— BN Date : 20/07/2023 [A.Chem/ ABT (1/6)] Experiment No.-1 Aim: - To determine the percentage composition of NaCl (Sodium chloride) and NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide) in the given sample solution, x gm of which have been dissolved per liter of the solution. You are provided with HCI solution and N/10 Sodium Carbonate solution. [Given x= 5g/l] Apparatus: Burette, Beaker, pipette, Funnel, Conical Flask Chemicals: HCI solution, given mixture solution of NaOH and NaCl and N/10 Na2COs solution. Indicator: Methyl Orange (MeOH) or Phenolphthalein (HPh) Theory _The process of acid base titration is accompanied by the change in pH. The equivalence point in this neutralization titration occurs at a definite PH value. Therefore, Indicators which change colour in accordance with pH are used to get the end point. Action of Indicators: Ostwald’s Theory: Phenolphthalein is a weak acid and is represented as HPh. In unionized form, it is colourless. On neutralization, pH changes, so HPh ionizes to Ph and gives pink colour. HPh ea Colourless Pink S (Acidic medium) (Basic medium) Methyl! orange is a weak base and is represented as MeOH. In unionized form, it is yellow coloured. On neutralization, pH changes, so MeOH ionizes to MeH* and gives pink colour. | MeOH + H,0@ MeH* + OH | Yellow Pink (Basic medium) (Acidic medium)[A.Chem/ ABT (2/6)] quinonoid Theory: acid Base indicators exist in two tautomeric forms with two different structures. in acidic medium, Phenolphthalein possesses a benzenoid structure (colourless), whereas in alkaline medium, it changes to quinoid form (pink colour) Tautomeric Forms Colourless (Benzenoid form in acidic medium) Pink Colour (Quinoid form in basic medium) Migration Of ions: In alkaline medium, Methyl-Orange exists in benzenoid form (yellow colour), whereas in acidic medium, it changes to quinoid form (pink colour). Tautomeric Forms 9 ct 1) Fe OOF | Sx il pes te “o-8 4) NN < {I | +\chs oO H Yellow colour Pink Colour (Genzenoid form in alkaline medium) —_(Quinoid form in acidic medium)Reactions Procedure A [A.Chem/ ABT (3/6)] Standardization of HCI solution with N/10 Sodium Carbonate Solution using Methyl Orange as an indicator. HCI is a secondary standard, so it needs to be standardized against a primary standard (sodium carbonate) solution using methyl orange as an indicator. NagCOs3 + 2 HCI ~~ NaHCO; + NaCl NaHCOs + HCI > NaCl + CO2 + H20 Net Reaction- NazCO3+2HCl + 2NaCl+CO2+H,0 Titration of given mixture solution with standardized HCI using phenolphthalein as an indicator. The given sample solution contains NaOH (base) and NaCl (sal). By titrating the mixture solution against acid (like HCl), the strength of NaOH can be determined. Further, the strength of NaCl can be obtained by subtracting the strength of NaOH from the total strength of given mixture solution. NaOH + HCl + NaCl +H,0 Nacl + HCl -+ — No reaction (tis itself a salt) Standardization of HCI solution against N/10 NazCOs solution using methyl orange as indicator. Rinse and fill the burette with the given HCI solution. Pipette out 10 ml of the standard NazCOs solution. Add to it 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator and titrate it against given HC! solution by stirring gently but regularly until the solution changes colour from yellow to light pink. This is end point. Note this burette reading carefully and repeat the titration to get concordant readings. Take four readings out of which at least three readings should be concordant.[A.Chem/ ABT (4/6)] opservations: ple A: Standardization of HCI solution against N/10 Na2CO; solution 1a using methyl orange as indicator. 4, Normality of NazCO3 solution = 0.1N 2. Volume of NazCOs taken 10 mi. 3, Solution taken in the burette — given HCI solution 4, Indicator used- Methyl Orange solution. 4, End Point- yellow to light pink. So Burette reading(ml) Volume of the HCI Used (F-) (ml) Initial (I) Final (F) eal |eo|S [= Concordant reading = V2 ml 1. Normality of NagCOs (Ny) = 0.1N 2. Volume of NazCO3 (V;ml)=10 ml 3. Volume of the HCI 4. Normality of HCI NV, = NN2 (NasCO,) = (HCl) N=? Therefore, exact normality of the given HCl, No= NiVi/ V2 Procedure-B : Titration of given mixture solution against standardized HCI solution using phenolphthalein as indicator. Rinse and fill the burette with standard HCI solution (normality to be calculated from the observation table of A). Pipette out 10 ml of mixture in the conical flask and add to it 1-2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator. Now titrate against standard HC! solution till the solution becomes colourless. This is the end point. Repeat the titration to get at least three concordant readings[A.Chem ABT (5/6)] gervations: : : ornle B: Titration of the given mixture solution against standardized HCI solution using phenolphthalein as indicator. Solution taken in the burette — HCI solution 2. Volume of the given mixture taken 10ml 3, Indicator used- phenolphthalein solution. 4 End Point- Light Pink to Colourless. (sxe. Burette reading (ml) Volume of the HCI Used | (Fl) (ml) Initial (I) Final (F) { 2 3. 4 5. Concordant reading = Vz ml 4, Normality of HCI (Na) From titration A 2. Volume of the HCI (V2) =Vz ml 3, Normality mixture (Ns) = 4. Volume of Mixture (Vs) = 10m NoV2 = Nes (Hel) = (Mixture) NeV2 = Nox 10 No = N2V2 MO Since only NaOH reacts only with HCI, so the normality of the mixture jis due to the presence of NaOH solution only, therefore,Ns is the Normality of NaOH. Strength of NaOH : ' ‘Amount of NaOH (gil) = Normality factor x Equivalent weight = NX 40 [ = {i222 yao 10 = say (W9) Therefore % age composition of NaOH=100 X [w/x] %. Strength of NaC! Amount of NaCl =(x-W)9 ay(z 9) Therefore % age composition of Nacl=100 X [2/x] %[A.Chem/ ABT (6/6)] Result: The amount and percentage composition of NaOH is ---g/L & -----% tively. the amount and percentage composition of NaCl is ----g/L & -----% respectively recautions: 4, Wash the apparatus first with water, then with detergent followed by plenty of water. 2. Rinse the burette and pipette with the respective solutions to be taken in. 3, Do not rinse the conical flask with the solution to be taken in Viva Questions 4. What do you understand by primary standard solution and secondary standard solutions? @2. — IsHCla primary standard or a secondary standard? Explain. Q-3. Why anhydrous NazCO; is considered as primary standard? Q4, Is NaOH a secondary standard? How can exact N/10 solution of NaOH can be prepared? Q-5. Give the structures of phenolphthalein and methyl orange in both acidic and alkaline medium. Qs. Give the indicator ranges for phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators along with their colours in acidic and alkaline medium Q7. Why phenolphthalein cannot be used as an indicator for titrating a weak base against a strong acid? 8. What is a neutralization reaction? 9. Whats the molarity of an HCI solution if 30.0 ml of the solution is just neutralized by 48.0 ml of 0.100 M NaOH? Q10. How many ml of 0.500 M HNOs is required to neutralize 25.0 ml of 0.200 M NaOH solution? 11, What is the modern concept of colour change of indicators? Explain taking an example of phenolphthalein.