ANALYSIS OF CATIONS AND Group IV

ANIONS
I. Experiment Title : Analysis of Cations and Anions
II. Experiment Date : October 18th, 2014 at 07.00 am
III. End of The Experiment : October 18th, 2014 at 10.40 am
IV. Experiment Purpose :
1. To determine the cation which can be found in the analite
2. To determine the anion which can be found in the analite
V. Basic Theory
A. Qualitative Analysis

Chemical analysis can be divided into two categories; qualitative analysis –

what is present and quantitative analysis – how much is present. Qualitative ana-
lysis involves the detection of elements that are found in an organic compound.
Qualitative analysis can only detect the presence of elements in the compound but
cannot determine the percentage or amount of them in the compound. For example;
carbon and hydrogen are detected with the help of Liebig’s method. Some other
common elements which can be determined are oxygen, halogen, sulphur, nitrogen,
halogens, sulphur and phosphorus.
Qualitative analysis is a type of chemical analysis which is used to separate
and detect cation and anions in a sample substance. The chemical properties of an
unknown substance are determined in the qualitative analysis procedure by the
reaction between the unknown substance and suitable reagents. The qualitative
analysis is used for the identification of a simple salt or the identification of various
cations present in a solution.
B. Cations

Cations are divided into five groups. A specific reagent for each group is used
for their separation from the solution. This separation is done in a particular se-
quence because some ions of prior groups can also react with the reagent of later
groups.

This can be cause of difficulty in their separation. The qualitative analysis of

cations depends on the solubility products of the ions. The cations get precipitated
on the optimum needed concentration and easily detected.

Experiment Report: Analysis of Anions and Cations

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 1. Group I Cations

Cations: Ag+, Hg22+, and Pb2+

Group I cations can be separated from the other groups since they form
slightly soluble chlorides with the addition of hydrochloric acid (generally 1-
2 M concentration). The other groups will remain in solution thus allowing
the Group I chloride precipitates to be removed and further tested.
Colour detection test is not suitable for their chlorides because all are
white solid compounds. The analysing of group is done by adding the
respective salt into water and follow it with dilute HCl. This results in a white
precipitate in which NH4OH is added. The insoluble precipitate shows the
presence of Plumbous (Pb2+) and if precipitate is soluble, and then it shows
the presence of Argentous (Ag+). If the white precipitate turns black, it
shows the presence of Hg22+. The reaction is:
Ag+ + Cl- → AgCl↓ (white)

Hg22+ + 2Cl- →Hg2Cl2↓ (white)

Pb2+ + 2Cl- → PbCl2↓ (white)

The obtained filtrate after first group analysis is used for the test of se-
cond group. Usually Pb2+ is also included in the 2nd analytical group because
the solubility of PbCl2 is more than the chlorides of other two ions.

Confirmation Test
Lead (Pb2+) Silver (Ag+) Mercury (Hg2+)
Pb2+ + 2KI → PbI2 + 2 K+ Ag+ + KI → AgI + K+ Hg22++ 2KI → Hg2I2 + 2K+
Pb2+ + K2CrO4 → PbCrO4 + 2Ag+ + K2CrO4 → 2Hg22+ + 2NaOH → 2Hg2O
2K+ Ag2CrO4 + 2K+ + 2Na+ + H2O

2. Group II Cations

Cations: Cd2+, Bi3+, Cu2+, As3+, As5+, Sb3+, Sb5+, Sn2+, Sn4+ and Hg2+
The group reagent is H2S (at 0.2 - 0.3 M) which gives S2− ions in solutions.
The tests are conducted in presence of dilute HCl to keep the S2- ion concen-
tration at a minimum level. This round of tests helps only in second 2nd gro-
up cations precipitation. The cations precipitation of the 4th group if present

Experiment Report: Analysis of Anions and Cations

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in the solution might occur in the absence of dilute HCl which can give wrong
results. The use of sulphuric acid and nitric acid can cause to the
precipitation of the 4th group cations and formation of colloidal sulphur
respectively. This group is determined by the addition of the respective salt
in water and then adding dilute HCl and then follow it by adding H2S. The
reaction is:
 3Hg2++2Cl-+2H2S⟶Hg3S2Cl2↓+4H+  Cu2++H2S⟶CuS↓+2H+
Hg3S2Cl2↓+4H+⟶3HgS↓+2H++2Cl-  Cd2++H2S⟶CdS↓+2H+
 2As3++3 H2S⟶As2S3↓+6H+  Sn2++H2S⟶SnS↓+2H+
 2AsO43-+5H2S+6H+⟶As2S5↓+8H2O+  Sn4++H2S⟶SnS2↓+4H+
 2Sb3++3 H2S⟶Sb2S3↓+6H+  2Bi3++3 H2S⟶Bi2S3↓+6H+
 2Sb5++5 H2S⟶Sb2S5↓+10H+

The precipitate colour and the presence of the respective ions are shown
in the table below.
Precipitate Colour Presence of Cation
Reddish brown or black precipitate Bi3+, Cu2+, Hg2+ or Pb2+
Yellow precipitate Cd2+ or Sn4
Brown precipitate Sn2+
Red orange Sb3+

 If the black or reddish brown precipitate comes, then it is boiled in dilu-

ted HNO3. If the precipitate is insoluble in diluted HNO3 then Hg2+ is pre-
sent.
 If it is soluble, then Cu2+, Bi3+ or Pb2+ can be present- I this solution sul-
phuric acid is then added. A white precipitate shows that Pb2+ may be
present;
 If no any precipitate forms, then an excess of ammonium hydroxide in the
original salt solution is added. A blue colour indicates the presence of Cu2+
while a white precipitate indicates bismuth.
 For the yellow precipitate, an excess of NaOH is added to form a white
precipitate. If the white precipitate dissolves, then Sn4+ is present; if it’s
not then Cd2+ is present.

Experiment Report: Analysis of Anions and Cations

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Some of confirmation test for group II cations
Lead (Pb2+)
Pb2+ + 2KI → PbI2 + 2 K+
Pb2+ + K2CrO4 → PbCrO4 + 2K+
Bismuth (Bi3+)
Bi3+ + 3KI (in excess) → BiI3 + 3K+
BiI3 + KI → K[BiI4]
Bi3+ + H2O (in excess) → BiO++ 2H+
Copper (Cu2+)
2Cu2+ + K4[Fe(CN)6] + CH3COOH →
Cu2[Fe(CN)6] + 4K+
Cu2+ + 2NaOH → Cu(OH)2 + 2Na+
Cu(OH)2 → CuO + H2O (endothermic)
Mercury (Hg2+)
Hg2+ + 2KI (excess) → HgI2 + 2K+ HgI2
+ 2KI → K2[HgI4] (red precipitate)
2Hg2+ + SnCl2 → 2Hg + SnCl4 (gray
white precipitate)

3. Group III Cations

Cations: Fe2+, Fe 3+, Al3+, Cr3+, Cr4+, Co2+, Mn2+, Mn4+, Zn2+

Cations of this group do not react either with dilute hydrochloric acid or
with hydrogen sulphide in dilute mineral acid medium. However they form
precipitates with ammonium sulphides (NH4)2S in neutral or ammonical
medium. The reaction is:

 Co2++S2-⟶CoS↓  Fe3++3NH3+3H2O⟶Fe(OH)3↓+3NH4+
 Ni2++S2-⟶NiS↓  Al3++3NH3+3H2O⟶Al(OH)3↓+3NH4+
 Mn2++S2-⟶MnS↓  Cr3++3NH3+3H2O⟶Cr(OH)3↓+3NH4+
 Zn2++S2-⟶ZnS↓

The group detection is carried out by preparing a respective salt solution

in water and then adding NH4Cl and NH4OH. If a reddish brown precipitate
form then Fe3+ is present, a gelatinous white precipitate shows Al3+, and a
green precipitate is for Cr3+ or Fe2+. The Cr3+ or Fe2+ is identified by adding
excess of sodium hydroxide to the green precipitate. The soluble precipitate
indicates Fe2+, otherwise Cr3+ is present.

Experiment Report: Analysis of Anions and Cations

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 4. Group IV Cations

Cations: Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+

Cation of this group do not react with the reagents the reagents of groups
I, II, III. They precipitate with ammonium carbonate (NH4)CO3 in the pre-
sence of ammonium chloride in neutral medium.

The result of experiment and the presence of the respective ions are
shown in the table below.
Result of Experiment Presence of Cation
Yellow precipitate Ba2+
Red flame Sr2+
Red-brick flame Ca2+
White crystal Ag+

Reaction which occur in analysing group IV cations:

Ba2++CO32-⟶BaCO3↓
Sr2++CO32-⟶SrCO3↓
Ca2++CO32-⟶CaCO3↓
5. Group V Cations

Cations: Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+

Common cations, which do not react with reagents of the previous groups,
form the last group of cations. It can be identified by special reaction or by
flame test. Magnesium cation showing similar reaction with group IV cations.
Sodium and potassium ion are from group IA (Alkaline), and they have similarity.
Both of them are big enough, colourless, can not reduced in solution state, so it can
not react with water. The reaction is:

 Magnesium:
MgCl5.6H2O + Magnusson 1 → Blue precipitate
MgCl5.6H2O + oxine → Mg(C9H6NO)2+ 4H2O
(yellow)

Experiment Report: Analysis of Anions and Cations

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  Amonium:
NH4+ + OH- → NH3(g) + 6H2O(g)
 Natrium:
Na+ + Mg2+ + 3UO22+ + 9CH3COO- + 6H2O → NaMg(UO2)3(CH3COO)9
(yellow crystalline precipitate)
Na+ + Zn2+ + 3UO22+ + 9CH3COO- + 6H2O → NaZn(UO2)3(CH3COO)9
(yellow crystalline precipitate)
 Reaksi Kalium:
K++Na[Co(NO2)6] → K3[Co(NO2)6]↓
(yellow preciptate)
C. Anions

The methods available for the detection of anions are not as systematic as
those which have been described above for cations. No really satisfactory scheme
has yet been proposed which permits the separation of the common anions into
major groups, and the subsequent unequivocal separation of each group into its
independent constituents; however, it is possible to detect anions individually in
most cases, after perhaps a 1-2 stage separation. It is advantageous to remove all
heavy metals from the sample by extracting the anions through boiling with sodium
carbonate solution; heavy metal ions are precipitated out in the form of carbonates,
while the anions remain in solution accompanied by sodium ions.

The following scheme of classification of anions has been found to work well in
practice; anions are divided into four groups on the basis of their reactions with di-
lute hydrochloric acid and of the differences of solubilities of their barium and sil-
ver salts.

1. Group 1 Anions

Anions: CO32-, SiO32-, S2-, SO32-, S2O32-

The anions in this group are visible change, gas evolution and or for-
mation of a precipitate, with dilute hydrochloric acid. The reaction is:
 CO32-+Ca2+⟶CaCO3↓
 SO32-+Ag+⟶ [AgSO3]-
[AgSO3]-+Ag+⟶Ag2SO3↓

Experiment Report: Analysis of Anions and Cations

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  S2-+Pb2+⟶PbS↓

2. Group II Anions

Anions: SO42-, PO43-, F-, or BO33-

The anions of this group do not react with hydrochloric acid, but form preci-
pitates with barium ions in neutral medium. The reaction is:
 SO42-+Ba2-⟶BaSO4↓
 HPO42-+Mg2++NH3⟶MgNH4PO4↓
3. Group III Anions

Anions: Cl-, Br-, I-, SCN-

Anions of this group do not react either with dilute hydrochloric acid, or with
barium ions in neutral medium. However, they form precipitates with silver
ions in dilute nitric acid medium.
 Cl-+Ag+⟶AgCl↓
 Br-+Ag+⟶AgBr↓
 4I-+2Cu2+⟶2CuI↓+I2
Brown precipitate
4. Group VI Anions

Anions: NO3-, NO2-, ClO3-

Common anions, which do not react with reagents of the previous groups,
form the last group of anions. To identify nitrate ion can be done by brown
ring test which can be done by adding concentrate H2S04 and then adding
saturated FeSO4 little by little through the tube wall. The reaction is:
2NO3-+4H2SO4+6Fe2+⟶6Fe3++2NO↑+4SO42-+4H2O
Fe2++NO↑⟶Fe(NO)]2+
Brown ring
VI. Tools and Material
A. Tools B. Materials
1. Test tube 1. Sample (NH4NO3)
2. Pipettes 2. NaOH solution
3. Litmus paper 3. Saturated Na2CO3

Experiment Report: Analysis of Anions and Cations

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 4. Test tube rack 4. Concentrated H2SO4
5. Filter paper 5. Saturated FeSO4
6. Tripod
7. Funnel
8. Beaker glass
9. Bunsen burner

VII. Flow Chart

A. NH4+ Cation Test

Original Substances

3 Drops of solution A bit of Crystal

-Added 6drops of NaOH

-Enter to test tube
-Test with litmus (red) by enter
half of litmus to the test tube -Heat it

Turn Litmus to blue Smell of ammonium

B. Authentication of NO3- ion

Original Substances

Heated with Na2CO3

Residue Filtrate

-Added concentrated H2SO4

-added saturated FeSO4 little by

little through the tube wall

Brown Ring

Experiment Report: Analysis of Anions and Cations

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 VIII. Result Of The Experiment
Result of The Experiment
Experiment Procedure Assumption/Reaction Conclusion
Before After
A. NH4+ Cation Test Sample: color- Sample+NaOH→ NH4+ + OH- → NH3(g) + Cation which contain
less crystals Colorless solution 6H2O(g) in the sample no 2 is
Original Substances
NaOH: colorless Litmus paper: NH4+, it can be pro-
solution blue ven by turning red lit-
3 Drops of solution A bit of Crystal
Litmus paper: mus paper to blue
-Added 6drops of NaOH -Enter to test tube
red
-Test with litmus (red) by enter -Heat it
half of litmus to the test tube

Turn Litmus to blue Smell of ammonium

A. NH4+ Cation Test Sample: color- Sample+ Na2CO3 2NO3-+4H2SO4+6Fe2+ Anion which contain
less crystals → Colorless solu- ⟶ 6Fe3++2NO↑+ 4SO42- in the sample no 2 is
Original Substances tion
Na2CO3: color- +4H2O NO3-, it can be pro-
Heated with Na2CO3 After heated:
less solution white precipitate Fe2++NO↑⟶ Fe(NO)]2+ ven by forming brown
Residue Filtrate H2SO4: color- formed Brown ring ring
Filtrate+ H2SO4→
-Added concentrated H2SO4 less solution
colorless solution
-added saturated FeSO4
FeSO4: yellow Filtrate + H2SO4 +
little by little through the
tube wall solution FeSO4→ brown
ring formed
Brown Ring

Experiment Report: Analysis of Anions and Cations

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IX. Analysis

In this experiment we got sample number two which has form colourless crystal
through random selection. First of all we are dividing the sample into three with ratio 2:2:1.
The first two is for cations test, another two is for anion test and the last is for testing NH4+
cations, here is the experiments

A. NH4+ Cation Test

In this experiment is analysing NH4+ cation. First, we are entering some of the sample
into reaction tube. Then, we adding 6 drops of NaOH to the tube, the sample turn its form
from colourless crystals to colourless solution. After that, we are put the red litmus paper
above the tube and enter the half part of the litmus into the tube. After a while the red lit-
mus paper changes its colour from red to blue. The reaction is:

NH4+(s) + OH-(aq) → NH3(g) + 6H2O(aq)

The changing colour of the litmus indicates that in the sample number two contain
NH4+ cation.

B. Preparation of Anion Test

In this experiment we analysing the contents of anion in the sample number two.
First we adding saturated Na2CO3 into the sample, the sample turn its form from colourless
crystal to colour solution. Then, we heating the solution with steam bath water for about 10
minutes until white sediment formed. Next, the heating result is filtered. We obtain colour-
less solution as the filtrate which will be used for anion test. Then, we are dividing the filt-
rate into 3 for testing anion contents.

C. Authentication of NO3- ion

In this experiment we authenticate anion NO3- in the sample number two. First, we
adding 2 drops of concentrate H2SO4 into the test tube which contains filtrate from prepa-
ration solution. Then, we are adding saturated FeSO4 little by little through the tube wall
until the brown ring is formed. The reaction is:

2NO3-+4H2SO4+6Fe2+⟶6Fe3++2NO↑+4SO42-+4H2O
Fe2++NO↑⟶Fe(NO)]2+
Brown ring

Experiment Report: Analysis of Anions and Cations

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X. Explanation
A. NH4+ Cation Test

This experiment has purpose to determine the cation which contain in the
sample, in this case NH4+ cation. Here we using original sample because during the
course of analysis most of the group reagents are added in the form of ammonium
compound, thus by the time group V is reached, a considerable amount of
ammonium ions will be built up in the test solution.

The first thing that we have do is entering some of the sample into reaction
tube. Then, we adding 6 drops of NaOH to the tube, the sample turn its form from
colourless crystals to colourless solution. After that, we are put the red litmus paper
above the tube and enter the half part of the litmus into the tube. After a while the
red litmus paper changes its colour from red to blue because the reaction produce
ammonia (NH3) gases which is base that can be identified from its smells and
changing of litmus paper from re to blue. The reaction is:

NH4+(s) + OH-(aq) → NH3(g) + 6H2O(aq)

The changing colour of the litmus indicates that in the sample number two
contain NH4+ cation.

B. Preparation of Anion Test

In this experiment we analysing the contents of anion in the sample number

two. First we adding saturated Na2CO3 into the sample, the sample turn its form
from colourless crystal to colour solution. Then, we heating the solution with steam
bath water for about 10 minutes until white sediment formed. Extracting anions
through boiling with sodium carbonate solution has purpose to remove all heavy
metals from the sample, because the heavy metal ions are precipitated out in the
form of carbonates, while the anions remain in solution accompanied by sodium
ions. Next, the heating result is filtered. We obtain colour-less solution as the
filtrate which will be used for anion test. Then, we are dividing the filt-rate into 3
for testing anion contents.

Experiment Report: Analysis of Anions and Cations

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 C. Authentication of NO3- ion

In this experiment we authenticate anion NO3- in the sample number two.

First, we adding 2 drops of concentrate H2SO4 into the test tube which contains
filtrate from prepa-ration solution. Then, we are adding saturated FeSO4 little by
little through the tube wall until the brown ring is formed. The reaction is:

2NO3-(aq)+4H2SO4(aq)+6Fe2+(aq)⟶6Fe3+(s)+2NO↑(g)+4SO42-(aq)+4H2O(l)
Fe2++NO↑⟶Fe(NO)]2+
Brown ring
This brown ring are caused by formation of [Fe(NO)]2+. The overall reaction is the
reduction of the nitrate ion by iron(II) which is reduced to iron(I) and formation of
a nitrosonium complex where nitric oxide is oxidized to NO1+. In this experiment
exothermic reaction are occur because existence of H2SO4 and it makes the tube
feels hot because the heat moves from system to surrounding. From this experi-
ment, we know that in the sample number two contain of NO3- anion.

XI. Conclusion
Qualitative analysis deals with the anions and cations which contain in a sample.
To analyse cations and anions have different way for each ion. To identify group I-IV
cation can be done by precipitation. For group I, HCl is used as precipitator. Then,
for group II, the precipitator is H2S. For group III, (NH4)2S is used as the precipitator
and (NH4)2CO3 is used as precipitator for Group IV. Meanwhile, for Group V is
different for each ions, it also can be done by flame test for group V. To identify
anions are different for each ion, but before done further test, the sample should be
heated with sodium carbonate to remove all heavy metals.
In this experiment we know that in the sample number two is NH4NO3 after
doing some test toward the sample. NH4+ cation can be identified by it smells and
changing colour of litmus paper from red to blue. Then, the existence of NO3- anion
can be identified by brown ring test.

XII. Answer of the Question

1. Write down the common reaction for each group!
Answer:

Experiment Report: Analysis of Anions and Cations

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 Group I
 A++Cl-⟶ACl(s)
A+ is Ag+
 A2++Cl-⟶ACl2(s)
A2+ is Pb2+, Hg2+
White precipitate
 Group II
 A2++S2-⟶AS(s)
A2+ is Hg2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+
 2A3+ + S2- ⟶ A2S3 (s)
A3+ is Bi3+, As3+, Sb3+
 A4+ + S2- ⟶ AS2 (s)
A4+ adalah Sn4+
HgS. PbS, CuS precipitate is black. CdS, As2S3, SnS2 precipitate is
yellow. Bi2S3, SnS precipitate is brown. Sb2S3,Sb2S5 precipitate
brown.
 Group III
 A2+ + 2OH- ⟶ A(OH)2 (s)
A2+ is Mn2+, MO.XH2O
 A3+ + 2OH- ⟶ A(OH)3 (s)
A3+ is Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+, M2O3.XH2O
 A2+ + S2- ⟶AS(s)
A2+ is Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+
FeS, NiS, CoS is black precipitate. Al(OH)3, ZnS is white precipitate.
Cr(OH)3 is green precipitate. Mangan(II) Sulphide is red guava sul-
phide.
 Group IV
 A2+ + CO32- ⟶ ACO3 (s)
A2+ is Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+
White precipitate
 Group V
In this group special reaction are used such as flame test which used to
identify group V ions. Besides that, for testing Mg can be done by Na2HPO4

Experiment Report: Analysis of Anions and Cations

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 testing, and for testing NH4+ can be done by direct test toward the original
sample
2. Why oxidizer which used in cation analysis in H2S system is H2O2 or brome water,
and not HNO3?
Answer:
The using of H2O2 or brome water as an oxidizer in H2S system because it’s easily
to evaporate so we can get sulphide salt precipitate from H2S, furthermore H2O2
or brome water is an oxidizer which can react in both acid and base ambience.
It’s different to HNO3 which also an oxidizer, but its ability is depending on acid
concentration and solution temperature. Meanwhile, when a substance reacts
with HNO3, it will form S element, so it’s not appropriate if it used as an oxidizer
because H2S is used as precipitator in inorganic qualitative analysis.
3. How could we know that H2S, H2O2, or Br is no more exist in the solution?
Answer:
 To know that H2S is no more exist is by using Pb-acetate paper. If there
are no spotted in Pb-acetate paper it means the absence of H2S
 To know that H2O2 is no more exist in the solution by using filter paper
which immersed on HCl, put the paper on the hose’s hole, if there is no
black stain. It means the absence of H2O2
 To know that Br2 is no more exist in the solution is by evaporate the
solution. Put the wet kanji paper on the smoke. If the paper turn to orange
it means the absence of Br2
4. Why to determine the existence of NH4+ cation, we have to use the original
sample?
Answer:
We using original sample because during the course of analysis most of the
group reagents are added in the form of ammonium compound, thus by the time
group V is reached, a considerable amount of ammonium ions will be built up in
the test solution. It has purpose to make the analysis more accurate.
5. What is the common reaction in making preparation solution to analyse anion in
the sample?
Answer:
If the sample is M bivalent metal in an HA acid, the reaction which occurs is:

Experiment Report: Analysis of Anions and Cations

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 MA2 + Na2CO3 ⟶2NaA + MCO3

6. Precipitation of sulphide salt on group II and IIIB cation analysis done in differ-
rent solution ambience. Explain!
Answer:
On group II, H2S flowed in acid solution, so the H2S gases just a little bit dissolved
and so much gas which is not absorbed in sulphide salt precipitation. It can be
done in acid ambience, because if the acidity which got from dilute HCl is too low,
so the sulphides from group IIIB will precipitate (NiS, CoS, and ZnS)
It’s different to group IIIB, H2S gas is distribute to basic solution which contain
many ammonium salt. H2S will much absorbed, it make group IIIB precipitate.
Furthermore, basic ambience also decreases the oxidation of sulphides to sul-
phate which is easy to dissolve.
7. Why the precipitations in group IV have to be done in basic ambience?
Answer:
Because in basic ambience (existence of ammonia), can prevent the precipitation
of magnesium and also to make carbonate (Ca, Sr, Ba) salts precipitate by ammo-
nium carbonate solution. It also because the difference among Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba.

Experiment Report: Analysis of Anions and Cations

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XIII. Referencess

Day, R.A, jr & Underwood, A.L. 2002. Analisis Kimia Kuantitatif: Edisi keenam.
Jakarta: PT. Gelora Aksara Pratama. (Tranlated from Day, R.A, jr &
Underwood, A.L. 1998. Quantitative Analysis: Sixth Edition. New York:
Prentice-Hall

Helmenstine ,Anne Marie, Ph.D. 2010. Qualitative Analysis: Introduction to

Qualitative Analysis-Identifying Anions and Cations.(online).
( http://chemistry.about.com/od/lectureclassnotes/a/Qualitative-
Analysis.htm ), (accessed on October, 13th 2014, 17.00)

Noname.2013.Classification of the cations and anions .(online).

(www.inc.bme.hu/en/subjects/inchem/sillabus/129-145.pdf ), (accessed on
October, 13th 2014, 19.30)

Setiono, L and Handayana, P.A.(1985). Vogel: Buku Teks Analisis Oraganik Kualitatif
Makro dan Semimikro.(first edition). Jakarta: Kaliman Media
Pusaka.(Translated from Svehla, G. 1979. Vogel’s: Text Book of Macro and
Semimicro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis. (fifth edition). London: Limited
Group Ltd.

Tim Kimia Dasar. 2014. Panduan Praktikum Kimia Analitik I Dasar-Dasar Kimia
Analitik. Surabaya: Jurusan Kimia FMIPA Unesa

Experiment Report: Analysis of Anions and Cations

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ATTACHMENT

NH4+ Cation Test

Original Sample no 2 Divide the sample into 3 NaOH

Colourless crystal with ratio 2:2:1 Colourless solution

Red litmus paper

Red litmus paper turns

Sample+6 drops of NaOH Put red litmus paper to blue it indicate the
Colourless solution above the tube existence of NH4+ cation

Experiment Report: Analysis of Anions and Cations

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 Making preparation solution

Divide the sample into 3 Saturated Na2CO3 Saturated FeSO4

with ratio 2:2:1 Colourless solution Yellow solution

Concentrated H2SO4 Sample+Saturated Na2CO3 After heating process

Colourless solution
Colourless solution White precipitate

Residue from filtration Filtrate from filtration

White precipitate Colourless solution

Experiment Report: Analysis of Anions and Cations

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 Divide the filtrate from preparation solution into 3
for further anion test

Authentication of NO3- ion

Filtrate of prepa- Filtrate of prepa- Filtrate of prepa-

ration solution+ ration solution+ ration solution+
concentrate HSO4 saturated FeSO4 saturated FeSO4
Colourless solution Brown ring begin to Brown ring formed
formed

Experiment Report: Analysis of Anions and Cations

19