®) Since g is one-to-one = fla)=b > fa=b Hence, there exists a < A, such that f(a) = b. So, f is onto. Q.2.(b) Show that (0, 1) is uncountable. Sol. Let us assume that (0, 1) is countable. => (0, 1) is finite or countably infinite. Since, (0, 1) is infinite set => (0, 1) is countably infinite. So, the elements of (0, 1) can be listed in a definite order. Let all the elements of (0, 1) be listed as Xy, Xyy Then, X= 0+ yy My oe X_= 0 + My Mp9 » y= O° Oy Ay where ay € (0,1, 2, ne 9). Let us consider b such that, B= 0, by By By monn where b, is an integer from 1 to 8 such that by #4 b, ig an integer from 1 to 8 such that by # %32 and 80 0” Then, b © (0, 1) and, b # xy for each i = 1, 2,3, cosine scanned with CamScannerPAPER-C2: s ALGEBRA (MODEL TEST PAPER-O1) SEMESTER? we Hence, P < (0, 1) ese: oD apes out ofthe above enumeration ofthe elemen'# This contradicts the assum : ed hy i So, (0, 1) is uncountable. sLioiies 22 Po and at ae v an equival interpre | equivalence classes igeometcicaly. set cael oe Sol. ~ is Reflexive: Let (x, y) ER? be arbitrary. > Pipette a (x ~ Hy) So,~ is reflexive. ~ is Symmetric: Let (x, y), (u, 0) ER®, such that, (, y)~ (u?) Papas? Peversy . (w )~@Y) So, ~ is Symmetric ~ is Transitive: Let (x, y), (ut, 0), (Wy ; ~ id (u, 0) ~ (@, 2) Oe : ea Pandit eae? eyes? (x, y)~ @ 2) z) eR’, such that, = ~ is Transitive. ' Hence ~ is an equivalence relation. R? be arbitrary Let (@, b) € , Then, the equivalence class of (a, b) is GB = ley RMT ODI = (00,9) ER +pee+P) valence class of (a, b) is a circle in R? plane > Hen geometrically the equivale ’ q centered “at the origin and with radius @+ - Q.3.(a) Suppose 4 b and c are three non-zero integers with a and ¢ atively pir show that, co we gedta, b). = ged(a, <_ = ged. 1) “Scanned with Camscannerana) MATHEMATICS ft eadialay--aineritniersation 14 pe (tl ga | band 82 14 gy | bean go | : gy peda, be) But e * con and care relatively ged(a, © and 1 such that, So, there exists Integer® ™ mam = mab + nbe = b since, 31 ged(a, be) ° ‘ gr | aand gy | be 7 By | (mab + nbe)y gle = So, gy | aand gy |b But 82> ged(a, b) > 81582 From (i) and (ii) 81> 82 > ged(a, bc) = ged(a, b) Q.3.(b) Prove that: (3*" - 1) is divisible by 8 for every # ¢ N. Sol. Let the given statement is, P(n): (3%" - 1) is divisible by 8. Let us prove the result by the principle of mathematical induction. Step (1): When n = 1, 32" 1 = 32-1 = 8, which is divisible by 8. => P(1) is true. Step (2): Let us assume that P(k) is true. ie., (3% - 1) is divisible by 8. 3 1 = Bt, for some integer F gk (Bt +1) > = Step (3): When n=k+1, gek+D pa gg 1 =9-3%-1 = 9(8t + 1) - Vf =72b+8 = a(t +1) ark =p jag + Vm oome Intepet rom step (2) where amScannet: 1085 a ALGEBRA (MODEL Test papER-o1) SEMESTER! s Thus, (32 + 1) ils, divisible p : 8. = te i 1) 'S ttue, whenever Ww is true, BY ~ Principle of mathematical induction GB" - 1) is divisible by 8 for every ne N, Q340 Ifaab (mod 1), show that, / Bced(a, n) = Bcd(b, n) Sol. Since, a= § (mod n) - =n | (ad) 4~b= gn, for some integer g- 4~gn=bandasb+gn Ee 81 = ged(a, n) and gp = ged(b, ”) Since, oie = 8 | aandg, | n = 81 | @-gn) and g, |» a 8 | band gy | n Since, 82 = gcd(b, n) as = 8158 = ged(b, n) Also, B= Bi p> ; : > | bandg, | 8 | (+ gn) and g, | 2 = 8 | aand gy |” > 81 = Bcd(a, n) a - 82581 and (i 81 = 82 _ From (i) and (ii); mf : “ gcd(a, 1) = gcd(b, 1) | = | a a and, let T: R?’ > R’ bea ; Q.4.(a) Let 2; p22 =| 4 [Ft 5[>? | 6 5 2 2 .4.(a) 1 1 ae ak linea formation that maps @ to ¥ and @ to Jz ir trans! $ ‘| under T. : Find the images of [5] and [a Sol. Given that, : [" : TG) = ( and T(@) = é scanned with Camscanner—_ Rj CBCS Hons.) MATHEMATICS. 1 YEAR (GEMESTER 1) a (etl T@) = T(-Se, + 322) Since, T is linear, Ti) = STE) +E) -{}-[6] -slal - r= 3/7 cote ipa ct [5] ter] ut -(3] (Sef t) w > x i E = Xe +2 > TR) = TOG + 2%) Since, T is linear, TG) = nT @)+nuT@) = 2 = > TR) = A) 5 |**2| 6 2x, Xp, * roy -[esh Les] _[enaa * TU} fa em Se, the age |" | ner 7 0a my at scanned wi amocannelPAPER-C2: ALGEBRA (MODEL TEST PAPER!) SEM : =< a} bea “gadb) Let T: RY > R” be a linear transformation and Jet {55373} P yearly dependent set in Rr". ghow that, {7(¥}), 77), 7(%))} ts linearly dependent in R". F sol. Let {% F Go, the exis! 1) be a linearly dependent set In R". ‘ scalars a, f3, 7, not all of them equal to 2080, such that, OF) + BI + yy = a 2 T (a + PH, + PH) = 10) Since, T' is a linear transformation, 2 a TH)+B TR) HTH) = 0 Since a, B, y are not all equal to zero. G0, (76) TC) TH} are linearly dependent in R" _Q.A(c) Determine by inspection if the given sets are linearly dependent. 1] [2] [3] [4 @Az4}7[ [0] | 4) [1 6| [9] 15) 18 2] fo) f1 i) B= 4] 3|,/0),]1 2S 5| Lo [8 21/3 | “Gi C= Silas . 6 3 10} [-15, ol. (i) If a set contains more vectors than the entries in each vector, then the set is linearly dependent. = The set A contains four vectors, © So, the set A is linearly dependent. ii) Since, a set containing 2erO vector is always linearly dependent. | So, the set B is linearly dependent. ' iif) Two vectors are linearly dependent if they are scalar multiples of ch other. i 2) Here, the second vector of the set C, is (-3) times the first vector. each having three entries. FS, the net C is Unearly dependent. i # scanned with Camscannermation defined as, 40-78) » sormula for rT". guy 6 9%, | [i Ik § OWA [ Te TOD) # AX wre ¥ «| |» ls 9 As ; al is the standard matrix of T. Now, Tis invertible if A is invertible => Row reducing the matrix A, ace (3 2 : 0 Since, A has 2 pivots. The invertible matrix theorem states that A is invertible. Hence, T is invertible. So, the standard matrix of T is A. e cle 45 Applying Ry > Ry + Ry Applying Ry > Ry + 4Ry = TG) = ATE > 7 Oly They 2 1 me 4 $i > Ty, ay (xy 2 Be) scanned wi1) SEMESTER 109 Ph deaf 37 As|-—4 6 2), b=] 3 a ee ea I oA _ Determine whether J In in the column upace of As . Sol. The columi IN space of a matrix A is the set col(A) of all the linear combinations of the columns of A, _ The vector FF is in the column space of A. <9 The vector F is a linear combination of the columns of A. _ € The equation A¥=5 has a solution 1-3 -4 3 Let A=|~4 6 ~2| and b=] 3 37 6 et _ Row reducing the augmented matrix [A : 5]. 1-3 -413 [Ai b= |-4 6 -213 : 37 6|-4 « Applying R, ~> Ry + 4Ry, Ry ~> Ry + 3Ry, E 13 413 ~|0 -6 -18115 0 2 615 = Applying, Ry > Ry-4 Ry, (a hs { ~|0 6 -18 115 0 0 0 j0 ~ Since, there exists no pivot in the augmented column, E The equation Ax =} is consistent. __* Bis in the column space of A. - Q.54c) Define Null space of a mattix, » Prove: The null space of an mxn matirx Ais a subs; c ‘ Set. The null space of a mattix A ts the get Nut a ahs it a. ; Mepeneen equation AR <0 HONE. i the scanned with Camscanner10 BSc. (Hons.) MATHEMATICS -I YEAR (SEMESTER-1) Let A be an mxn matrix. Then, Nul A= (Fe R":Ax=0} Since, AO = 0 = The zero vector 0 is in the null space of A. ie. 0 @NulA. Let, u.v,e Nul A => Ait = 0 and AY => Then, AG +3) = A+ AT =0+0 =0 > Ai+¥) = 0 > ; (@+V)ENUlA Let c is any scalar. Then, A(cit) = c( Amz) : =e0 =0 > ACe-@) = 9 > c-aweNulA Hence, Nul A, the null space of an mxn matrix A is a subspace of. Q.6.(a) Define the rank of a matrix. Determine the rank of the matrix 25 3-4 8 47439 69 5 2 4 09 6 5 4 g the rank theorem A= ine dim(Nul A) usin mension Determ : Sol. The rank of a matrix A, denoted by rank A is the di column space of A. 25348 4743 9 bas Atle gb a4 yo 9 6 5 6 Bes reeds the pratrix A scanned with CamscannerPAPER-C2: LGEBRA (MODEL TEST PAPER-O1) SEMESTER ‘ovine BOR -2RR Ry-3Ry i 25 3-4 8 OBB at 0-6 4 14 -20 / 9 9 6 5 -6 Applying, Ry > Ry — Ry Ry > Ry~ By 25 -3 -4 8] 0 3, 2. Us. 7 00 0 4 -6 10, 0: 0: “io.-15 Applying, Ry > R, +R 2 5.33 48 0 .-3' 2: 5: 27, F000, - 4,-=6 9 0 0 0 0 So, the matrix A has 3 pivot columns. = The dimension of the column space of A is 3. s = rank A =3 Also, the rank theorem is; If a matrix A has n columns, then, rank A + dim(nul A) =n > 3+ dim(Nul A)=5 J jdim(Nul A) = 2 - Q.6.(b) Prove: The set of eigenvectors corresponding to distinct eigenvalues of a matrix A are linearly independent, Sol. Let ¥j,¥),---..¥, are eigenvectors corresponding to distinct eigenvalues [Day Roy sney Ay Of art text matrix A To show that the set {¥j,%).-.¥;} is linearly independent. .,} is linearly dependent. Let tis assume that (7), %200~ y, are eigenvectors. | Since, 4. ¥3- | * Fach 7,20 Hee Je particular, 2 ee ee, ic - Scanned with CamScanner“IT YEAR (GEMESTER-S) CBCS [ATHEMATICS, a linear combination of the procecs, ons.) M: ne of the vectors in Se! Then, o _ Tyo is a linear combi east index such that Fpot Fs bination of jy. rly independent) vi wy &y Such that, ot p be the at ectors. precesting (lit Then, there ists scalars Cy ¢ 1 beyty hah php # both sides by A; bey ArVp =o AVy4t cit Multiplying es AR He2" But Avy = Ags for each k. cep Agi PEAT tn hep php = Apeilpat Multiplying both sides of () by 2,4; and then subtracting from (i); a 25 4 Rye I +A ~ Apa V2 tty ~ Apap =F Since, {¥). 73)... Fp} is linearly independent. = (8; - Ryan) = O, for each i= 1, 2, ..., p. Since, hy, Ay. are distinct eigenvalues of A. > A# Ape for each i = 1, 2, ... p. ie. (hj %piy) #0, for each i = 1, 2, Hence, c= 0, “for each i = 1, 2, Putting in (i); Yai =0 which is a contradiction. Hence, {¥j,%},....,¥,} is linearly independent. 2.6.0) Fi a aaa - io eed the characteristic equation and the characteristic 00's 5 2 6 -l 0 ‘x 3-8 (0 0.0..5° 4 0001 she. verify that the matrix A satisfies its characteristic eqvatio" ment of Caley Hamilton theorem). Sol. Let 4 be any scalar 1 $26.2 ee Then, $8. 0 01 | ALM PG 6. 28 af joo? cae pws 8 scanned with CamScannetPAPER.C>. ‘ ER-C2: ALGEBRA (MODEL TEST PAPER-O1) SEMESTER! 182 She R236 AN 0 3-2 -8 0 A-‘s AL 0 O° 8SR 4A _ Then, the characteristic equation is, det(A - 1) =0 5-2 2 0 6 A 0 3-4 -8 0 0 0 5-~A 4 OM Oe OF AEX, => (5-2) 3-2) 6-2) (1-2) =0 => (5-27 (3-a) (1-4) =0 => (A-5)? (2-3) (2-1) =0 _ Expanding the product; “at — 1423 + 682 — 1302 + 75 =0 This is the characteristic equation of A. Solving the characteristic equation for 4, we get, 4=1,3,5,5 So, the characteristic values of A are 1, 3, 5, 5. It can be easily verified that, the matrix A satisfies its characteristic equation. ie. At — 14A° + 684? - 130A + 751, = 0 Qo00 Scanned with CamScannerINATION PAPER-2015, punt UNIV unique Paper Code ! Name af the Papert Name of the Course} C2eAlgebra ise (Htons.) Mathematics (CBCS) 1 1 Year Semester : So Hours: Duration 7 Maxiwum Marks Instructions for Candidatest 1. Write your Roll No. on the top ined ee p immediately on receipt of thig quest 2. All six questions are compulsory, ’ 4. Do any two parts from each question, tla) C y 1 \ Qu fa) Compute we if ZroeN3 Sol. We have, basa 2412 3z = 23241 20 > Zz Bt VeBy 5 21 z= ti 2 > z= Bajh a 2 > ie Ae Z= cos—+tisin— ic 6 Case (i): If Z= cos=+isin® 6 6 Be og Biges BY" at za cosg +sin’) 1:00 in) " AN Ae nt = | cos + isin 2 2 isin (out nits = 2.cos 6 (a) scanned with CamScannerPAPER-C2. a ALGEBI RA D.U. EXAMINATION PAPER-2015 15 Case (ii): If Z= cost —isin® 6 6 gf et at -n Zz cos isin) + (eos¥ -isind) ut ' = (sos nin) +( cos! +i Hence z - = 2.005" Q.1.(b) Solve the equation: 2° + iz + ig 1=0 Sol. We have, z° + iz? +i-1=0 = (2° -1) + (23 +1)=0 a(P-)(@+)+i@+1=0 (2+ @-1+i=0 > > 2+1=0,2-1+i=0 > Be-1,251-i > z= (4432-00-98 For, z=? : (cos n+ isin x)? = [cos(2nn + x) + isin(2nn + wr? _ co( 2828) sien(2%5} nH 0,12 Lae m, e = cos(2n+ 1) +isin n+ D3 n=0,1,2 se St) 3 cos +isinm, cos + /SIn- N w Wi caan t+ isin=, cos 3 I oe z=a-a? alga) = 2it{ coogi iy =a “ wa cos( 2m +f isin{ 20m | ; 3s scanned with CamscannerYEAR (SEMESTER-!) CBCS~2015, ! tT n)_ am) n=q 3m 3m 1) 9V6f cos2= -isin— |, ee 26 cos =H sings} (es ae ae tie solution of the given equation are; Cy A }, where Hene (eye By Sar Hy 25" Fo! cos” isin’ aes 3 freee iene us ae om isin 7) Q.1.(c) Find the number of ordered Pairs (a, b) of numbers such that (a + iby? = a ib Sol. Let, +ib > a~ib Also, = Va? +8? =12| We have, i ‘ => = ; * gi | z [=|]; : Since, | zlelz s 2 [= | 2 |; seats) 12] (1z|?-1)=0 Hence, {z}=0orfz[=1 , ; For, [2] =0,2=03@0=00 & for, 2 | = Ps scanned with CamScannetSince, |2|7= = The equation 2003 ordered pairs (a, 1) of sph 2003 distinct solutions, $9, the tof number of 2 2004 ordered pairs, eal numbers such that (a + ib)2 = a— ib are 1 + 2003 Q2-(a) Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6,7, 8,9). For a,b ¢ A, define a ~ b if and fect square. (i) For each a & A, find G={xe A,x~a} Gi) Explain why ~ defines an equivalence relation on A- Sol. A = (1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6,7, 8, 9} G = {xe 4;x~a} Fora, b © A,a~ bif and only if ab isa perfect square. Fora =1,- T =[xeA;x~1) ¢ A;xisa perfect square] . = 114,91 es Since, x ~ a iff F= a ce 4=9=(,4,9 Fora =2, Qal{xeAsx~2} {x € A; 2xis a perfect square} D= (2,8)-8 > peace ZalreAir~3) = [xe A; 3r is perfect square] 3-13) => Fora=5 etre AiSeisa pertect squarel | 3-15) . g- 16 zein 3-0 scanned with CamscannerSince, the equivalence classes ToS. : i os that 17369 and 5,472 are relatively prime. oie numbers a anal Bare relatively prime, if eda, b) = Let us fine the ged(17369, $472) using Euclidean Algorithm, 1769 = (6472) 4 953 S072 = 5(959) + 707 O89 © 1(707) + 246 5 forms a partition of jy, 246 = 1218) + 31 215 = 6(31) + 29 31 129) +2 29 = 14(2) 41 2= 21) +0 ‘The last non-zero remainder is 1, ged(17369, 5472)=1 => 17369 and 5472 are relatively prime. Q.2.(c) Suppose ~ denotes an equivalenci A. Then show that 7 5 if and only if i Sol. Let us suppose that 7# 5. | To show that, Gnb =o i Let anb xo Then there is an element xe aA 5 1 > xed andxe i Since, xe DEG Similarly, xe => F=f e relation on a 5 cl et A and a,be an b= Hl 5 = 5, whichisa contradiction ‘ = 4 So, Gab =o i Conversely, let us suppose that, 7b =6 Then, aeq but afb Thus, a5 “ i 2.3.02) Let a and b be real numbers. Find a one to one correspon! ‘ tween (a, 2) and (b, &), f Sol, Let us define a mapping; F(a, 2) -> (D, 2) fayexe(bod) scanned with CamscannerEXAMINATION PAPER-2015) 139 | to : fis aes is both one-one and onto. e Met x1, x3 € (a, ),'such that => > > fis one-one Fis onto: Let y © (b, «) Then yoo = (y-b)>0 S Y=b)+a>0 (Y~b +a) & (a, 0) Also, fly-b+a) Y-b+a)+(b-a=y So, let sy-bea => X € (@, ©) is such that Ox) =y «. fis onto. Hence, fis the required one-to-one correspondence between (a, «) and (b, ) __Q-3.(b) Prove that the sum of the cubes of three consecutive positive integers is divisible by 9. Sol. To prove that, w+ (n+ 1)? + (1 + 2))] is divisible by9; neZ* Let us prove the result by the principle of mathematical induction. Forn=1 w+ (n+ 1) + (n+ 2 = 1942439 = 36. Since, 9|36, so the result is true for n = 1. Let us assume that the result is true for n = k, ie., 1 + (k + 1)? + (K+ 2)9] is divisible by 9. => K+ (k + 1)) + (k + 2)° = 9m; m being some positive integer. For n = (k + 1) (e418 + (e+ 29 + K+ 3) = (K+ 1? + K+ 2)? + (B+ 9 + 27k + 27) = [P+ K+ 1 + K+ 2) +902 + 3k 4 3) = 9m + 9(F + 3k +3) =9(m+ P+ 3k +3) : 9 | [k+ IP + + P44 3p} is fee ya tk ape (k+ 3)J is divisible by 9. Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, it is Proved that, ti? + (1 « A) + (1 + 2) Lis divisible by 9, For each positive integer w. Horne, the sum of the cubes of three consecutive positive idteger : Ainihte & v9 scanned with CamscannerMATICS © Hot |ATHE! i ragruence 4x =3 (mod 5) Q.3.(o) Solve the linear cons) eS en et : is osxs5. since the modulus 18 5, aN aod a i = 4 (mod 5) it (mod 5) 12.» 2 (mod 5) 14x = 1621 (mod 5). y= 3 (mod §) holds for x = 2. 3 (mod §) has the solution x = 2 (mod 5). neral, 4 tn Q.4.(a) Apply elementary row operations and transform the f matrix in row reduced echolon form: following 1234 4.5.6 7 6789 ao 1 92. 34. Sol. Let Az|45 67 6789 Let us apply the elementary row operations, R,> Ry - 6Ry Ry R,-4R, ¢ de 23 4 = é):08 3 She: 8 0-5 10 =15 Applyi Pees R,> SRE pe A 3 5 A 2374 = | As|0 1 2.3 | ree O71 823 pplyin, | B Ri R,- Ry | ; 120304 | aAsjo 123 i ja ao 8 | an fovea of He weds A Scanned with CamscannerPAPER-C2; 2: ALGEBRA D.U. EXAMINATION PAPER-2035 121 Applying R, + R, -2R 2 10 -1 2 Az=|0 1 2 3 ie ie the 000 0 is the This row reduced echolon form of the given matrix A. 1 0 . 5 2 Q.4(b) Let a, = |-3},%=|1|,0y =|-6|,5=|-1 9 2 8 6- | Determine if j is a linear combination of &,%,% | Sol. § isa linear combination of @, 2.7% itand only if the vector equation B have a solution j X18 + aay +348 => The vector equation is, © 1 0 5 2 xy} -2 | +2 ]-1 f+ 33 -6| =|-1 0 2 “18 6 This vector equation has the same solution set as the linear system whose augmented matrix is, 10 542 Az|2 1 61-1 lo 2 816 Now, solving the system by row reducing the augmented matrix as, 10 3312 21 6/1 A= x 0 2 816 ’ Ry Rpt Rv _ Applying 4 0 512 ~{o 1.413 ’ 0 2 816 > fpelying Re" : aia 01 43 a0 949 scanned with CamscannerATHEMATICS-1YEAR (SEMESTER-1) CBCS-2015 mm of equation is, reduced sys So, the solving, Let = 1 § 2-34 -H+a Hence, bis can be expressed as a linear combination of @, Q.4.() Find the general traffic pattern in the fr een the figure below, (flow rates are in cars/minute) ‘Also 4 network shown in traffie pattern when the road whose flow is x, is Ces nee the genera 200 B 60 Sol. At each i i out. of the intersections A, B, C, D the flow in is equal tothe fo" Int i oe Howin = Flow out zs 4 40 + 3+ % c oe x +%2 D Xp + Xg xg +100 Xyt Xs ® 60 Th us, the following system of equations is obtained. Ky Xy- x= 40 ty + 4,=200 Hy + Hy ~ tye 100 Sq + or) ramScannet2 PAPER-C2; ALGEBRA D.U. EXAMINATION PAPER-2015, 123 | The corresponding, augmented matrix is, ; 1 0 =t =) 01 40 I 11 0 0 0 | 200 } Aly 1 fo L100 E foo 8 1 1 | 60 Row reducing the augmented matrix, Applying Ry > R= Ry Yoo -1 -1 0! 40] JO Ld tO 1160 O 1 1 0 -1}100 000 1 1460 Applying Ry > Ry-R, 10 -1 -1 0! 40 o11 10 S| “Jo 0 0 -1 -11-60 E 000 1 1460 - Applying Ry ORy+ Ry : 1 0,24 1071 4 1 0 | -I -11-60 i 0 01,0 > So, the general solution is, X= 100 + x3 - x, X25 100 -x3 + x5 Xq is free X4= 60-x5 Xz is free. z * Ai taal describes the general traffic Pattert i the given 5 Wy is elowed Le. x4=0 % x4 = 60, scanned with CamscannerB.Sc. (Hons.) MATHEMATICS -1 YEAR (SEMESTER-1) CBC 2015 124 a general traffic pattern Then, the gen ee | X= 160 = x5 | 24 is free xys0 x5 = 60 1 0 -2 | Q5(a) LetAs]-2 1 6 ),b=!) 7 3-2-5 3 Define a transformation T: R? > R3 by T(%) = Ax Find a vector = whose image under T is 5, Determine whether xis unique, Sol. If a vector ¥ has image 5 under T, Then, : TR) = 5 > ar =5 10 -27fa 7) fat ee AZT 6 Weed LF 3 2 +5 x =3 4 where, F¥= | ler? 33, Row teducing the augmented matrix; 30 24-1 [4ib]=|/-2 1 617 30-2 -5}-3 Applying Ry Ry + 2R, & Ry > Ry- 3R, 10 -2!-1 ~]o 1215 0 2.130) scanned with Camscanner125 PAPER-C2: ALGEBRA D.U. EXAMINATION PAPER-2015 Applying Ry > Ry + 2Ry 10 21-1 ~fo 1 245 00 5710 Applying Ry i R E to -2{-l | -lo 1 21s 0-0 4 [2 | Applying Ry» Ry + 2Ry & Ry Rp~ 28 t 10 013 : ~{o 1 oft i 00 1/2 : - Hence, 423,21, %9=2 : x) 73 : > x=|m{=]1 : t al [2 i ted matrix [4:5] has now free variables, Since, the row reduced augment ique whose image is 5 under T. 0 the solution is unique. Hence, ¥ is uni (b) Let T: R? > R® be a linear transformation such that, 3 Thegy Xq) = (ey ~ Wy Hy + 38 3x, - 2x) ‘ “Find ¥ such that 7(@)=C1,4,9)- £ Is it T one-one and onto? i = (-1, 4,9) | “1 i a4 9 t =} ] -{4 9 scanned with Camscanner126 (Hons) MATHEMATICS -LYEAR (SEMESTER-D CBCS-29)5 1 (el, a. 9) where at ts the standard matrix of T. > AX ol, ae Row reducing the corresponding, augmented matrix, 1 21~1 Applying Ryd Rye Ry & Ryo» Ry IR, Applyany, Ry Ry- Applying Ry > Ry + 2Ry Here the columns | -|| and | 3 | of the standard matrix of T are not the 3) 12 multiples of each other and hence are linearly independent. So, T is one-one RS Also, T is onto iff columns of the standard matrix A of TE bas piv Since, A is 3x2, the columns of A span R? if and cay not span F Positions. Since, A has only 2 columns. So, the columns af Hence, T is not onto. ' fon (©) Using row reduction method for the agen nd the inverse of the matrix A, if it exists. ented matrix (A th 12-4 ae j=t-. 8:5 g 4 8 scanned with CamscannerP, - 5 APER-C2: ALGEBRA D.U, EXAMINATION PAPER2015 127 Sol. To fing 4-1 4 4 find A™, row reduce the augmented matrix [A 1] to [1 A“. 1-2-1110 0 fAqj=|-1 5 610 1 0 : 5-4 5;00 1 Applying Ry > Ry + Ry & Ry -» Ry ~ SRy fi -2 -111 0 0 ~{O 3 Sit 10 * 0 6 0\-5 01 Applying Ry Ry = 2Ry 1-2 -111 0 0 1003251 1. 10 00 Oj7 21 Since, the third row of A is reduced to zero row. So, A can not be row reduced to I. Hence, thé inverse of A does not exists. Q.6.(a) (i) Let H = {(a, b, c) ER®; b = 3a + 2c). Show that H is a.a subspace of R®. : . 1] [2 : i) Consider the basis B= 4) || |f for R’. = 3 is x? If [X]p = 3 » what is x? Sol. (i) H = {(a, b,c) ER®; b = 3a + 2c}. Since, Oe tee aR (0,0, 0)¢H => The zero vector is in H. Let i = (ay By 4) and V = (ty by &) belong to H. am by = 3a + 244 & by = 3a + 2Cy i ba) = 3a + 4) + 206 +O) Adan (by # ba) 901 (a + dy by + By cy +) EN ‘ a+ eH tat ae Rand 7 = My by eH by = 3 2h y= ty & te, scanned with CamscannerHence: sol. (H) And, respect tiv ely, => oS TYEAR. (GEMESTERD) CBCS~2015 by, © i. (aay aly oy eye lt wi ell Aisa subspace oF Re ‘rhe given bi o-{ i 3 (le * [a] a Hinear combination of the basis vector with weights 3 and 2 1 2 = 2 et] <_|?7 “7 \s Q.6.(b) Find a basis for the column space and null space of the matrix, 39 34 A=|2 6 4 8 [3 9 2 2 Sol. The pivot columns of a matrix A itself form a basis for the column space of A. 39 2-7 A=|2 6 4 8 39 2 2 Row reducing the matrix A to echolon form. Applying R; > Ry + Ry, Applying [3 9 2 -7 ~|2 6 4 8 [3 0 4 -5 R,-> Ry + Ry 1 a6 9 -|2 6 4 8 4 0a scanned with CamscannerPAPER 329 ER-C2: ALGEBRA D.U. EXAMINATION PAPER-2015 9 Applying Ry R,-2R 2 J Applying 6 4 : 00 4-5 Applying Ry Ry + Ry 3 69 ~|0 0 @5 0000 So, the first and the third columns of the matrix A, form the basis of the column space of A. So, the 'basis of the column space of A is, 3) [2 4) 4 3.) [2 The null space of a matrix A, is the set of all the solution of 4 =0. Let us first, write the solution of A¥=0 in parametric vector form. The row reduced echolon form of [4:0] is. 1 3 6 9f0 ! ‘ aioy- [2 9 4 510 0 0 0 0j0 x4-3%+ 4+ 6x, + 92479 E xy + 58> E tion is, LS, the general solu : E HEN | nye dog" | 1, i free scanned with CamscannerAR (SEMESTER-1) CBCS-2015 3 3/2 ‘ 5 \ 0 . ‘, of sig \ rh Lo 1 Ny ; 3/2 he. where, # =|) and P=] oy 0 l ry 2 => 7 x4, ‘Thos, {i,¥} generates Nul A. Also 7 and ¥ are linearly independent, So, {ii,¥} fornis a basis for the Null space of the matrix A. Q.6.(c) Find a basis for the eigenspace of the matrix A, corresponding to the eigenvalue 4 = 3, ae 203 A=|-1 1 -3 24 9 aa Sol. A basis for the eigenspace corresponding to the eigenvalue } = the matrix A, is the null space of the matrix A - Al ie. A - 3! where /is 38 identity matirx, : a P3 F008 a = A-3t=|-1 1 -3|-3/0 1 0 i 249 oo 4 a aoa a8 pac aisio 38 5 4 9] fo 8 uy scanned with CamScanner2238 m\-1 -2 <3 Let us now re, 2 4 6) system, Fedluce the augmented matrix for the aystem of homogeneous (1-3n¥ « pt 203 0 [A-37iop eft -2 3 0 24 60 . Applying Ry» Ry ~2R, & Ry > Ry + Ry 1230 ~|o 000 0000 =e X1 + 2x, + 3x3 = Some the general solution of (4-3/)¥=0 fis xy=— 2x, ~ 3x5 xis free xy is free . x a 2 3 x =x| 1 [+33] 0 > s 0 1 4 x) | = i +57 > es 2 | and ¥ = 0 where, 7 = ! e null space of the matrix (A ~ 31), Hence, the enerates f the matrix ‘A, corresponding to the eigenvaltre scanned with Camscanner_ 1789 Sr. Now of agt02) unique Fae ae om Name of the Papert C2-AlW ‘ioe Wi of the Course ; U6e (nH) Mathematics 2 Jame semester t » d Houre Duration Maximum Marke) 78 Instructions: ‘ 1, Write your Roll No. on the top immediately ont receipt of this questions 2. All say questions are compulsory. piper. 3. Do any tee parts from each questions. polar representation of the complex number rel+cosatisina, ae (0 , 2n) z= (1+ cos a) + isin a, & & (0, 2n) Qua) Find the Sol, Let the polar representation of z be, z=r(cos 0 + isin 0) where, r= | z | and @ = arg(z) = Viveos? +2co8a+sin? a = \2+2c0sa. = 2+ cosa) 2.2 cos? 2 o r=|z|=2| a cos The given z repr a Case (i: Ifa Sey. a point (1 + cos a, sin a), say P, inthe VPA ay $e (0 *) The 2 point P in this case, lies int the Ist quadrant (032) amocannelPAPER-C2: ALGEBRA D.U, EXAMINATION PAPER-2016 133 = r= [z]=2.cos% 2 & ox apsmtar(#22-) T+ eost ot 2.sin& cos = tan] 2 2eos? & 2 > > ae (0,7) Case (ii): If « € (x, 2m) a 3 Pele 2 $ «(3.) In this case, the point P lies in IV guadrant a r= |z|=—20085 => eo senso «+$)+0n(=+ 5) ae (x 2h) a re iseafosS-0 220 > Case (fi): Ifa = os scanned with Camscannerease et 0 rena set ws est rpeesent (1 Ds (JF vi) and (1-13) Into polar forms, (eee) 1 cos + isin + 4 a Rg 2| cos— + isin ( 6 4 dn. 4a -1-W3 = 2{eotZ +-1sn 42) Using the fact, (cos t + isin #)" = cos nt + isin nt we have, 10 (1-j%= [va s0s7 + isin7)| - 2 (os + nin 25") 2 2 5 (V3 +i = [2feoed es isin 2)| a2 (os + isin) 6 ' 10 (1-13): = [2{sos4# + isn*t)| 40n 4 } ey +isin— 33 zt 56 scanned with CamscannetPAPER-C2: ALGEBRA D,U. EXAMINATION PAPER-2016 335 = cos 35 + jsin 22 3 3 °= “qo, dOnt cos 92% 4. j.sin 3 3 > : ISm 4. 15a zo cos Ey isin SE => == cos Si + isin fe zat Q.1-€¢) Find the three roots of the complex z = 1 + {and represent them in the complex plane. Sol. The three roots of the complex number z= 1 + i are merely the cube roots.of z. Let us first represent the complex number in polar form. > Let z= 1(cos 0 + isin 0) | where, r=|z| and0=argz an r= |z|=VP4P =V2 . boos ai Land, o= agzeur'(t) tan Nez f bs Jif cos%stsin$) Then, the cube roots of z are, 3, z ae +2} sin(§ +24n)) ; k=0,1,2 2 sy ae ev [o=(is +l sin( E+ +72)h k=0,1,2 1+iare, sage | e0575*! isin— <| 3n 3n ae coy | e085 + isn? | Tn lin Js alfa 3 bal anetric image ‘of the numbers f t Hence, the three roots of z= 00 dinates the Using polar enon din scanned with Camscanner71 R (SEMESTER-1) CB, . Hons.) MATHEMATICS-I YEAR (SEI DCECS 2576 ; ns. 136 __BSe. (Hor v6 7 mol 2 4) v6 37 w(2"28) lin 16 LI m2 i 7) {in complex plane, the resulting eguilateral triangle Moya, n complex plane, 2 is Shown, a below: a (@ Prove that ~ (ii) What is the -5? Sol. For a,b ¢ 2/(0), define @~ bifand only if abs 9 Reflexive: Since #>0V_ €Z/{0} > 99>0V aeZ/{0} = Q@~ay ae Zig = ~ is a reflexive Telation on Z/{0). Symmetric: let 4~bfora,be Zi E e er scanned with Camscann:Pap) ER-C2: ALGEBRA D.U, EXAMINATION PAPER-2016 ab>0 la>o bra euus an~ bi it i 2 implies b~ a for a,b © Z/(0) Tee ee relation on Z/{0} [t theta ~ b&b ~c fora, b,c @ Z/0) BS, ; ab> Oand be > 0 (abi) (be) Benscpsiy,. 28 (ab) (b o ar >0 a ac>0 cae an~c So, a ~ band b ~ cimplies a ~c . => ~ is a transitive relation on Z/(0} : Hence ~ is equivalence relation on Z/{0). (ii) The equivalence class of 5 is, | B= (re Z/0}:x~5] = (xe Z/{0}:5x> 0) > (xe Z/(O):x>0} a, B= (x:x>0,xeZ) | ‘The equivalence cl2ss of = is ; 3 = (xe Z/{0}:x~ C5) = {x € Z/{0} :-5x > 0) = {xe Z/{0}:x <0) 3 ={xix<0,x€Z} 756). -Q.2.(b) Find ae ane to find ged(1800, 756) Sol. Use Euclit 1800 = 2(756) + 288 : 756 = 2(288) + 180 288 = 1(180) + 108 180 = 1(108) + 72 108= 4(72) + 36 72 = 2(36) +9 yormainder is 36 TR ag 0 ere ag) = 36 ag ge scanned with CamscanneryeARGEMESTERNCDCS O06 Is is one to one? Is it Ontyy Hons.) MATHEMATI 138 =x Q.2.(¢) Define s¢ Ro Rby s(x) Explain. tel sR» R defined as: Sol.s: R-> le where, Lx called the floor of x, is the gr 5 atest integer less than or equal 4, x iw. Lal is the unique integer satisfying yetelylsx } Let us plot the graph of the given function 6 yea From the graph, we observe that there exists horizontal lines which do not intersect the graph of the function s. So, the given function s is not onto. 3 Also, there exists horizontal lines which intersect the graph of the function: $ at more than one points. So, the given function s is not one-one. Q.3.(a) Given natural number a and b, show that there are unique nor negative integers q and r with 0 a=qber bet us put ae since, ‘ 2 0 20 scanned with CamsScannet19 : ALGEBRA D.U, EXAMINATION PAPER-2016 Also, > a<(q+ 1b i (a qb) r= rand 4 =p Hence the non-negative integers q and r are unique. the same - Q.3.(b) Show that the open intervals (1, 3) and (0, 2) have the cardinality. : sage Sol. The open intervals (1, 3) and (0, ») have the same cardinality iff “exists a one-one and onto mapping from (1, 3) to (0, *)- Let us consider the mapping; f2(0, %) > (1, 3). defined as, 3x41 Jo= a is one-one: ae xy xe 0.) such ak 3x, 41 Bath. a 5 Baal ae 1) 41=GHt Dt + peayh toate? gx, + D2 43x, + ap OTT oe 2 =X; x 2 Le fis one-one x youd “scanned with Camscannert . i a MATHEMATICS . M0 fia)=y for Let us solver Beth ay ia xl grate ger DY > ; gue leary ; greayeyet a dk n weycy Since, Ley <3 yet nom >) 2 yoy 5 x>0 => x € (0, «is such that la) = y Hence, fis onto ‘Therefore, the intervals (1, 3) and (0, 0) have the same cardinality Q3Mc) If ac = be (mod m) and:ged(c, m) = 1 then a = b (mod m), Sol. ae = be (mod mi) . And, ged(c, m)=1 Since, ym) = 1, iS i oes gcd(c, m) = 1, we have, cx + my = 1, for some integers x and y. Since, acs be (mod m) = ac—be= mk, for some integer k. > (a-bc= mk > (a ~ b)ex = mkx But cx=1-my > (ab) (1 - my) = mkx > (a=) = my(a—b) = mkx 2 a~b=mkx + my(a—b) = a~b= mike + y(a—b)} ne p=ke+ya-b) ae peZ 2 a-b=mp 3 a= b(mod m} Q.4.(@) Determine the values of h me k such that the system xy +hxy=2 4x, + 8x, 2k han (0 no solution Gi) a unique solution (ff) many solulio’® scanned with CamScannetPAPER-C2: C2: ALGEBRA D.U. EXAMINATION PAPER-2016 141 Sol. The given system is, : xy + hx, =2 . 4x, + 8x, =k Row reducin; ig the augmented matrix to the echolon form , ( nya 4 81k Applyi plying, Ry» Ry ARs As hr? ~ ' 4 8-4h{ k-8 1 Ome system has no solution, if the augmented column has a pivot Le. 8-4h=Oandk-8#0 > h=2andk#8 (ii) The system has.a unique solution, if there are no free variables. ie. 8~4h#0 => he 2 & kcan have any real value. (iif) The system has many solutions, if there is free variables i.e. no pivot vin second row. > g—4h=0and k-8=0 h=2andk=8 1 3 h Q.4.(b) Let 7, = 0 |,y.=| 1 | andy= -5|. : 2 8 3 For what values (s) of his yin the plane generated by 0 and 0. 1 3 A o |=] i | andy= 5 8 -3 by 9, and 2% Sol. Let, 0% = © Since, y is in the plane generated se yis in span [Py Ml 416 in PH combination of and T2 2 yhas a solution. + X52 matrix to the echolon form; Bow reducing the 448 1 3th 9 1:4 scanned with CamscannerB.Sc. (Hons: is -1) CBCS~2016 ) MATHEMATICS 1YEAR (SEMESTER-1) 01 BSc. (Hons) 142 Ry Ry + Ry | Applying, tera er ~|o 1 \ -S 0 2 | (-3+2h). i Ry > Ry - Ry lying, I: Applying an | \ ~fo “5 | 0 2) (+h) | Since, the vector equation 2,0, + Xy0) = y have a solution i > 7+2h=0 | ; | = hes Q.4.(c) Balance the given chemical equation where Boron violently with water to form boric acid and hydrogen sul unbalanced equation. B,S, + H,O > H,BO, + H,S Here, for each compound, construct a vector atoms of boron sulphur, hydrogen and oxygen. | Sol. The given unbalanced chemical equation is; | BS; + HO> HBO, + H,S Let us construct a vector equation that describes the number of atoms of | each type present in the given chemical reaction. i Since, there are four types of atoms viz. i Boron (B), Sulphur (8), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O), construct a vector | in R" for each. reactant and product. Sulphide reacts . Iphide gas, The that lists the number of | < Boron Let us take, «Sulphur < Hydrogen < Oxygen Then, Ciena ea scanned with CamscannerPAPER Co. “C2: ALGEBRA D.U. EXAMINATION PAPER-2016 0 Ho: |? 2 1 1 H,B0,:|° 3 3 0 Hs: |} “}2 0 Let the balanced equation is; 2,B)Sy + tyH,0- ryH;BO, + 2911S. > xy B,S5 + XyH,O ~ 1yH3BO, + *yH,S = 0 2 0 -1 oj] [9° 0 1 0 = alg] 472] 2[73 3] 42 “lo 0 1 3 0} 10. 2 0 tT oF if 5 A 0 i _}0 =f yt] > +33] /* 42 ap 0 1 3 oF Lo. Now, row reducing the augmented matrix of the homogeneous system: 2.0 -1 010 ' 3.0 0 -1;0 02-3 2/0 otc 0.50 3 . yi hi = Applying, ae scanned with CamscannerYEAR. (geMESTER) CBCS-2016 How), MATH yeMATIC 7 ts 4g 0; of 0778 9 0 92 “1h “log ad “2/0 ot 3 010 Applvins: Rye Ry »>o a 010 Oo = 010 “Jo 2 a -2}0 00 32 10 Applying: Ryn? Ry = 2K, and Ry > 2Ry f2 0 -1 0 }0] _{o 1 3 oto 023 210 lo 0 3 -2/0 o Ry Ry= Ry f2 0-1 0 to _|o 1 3 oto 023 2/0 lo 0 0 010 Applying, Ry> ALR, and Ry» Ry + Ry 200 2310 _|o 10 -2 10 003 -2 {0 lo 00 0 {0 , 2-244 =0 -2y=0 3x -2x4=0 Solving, we get, 1 ag X22 Oxy scanned with CamScanner= ‘XAMINATION PAPER-2016 2 35 5x, is lex a 4 is free, > *1* 1.4) 6,455 2,4, 03 aos. ” - Hence, the balanced chemical equation is; : BSs ++ 6.140 2.HQBO, + 3,18, Q.5.(a) Let T; R? _, R be defined an Ty XQ) = (2x, BWyp Ry = Ag, 0, x9) ( Prove that T is a linear {ransformation, (ii) Find the standar ‘d_matrix of 7, Sol. (i) Let T: R? > R' be defined as; Tey X) = (Ry ~ ry, x, ~ xy, 0, x3) Let W = (xy, x) F=Wyy) € R & apeR Bee) OW +BY = a(x, x9) + BY Yo) S = (ax, + Byy, ax, + By) € R? Also, TG) = Tey, ¥) = (2rty — By 2y~ Ata, 0, 9) TO) = Tey ¥_) = yy — 3Yy Ya ~ AY O, Yo) | Now, : T (aii + BF) = Tox, + Byy, of, + By) 0, ax, + By] +B Oa eR ai amps PN Ae ) + (By, ~ 3B), (cy = are) + Cys = 4 Ya, 0, By2) = [Qox, - Sax, = oxy, 0, 0X2) + (2By2 - 3BYy Pat ) * FO See ty 0) # BOM ~ 3% .~ A 05x P= (2x9 -— 3Xy %y 3 P= aT, %) + BTUs Yo) | = aT@)+BT@) | > Tat + Pv) = pipe Hence, Tis a linear transform Wi) Let A be the standard mat = Then ne) eR (9) ~ 4x5, 0, x4) = (2%, - 3x, X - 4x, 0, x4) la 7) = Tey) i a scanned with CamscannerThe standard matrix A of the given linear tansformation T is, . 3 i 4 7 0 1 x2 Q.5.(b) Let T: R" > R" be a linear transformation and let A be the standard matrix for T. Then prove that () T maps R" onto R" if and only if columns of A spans R", Gi) Tis one to one if and only if columns of A are linearly independent. Sol. Let T: R" + R™ be a linear transformation and let A be the standard matrix for T. (i) The columns of A span R™, ‘© For each 5 in R" For each 5, the equation 7(z)=5 has atleast one solution. <> T maps R" onto R", (i) Tis one-to-one y the equation 4¢=5 is consistent, * The equation r(z)= has only the trivial solution. “> 4&=1 has only the trivial solution. <> Columns of A are linearly independent. cag the mate Dc) Fied the basis for the column space and null space 4 Scanned with CamscannetA=/6 5 1 12 3.48 3 1. ‘i Sol. The given matrix is; [4 $9 -2 Ae]6 5 1 12 sh i 348 43 i nl pivot columns of a matrix A itself form a basis for the column space of So, noe reducing the matrix A to echolon form. Applying, Ry > R,- Ry rid ~{6 5 1 12 3.48 3 Applying, Rp > Ra ~ 68 and Rs > Ry - 3Ryi eet yet ~]o -1 5 6 lo 1 5 Applying, Ri, Rg t+ Ry f fee bh ~|0o D5 6 : 00 0 9 | So, the first and second columns of the matrix A, form the basis of the column space of A- ace of A is; Hence, the basis of the column SP’ 61,15 3 14 matrix A, 18 the set of all the solution of 4 at solution of A= jor forms form of A | ois, The null space of 4 fet us first write the Tw row reduced edholot F in parametric vec! scanned with CamscannerM8 BSc. (Hons.) MATHEMATICS -1 YEAR (SEMESTER-1} CBCS-20)1¢ 1-11. 10 0-15.60 00000 Applying, RR + RG 10470 ~|0 -1 5 60 00 000 X- 4x, + 7xy=0 ~X, — 5x3 + 6xy=0 So, the general solution is; > > = 4g 7x x= 5x, + 6x, 1X, is free X, is free. x 4x, — 1x4 = 7a] 5x3 + 6x4 33 ¥3 +025 x, Ox; +24 ot 7 5 6 =], [tal a 0 1 a => my es xy |= BH tx 4 4 7 where, 5 6 i w= ve 1 [ands 0 9 1 Thos, 7.9} spans tia a, scanned with CamscannerPAPER-Co, — ALGEBRA EXAMINATION PAPER: 8 and 5 are 5, So, {T.F) forme get Independent So, {7.7} forms a basi . 0.610) (0 Define 4 ae for the Null space of the matrix A- Gi Is H= (a, g . BSP aCe H of R" and its dimension t00- "hod lcaay £ RY, Justify your answer. 2b + 3d) a subspace Oo} Sol. Subspace of RX, A subspace of R" is a 7 tH i "i ties: () The zero vector ig j ct H in R" that has the following properties in H, (i For each @ and ¥ in H, the sum 747 is in Hl. ii For each @ in H and each scalar ¢, the vector civ is in H. ‘i Dimension of ‘a subspace: The dimension of a non-zero subspace " denoted by dim. H, is the number of vectors in any basis for H. The dimension of the zero subspace {0} is defined to be zero. (ii) H=((a,b, c,d; c=a+ 2b + 3d) Since, 0=0+20+3.0 2 (0, 0, 0, 0,)€H Let F = Qy by Cy 4) and, VY = (iy by Cyd) € H > y= ay + 2b, + 3d, & y= My + 2b + 3d, a+T 2 (Oy yy by + Bye Oy + Or th +) z ¢ 4 y= (a, + 2b, + 3) + Oa # 2a + 3) And, TP 8 (Gy +) + by +d) * 2 2by + 3p) w+ eH > be a scalar. Also, Let ¢ eae ty : “r 4) rae 2 (cy Oy Kv = a, + by + 3) aj 3 eA (ea) + chy) + 1) cn eH . of R" pace HT of R® spanned by Hence, H is 4 subspace Ous.th) Determine 8 * vectors: sionensio" of the subs; i -l 6 3 jiand t= a fl scanned with Camscanner Bi 6 21 kms wri eseatacesea150 BSc. (Hot Sol. He Let s construct A= [i] Hy Hy is the column space of A. As Now, row reducing the m wate Applying, |ATHEMATICS “I YEAR (SEMESTER) BCS-20916 M. 2 -l 8|,%) =|-7), 7] 6 6 at |, so that the subspace Spanned by a 37. ai, Ryo Applying, R33 So, the fest two columns of basis. for H. Thus, dim. H= So, Q6.(0 Isa =3 an eigen value of the matrix Sorresponding eigen vector, Sol. Let As 3 isan eigen value of A, i A-3ls the dimension of the ie HOE R® sp 8 6 6 “7 ix A, Ry + 4Ry Ry Ry~3R,; dof Os 5... 0 -10 4 Ry +2R, 2 3. 0-55 90 0 A are the Pivot columns and hence form anned by H.93;7, is 2 Par 9 3-2 1)? Ifso, find one Be 1. iY eo 3. 2-1 0 by if the matrix 4 — 31 is invertible 12 21 Tiroo Sosy eaboo 4g eee tesa | 3 , ! scanned with CamscannelPAPER-C2: ALGEBRA D.U. EXAMINATION PAPER-2016 Now, row reducing the augmented matrix [4-3 22 20 3 5 1 0 0120 Applying, Applying, Applying, Applying, Applying, 2.2 2 | o 1 -2 L Ry Ry + Ry ‘fl 3 3 {3 51 0. 42-0 2°, . Ry Ry - 3Ry 13 3 0 ~{0 4 8 0 jo: 1-2-0 Heed "2]- [3:0 0 3 2 1}/-/0 3 0 0 1 tf [0 0 3 10) scanned with Camscanneree variables 0 has anon irivial solution. since, there are fre => The equation (A-3D¥ = Hence, 3 is an eigenvalue of A. Then, any non-zero solution of ( So, x1 = 3X3 X_= 2X3 X, is free A-31)x =0 isacorrespondin; g eigenvector, Let x, = 1. Then, x) = 2 and x, =3 x3) = (3, 2, 1) is an eigenvector of A, corresponding to th tothe © So, ¥ = (yp Xx eigenvalue 3. agg scanned with CamscannerDelhi University Examination Paper-2017 sr. No. of Q.Paper 6622 Unique Paper Code 32351102 Name of Paper Algebra : B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics rol : Shours Name of Course Semester Duration Maximum Marks $78 Instructions for Candidates: 1. All the sections are compulsory. 2. All questions carry. equal marks. 3. Use of non-programmable scientific calculator is allowed. SECTION-I stion from this section. such that |z| =1and Attempt any four que: Q. 1a) Find all complex numbers z, 6) (b) Find the fourth complex plane. Show that they form a square inscribed in i Q the unit circle. (6) 5 (c) Solve the equation 2$+ iz3+i-1=0. (6) Ans. (a) We have, Iz! =1 z=cosxti.sinx, XE [0, 2x] Let J as s z| _ Given that, (i) > =1 Since, =cosx+isinx si =cosx-isin® sx tisin ay cos 2y isin 2 = (cosy -fsin = 608 2 = fst roots of uriity and represent them in the. scanned with Camscanner180 Deepa : BSc. (Hons.) Mathematics (Gemester-I) CBCS-2017 z= (cos x +i sin x). (cos x ~ i sin x) = 12. cos 2x1 #1 cmp 9 Hy ’ > teos vb» : og vane, ' : Pere iiee 4 a cos ey ats Hf cos 2 = a 7 wir, = Qn = And, if > Hence, the required complex numbers z are, z, = cosx, + isin %; k=l, scanned with CamsScannetPAPER-C2: ALGEBRA D.U. EXAMINATION PAPER-2017 (b) We have, z*1 S © 1 (cos 0 +i, sin 0) The fourth roots of unity are, ep A) boos (06 2K A) + sin (0-6 Ak YIM H =O. 1, 2,3 kit ke, 12,9 (4), As) ; 12 isl — |} k= 0, 1,2,3 = coy - Hence, the fourth roots of unity z= Lare, z, ecos 0+, sin 0 2 visi z, =cos > +f.s8iIn > 1 rc 2 2, scos m+ i. sin t vos et-sin gros % +i.sin 3 Using polar co-ordinates the geometric images of the number 2Zy 2), 2 re, M, 1,0) a M,=(L 5) M, = (1.2) t M, = (b> The fourth roots of the unity are represented in the complex plane a8 inthe following figure. sseneremmeays Fes ao enone e L scanned with Camscanner(Hons.) Mathematics (Semester-I) CBCS-2017 Since, M,M,= M, M, = V2 Fience, M, M, M, M, is a'square inscribed in the unit circle, i, the fourth roots of unity from a square inscribed in the unit citcle, Deeps ‘he iver et uation is, Ue) The gherequation sig (= 1)+ (i281) =0 > @-NS@+1FiG+1 =0 3 (+1) @-14+i) =0 = 2+1=0, 20 ire 2s-2=1 = = (1, 2= (is For = (1 = (cosa -+isina yh = [cos(2n7 +2) +isinQna + my woo) Qna+a 3 3 i n=0,1,2 - cosldn et) +isin(Qne sy Z n=0,1,2 / x bees : = (cos%-isn®} (cosz + isinz), 3 3 Sz <2) cos—+isin— 3 5 Again, for z=(1-7 scanned with CamScannet72: ALGEBRA D.U. EXAMINATION PAPER-2017 183 ie" #) ist ne t =) ne#0,1,2 ae Ye) gel. Lr Vr sabes fain 4 ), (eo i isin 12 Al PAPER: 4 ame isin } " 12 Hence, the solution of the given equation is Bay Bey By 2, at where, Ay» Oa 4sin ; 2, = cost +i, sina 5 con + nin 5% 3 3 2 =2(cooe sins} 3, 3a 20 2M(oon2t isin’) 1.2 {cos 2 —isin'Z) 12 12 Q.2(a) Fora, b © Z, define a~ b if and only if 3a +b is a multiple of 4. (i) Prove that = define an equivalence relation. (ii) Find the equivalence class of 0 and 2. (6) (b) Let ~ denote an equivalence rélation on a set A and ae A. Prove that for any € A, x ~ a if and only if ¢=7, where x denotes the equivalence class of x. (6) (c) Show that Z and 3Z have the same cardinality. fe (a) For a, b Z, a ~ b if and only if (3a + b) is a multiple of 4: 3a +b =4m; mez ~is Reflexive leta € 7 be arbitrary > 3a+a=da ‘Sn + a) is a multiple of 4 ‘dayne g ’ 14 Reflexive 8 Syminetriec HN. om hw een Uhat, scanned with CamscannetDeepa: Hi fons.) Mathematics (Semester-I) CBCS-2017 a~b TS = (3a +b) isa multiple of 4 = 3a+b=4m, for some m © z > 3b 4a = 3¢dm~3a) +a = 12m =a = 12m ~8a 3m ~ 2a) Ap: pe Gm ~2n) ey = (Sb +a) isa multiple of 4 =>b-a Hence, a ~ b implies b ~ a => ~is symmetric ~ is Transitive Leta, b © Z be such that, a~bandb~c => (3a + b) and (3b +c) are multiple of 4, => (30 + b) + (3b +c) is a multiple of 4. => (32 + 4b +c) isa multiple of 4. => 3a + 4b+c= yp; forsomep € Z - =>3at+c= 4p-4b = Batc= dk;k=(p-b) ez => (3a + c) is a multiple of 4. =anc Hence, a~ band b ~ c implies a~c * Thus, ~ is transitive So, ~ is an Equivalence relation. (ii) Equivalence class of O is defined as, O=(xe Z:x~0} € Z: (3x + 0) is divisible by 4} = (x € 7: 3x is divisible by 4] afxe is divisible by 4} ={4p+2: pe zh ~2) Also, +2) is divisible by 4) ' aixe Z:x74p+2 pe Zl = (4p + 2:pe Z) | The = {4p +2:pe ZI | Also, | Asie, (b} Let va be given | We will prove that @ =a scanned with Camscanner!ALGEBRA D.U. EXAMINATION PAPER-2017 165 PAl Tay € xe arbitrary. , yak 2 Given that, ¥~@ yoxandxna 5 yod {since, ~ is an equivalen relation) 2 yea s | ‘Thus, yeod@ @ Agin, Let be abe arbitrary = bea Given that.x~a Since, ~ isan equivalence relation, = an-x ‘ So, b- and a~x | => b~a {by transitivity of ~) : > bex \ Thus, aor | Fron Eqs. (i) and (ii); | RE: { Conversely, | Let x =a begiven ‘ ‘We will show that, x ~@ ere xeF : | Ei RG > rea E> x~a | 2(0) Let us define a mapping, f:Z>3Z | fix) =3x ;XEZ _ fis one-one Let x, x, € Z be such that, fs) =f) — 3x, = 3x, = “x, 24, 80, fis one-one, fis onto Lety © 3z be arbitrary . Dr _ y = 3m, for some int © ay fe oritis Aad scanned with Camscannersome m,n € Z .c. (Hons.) Mathematics (Gemester-I) So, fis one-one and onto. , Thas, z and 3z_ have the same cardinality. Qa) Using Buctidean algorithm find g.c.d. (1004, ~24] ang iene an integral Tinear combination of the given intepey SSS (by Bind (L017)" (mod 7). BETS (6) (0) Using Principle of Mathematical Induction, prove ga, © every positive integer m, 1+ 21 is divisible by 3, that fo, Ans. da) Let us: find ged (1004, 24) using, Euclidean algorith ® 1004 = (AL) (24) + 20 im, _PeBed fo 2) (20) + 16> =20 ro remainder is 4 n ged (1004, -24) = 4 Now we have to express ged of 1004 and =24 as (1004) + n(-29 24), for ‘The last non-é Letus take a = 1004 and b=-24 We have 1004 = (41) (-24) +20 > a=-41b+ 20 = : 1, =20=(a+41b) Again, 24 = (-2) (20) + 16 = b =-2(a+ 41b) +16 : 6=b+2(a+41b) = § Again, (16) + i y ee SH) > (a+ 41b) = (2a + 83b) +4 = r. (a+ 41b) - (2a + 83b) = (-2 - 428) -42b =. gcd (1004, ~ 24) =-1 (1004) - 42(-24) This is the required integral linear combination. Ans. 3(b) Let us first compute (1017) (mod 7) : (1017) (mod 7) =2 Now, using @(mod n) = (a, 2) (mod n) =[a(mod 1). a (mod n)] (mod LO) =[a (mod n)} (mod *) = (1017)? (mod 7) = [(1017) (mod 7)F (mod 7) =2 (mad 7) (1017)! (mod 7) = {1017} (mod Z)P (mod = 4 (mod 7) = 16 (mod 7) =2 * a. 2 (niodd 7) = LOI? Gaved FFE scanned with CamscannerPAPER-C2: ALGEBRA D,U. EXAMINATION PAPER-2017 147 = 2°(mod 7) =8 (mod 7) =1 Hence, (1017)? (mod 7) =1 3(c) Let the given statement be denoted as, P(n): (n? + 2n) is divisible by 3, Let us prove, using the principle of Mathematical Induction, Step (1) For nel n+ ne 14 21 93, which is obviously divisibvle by 3. Hence, P(1) is True, Step (2) Let us assume that, P(k) is true for some k ¢ 1, ie, (k' + 2k) is divisible by 3 } + 2k+ 3p, for some p € on(i) => Step (3) For =(k +1) (k+ 1+ 2(k4 1) = (K+ 1) [+ 1)? + 2] = (k+1) (+14 2k +2) = (k +1) (kK? + 2k +3) = (k + 1) (3p +3) ; using Eq. (i) =3(k +1) (p+ 1) : Hence, (I: + 1)°+ 2(k+ 1) is divisible by 3. , Thus, P(i) is true for every positive integer 1, i.e., (11" + 2n) is divisible by 3 for every positive integer n. - Q.4.(a) Find the general solution to the linear system whose fee augmented matrix is 5 tems tee 1102-3 2 4 rid 2-3 3 Ae(2 1.022 -3°4 i 4° 3-1 a9: 9 by row reducing the matrix to Echelon Form. Encircle the leading entries, list the basic variables and free’ variables. Write the general solution in Parametric Vector Form, (6%) (b) Define Linearly Dependent Set. 1 3 bl Let v, = | ~ VPs =1-3 4 =19) for what value(s) of h, the 4 10 Al set lu, v, v,) is “ linearly Independent {i} Linearly Nopendent em scanned with Camscanner188 (wet? po the vectors Uy Mr 8 ve ) ) Mathematics (52 smester-t) Brent »,span Re? Justify. F Jence or otherwise express 4} gg tinear combination of Uy Yr Pr Asafa) The augmented matrhs of the given linear system is, 11/0 2 -3 2 1112-34 Az|2 10:2 -3 4 (43.0 Tesn9..9 Applying the elenientary row operations, R,-»R,~ R, Ry» Ry~ 2, R, > R,-4R,; 110 2 -3:2 0010 0-1 ee A=|0 - 0 -2 3 0 Ook A S73 ar Applying R, @ R,, : “Tha 2-3 2 0-10 -2 3 0 A=|0 0 1 0 01 [0 -1 1-73 1 Applying R, > R,-R, Book 0+ 2 Seed 0-10-23 0 A=|0 o-1-0 0.1 oo 7 259.0 FY scanned with CamScannetPAPER-C2: ALGEBRA D.U, EXAMINATION PAPER-2017 189 applying R, © R,~Ry 1b 0 2 -3 2 0-10 -2 3 0 A+=/0 010 0 1 lo 0 1-5 00 The encricled entries are the leading entries and the augmente Eis reduced to the Echelon form, The corresponding linear system is thus given by, 4) 4X, + 2x, 3x, #2 =x, 724, + 3x, = 0 ae -5x, = 0 x, =0,x,21, 1, free veriable, % 2-31, 1, = 2+ 3x, + 3x,=2 + 6x, Let x, = free variable=k;k ¢ 3 ‘Thus, the solution to the given system of linear equations is, x, =2+6K x, 23k x,=1 x,=0 x, ske 3 - he variables corresponding to the columns of the row echelon form ‘of the augmented matrixes that contain the leading entries are the basic id matrix Solving, les. Fence, the variable x, % 4y x, are the basic variable and x, isthe free i i iable. “The general solution in Parametric vector form is, xy] [2+ 68 x | [O-3k ay [=| 140K | | O+0K | LO+k Se a zo os-en scanned with Camscanner130 Deepa: Thus, w+k skeER 2 0 1 sale where, 7 =[g\and F=| 0 0 1 4(b) Linearly Dependent Set A finite sets of vectors in R,, is said to be linearly dependent, if there exist a non-trivial solution of the vector equation, CLT, + CV + scectsscore 4 ¢,are real scalars and the set 82H Penk} ie., The set $=, F,...u7,} of vector is said to be linearly dependent, if there exists scalars C,, C,,.. zero such that, where, Cy, Cyone C,, not all equal to C+ O%+ wt CV, = Every superset of a linearly dependent set is also linearly dependent. _ Given vectors are, 1 3 =I 7 =|-1,H=|-5-%=| 5 4 10. h Consider the homogeneous system, Az =9 -l where, 5 h Case (i) If ¥..7,7;) is linearly independent Then, A, = has only trivial solution. scanned with Camscanner!"2; ALGEBRA D.U, EXAMINATION PAPER-2017 ish ‘chelon form of A has no free variables. 13-1 ae{} 3 5 410 4h ? Applying; R, > R, +R, Ry > Ry 4R, ead =r] -[9-2 4 0-2 At4 Applying, R, -> R, - R tT 0-2 4 A= | 0 0 fh \ For no free variable, ht +0 Hence, {7,73.i5} is linearly independent when h # 0, ie., it can be any 2al number except zero. Case (ii) If (2.7 hisli independent : (, = O has a trivial solutiony ne Fi ee) =0 bx << | = Ht -5- 5} 2g 4 10 A t ©=> 15h —50)-3(-h - 20) - 1(-10 +20) =0 i = —2h=0 > h=0 Hence, {7;,i,,i;} is linearly independent when h=0 Ac) Let S = 7.7.75} where, Re is Linearly I independent OF 409, + 008,8 = 8 scanned with Camscannerw2 where, Now, Applying 8, @ Ry Applying R, > Ry Ry solving, we get, So, S is linearly indenpend net Sspans R Let Let > where, .. (Hons.) Mathematics (Semester-1) CBCS-2917 AR =O 4 Aa-% a 2 C, =0,.C,=0,C,=0 Bb =(x,y, 2) € R° be arbitrary al, +07, +ch, = 5 aX 7b aye ts bi, bely ce] 2 scanned with CamscannerFS a E PAPER-C2: ALGEBRA D.U. EXAMINATION PAPER-2017 193 Let us now consider the augmented matr: 0 2 4ix 7 0 2 Of» [4\5] = , Wl aft Applying, R, @ Ry : 9) 32 ae + 20 Wiley ob als Applying, R, > Ry~ Ry lan Thus for x= y. The system is in consistant for each 6 €R* s={7.i.h, } span R? is a basis.of R° i Hence, Thus, Here, x28, y=-42=2 Thus, Solving, we get, Thus; FF = ai eb +07 oe ge F SF 2% +30 = Q.5.(a) Boron sulphide reacts violently with water (o form boric acid The unbalanced equation is and hydrogen sulphide gas. B,S,+H,O > H,BO,+ HS Scanned with Camscannerc, (Hons.) Mathematics (Semester-1) CBCS-2017 Deepa. Balance the chemical equation u: g the vector equation apProe st be a linear trans 6% (b) Let R: 8? > 8 be a linear trans ‘ormation such that T firs rotates through ape in the anti-clockwise direction and then reflects through the line X, = X,. Find the Statia, matrix of T. ‘ard (0) Let 3-3 be defined as Thy x3) = (%,~x4 24, 4) linear transformation. Prove that Ti is invertible and ti a2 rule for T. a7 ‘Ans. 5(a) The given unbalanced chemical-equation is, B,S,+H,O > H_BO, +H,S Let us construct a vector equation that describes the numb of each type present in the given chemical reaction. Since, there are four types of atoms viz, Boron (B), sulphur (S), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (0) Let us construct vectors in = for each reactant and product, er of atoms “Ble Boron |S |< Sulphur Let us take, |H |< Hydrogen [OJe Oxygen 2) 31 Then, BS,: 0] 10) 0 HO:|2 Ly 4,80,:| 3| ' scanned with CamscannerLet the balanced equation is, x, B,S,+x,. Pons H, BO, +x,H,S ne H BO, =x, HS= 0 ‘fo -1] _fo].- fo +X; Q x; ol x, i 0 > Hol 3) 2] =]0 i 1 3/ jo! [0 | fa]. fo) fay 797 fe i x 5 yf oles OT jo 3 a x Sie 1 g [2/7 * 3] 4-2] = 10 ; 0 1 S316 Op. 10: ‘Thus, the augmented matrix for this homogencous vector equation is i gg}: -0 1.0 1 30-0. -1; 0 i 02 -3 -2; Oj i 01 -3..0/ 0J . 3 ' Applying R, > R,- ZR i 20 1 0/0] | 0.10 Hef 0] | | Ry | 2.0. 1-0/0] Obed (9,0): Dt $0 Ot # 10 scanned with Camscanner196 Deopa : U.8e, (Hona.) Mathernatic Semester) CBCS 2017, ; en nner Cet Applying By» R= 28, and Ry eo Ry Say a0 | OID ol a O70 02 a -2]0 i es Applying Ryo RR, {2 do =f tho ha 1 000 woe oe oo 1 Applying 8) Ry + q Rand Ry > Ry + Ry, 010 ~2.0, m0 0 4 2 uy {0 9 0 010; ye i 2 > 2x,- Fx, 50 X,7 2x, = 0 ' 3x,~ 2x, =0 Solving, we obtain, 1 . art Let Sx," 14,56, 1,=2, X53, Hence, the balanced chemical equation is, BS, + 6HO > 2, HBO, + 3.HS. scanned with CamscannerPAPER-C2: ALGEBRA. D.U. EXAMINATION, PAPE! 5(b) The standard basis of Ris {2,2} 1 0 Where, 3% =|] and & =], Let us find the images of % and @ under the give! transformation T. (See sigure) . i nm linear r ° 1 Ye , T(@) = Rotation of @, through i radians in the anti-clokwise direction + =(0,1) T(@,) = Rotation of T(z) through the line Again, i ‘ | i scanned with Camscanner198 Deep: Thus, the standa > 5(c) Given that, T R27 Risa linear Transformation defined as Thxy %) = y= 4y 24%) where, and, a: B.Sc. (Hons: (2) = Rotation of 2, the anti-clokwise direction =(-1, 0) 1'(@,) = Rotation of T(Z,) through the ting xyeX =(0,-1) rd matrix of Ti Ax(Me) Te) at ol ah | 4) T(x) = xe a Tuna rl =x 4%) X +2xy L ( 1 2 Now, Tis invertible if A is invertible = Row readucing the matrix A, at. ) Mathematics (Semester-}) CBCS-2017 through 7 1 a | is the standard matrix of E Tadians in why vA"! “ pees ae ery ey scanned with CamscannerpAPER applying > R since, javertible. Hence, So, The standar Now, => Q. 6. (a) Let a Isu (b) (i) Suppose a 4* 7 matrix A ha = 9°? What is the dimension of Nul -2/)3 (ii) Consider the basis B= {i i k for 9°. LF] 1 2 Ahas two pivots, the invertibl +Ry : ALGEBRA D.U. EXAMINATION PAPER-2017 199 [° al A= 0® Je matrix theorem states that A is Tis invertible d matrix of Tis. A". -1 0 5 7) and U= 3-8 +3. in Nul A? Is u in Col A? Justify 1/2 eons At 3] -1 -2: L 3 au 3] Re 1 ay" ] T'Qy 1m! 3 ie TH (xy Su tgiegt E each answer. (6") s three pivot columns. Is Col A A? Explain your answer find the vector x. scanned with vamScanner(o For the mat the eij on #3 to any one of th an the pace coenponsis a eigen values. 7 0-47 -5 i A=|o 0 1 2 (6) i 0 oi ‘Ans 6(a). We have, i ee ei) | perigee -3 -5 -3 =7 3 And, walgo 7 isin NulAif.Ai = 0 We have, ; va Spay [7-3 +10) fo), Kee 2 OIE ee +14]=/07" -3 -5 -3)2 2-15 -6} |0! = Aa =0 So, 7 isin Nul A. Agin, iz is in col A iff Ax =i is consistant. So, consider the augmented matrix, 1 Se 7 biapep 2% 7 3 =3 +5.-3 1.3) Applying R, > R, + 3R, and R, > R,-2R,, | pha) poet t f Osho 143. Po <8 12 494 Mathematics (Semester-1) = ; fi in jr multiplicities. Also, fing scannec with Camscannet!meee sue 208 incé, there is a pivot in the Augmented column of [4 | 7] The system Ax So, i isnot in Col A. 6(b) Given that, a The 4 x 7 matrix A has three pivot columns. Since, Col A is a subspace of R*. So, ' ColA +R? Again, since, A has 3 pivot columns > dim (col A) = rank A=3 By Rank - Nullity theoram, Rank + Nullity of A = Number of columns ie. dim (col A) + dim (Nul A) =n 2) , ok =>. 3+dim(Nul 4) (ii) The given basis is, ade At > dim (Nul A) = IOP sea i is not consistent a” en re Goel = ret 4 fgeh & And, > ¥ isalinear combination of the basis vectors with weights -1 and 3 respectively. qe | Uk --{ 7-4] oaR ine & Ly oF [) die dgay = 3% 2 awa >” awe Jax aigh ae BF scanned with Cam: scannerMathematics (Semes! iven matrix iS, 6(c) The s' 5 8 1 0-4 -5 A#|0 0 fo 0; Oa. - 1] Leta be any sealat 4. 80 «Ll 10 Ome 0-47 -5 < ieo Then, Anke |o- 0 1. 2l-al6 0 bo 0 00 1 Lio ea quation of A is, (A~41)=0 8 0 1 0), ated 6 AT -5 Oca 21=0 ‘Then, the characterstic e > A-Al= 0 0 0 0 1A > (6-4) (4-0 - > 0 > (20-5 2.4 4h + 2) (1+ 8-27, 0 > (22-24 20) (= 2047 0 > pln 2n2-+ 2 <3 + 20? — A— 20 + OK = 2 0 ne > 44-323 - 1722 + 39K — 2 =0 ‘This is the characteristic equation of A. ae ) Solving the characteristic equation for A, N We get, eee i25,-4,11- 4 So, the characteristic values of A are 5, , fa sr dJ-|0 oO -4 20 0.6 0-410 * rhyus, the general solution of (4-5) x=0 '8 : sx, =04 -ax,+ 2x, =0 -9x, + 78,-5: 9, ts OT 9, x= 0, =O and x, is free ye k : ©] pep} is the solution space of (A-5) ¥=0 0 0. So, ‘ 1 Th O}| 5 the basis of the eigenspace of the matrix A us, 10. a corresponding to the eigenvalue A= 5. - Scanned with CamScannetSt. No. of @. Papor os + 80 nique Paper Code | 1 B2351102 Ramo of the Papor |; Alyobra Ame ofthe Course BSe, (Hon) Mathomntion Somestor tl Di 1 - eration: 3 Houra ‘ Maxtmum Marka :75 Attompt any too part from each quention, AUl queations are compuluory, Q.1. (a) Find potar representation of the comptes number : 6 zm alnati(l teosa,ae 10,20) Sol. We have, z= sinati(14-cona), ae [0, 21). Let the polar representation of z be ; z= r(cos(-+isin 0) Where, r= Izl and 0=arg (z) re lz] [sin a)? + (1 + cos a)? = Ysin?a+ 1+ cos*a+2.cosa * y2+2cosa 2 | 8 4) = (1 bos a) = 2-2. €08 (4) a p.cos($ pen) ‘The given z represents a point (sin 4, 1+ cos a), say Pin the xy-plane. Case (i) Ifa € (0, 2) 4 (0,2 > Seo, 5) ‘The point P lies in this case in I a re 2,c08 (9, r= Izl= jst quadrant => And, pa ata 20s? (4) afl +008 2) tan! | ae ~ tan ina ain} eos( $ (276) te scanned wi amscannet!MATHEMATICS : Calculus DU, Examination Paper-2018 221 a e+ 2ea($) [om Case (ii), Ifa ¢ (x2) Xn = Se.) In this case, the point P lies tn [Ind quadrant. 3 pe =2.co8 (9 (col 4) And, Q= arg (2) = tan” ( +s080) «ton ( z= 2[ cose 7 So, the polar form of z is 2. cos (3) [e( - = a Sea) (an a And, 2.c($) [om (3 4) +isin(38-9) sae (m, 2x) Note that, 2° Oifa=n, Oy Find 12! and arg z, arg (+2) for: eet 1646i) x ‘) 2 2){#4e (0, a] scanned with Camscanner