EN .

Elsaid Salah
Question 1:
Q1- a) What is an isotope? Why are the atomic weights of the elements not
integers? Cite two reasons.

Isotopes are atoms of some elements have two or more different atomic masses
which have some number of protons but different in number of neutrons.

Q1- b) Relative to electrons and electron states, what does each of the four
quantumnumbers specify?

 The n quantum number designates the electron shell.

 The l quantum number designates the electron subshell.

 The ml quantum number designates the number of electron states in each

electron subshell.

 The ms quantum number designates the spin moment on each electron.

EN . Elsaid Salah
Q1- c) Give the electron configurations for the following ions : Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , Cu
+ 2+ - 2-
, Ba , Br , and S if their atomic numbers are 26, 26, 29, 56, 35
and 16respectively.
EN . Elsaid Salah

Q1- d) Indium, which has an atomic number of 49, contains no electrons in its 4f
energy level. Based only on this information, what must be the valence of indium?
EN . Elsaid Salah
Question 2:
Q2- a) Using the given densities and atomic weights, calculate the number of atoms
per cubic centimeter in :

i. Boron B ( = 2.3 g/cm3 , AB = 10.811 g/mol)

ii. Copper Cu ( = 8.93 g/cm3 , ACu = 63.54 g/mol)
iii. Lead Pb ( = 11.36 g/cm3 , APb = 207.19 g/mol)
iv. Lithium Li ( = 0.534 g/cm3 , ALi = 6.939 g/mol)
v. Titanium Ti ( = 4.507 g/cm3 , ATi = 47.90 g/mol)
EN . Elsaid Salah
Q2- b) Aluminum foil used for storing food weighs about 0.3 g per square inch. How
many atoms of aluminum are contained in this sample of foil? (Note : the atomic
weight of aluminum is 26.982 g/mol).

Q2- c) Calculate the number of iron atoms in one ton if its atomic weight is 55.847
g/mol.
EN . Elsaid Salah
Q2- d) Calculate the volume in cubic centimeters occupied by one mole of boron if it
has a density of  = 2.3 g/cm3 and its atomic weight is AB = 10.811 g/mol.

Q2- e) In order to plate a steel part having a surface area of 500 cm2 with a 0.005 cm
thick layer of nickel ( = 8.902 g/cm3, ANi = 58.71 g/mol) :
vi. How many atoms of nickel are required?
vii. How many moles of nickel are required?
EN . Elsaid Salah
Question 3:
Q3- a) Calculate the force of attraction between a Ca2+ and an O2- ion the centers of
which are separated by a distance of 1.5 nm. (Note: k0 = 1 / [4  0], the permittivity
of a vacuum 0 = 8.85*10-12 F/m).
EN . Elsaid Salah
Q3- b) For a K+–Cl- ion pair, attractive and repulsive energies EA and ER,
respectively, depend on the distance between the ions r, according to :
1.436 5.86 *106
E A   ER 
r r9
For these expressions, energies are expressed in electron volts per K +–Cl- pair, and r is
the distance in nanometers. The net energy EN is just the sum of the two expressions
above.
i. Superimpose on a single plot EN, ER, and EA versus r up to 1.0 nm.
ii. On the basis of this plot, determine :
 The equilibrium spacing r0 between the K+ and Cl- ions.
 The magnitude of the bonding energy E0 between the two ions.

(a) Curves of EA, ER, and EN are shown on the plot below.
EN . Elsaid Salah

Question 4:
Q4- a) Briefly cite the main differences between ionic, covalent, and
metallic bonding. Illustrate your answer with sketches.
Ionic--there is electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Covalent--there is electron sharing between two adjacent atoms such that each atom
assumes a stable electron configuration.

Metallic--the positively charged ion cores are shielded from one another, and also "glued"
together by the sea of valence electrons
EN . Elsaid Salah

Q4- b) State the Pauli Exclusion Principle.

The Pauli exclusion principle states that each electron state can hold no more than two
electrons, which must have opposite spin
EN . Elsaid Salah
Q4- c) Would you expect Al2O3 or aluminum to have the higher
coefficient of thermal expansion? Explain.

Q4- d) Explain why the modulus of elasticity of simple thermoplastic

polymers, such as polyethylene and polystyrene, is expected to be
very low compared with that of metals and ceramics.

Q4- e) Steel is coated with a thin layer of ceramic to help protect against
corrosion. What do you expect to happen to the coating when the
temperature of the steel is increased significantly? Explain.