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Which statement about the numbers of protons, electrons and neutrons in an atom is always
correct?
B. The number of protons plus the number of neutrons equals the number of electrons.
2. (a) Explain why the relative atomic mass of argon is greater than the relative atomic mass of
potassium, even though the atomic number of potassium is greater than the atomic
number of argon.
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(1)
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(Total 3 marks)
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(Total 1 mark)
I. Number of protons
II. Number of neutrons
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
A.
B.
C.
D.
(Total 1 mark)
A. 12
B. 15
C. 16
D. 18
(Total 1 mark)
10. How many protons, neutrons and electrons are present in each atom of 31P?
11. What is the atomic number of a neutral atom which has 51 neutrons and 40 electrons?
A. 40
B. 51
C. 91
D. 131
(Total 1 mark)
A. The total mass of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of the atom
D. The total number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of the atom
(Total 1 mark)
13. The table below shows the number of protons, neutrons and electrons present in five species.
A. X and W
B. Y and Z
C. Z and W
D. W and Q
(Total 1 mark)
I. S2–
II. Cl–
III. Ne
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
A.
B.
C.
D.
(Total 1 mark)
16. In the emission spectrum of hydrogen, which electronic transition would produce a line in the
visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum?
A. n = 2 →n = 1
B. n=3→n=2
C. n=2→n=3
D. n=∞→n=1
(Total 1 mark)
A. 2,2
B. 2,8
C. 2,8,2
D. 2,8,8
(Total 1 mark)
19. Draw and label an energy level diagram for the hydrogen atom. In your diagram show how the
series of lines in the ultraviolet and visible regions of its emission spectrum are produced,
clearly labelling each series.
(Total 4 marks)
20. Which is correct for the following regions of the electromagnetic spectrum?
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(Total 3 marks)
22. (a) List the following types of electromagnetic radiation in order of increasing wavelength
(shortest first).
I. Yellow light
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(1)
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(1)
(c) The thinning of the ozone layer increases the amount of UV-B radiation that reaches the
Earth’s surface.
Based on the information in the table above explain why UV-B rays are more dangerous
than UV-A.
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(3)
(Total 5 marks)
A. 1s22s22p63s23p63d24s3
B. 1s22s22p63s23p63d34s2
C. 1s22s22p63s23p63d44s1
D. 1s22s22p63s23p63d5
(Total 1 mark)
24. (a) Explain why the relative atomic mass of cobalt is greater than the relative atomic mass of
nickel, even though the atomic number of nickel is greater than the atomic number of
cobalt.
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(1)
(b) Deduce the numbers of protons and electrons in the ion Co2+.
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(1)
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(1)
(d) Identify a radioactive isotope of cobalt and state one of its uses.
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(1)
(Total 4 marks)
25. Values for the successive ionization energies for an unknown element are given in the table
below.
In which group of the periodic table would the unknown element be found?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
(Total 1 mark)
(i) Explain what the square brackets around argon, [Ar], represent.
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(1)
x: ..................................................................................................................................
y: ..................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Annotate the diagram below showing the 4s and 3d orbitals for a chromium atom using
an arrow, and , to represent a spinning electron.
4s 3d
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
27. The graph represents the energy needed to remove nine electrons, one at a time, from an atom of
an element. Not all of the electrons have been removed.
A. C
B. Si
C. P
D. S
(Total 1 mark)
28. An ion has the electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10. Which ion could it be?
A. Ni2+
B. Cu+
C. Cu2+
D. Co3+
(Total 1 mark)
A. [Ar]4s23d6
B. [Ar]3d5
C. [Ar]4s23d5
D. [Ar]4s23d3
(Total 1 mark)
30. The graph below represents the successive ionization energies of sodium. The vertical axis plots
log (ionization energy) instead of ionization energy to allow the data to be represented without
using an unreasonably long vertical axis.
State the full electron configuration of sodium and explain how the successive ionization energy
data for sodium are related to its electron configuration.
(Total 4 marks)
31. The graph below shows the first four ionization energies of four elements A, B, C and D (the
letters are not their chemical symbols). Which element is magnesium?
(Total 1 mark)
32. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the earth’s crust. The successive ionization
energies of the element are shown below.
(i) Define the term first ionization energy and state the equation for the first ionization of
magnesium.
(3)
(ii) Explain the general increase in successive ionization energies of the element.
(2)
(iii) Explain the large increase between the tenth and eleventh ionization energies.
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
A. Zn
B. Mg
C. Ti2+
D. Fe2+
(Total 1 mark)
34. Draw the Lewis structures, state the shape and predict the bond angles for the following species.
(i) PCl3
(3)
(ii) NH2–
(3)
(iii) XeF4
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
35. The graph of the first ionization energy plotted against atomic number for the first twenty
elements shows periodicity.
(i) Define the term first ionization energy and state what is meant by the term periodicity.
(2)
(ii) Explain how information from this graph provides evidence for the existence of main
energy levels and sub-levels within atoms.
(4)
(iv) Sketch and explain the shape of the graph obtained for the successive ionization energies
of potassium using a logarithmic scale for ionization energy on the y-axis against number
of electrons removed on the x-axis.
(4)
(Total 11 marks)
36. What is the order of increasing energy of the orbitals within a single energy level?
A. d<s<f<p
B. s<p<d<f
C. p<s<f<d
D. f<d<p<s
(Total 1 mark)
38. (a) (i) Draw the shape of the pz orbital using the coordinates shown.
(1)
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(1)
(iv) Explain why the complex [Fe(H2O)6]3+ is coloured.
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(3)
(v) The element selenium (Z = 34) has electrons in the 4s, 3d and 4p orbitals. Draw an
orbital box diagram (arrow-in-box notation) to represent these electrons.
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(1)
(Total 7 marks)
39. Between which ionization energies of boron will there be the greatest difference?
40. What is the electron configuration for the copper(I) ion, (Z = 29)?
A. [Ar]4s23d9
B. [Ar]4s13d10
C. [Ar]4s13d9
D. [Ar]3d10
(Total 1 mark)