1.density 1 QP-merged

1 Fig. 3.1 shows an oil tank that has a rectangular base of dimensions 2.4 m by 1.5 m.
oil
depth of oil
1.5 m
1.5 m
2.4 m
Fig. 3.1
3
The tank is filled with oil of density 850 kg / m to a depth of 1.5 m.
(a) Calculate
(i) the pressure exerted by the oil on the base of the tank,
pressure = ................................................................. [2]
(ii) the force exerted by the oil on the base of the tank.
force = ................................................................. [2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) The force calculated in (a)(ii) is the weight of the oil.
Calculate the mass of oil in the tank.
mass = ................................................................. [1]
(c) When he is checking the level of oil in the tank, a man drops a brass key into the oil and it
sinks to the bottom of the oil.
(i) State what this shows about the density of brass.
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Explain how attaching the key to a piece of wood could prevent the key from sinking.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 7]
2 A student wishes to find the volume of a piece of wood of irregular shape. Her experiment requires
the use of a small brass object of mass 200 g.
(a) Calculate the volume of the brass object. The density of brass is 8.4 g / cm3.
volume = ...........................................................[2]
(b) To find the volume of the piece of wood, the student has a measuring cylinder, a supply of
water and the brass object in (a). The piece of wood and the brass object are small enough to
be placed in the measuring cylinder.
(i) The piece of wood does not sink in water.
Suggest why.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Describe what the student does to find the volume of the piece of wood, stating the
measurements that she makes and any calculations required.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 7]
3 A student has 500 identical, rectangular sheets of paper. The mass of 1.0 m2 of the paper is
0.080 kg.
(a) Using a metre rule, she measures the length of one sheet of paper and its width. The length is
0.300 m and the width is 0.210 m.
(i) Calculate the mass of one sheet of paper.
mass = ...........................................................[1]
(ii) The student makes a single pile of the 500 sheets of paper.
With a metre rule, she measures the height of the pile. The height of the pile is 0.048 m.
Calculate the density of the paper.
density = ...........................................................[3]
(b) A second student has only 5 sheets of the same type of paper.
Suggest how this student determines the density of the paper to a similar accuracy. Additional
apparatus may be used.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 6]
4 A student has a large number of coins of different diameters, all made of the same metal. She
wishes to find the density of the metal by a method involving placing the coins in water.
(a) State the formula needed to calculate the density.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Describe how the measurements of the required quantities are carried out.
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
(c) State one precaution taken when carrying out the measurements in (b) to ensure that the
result is as accurate as possible.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]
5 A student wishes to determine the density of a small, irregularly shaped stone.
(a) With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe an experiment to determine the volume of the
stone.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(b) (i) State the other quantity, apart from the volume, that must be measured in order to
determine the density.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the formula that is used to calculate the density.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) The student now wishes to determine the volume of a small, irregularly shaped piece of wood
that floats in water. He notices that a small lead weight tied to the wood makes it sink in water.
Describe how the student can adapt the experiment in (a) to determine the volume of the
wood. You may draw a diagram.
...................................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 8]
6 (a) Define density.
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The density of aluminium is 2.70 g / cm3. The thickness of a rectangular sheet of
aluminium foil varies, but is much less than 1 mm.
A student wishes to find the average thickness. She obtains the following measurements.
mass of sheet = 60.7 g

length of sheet = 50.0 cm
width of sheet = 30.0 cm
Calculate the student’s values for
(i) the volume of the sheet,
volume = .................................................. [2]
(ii) the average thickness of the sheet.
=thickness .................................................. [2]
(c) Another student, provided with a means of cutting the sheet, decides to find its average
thickness using a single measuring instrument. Assume the surfaces of the sheet are
perfectly smooth.
(i) Name a measuring instrument she could use.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Describe the procedure she should follow to obtain an accurate value of the
average thickness of the sheet.
Details of how to read the instrument are not required.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 9]
7 Fig. 1.1 shows a side view of a large tank in a marine visitor attraction.
sea-water
viewing
panel
M
tank
Fig. 1.1 (not to scale)
The tank is 51 m long and 20 m wide. The sea-water in the tank is 11 m deep and has a
density of 1030 kg / m3.
(a) Calculate the mass of water in the tank.
mass = ................................................. [3]
(b) The pressure at point M, halfway down the large viewing panel, is 60 kPa more than
atmospheric pressure.
Calculate the depth of M below the surface of the water.
depth = ................................................. [2]
(c) The viewing panel is 32.8 m wide and 8.3 m high.
Calculate the outward force of the water on the panel. Assume that the pressure at M is
the average pressure on the whole panel.
force = ................................................. [2]
[Total: 7]
1 Fig. 3.1 shows a water turbine that is generating electricity in a small tidal energy scheme.
barrage
sea-water level at high tide
3.0 m
water level in tidal basin
turbine connected to
electricity generator
Fig. 3.1
At high tide, 1.0 m3 of sea-water of density 1030 kg / m3 flows through the turbine every
second.
(a) Calculate the loss of gravitational potential energy when 1.0 m3 of sea-water falls
through a vertical distance of 3.0 m.
loss of gravitational potential energy = ................................................. [3]
(b) Assume that your answer to (a) is the energy lost per second by the sea-water passing
through the turbine at high tide. The generator delivers a current of 26 A at 400 V.
Calculate the efficiency of the scheme.
efficiency = ..............................................% [3]
(c) At low tide, the sea-water level is lower than the water level in the tidal basin.
(i) State the direction of the flow of water through the turbine at low tide.
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest an essential feature of the turbine and generator for electricity to be
generated at low tide.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 8]
2 An ornamental garden includes a small pond, which contains a pumped system that causes
water to go up a pipe and then to run down a heap of rocks.
Fig. 3.1 shows a section through this water feature.
water runs
down rocks
pumped water rises

through pipe
0.8 m
rocks
water inlet
pump to pump
Fig. 3.1
The density of water is 1000 kg / m3. A volume of 1 litre is equal to 0.001 m3.
(a) Calculate the mass of 1 litre of water.
mass = ................................................ [2]
(b) Calculate the work done raising 1 litre of water through a height of 0.8 m.
work = ................................................ [2]
(c) The pump lifts 90 litres of water per minute.
Calculate the minimum power of the pump.
power = ................................................ [2]
(d) The pump is switched off.
Immediately after the pump is switched off, what is the value of the water pressure at
the bottom of the 0.8 m pipe, due to the water in the pipe?
pressure = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 8]
3 The list below gives the approximate densities of various metals.
gold 19 g / cm3
lead 11 g / cm3
copper 9 g / cm3
iron 8 g / cm3
At an antiques market, a collector buys what is advertised as a small ancient gold statue.
When the collector tests it in the laboratory, he finds its mass is 600 g and its volume is
65 cm3.
(a) In the space below, describe how the volume of the statue could be measured. You may
draw diagrams if you wish.
[3]
(b) Use the figures given above to decide whether the statue was really made of gold. Show
your working.
Was the statue made of gold? (Tick one box.)
yes
no
[3]
[Total: 6]
4 Fig. 2.1 shows a reservoir that stores water.
20 m
valve
water
dam
exit pipe
Fig. 2.1
(a) The valve in the exit pipe is closed. The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and the
acceleration of free fall is 10 m/s2.
Calculate the pressure of the water acting on the closed valve in the exit pipe.
pressure = ……………………...[2]
(b) The cross-sectional area of the pipe is 0.5 m2.

Calculate the force exerted by the water on the closed valve.
force = ……………………...[2]
(c) The valve is then opened and water, originally at the surface of the reservoir, finally
flows out of the exit pipe. State the energy transformation of this water between the
surface of the reservoir and the open end of the pipe.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
[ Total : 6]
1 (a) State an example of the conversion of chemical energy to another form of energy.
example ...........................................................................................................................
energy conversion ....................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The electrical output of a solar panel powers a pump. The pump operates a water
fountain. The output of the solar panel is 17 V and the current supplied to the pump is
0.27 A.
(i) Calculate the electrical power generated by the solar panel.
power = ................................................. [2]
(ii) The pump converts electrical energy to kinetic energy of water with an efficiency
of 35%.
Calculate the kinetic energy of the water delivered by the pump in 1 second.
kinetic energy = ................................................. [2]
(iii) The pump propels 0.00014 m3 of water per second. This water rises vertically as a
jet. The density of water is 1000 kg / m3.
Calculate
1. the mass of water propelled by the pump in 1 second,
mass = ................................................. [2]
2. the maximum height of the jet of water.
maximum height = ................................................. [2]
[Total: 9]
2 (a) A stone falls from the top of a building and hits the ground at a speed of 32 m/s.
The air resistance-force on the stone is very small and may be neglected.
(i) Calculate the time of fall.
time = ............................
(ii) On Fig. 1.1, draw the speed-time graph for the falling stone.
40
30
speed
m/s
20
10
0
0 1 2 3
time/s
Fig. 1.1
(iii) The weight of the stone is 24 N.

Calculate the mass of the stone.
mass = ............................
[5]
(b) A student used a suitable measuring cylinder and a spring balance to find the density of
a sample of the stone.
(i) Describe how the measuring cylinder is used, and state the readings that are
taken.
..................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................
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(ii) Describe how the spring balance is used, and state the reading that is taken.
..................................................................................................................................
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(iii) Write down an equation from which the density of the stone is calculated.
..................................................................................................................................
(iv) The student then wishes to find the density of cork. Suggest how the apparatus and
the method would need to be changed.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[6]
[ Total : 12]
3 A scientist needs to find the density of a sample of rock whilst down a mine. He has only a
spring balance, a measuring cylinder, some water and some thread.
(a) In the space below, draw two labelled diagrams, one to show the spring balance being
used and the other to show the measuring cylinder being used with a suitable rock
sample. [2]
(b) The spring balance is calibrated in newtons. State how the mass of the rock sample
may be found from the reading of the spring balance.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) State the readings that would be taken from the measuring cylinder.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) State how the volume of the rock would be found from the readings.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(e) State in words the formula that would be used to find the density of the sample.
density =
[1]
[ Total : 6 ]
4 A student is given the following apparatus in order to find the density of a piece of rock.
100 g mass
metre rule
suitable pivot on which the rule will balance
measuring cylinder that is big enough for the piece of rock to fit inside
cotton
water
The rock has a mass of approximately 90 g.
(a) (i) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of apparatus from this list set up so
that the student is able to find the mass of the piece of rock.
(ii) State the readings the student should take and how these would be used to find the
mass of the rock.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
[5]
(b) Describe how the volume of the rock could be found.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) The mass of the rock is 88 g and its volume is 24 cm3.

Calculate the density of the rock.
density of rock = .............................. [2]
1 A large stone block is to be part of a harbour wall. The block is supported beneath the surface of
the sea by a cable from a crane. Fig. 2.1 shows the block with its top face a distance h beneath the
surface of the sea.
cable
surface of sea
h
block
Fig. 2.1
The force acting downwards on the top face of the block, due to the atmosphere and the depth h
of water, is 3.5 × 104 N.
(a) The top face of the block has an area of 0.25 m2.
(i) Calculate the pressure on the top face of the block.
pressure = ................................................ [2]
(ii) The atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa.
Calculate the pressure on the top face of the block due to the depth h of water.
pressure = ................................................ [1]
(iii) The density of sea water is 1020 kg / m3.
Calculate the depth h.
h = ................................................ [2]
(b) Suggest two reasons why the tension force in the cable is not 3.5 × 104 N.
1. ..............................................................................................................................................
2. ..............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) The block is lowered so that it rests on the sea-bed.
State what happens to the tension force in the cable.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 8]
2 A surveyor measures the dimensions of a room of constant height. Fig. 2.1 is a top view of the
room and shows the measurements taken.
6.01 m
4.25 m
6.75 m
3.26 m
Fig. 2.1
(a) State an instrument that would be suitable to take these measurements.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) The volume of air in the room is 76.4 m3. The density of the air is 1.2 kg / m3.
Calculate the mass of air in the room.
mass = ........................................................ [2]
(c) A window in the room is open. The next day, the temperature of the room has increased, but
the pressure of the air has stayed the same.
State and explain what has happened to the mass of air in the room.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 6]
3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows an oil can containing only air at atmospheric pressure.
can
Fig. 3.1
Atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa.
The pressure of the air in the can is reduced by means of a pump. The can collapses when
the pressure of the air in the can falls to 6000 Pa.
(i) Explain why the can collapses.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) The surface area of face X of the can is 0.12 m2.
Calculate the resultant force on face X when the can collapses.
force = ................................................[3]
(b) Mercury is poured into a U-shaped glass tube. Water is then poured into one of the limbs of
the tube. Oil is poured into the other limb until the surfaces of the mercury are at the same
level in both limbs.
Fig. 3.2 shows the result.
oil
water
0.32 m
0.25 m
mercury
Fig. 3.2
(i) State a condition that must be true in order for the mercury surfaces to be at the same
level in both limbs of the tube.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) The height of the water column is 0.25 m. The height of the oil column is 0.32 m. The
density of water is 1000 kg / m3.
Calculate
1. the pressure exerted by the water on the surface of the mercury,
pressure = ................................................[2]
2. the density of the oil.
density = ................................................[2]
[Total: 9]
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a small wind-turbine used to generate electricity.
Fig. 4.1
The wind-turbine drives an electric generator.
The wind blows with a velocity of 7.0 m / s at right angles to the plane of the turbine. The mass of
air passing per second through the turbine is 6.7 kg.
(a) (i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the air blown through the turbine per second.
kinetic energy = ............................................... [2]
(ii) Only 8% of this energy is converted to electrical energy.
Calculate the power output of the electric generator.
power output = ............................................... [2]
(b) The volume of air passing through the turbine each second is 5.6 m3 (flow rate is 5.6 m3 / s).
Calculate the density of the air.
density of air = ............................................... [2]
(c) The turbine turns a generator.
Describe the essential action within the generator that produces electricity.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 8]
5 An archaeologist digging at an ancient site discovers a spoon. The spoon is made from an
unidentified material.
(a) The archaeologist suspects that the spoon is made of metal. She places it above a
flame, as shown in Fig. 1.1.
Fig. 1.1
(i) She notices that the handle of the spoon quickly becomes very hot.
State why this observation supports the suggestion that the spoon is made of
metal.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Describe, in terms of its atoms, how thermal energy is transferred through a metal.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) The archaeologist hopes that, by determining its density, she will be able to identify the
metal.
Describe a method for determining the density of the metal from which the spoon is
made.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 8]
6 Fig. 3.1 shows a house brick of dimensions 21.0 cm × 10.0 cm × 7.00 cm.
21.0 cm
10.0 cm
7.00 cm
Fig. 3.1
The brick is held under water with its largest surfaces horizontal. The density of water is 1000 kg / m3.
(a) Calculate the difference in pressure between the top and the bottom surfaces of the brick.
pressure difference = .......................................................... [2]
(b) Use your value from (a) to calculate the upward force exerted on the brick by the water.
upward force = .......................................................... [2]
(c) The mass of the brick is 3.09 kg. Calculate the acceleration of the brick when it is released.
acceleration = .......................................................... [3]
[Total: 7]
7 A wind turbine has blades, which sweep out an area of diameter 25 m.
25 m
blades
Fig. 5.1
(a) The wind is blowing directly towards the wind turbine at a speed of 12 m / s. At this wind
speed, 7500 kg of air passes every second through the circular area swept out by the
blades.
(i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the air travelling at 12 m / s, which passes through
the circular area in 1 second.
kinetic energy = ................................................ [3]
(ii) The turbine converts 10% of the kinetic energy of the wind to electrical energy.
Calculate the electrical power output of the turbine. State any equation that you
use.
power = ................................................ [3]
(b) On another day, the wind speed is half that in (a).
(i) Calculate the mass of air passing through the circular area per second on this day.
mass = ................................................ [1]
(ii) Calculate the power output of the wind turbine on the second day as a fraction of
that on the first day.
fraction = ................................................ [3]
[Total: 10]
8 Fig. 3.1 shows a pond that is kept at a constant depth by a pressure-operated valve in the
base.
water
pressure-operated
outlet valve
spring
Fig. 3.1
(a) The pond is kept at a depth of 2.0 m. The density of water is 1000 kg/m3.
Calculate the water pressure on the valve.
pressure =…………………….. [2]
(b) The force required to open the valve is 50 N. The valve will open when the water depth
reaches 2.0 m.
Calculate the area of the valve.
area = ……………………….. [2]
(c) The water supply is turned off and the valve is held open so that water drains out
through the valve.
State the energy changes of the water that occur as the depth of the water drops from
2.0 m to zero.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[ Total : 6 ]

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1 Fig. 3.1 shows an oil tank that has a rectangular base of dimensions 2.4 m by 1.5 m.

pressure = ................................................................. [2]

force = ................................................................. [2]

Calculate the mass of oil in the tank.

mass = ................................................................. [1]

(i) State what this shows about the density of brass.

(i) The piece of wood does not sink in water.

(i) Calculate the mass of one sheet of paper.

Calculate the density of the paper.

(a) State the formula needed to calculate the density.

(ii) State the formula that is used to calculate the density.

mass of sheet = 60.7 g

Calculate the student’s values for

(i) the volume of the sheet,

volume = .................................................. [2]

(ii) the average thickness of the sheet.

=thickness .................................................. [2]

(i) Name a measuring instrument she could use.

Fig. 1.1 (not to scale)

(a) Calculate the mass of water in the tank.

mass = ................................................. [3]

Calculate the depth of M below the surface of the water.

depth = ................................................. [2]

force = ................................................. [2]

sea-water level at high tide

water level in tidal basin

loss of gravitational potential energy = ................................................. [3]

Calculate the efficiency of the scheme.

efficiency = ..............................................% [3]

Fig. 3.1 shows a section through this water feature.

pumped water rises

(a) Calculate the mass of 1 litre of water.

mass = ................................................ [2]

work = ................................................ [2]

Calculate the minimum power of the pump.

power = ................................................ [2]

(d) The pump is switched off.

pressure = ................................................ [2]

Was the statue made of gold? (Tick one box.)

(b) The cross-sectional area of the pipe is 0.5 m2.

energy conversion ....................................................................................................... [1]

(i) Calculate the electrical power generated by the solar panel.

power = ................................................. [2]

kinetic energy = ................................................. [2]

1. the mass of water propelled by the pump in 1 second,

mass = ................................................. [2]

maximum height = ................................................. [2]

(i) Calculate the time of fall.

(iii) The weight of the stone is 24 N.

The rock has a mass of approximately 90 g.

(b) Describe how the volume of the rock could be found.

(c) The mass of the rock is 88 g and its volume is 24 cm3.

density of rock = .............................. [2]

(i) Calculate the pressure on the top face of the block.

pressure = ................................................ [2]

(ii) The atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa.

pressure = ................................................ [1]

(iii) The density of sea water is 1020 kg / m3.

Calculate the depth h.

(c) The block is lowered so that it rests on the sea-bed.

State what happens to the tension force in the cable.

(a) State an instrument that would be suitable to take these measurements.

Calculate the mass of air in the room.