COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF OIL PALM WASTE AND FARMYARD MANURE AS

AN ORGANIC BASED FERTILIZER ON NAPA CABBAGE (Brassica rapa) GROWTH

A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of

CARMEN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School Department,
North Cotabato, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject

Research Capstone

By

Jennie Rose de Roma

Eian Chin Mana-Ay
Cathy Dignadice
Alibae Untua
Edrian Macale
Aisamae Lumanggal
Shanie Dimasingkil

JUNE 2023
 ABSTRACT

DE ROMA, JENNIE ROSE C., DIGNADICE, CATHY S., DIMASINGKIL, SHANIE G., LUMANGGAL,
AISAMAE P., MACALE, EDRIAN T., MANA-AY, EIAN CHIN U., UNTUA, ALIBAE L.2023. Comparative
Efficacy of Oil Palm Waste and Farmyard Manure as an Organic Based Fertilizer on Napa Cabbage
(Brassica rapa) Growth. Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Strand. Carmen
National High School Senior High School, Carmen, North Cotabato.

Adviser: ROGEMIE V. PALERA

Organic fertilizer is a key component for plant growth and soil health; these are mineral sources
that are naturally available and include reasonable concentrations of plant needed elements. Chemical
fertilizer, on the other hand, is potentially harmful to the environment and can deplete the soil of nutrients,
rendering it unproductive. Further research and development could lead to the creation of sustainable and
safer fertilizer alternative for organic farming.

This study was conducted at Purok 2, Poblacion, Carmen, Cotabato. The soil, carabao dung, and
chicken manure were gathered at Ugalingan, Carmen, Cotabato, while composting and planting were
conducted at Carmen National High School's Senior High School Campus.

The general objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of mixing carabao dung,
chicken manure, and palm oil waste as an organic fertilizer for napa cabbage as well as making use of
the abundant waste in the locality which is the empty fruit bunches of palm oil tree. This also aims to
observe the differences between a napa cabbage with chemical fertilizer to a napa cabbage with organic
fertilizer.

Napa cabbage were planted in three different polythene bags (non-fertilizer, organic-based
fertilizer, and chemical based fertilizer). Plant's leaves, stem girth, and its height were measured weekly.
To ensure the quality of the findings, however, further observation is required as this study is still in
progress.

CARMEN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 Carmen, Cotabato
Philippines
APPROVAL OF CAPSTONE RESEARCH PAPER

Name DE ROMA, JENNIE ROSE C., DIGNADICE, CATHY S., DIMASINGKIL, SHANIE G.,
LUMANGGAL, AISAMAE P., MACALE, EDRIAN T., MANA-AY, EIAN CHIN U., UNTUA,
ALIBAE L
Track ACADEMIC
Strand SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS (STEM)
Research Title COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF OIL PALM WASTE AND FARMYARD MANURE AS AN
ORGANIC BASED FERTILIZER ON NAPA CABBAGE (Brassica rapa) GROWTH

APPROVED BY THE GUIDANCE COMMITTEE

ROGEMIE V. PALERA
Adviser

Date

FRETCHELYN C. SANCHEZ LOWELLA MAE O. GUBATON

Research Coordinator Science Department Head

Date Date

ROLEEN B. MOLEÑO
Principal

Date

CARMEN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 Carmen, Cotabato
Philippines
ACCEPTANCE OF CAPSTONE RESEARCH PAPER

The attached capstone research entitled “COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF OIL PALM

WASTE AND FARMYARD MANURE AS AN ORGANIC BASED FERTILIZER ON

NAPA CABBAGE (Brassica rapa) GROWTH” is completed and submitted by Jennie

Rose C. de Roma, Cathy S. Dignadice, Shanie G. Dimasingkil, Aisamae P.

Lumanggal, Edrian T. Macale, Eian Chin U. Mana-Ay, and Alibae L. Untua in partial

fulfillment of the requirement for Capstone Research Project is hereby accepted

ROGEMIE V. PALERA
Adviser

Date

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for Capstone Research Project.

FRETCHELYN C. SANCHEZ
Research Coordinator

Date

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY PAGES PAGE

Title Page i

Approval Sheet ii

Acceptance Sheet iii

Table of Contents iv

List of Figures v

List of Appendices vi

INTRODUCTION
Significance of the Study 1

Setting of the Study 2

Objectives of the Study 3

Scope and Limitation of the study 3

Standard
REVIEW OF Analytical
RELATED ProcedureAND
LITERATURE for Soil
STUDIES 14
Soil Texture Analysis
Organic Fertilizer 414
Soil Textural Triangle
Carabao Dung 615
Soil Water Holding Capacity
Chicken Manure 816
Determine Soil Ph Level
Palm Oil Waste 17
10
Composting Process 18
Urea 11
Plant Preparation 19
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Greenhouse Experimentation 20
Materials 12
Methods of Analysis and Evaluation 22
Methods 12
LITERATURE CITED
Sample Collection 12
24
APPENDICES
Sample Preparation 13
30
Soil Preparation 13
 LIST OF FIGURES

Number Title Page

1 Organic Fertilizer 5
2 Carabao Dung 7
3 Chicken Manure 9
4 Palm Oil Waste 10
5 Urea 11
6 Experimental Process 24
7 Average number of plant height 25
8 Average number of stem girth 26
9 Average number of leaves 28
10 Soil Textural Triangle 43
11 Soil Water Holding Capacity 44
12 Soil pH Level 44
13 Composting Process 45
14 Plant Preparation 45
15 Greenhouse Experiment 46

LIST OF APPENDICES

Letter Title Page

A Application for Research Adviser 38

B Application for Research Title 39
C Estimated Budget of the Research 40
D Application for Capstone Research Project 42
E Method Figures 43
F Tables 47
V
 INTRODUCTION

Waste dumping has become a way to solve the world’s enormous waste

problem. We need to come up with better ideas pretty quickly or it will spin completely

out of control. The effects of waste dumping and improper waste management include:

Pollution of soil: Waste can leak hazardous chemicals into the soil and from there into

our food. Air pollution: The burning of waste at landfills release toxic substances into the

air, including extremely poisoning dioxin. This study focuses on how we are going to

make use of the carabao dung, chicken manure, and empty fruit bunches of palm oil

tree to address the aforementioned issues.

Palm oil waste is a significant problem in the Philippines, and one solution is to

turn it into organic fertilizer. Studies have shown that processed palm oil waste has high
organic content, making it an excellent source of nutrients for plant growth (Machines,

2022) The expansion of palm oil production in the Philippines is expected to boost

agricultural production in the country, but it also has negative impacts on the

environment and local communities. Experts have made recommendations for reducing

the environmental impacts of palm oil in the Philippines, including the use of organic

fertilizers (E. Reyes, 2014). Overall, turning palm oil waste into organic fertilizer is a

promising solution to the waste problem and can also benefit agriculture and the

environment.

Mindanao is considered as agricultural basin of the Philippines and is the largest

regional economy. The region has corporate plantations and has a great capacity for

producing palm oil trees. In 2015, the Philippine Palm oil Development Council

estimated that Mindanao has 55,000 hectares of oil palm. Investors from Thailand,

Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea have expressed interest in seeking lands for palm oil

plantation in Mindanao (A. Velez, 2015).

North Cotabato has been identified as having the highest potential for palm oil

plantation in Region 12 of the Philippines. A study shows that 66% of the Cotabato area

is classified as highly sustainable for palm oil with the majority of these locations found

in Municipality of Alamada, Antipas, Arakan, Magpet, President Roxas, and Tulunan.

Palm oil production generates significant amount of effluent, which can pollute soil and

water. The production of palm oil can also be a source of methane and nitrous oxide,

both potent greenhouse gases. Along with the continuous expansion of palm oil

industry, waste generated including solid biomass waste, empty fruit bunches,

mesocarp fiber and palm kernel.

 Waste biomass from the palm oil industry is currently burned as a means of

disposal, but solutions are required to reduce the environmental impact. Some waste

biomass can be recycled to provide green energy such as biogas. Composting is a

more sustainable palm oil waste management technique that can reduce environmental

problems and improve the competitiveness and productivity of the palm oil industry

(J.Suipriatna, M.R Setiawati, R. Sudirja, C. Suherman, X. Bonneau,2022). Mixing other

crops into palm oil plantations can improve soil health, fix carbon, and open up new

revenue streams for farmers.

Fertilizer is any organic material which supplies one or more of the chemical

elements required for the plant to grow. Palm oil is one of the most important global oil

crops supplying about 40% of all traded vegetable oil (Murphy, 2021) being one of the

largest producers of palm oil there is also a lot of generated palm oil waste,

mismanaging the palm oil factory waste can led to pollution. The good news is that most

of the waste from palm oil factory can be recycled to produce different product like

fertilizers.

Making a fertilizer out of palm oil waste specifically, empty fruit bunches,

carabao dung and chicken manure can lessen the stimulation of unwanted plant growth

such as algae which causes turbidity. A common misuse of manure is to spread it on

field, odors and gases can be generated from large quantities of fertilizer. These gases

can have a harmful impact on the health of workers and animals in production.

Excessive odors can cause complaints of disturbance and even legal action in sensitive

situations.
 The general objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of mixing

carabao dung, chicken manure and palm oil waste as an organic fertilizer for napa

cabbage as well as making use of the abundant waste in the locality which is the empty

fruit bunches of palm oil tree. Specifically, this study aims to compare the differences

between napa cabbage that are organically-fertilized, chemically-fertilized and non-

fertilized in terms of plants height, number of leaves, and stem girth.

This research is only limited in investigating in the effectiveness of mixing

carabao dung chicken manure and palm oil waste as an organic fertilizer for napa

cabbage. The differences between a napa cabbage with chemical fertilizer to a napa

cabbage with organic fertilizer in terms of plant height, stem girth and number of leaves.

This study is also limited to a specific plant which is napa cabbage. Furthermore, this

examination is limited in making the napa cabbage plant protected to any parasites that

can tear down the healthiness of the plant.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents a review of related literature and studies that were relevant

to the research study to provide readers with additional context and knowledge. This

chapter summarizes the pertinent studies and literature that the researchers took in to

account when demonstrating the significance of the current study. This chapter also

includes further references that will aid in the interpretation of the research results.

Organic Fertilizer
 Fertilizers have always been a huge help to gardeners and farmers in growing

their plants, but the wrong choice of fertilizer causes great destruction to them and

causes depletion of natural fertility of soil that results in poor harvest. If the incorrect

fertilizer is consistently used, the crop may yield during harvest and possibly even to the

point where plants cannot survive in the area. Finding an efficient organic fertilizer for

the plant was the study's main goal.

Everybody is aware of the dangers that commercial fertilizers pose to the environ

ment, human health, and soil in particular. Regular use of chemical fertilizers may cause

heavy metals like uranium, cadmium, and arsenic to accumulate in the soil in toxic amo

unts(Bisht and Chauhan,2020).These dangerous heavy metals accumulate in food grain

s, fruits, and vegetables in addition to polluting the soil. Hence, using organic fertilizer

is the best alternative in terms of plant productions. Organic fertilizers are fertilizers that

are naturally produced. This are materials that can be added to soil or plants, in order to

provide nutrients and sustain growth. Typical organic fertilizers include all animal waste

including meat processing waste manure, slurry, and guano; plus plant based fertilizers

such as compost; and biosolids. Inorganic "organic fertilizers" include minerals and ash.

The organic-mess refers to the Principles of Organic Agriculture, which determines

whether a fertilizer can be used for commercial organic agriculture, not whether the

fertilizer consists of organic compounds.

Ersik (2021) defines organic fertilizer as being typically produced from plant or

animal waste, such as manure or compost. Moreover, she added that organic fertilizer

might be highly processed goods with a compost or manure foundation.

 Water quality and marine life are harmed when synthetic fertilizer spill into our

waterways. Organic fertilizers are linked to the structure of the soil because the do not

flow off as readily (if at all). As comparison to synthetic fertilizer, organic fertilizer also

boosts species biodiversity by 30%, according to the Organic Trade Association.

Figure 1. Organic Fertilizer

Carabao dung

Carabaos can only be found in the Philippines and Guam. They are native to

Southeast Asia and live in the wetlands, swamps, and freshwater rivers of the region.

Numerous studies have shown that carabao dung is an efficient, secure, and cost-

effective bio-organic fertilizer. One such study was carried out by Galindez, Porciuncula,

Romero, and Lopez (2017), who discovered that carabao dung contains nutrients like

organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium that are crucial for plant
growth.According to Abelo (2021),the use of carabao dung as a lining material for water

harvesting structurescan reduce water loss owing to percolation or the downward passa

ge of water through the soil, according to a study by the Philippine Rice Research Institu

te (PhilRice).

Furthermore, Tuan (2019) stated that using carabao dung as an organic fertilizer

has several advantages. It is high in plant nutrients and beneficial microorganisms,

making it a potential bio-organic fertilizer for long-term crop production. She also stated

in her study that the nutrient content of carabao dung compost varies depending on the

source. Chemical analysis shows that carabao manure has an 18-20 C: N ratio, 24-30%

carbon, 0.8-2.2% nitrogen, 2.07 phosphorus, and 0.12-2.0 potassium. Aganon et al.

(2011) also stated that ruminant manure has been shown to improve plant growth.

Growth is caused by decomposing microorganisms in the rumen and hormones in their

urine.
 In one of the dairy congresses held at Tuguegarao City, Cagayan in 2018, it was

pointed out that the same finding was also emphasized, reiterating the fact that the

value or advantage of utilizing dairy animal waste would be priceless because this

technology would recycle dairy manures that could cause environmental pollutions

which would then lead to unprecedented calamities caused by global warming. It was

highly recommended in their study the adoption of vermicomposting using dairy animal

waste as a material for vermicomposting production that would contribute to the

mitigation of environmental pollution, specifically in the gas emission of dairy animal

wastes, and as a way of employment generation. Thus, increasing the income of the

household farmers and improving the lives of the people in the community.
Chicken Manure

Hassani (2022) defined chicken manure, also known as poultry manure, is a rich

source of nutrients. It contains at least twice as much nitrogen and phosphorus as other

farm manures such as cow manure.

Due to its high nutrient content, which includes macronutrients like calcium and

critical micronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium that are necessary for

good plant growth, chicken manure is an efficient alternative organic fertilizer (Hassani,

2022)

A good soil amendment, chicken manure adds organic matter and increases the

water holding capacity and beneficial biota in soil (Seattle tilth, 2015). Chicken manure
Figure 2. Carabao Dung fertilizer is very high in nitrogen and also

contains a good amount of potassium and phosphorus.

Chicken manure is a naturally occurring, readily accessible, and reasonably

priced material (Masarirambi,2012). One of a home gardener's greatest resources is

manure! Despite being too strong to be applied directly to flowers or vegetables,

chicken manure is a very effective fertilizer because it is very high in nitrogen and also

contains significant amounts of potassium and phosphorus. The best manure to use is

chicken manure compost because it has a high nitrogen content and balanced nutrients
(Gardening, 2018). All 13 of the essential plant nutrients that plants need are present in

poultry manure. These include iron (Fe), molybdenum (Mo), boron (B), calcium (Ca),

magnesium (Mg), manganese(Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chlorine (Cl), and nitrogen

(N) (Chastain,Camberato, et al,)

From the findings of Indriyati's research, “Chicken manure composts as nitrogen

sources and their effect on the growth and quality of Komatsuna” yields of composts

made from chicken manure were significantly different from controls, but there was a

significant difference with urea. In contrast to the other treatments, the residual effect of

the chicken manures still led to higher Komatsuna yield for Ch-3 and Ch-5, and it

increased yield significantly when compared to residual urea (U-1). Most growth

attributes were significantly impacted by poultry manure. The results of the current study

led to the conclusion that poultry manure could be used to improve this variety's growth

and production and is suitable for growth (Bacha, 2016).

Palm oil waste

Palm oil waste, as defined by Environment (2018), is any solid or liquid waste

produced during the manufacture of palm oil. Empty fruit bunches (EFB), fiber, and

shells are examples of solid trash, while palm oil mill effluent (POME), a type of liquid
Figure 3. Chicken Manure
waste produced during the conversion of fresh fruit

bunches into crude palm oil, is a source of liquid waste (CPO)

Waste from the palm oil industry is a potent organic fertilizer. Research has

demonstrated that the organic fertilizers made from palm oil wastes contain more

nutrients than conventional fertilizers and clearly influence the growth of oil palms

(Fertilizer Machine, 2023)

According to Abdullah, Sulaiman, and Aliasak's (2013) study, only 10% of palm

oil is produced in the oil palm mill, with the remaining 90% being waste such as empty

fruit bunches (EFB), oil palm shells (OPS), oil palm fibre (OPFb), and palm oil mill

effluent (POME). As a result, using these wastes as alternative fertilizers aids waste

management while also benefiting the country's economy.

Urea
Urea fertilizer is primarily used for its high nitrogen content, which initiates

vegetative growth in plants. Urea fertilizer can provide only nitrogen and no phosphorus

or potassium. (Why Urea Fertilizer Is the King of Fertilizers?, 2019) Urea undergoes

unique chemical transformations when field applied, and severe losses in efficiency may

result if special management practices are not followed(Utah State University, 2022)

Fertilizer damage can easily be caused by too much urea, as it has a high

nitrogen content. Using too much urea can lead to waste and fertilizer damage.

Moreover, excess urea can damage plants and disturb the pH of the soil. (Gohar, 2023)

In summary, urea fertilizer is a concentrated source of available nitrogen and

has a high nitrogen content compared to other fertilizers. However, it does not contain

phosphorus or potassium and requires special management practices to avoid losses in

efficiency.
Figure 5. Urea (Chemical Fertilizer)
MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

The researchers used the combination of chicken manure, carabao dung and oil

palm waste in making organic fertilizer. One pack of napa cabbage seedlings, 45 pieces

of polythene bags, 16 meters fish net, 10 pcs of 2 by 2 wood lumber, ½ kg of 4 inches

nails, soil sieve, table napkin, disposable Tupperware container, and all the other writing

implements are used in conducting the study. In addition, researchers also used urea as

chemical fertilizer for comparison.

Methods

Sample collection

As part of the process, the researchers collected the following samples: chicken

manure, carabao dung, oil palm waste, and soil. Thirty core samples from soil were

collected from 0 to 15 cm depth. The raw materials are obtained from Ugalingan,

Carmen, North Cotabato.

Sample Preparation

Subsequent to preparing the materials the researchers air dried the sample

using windrow method. Windrow method is a type of composting involves farming

organic waste in rows of long piles called wind rose and aerating them periodically, the

process takes 3-7 days. The windrow method involves taking shredded feedstock and

forming it into long rows, which are then agitated or turned on a regular basis to mix the
composting materials and enhance passive aeration (On-farm Composting Methods,

n.d). The turning operation helps to break down the organic material into carbon

dioxide, water, minerals, and stabilized organic material (HYQUIP > MSW > Windrow

Composting, n.d.). The following studies suggest utilizing the windrow method of air

drying to reduce moisture content before composting. After 7 days of airdrying, the

researchers sieved raw materials separately to remove unwanted materials. Thirty core

samples were collected from 0 to 15 cm depth, air-dried, sieved with 2 mm and ready

for routine analysis.

Soil preparation

Before composting, researchers prepared the air dried and well sieved soil for

testing. Raw materials passed through 2 mm stainless sieve before composting to

separate undesirable debris and waste from desirable organic materials. Sieving helped

remove large pieces of un-composted material and other unwanted materials, such as

rocks, plastic, and glass, that can interfere with the composting process. Sieving raw

materials before composting ensures that the composting process is efficient and

effective, and it helps to produce high-quality compost that is free of unwanted materials

and debris (Narcis, 2023).

Soil testing refers to one or more of a wide variety of soil analysis conducted for

one of several possible reasons healthy soils is the first step to a success craft avoid

working too moist soil to reduce soil compaction. Soil testing is important to optimize

crop production, to protect the environment from contamination by runoff and leaching

of excess fertilizers, to aid in the diagnosis of plant culture problems, to improve the

nutritional balance of the growing media and to save money and conserve energy by
applying only the amount of fertilizer needed (Admin, 2017). As part of soil testing the

researchers conducted the following standard soil analytical procedures:

Soil Texture Analysis

The researchers conducted soil analysis using the jar method. The jar method of

soil analysis is a simple test that can be used to determine the percentages of sand, silt,

and clay in soil (Admin, 2017). The performed test is conducted on a straight-edged

laboratory table. Clear jar is filled with 150g of soil, and the remainder of the jar is filled

with 150 ml distilled water, leaving some space at the top. One tablespoon of powdered

dishwashing detergent is added, and the jar is capped and stirred consistently for 20

minutes until the soil turns into a uniform slurry. The jar is then set on a level surface

and left for one day. After 24 hours, a mark is placed on the outside of the jar, showing

the coarse sand layer settled at the bottom of the jar. The height of each layer and the

total height of all three layers are measured and recorded.

Soil Textural Triangle

The soil textural triangle was then used to estimate the soil type for the site. Soil

texture pyramid is a tool that can help with soil analysis by identifying the texture of soil.

Soil texture refers to the proportion of particle sizes that make up the soil, and it

influences the performance of soil for water retention, water movement, and soil stability

under compression. The soil texture pyramid can be used in conjunction with a simple

soil jar test to determine the type of soil on a particular site (Ameliamurtha, 2016). The

jar test involves measuring the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay in the soil

sample. Since the proportions are calculated, the soil texture pyramid was then used to
determine the type of soil by finding the intersection of the percentages of the three

particles. The soil texture triangle is another tool used to classify the texture class of soil

based on the percentages of sand, silt, and clay. Knowing the soil texture can provide

information about factors such as permeability and water-holding capacity, which impact

what types of plants can grow as well as erosion rates. Soil texture analysis has

applications in a variety of areas including conservation, agriculture, and construction

(Pappas, 2022)

Soil’s Water Holding Capacity

Soil water holding capacity is the amount of water that a given soil can hold for

crop use. It is an important factor in crop production because water is the most common

limiting factor for many crops. The water holding capacity of soil is controlled primarily

by soil texture and organic matter. Soils with smaller particles, such as silt and clay,

have a larger surface area and a higher water-holding capacity than those with larger

sand particle. (Christina Curell, Michigan State University Extension, 2011)

Understanding the water holding capacity of soil can help farmers make better

irrigation decisions and optimize crop production. The volumetric water content

measured is the total amount of water that can be absorbed by the soil per gram.

Organic matter can enhance a soil's ability to absorb water, leading to less water stress

during both dry and wet periods. (Water Holding Capacity, n.d.) Water holding capacity

(WHC) of soil is the total quantity of water that can be absorbed by the soil per gram. To

measure the holding capacity of soil, weigh the container and dry soil, and note the

weight. Saturate the soil with water and let it dry under the heat of the sun. The wet soil

is weighed as well as the sun-dried soil and the weight is noted in table 2.
Determine Soil’s pH level
Soil pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of soil and is a key characteristic

that can be used to make informative analysis of soil. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14,

with 7 as neutral. Numbers less than 7 indicate acidity, while numbers greater than 7

indicate alkalinity. The ideal soil type for growing Chinese cabbage in the Philippines is

well-drained yet moisture-retentive, fertile soil with a pH of 6.0 to 7.5. (Schuh and

MacKenzie, 2022). Soil pH values above or below these ranges may result in less

vigorous growth and nutrient deficiencies.

A 50ml beaker was filled with twenty grams of soil sample along with 20 ml of

water, letting the soil to absorb the volume and is stirred continuously for 10 minutes.

(Methods of soil and plant analysis by the Philippine Bureau of Soils and Management).

It was then allowed to stand for an hour before being stirred three times during that time

span. Using pH paper, the researchers dipped the end of the pH strip into the mixture of

soil and water for a couple of seconds, then removed the paper and compared the color

of the pH strip to the color chart provided with the pH paper kit.

Composting Process

A 50:50 ratio of soil and organic fertilizer is a blend of 50% screened topsoil and

50% compost was utilized by the researchers This type of mix is often used to improve

the quality of soil in raised garden beds (Gardens, 2023). 50:50 soil mix is designed to

ensure that plants have enough nutrients and that additional organic matter does not

need to be added to the soil anytime soon .15 pots containing 1 kilogram per pot having

a total of 15 kilograms was used for the greenhouse experiment. Composting process

was carried out using the combination of chicken manure, carabao dung, soil and oil
palm waste. Mix-It method of composting was used which involves mixing green and

brown materials together before adding them to the compost system (Moore, 2022).

The compost bin has holes, horizontally and vertically lined up for aeration. This method

is useful for preventing moist greens, such as grass clippings, from forming compact

layers that may restrict the flow of water and oxygen through the pile. (Communications,

n.d.-c). The researchers followed the ideal ratio for composting success with 1/3

nitrogen to 2/3 carbon. Researchers measured the weight of every samples :1.8 kg

chicken manure, 1.7 carabao dung, 3.75 kg oil palm waste and 7.5 kg of soil

respectively. After mixing the exact amount of raw materials, the composting process

begin. Watering of compost with 8 liters of water every 5 days to ensure that the

material is moist but not wet, like a wrung sponge (Anthony, & Anthony, 2022). The

compost is turned every 2 days for aeration because aerating compost is necessary to

provide the composting microbes and larger creatures with the oxygen necessary to

convert organic matter into compost. Aerating compost can help speed up the

decomposition process by improving aeration around the compost heap, which

improves decomposition rates. (J. Duvauchelle) Turning the compost pile is a popular

method of aerating it, and it can help to aerate the compost and allow air and oxygen

into the mix, which is necessary to support the beneficial microbes. Aeration is also

important to satisfy the oxygen demand from aerobic decomposition, remove excess

moisture, and remove excess heat. The aeration rates needed for composting are

determined by converting oxygen demands to aeration demands, then by considering

the duration over which aeration is needed. Continuous aeration-rotation of compost

can significantly reduce the active phase of composting to only a few days. (Dillon,

2019) Therefore, aerating compost can make it compost faster by providing the

necessary oxygen to the beneficial microbes and removing excess moisture and heat.

Plant preparation

Paper towel method is used to germinate the napa cabbage. This method is

faster compared to traditional germination methods. The paper towel method is a

popular and effective way to germinate seeds quickly, but it is typically used for starting

seeds before transplanting them into soil or a growing medium (Lofgren, 2022). To use

this method, a paper towel is teared in half and moisten one of the halves, 60 seeds are

placed on half of the paper and fold the other half over the seeds, opened a clear

disposable plastic container, place the paper with seeds inside and close the plastic

container. Three days later, the seeds are then transferred on plant trays individually

and let it grow there for another 4 days. It took the napa cabbage a week to grow and is

then transplanted on its designated pots.

Greenhouse experimentation

Since the seeds have germinated, they are transplanted into soil. Napa cabbage

has a narrow temperature range in which it can grow, and temperatures below 50°F or

above 80°F can cause the plant to bolt (Lofgren, 2022). Napa cabbage can be grown in

containers or in the ground, and it is important to provide the plant with full sun or partial

shade in warm region (Hendricks, 2022). Assessing the differences between the effects

of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer by growth and plant yield on napa cabbage, a

greenhouse was built for testing. Greenhouses are designed for the protection of tender
or out-of-season plants against excessive cold or heat and provides protection from

pests. (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2023)

The choice of test crop was based on the fact that Napa cabbage is commonly

used in greenhouse experiments because it is a popular crop that is commonly grown in

greenhouses and has been the subject of various studies (Burgner et al., 2020). Napa

cabbage is also a widely consumed vegetable and has more folate (vitamin B-9) which

is important in red blood cell formation and for healthy cell growth and function than

some other vegetables. (Napa Cabbage Vs. Vegetable — In-Depth Nutrition

Comparison, n.d.)

The developed composts have been evaluated and contrasted to a locally

available organo-mineral fertilizer (OMF) produced by the authors, which is marketed as

"Pace Setter Organic Fertilizer" and is favored among farmers in the region. Urea has a

pH of neutral and can grow in almost any soil. Fertilizer-grade urea typically contains

46% nitrogen (Urea, n.d.). In the experiments, non-fertilized soil or control soil were also

used.

15 black polythene bags holding non-fertilized plants, 15 black polythene bags

holding plants that are organic-based fertilizer, and 15 black polythene bags holding

plants that are chemical-based fertilizer are involved in the study with a total of 45 black

polythene bags holding plants. Plants that are non-fertilized and chemical-based

contains 1 kg of soil each. On the other hand, organic-based plants contain 0.5

kilograms of soil and 0.5 kilogram of organic fertilizer following the ideal ratio. The

germinated napa cabbage are randomly selected and are planted individually on
different pots, each having labels for differentiation. Each pot is irrigated with 400ml

distilled water. The sampling set-up is illustrated below:

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A

B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B

C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
Block I Block II Block III

Methods of Analysis and Evaluation

Plant parameters were measured to determine yields height (in centimeters),

stem girth (in millimeters), and number of leaves. Over a two-week period, the yields

were measured weekly. The outcomes will be obtained at the end of the study. One-

way ANOVA (“analysis of variance”) will be used in comparing the means of three

independent groups to determine the statistically significant difference between the

corresponding population means. As a result of a one-way ANOVA to be valid,

normality, equal variance, and independence should be met. A one-way ANOVA uses

the following null and alternative hypotheses (Zach, 2021):

 H0 (null hypothesis): μ1 = μ2 = μ3 = … = μk (all the population means are equal)

 H1 (alternative hypothesis): at least one population mean is different from the

rest
Figure 6 below shows the summary of the entire work done by the researchers during

the study.

FLOW CHART

plant
soil collection collection -
napa cabbage
-organic
fertilizer - plant
soil preparation

sample plant
preparation germination

-air drying
-sieving paper towel
method

Organic fertilizer soil transplantation

soil texture
analysis ph level

water pre- cropping

holding analysis
capacity
 composting

greenhouse experiment

data gathering

Figure 6. Experimental Process

statistical analysis
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

The presentation of statistical information in relation to the posed problem is

provided in this chapter. This chapter focuses on the presentation of collected data by

employing bar graphs. This section of the study includes the corresponding data

analysis and interpretation.

Changes in compost

The appearance of compost after 14 days appeared dark in color, like regular dirt

or in color compared to 0 day of composting. The carabao dung and the chicken

manure are no longer recognizable compared to palm oil waste that is still recognizable

in the mixture. However, the texture of compost is somehow crumbly and fine.

Originally, the compost should have an earthy odor yet the odor of compost before

planting has still bad odor but not that bad as it was on its 0 day. Lastly, the volume of

the pile shrank significantly, up to one-half its original volume.

 During greenhouse experimentation, researchers continued composting on the

remaining compost for more than a month, and obtained a darker, more homogenized,

more crumbly and fine compost that has earthy odor.

Plant Height

Measuring plant height is a useful method for calculating the growth rate of

plants, which is important for tracking overall plant growth. Using a ruler, the height is

measured from the base of the stem (at the soil surface) to the top of the canopy, or the

highest part. The data presented in Figure 7 shows the plant height of napa cabbage

from 0-14 days.

On the day of transplanting, the height of each napa cabbage varies randomly.

Based on the average height of the plants, the tallest plant was found on organic-based

fertilizer whereas the shortest plant was found on the chemical-based fertilizer. On its 1 st

week, the plants grew with an average of 0.3 cm. However, on its 2 nd week, the non-

fertilized napa cabbage grew tallest among three, followed by chemically fertilized

plants and organically fertilized plants as the shortest.

Calculating the growth rate using the formula: RGR(H)=(H2-H1)/(t2-t1), where H1

is the initial height, H2 is the final height, t1 is the initial time, and t2 is the final time. For

2 weeks observation, the chemically fertilized plants had the highest growth rate with an
amount of 0.42 followed by non-fertilized plants that has 0.38 growth rate and

organically fertilized plants as the lowest growth rate with a total of 0.29

PLANT HEIGHT
25 21.92
PLANT HEIGHT (cm)

20
15 13.21
11.93
10 8.92 8.47 8.33

5 3.6 2.6 4.3 3.9 2.9 4.6

0
0 DAY 7 DAYS 14 DAYS 21 DAYS
NUMBER OF DAYS

CHEMICAL CONTROL ORGANIC

STEM GIRTH

Plant height and stem girth are usually a good index of plant vigor, which may

contribute towards greater productivity. Stem diameter is one of the most common

measurements made to assess the growth of woody vegetation, and the commercial

and environmental benefits that it provides. Measuring the stem girth of a plant can help

calculate its growth rate, which is useful for tracking overall plant growth. It is an

important parameter describing the growth of crop plants under abiotic stress during the

vegetative growth stage.

Using a caliper, stem girth researchers measured the plants individually at a

consistent height above the ground. All plants measured 1 cm on its 0 day. After 7 days,

the chemical-based had the biggest stem girth and the organic-based had the smallest.

14 days later, the chemical-based remained having the biggest stem girth whereas the

non-fertilized as the smallest.

 Calculating the growth rate using the formula: RGR(G)=(G2-G1)/(t2-t1), where

G1 is the initial girth, G2 is the final girth, t1 is the initial time, and t2 is the final time.

Based on statistical calculations, having 0.071 growth rate, the chemical-based fertilizer

gained the highest followed by 0.057 of organic-based and lastly, non-fertilized plants as

the lowest having 0.05 plant growth. Figure 8 below shows the data gathered:

STEM GIRTH
4 3.64
3.2
STEM GIRTH (cm)

3
2 2.07
2 1.7 1.8
1.4 1.3
1 1 1 1.1
1

0
0 DAY 7 DAYS 14 DAYS 21 DAYS
NUMBER OF DAYS

CHEMICAL CONTROL ORGANIC

NUMBER OF LEAVES

Leaves are essential for photosynthesis and produce the bulk of biomass, which

drives the growth and yield of a plant. The number of leaves a plant has is one of the

visual key traits describing its development and growth. It enables growth rate

estimation and is related to the health status of the plant and its yield potential. The

number of leaves will influence yield, and therefore, counting the number of leaves is an

important indicator of radiation and precipitation interception, energy conversion, and

water balance. Therefore, measuring the number of leaves is important in studying the

impact of environment on plants in the disciplines of ecology, genetics, and crop

management.

Counting the number of leaves of a plant is a simple procedure that can be done

by visually inspecting the plant and counting the number of leaves present. Before
transplant, the plants had the same number of leaves. On its 1 st week, non-fertilized

plants gained the highest number of leaves followed by organic-based and chemical-

based as the lowest. On the 2 nd week, chemical-based gained the most plenty number

of leaves followed by organic-based and non-fertilized as the least number of leaves.

The data obtained are shown on the Figure 9.

Calculating the growth rate in terms of leaf count using the formula: RGR(L) = (L2

- L1) / (t2 - t1) where RGR(L) is the leaf number growth rate, L1 is the initial leaf count,

L2 is the final leaf count, t1 is the initial time, and t2 is the final time. The chemical-

based has the highest plant growth in terms of leaf count with an average of 0.32

followed by organic-based with 0.31 and lastly, the non-fertilized as the lowest average

plant growth in terms of leaf count with an average of 0.30.

Within the 14 days of observation, the leaf of all plants is healthy except for the

plants that are organically-fertilized. As per observed by the researchers the leaf of the

organically-fertilized plants was consumed by ants which resulted to the lower number

of leaves.

NUMBER OF LEAVES
8 7.43 7.33
7 6.5 6.2 6.3 6.33
NUMBER OF LEAVES

6
5
3.87 3.6
4 3.36
3
2 2 2
2
1
0
0 DAY 7 DAYS 14 DAYS 21 DAYS
NUMBER OF DAYS

CHEMICAL CONTROL ORGANIC

 Figure 9. Average number of leaves

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the

summary of the study. It
includes the presentation of the
findings, the conclusions drawn
and recommendations of
This chapter presents the
summary of the study. It
includes the presentation of the
findings, the conclusions drawn
and recommendations of
This chapter presents the
summary of the study. It
includes the presentation of the
findings, the conclusions drawn
and recommendations of
This chapter presents the
summary of the study. It
includes the presentation of the
findings, the conclusions drawn
and recommendations of
This chapter presents the
summary of the study. It
includes the presentation of the
findings, the conclusions drawn
and recommendations of
This chapter presents the summary of the study. It includes the presentation of

the finding, the conclusion drawn and recommendations offered.

Summary

Palm oil waste is a significant problem in the Philippines, and one solution is to

turn it into organic fertilizer. Studies have shown that processed palm oil waste has high

organic content, making it an excellent source of nutrients for plant growth

This study aims to test the efficacy of oil palm waste and farmyard manure as an

organic based fertilizer on napa cabbage (Brassica rapa) growth as well as making use

of the abundant waste in the locality which is the empty fruit bunches of palm oil tree.

Specifically, this research sought to determine the differences between the organically-

fertilized plants, chemically-fertilized plants and non-fertilized plants in terms of plants

height, number of leaves, and stem girth.

Researchers collected the raw materials at Ugalingan, Carmen, North Cotabato.

It was then sieved and weighed. The soil undergoes the soil testing analysis as well as

water holding capacity. Following the composting ratio of 1N:2C utilizing the mix-it
method of composting associated with consistent aeration every 2 days. The

composting process lasted for 14 days and the greenhouse experimentation was then

carried out. For another 14 days, the plants are then observed and the data on chapter

4 were obtained.

Conclusion

Based on the results on chapter 4, the organic fertilizer is effective in boosting

plant growth in terms of stem girth and the number of leaves but it is not good as

chemical fertilizer.

Recommendation

Listed below are recommendations for future research in the field of sleep
deprivation among STEM students. Recommendations include suggestions for
the
paucity on the themes related to this study and the lack of related literature on the
impact of sleep deprivation on academic performance because it can be motivating
factor for this kind of study in the future.
Listed below are recommendations for future research in the field of sleep
deprivation among STEM students. Recommendations include suggestions for
the
paucity on the themes related to this study and the lack of related literature on the
impact of sleep deprivation on academic performance because it can be motivating
factor for this kind of study in the future.
I
Stated below are recommendations for future research in the field of organic

based fertilizer.
 Researchers recommendations includes identifying the changes in nutrient

content of each materials during composting because it can be motivating factor for this

kind of study in the future. Moreover, future researchers should also try this organic

fertilizer on a different kind of plant. Finally, future researchers are encouraged to

investigate this study on a much longer time of composting process and observations

for better result.

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 APPENDICES

Appendix A. Application for Research Adviser

CARMEN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Carmen, Cotabato
Philippines
APPLICATION FOR RESEARCH ADVISER

Date:

ROGEMIE V. PALERA
Capstone Research Adviser
 Dear Ma’am

We would like to humbly request your service and expertise to serve as an

adviser for our capstone research effective 2 nd semester, SY 2022-2023. We are
interested in conducting research on efficacy of oil palm waste and farmyard manure as
an organic based fertilizer on napa cabbage (Brassica rapa) growth, and we are
confident that your guidance will greatly produce high-quality work and help us develop
our skills as a researcher.
We are hoping for your consideration on our request. Thank you so much!

Sincerely,
JENNIE ROSE C. DE ROMA
AISAMAE P. LUMANGGAL EDRIAN T. MACALE
Researcher
Researcher Researcher

SHANIE G. DIMASINGKIL EIAN CHIN U. MANA-AY CATHY S. DIGNADICE

Researcher Researcher Researcher
ALIBAE L. UNTUA
Researcher

APPROVED:

ROGEMIE V. PALERA
Appendix B. Application for Research Title Adviser

CARMEN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Carmen, Cotabato
Philippines Date Approved

APPLICATION FOR RESEARCH TITLE

Date:

ROGEMIE V. PALERA
Capstone Research Adviser

Dear Ma’am,
We are asking for your permission to allow us conduct our study entitled “COMPARATIVE
EFFICACY OF OIL PALM WASTE AND FARMYARD MANURE AS AN ORGANIC BASED FERTILIZER
ON NAPA CABBAGE (brassica rapa) GROWTH”.
 The general objective of our study is to investigate the efficacy of mixing palm oil waste, carabao
dung, and chicken manure as an organic based fertilizer on napa cabbage (brassica rapa) growth.
Specifically, the study aims to:
1. Investigate the effectiveness of mixing carabao dung, chicken manure, and palm oil waste as an
organic fertilizer for napa cabbage
2. Make use of the abundant waste in the locality which is the empty fruit bunches of palm oil tree
3. Compare the differences between the control and without fertilizer, organic-based fertilizer, and
chemical-based fertilizer in terms of plant height, stem girth, and number of leaves.

JENNIE ROSE C. DE ROMA AISAMAE P. LUMANGGAL EDRIAN T. MACALE

Sincerely,
Researcher Researcher Researcher
ALIBAE L. UNTUA EIAN CHIN U. MANA-AY CATHY S. DIGNADICE
DATE NOTED:
Researcher Researcher Researcher
NOTED:
SHANIE G. DIMASINGKIL
Researcher
FRETCHELYN C. SANCHEZ ROGEMIE V. PALERA ROLEEN B. MOLEÑO
Research Coordinator Adviser Principal

Appendix C. Estimated Budget of the Research

CARMEN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Carmen, Cotabato
Philippines
ESTIMATED BUDGET OF THE RESEARCH

TITLE OF THE STUDY: Comparative Efficacy of Oil Palm Waste and Farmyard

Manure as an Organic Based Fertilizer on Napa Cabbage (Brassica rapa) Growth

and Plant yield

ITEMS/ DESCRIPTION ESTIMATED COST

I. Personal Services

Adviser

Research Coordinator

Statistician
 Panel

Subtotal:

II. Maintenance and Operating

Expense (MOE)

Transportation Php 300

Office Supplies Php 200

Materials/ Equipments Php 4,200

Miscellaneous Php 470

Subtotal: Php 5,170

GRAND TOTAL:

PREPARED AND SUBMITTED BY:

JENNIE ROSE C. DE ROMA AISAMAE P. LUMANGGAL EDRIAN T. MACALE

Researcher Researcher Researcher
ALIBAE L. UNTUA EIAN CHIN U. MANA-AY CATHY S. DIGNADICE
Researcher Researcher Researcher
RECOMMENDING APPROVAL
SHANIE G. DIMASINGKIL
Researcher

ROGEMIE V. PALERA FRETCHELYN C. SANCHEZ

Adviser Research Coordinator

LOWELLA MAE O. GUBATON ROLEEN B. MOLENO

Science Department Head Principal
Appendix D. Application for Capstone Research Defense

CARMEN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Carmen, Cotabato
Philippines
APPLICATION FOR CAPSTONE RESEARCH DEFENSE

Name DE ROMA, JENNIE ROSE C., DIGNADICE, CATHY S., DIMASINGKIL, SHANIE G.,
LUMANGGAL, AISAMAE P., MACALE, EDRIAN T., MANA-AY, EIAN CHIN U., UNTUA,
ALIBAE L
Track ACADEMIC
Strand SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS (STEM)
Research Title COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF OIL PALM WASTE AND FARMYARD MANURE AS AN
ORGANIC BASED FERTILIZER ON NAPA CABBAGE (Brassica rapa) GROWTH
Date of Examination

Time

Place

MEMBERS OF EXAMINING COMMITTEE

Name Signature Date

RECOMMENDING APPROVAL

ROGEMIE V. PALERA FRETCHELYN C. SANCHEZ

Adviser Research Coordinator

LOWELLA MAE O. GUBATON ROLEEN B. MOLENO

Science Department Head Principal

REPORT ON THE RESULT OF PRESENTATION

Name Signature Remarks

Appendix E. Method Figures

Figure 7. Soil Texture Analysis Utilizing Jar Method

AVERAGE SILT PERCENTAGE:

74%

AVERAGE CLAY PERCENTAGE:

0%
Figure 10. Soil Textural Pyramid

Figure 11. Soil Water Holding Capacity

Figure 12. Soil pH Level
Figure 13. Composting Process

Figure 14. Plant Preparation

Figure 15. Greenhouse Experimentation

Appendix F. Tables

SOIL TOTAL DEPT DEPTH DEPTH %SAND %CLA %SILT SOIL

SAMPLES DEPTH OF H OF OF OF Y TYPE

WATER SAND SILT CLAY

AND LAYE LAYER LAYER

HUMUS R (CM) (CM) (CM)

LAYER(CM)
 Trial 1 Silt
Garden
24 cm 0cm 62cm 0cm 0% 0% 72% loam
soil
(A)
Trial 2 Silt
Garden
22 cm 0cm 60cm 0cm 0% 0% 73% loam
Soil
(B)
Trial 3 Silt
Garden
soil 20 cm 0cm 65cm 0cm 0% 0% 76% loam
(C)

Table 1. Soil texture Analysis Result

SOIL

INITIAL WATER WATER SOIL AND JAR SATURATED SUN- WATER

WATER EXTRACTED ABSORBED JAR WEIGHT(G) SOIL DRIED HOLDING

CONTEN (ML) (ML) WEIGHT(G) WEIGHT(G) WEIGHT(G) CAPACITY

T (ML) (%)

Trial 1
125 ml 25ml 505ml 240g 265g 147g 80.27%
(150 ml)
 Trial 2
120 ml 30ml 500ml 245g 255g 142g 79.58%
(150 ml)

Trial 3
125 ml 25ml 505ml 260g 260g 144.5g 79.93%
(150 ml)

Table 2. Water Holding Capacity Result

The water holding capacity is then calculated is then calculated using the formula:

WEEK 1:

STEM GIRTH (CM)

CHEMICAL CONTROL ORGANIC

TRIAL A B C TRIAL A B C TRIAL A B C
T1 1 1 1 T1 1.5 1 1 T1 1 1 1
T2 1.5 2 2 T2 1.5 1 1 T2 1 1.5 1
T3 1 2 N T3 1.5 1 2 T3 1 1 2
T4 1 1 1.5 T4 1 1 1.5 T4 1 1 1.5
 T5 1 1 2 T5 1 2 1 T5 1.5 1 1

AVERAGE:1.4 AVERAGE:1.3 AVERAGE:1.1

HEIGHT

CHEMICAL CONTROL ORGANIC

TRIAL A B C TRIAL A B C TRIAL A B C
T1 2.5 1.0 2.0 T1 4.0 4.5 3.0 T1 4.0 6.0 6.0
T2 4.5 2.5 2.5 T2 4.0 3.0 3.0 T2 6.0 3.0 4.0
T3 3.5 3.0 N T3 3.0 5.5 3.0 T3 3.5 6.0 4.0
T4 4.0 3.0 4.0 T4 4.0 5.0 5.5 T4 4.0 5.0 4.0
T5 4.0 2.0 2.0 T5 3.0 3.5 4.0 T5 5.0 6.0 2.0

AVERAGE:2.9 AVERAGE:3.9 AVERAGE:4.6

LEAF

CHEMICAL CONTROL ORGANIC

TRIAL A B C TRIAL A B C TRIAL A B C
T1 3 3 3 T1 4 4 4 T1 4 4 4
T2 3 4 3 T2 4 4 3 T2 2 4 3
T3 4 3 N T3 4 3 3 T3 3 4 3
T4 4 3 4 T4 4 5 4 T4 3 5 4
T5 4 3 3 T5 4 4 4 T5 4 4 3

AVERAGE:3.36 AVERAGE:3.87 AVERAGE:3.6

WEEK 2:

STEM GIRTH

CHEMICAL CONTROL ORGANIC

TRIAL A B C TRIAL A B C A B C
T1 2 3 1.5 T1 2 N 2 T1 1 2 1.5
 T2 2 2 2 T2 1 2 2 T2 2 2 2
T3 3 1 N T3 1 2 2 T3 1 1.5 2
T4 2 2 2 T4 1 1.5 2 T4 2 3 2
T5 2 1 2 T5 2 2 1 T5 2 2 1

AVERAGE:2.0 AVERAGE:1.7 AVERAGE:1.8

HEIGHT

CHEMICAL CONTROL ORGANIC

TRIAL A B C TRIAL A B C TRIAL A B C
T1 6.35 6.35 7.62 T1 12.7 9.65 7.37 T1 6.35 N 11.68
T2 8.89 8.89 7.11 T2 6.35 8.64 8.38 T2 7.62 9.65 9.14
T3 10.16 8.38 N T3 10.16 6.25 10.16 T3 6.35 12.19 12.7
T4 8.38 7.62 11.43 T4 10.67 9.91 8.89 T4 9.14 5.08 8.13
T5 10.16 7.62 9.65 T5 6.35 10.67 7.62 T5 5.59 7.87 5.08

AVERAGE:8.47 AVERAGE:8.92 AVERAGE:8.33

LEAVES

CHEMICAL CONTROL ORGANIC

TRIAL A B C TRIAL A B C TRIAL A B C
T1 6 6 6 T1 6 7 6 T1 6 N 6
T2 6 7 6 T2 5 7 6 T2 6 6 5
T3 7 7 N T3 6 6 7 T3 6 7 7
T4 8 6 6 T4 5 8 5 T4 6 7 6
T5 8 6 6 T5 6 7 6 T5 6 8 6

AVERAGE:6.5 AVERAGE:6.2 AVERAGE:6.3

bulked together, air-dried, sieved with
2 mm and ready for
routine analysis
Thirty core samples were collected
from 0 to 15 cm depth,
bulked together, air-dried, sieved with
2 mm and ready for
routine analysis
Thirty core samples were collected
from 0 to 15 cm depth,
bulked together, air-dried, sieved with
2 mm and ready for
routine analysis
Thirty core samples were collected
from 0 to 15 cm depth,
bulked together, air-dried, sieved with
2 mm and ready for
routine analysis
Thirty core samples were collected
from 0 to 15 cm depth,
bulked together, air-dried, sieved with
2 mm and ready for
routine analysis
Thirty core samples were collected
from 0 to 15 cm depth,
bulked together, air-dried, sieved with
2 mm and ready for
routine analysis
Thirty core samples were collected
from 0 to 15 cm depth,
bulked together, air-dried, sieved with
2 mm and ready for
routine analysis
Thirty core samples were collected
from 0 to 15 cm depth,
bulked together, air-dried, sieved with
2 mm and ready for
routine analysis