Density 3 QP-merged

1 A large stone block is to be part of a harbour wall.
The block is supported beneath the surface of

the sea by a cable from a crane. Fig. 2.1 shows the block with its top face a distance h beneath the
surface of the sea.
cable
surface of sea
h
block
Fig. 2.1
The force acting downwards on the top face of the block, due to the atmosphere and the depth h
of water, is 3.5 × 104 N.
(a) The top face of the block has an area of 0.25 m2.
(i) Calculate the pressure on the top face of the block.
pressure = ................................................ [2]
(ii) The atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa.
Calculate the pressure on the top face of the block due to the depth h of water.
pressure = ................................................ [1]
(iii) The density of sea water is 1020 kg / m3.
Calculate the depth h.
h = ................................................ [2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Suggest two reasons why the tension force in the cable is not 3.5 × 104 N.
1. ..............................................................................................................................................
2. ..............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) The block is lowered so that it rests on the sea-bed.
State what happens to the tension force in the cable.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 8]
2 A surveyor measures the dimensions of a room of constant height. Fig. 2.1 is a top view of the
room and shows the measurements taken.
6.01 m
4.25 m
6.75 m
3.26 m
Fig. 2.1
(a) State an instrument that would be suitable to take these measurements.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) The volume of air in the room is 76.4 m3. The density of the air is 1.2 kg / m3.
Calculate the mass of air in the room.
mass = ........................................................ [2]
(c) A window in the room is open. The next day, the temperature of the room has increased, but
the pressure of the air has stayed the same.
State and explain what has happened to the mass of air in the room.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 6]
3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows an oil can containing only air at atmospheric pressure.
can
Fig. 3.1
Atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa.
The pressure of the air in the can is reduced by means of a pump. The can collapses when
the pressure of the air in the can falls to 6000 Pa.
(i) Explain why the can collapses.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) The surface area of face X of the can is 0.12 m2.
Calculate the resultant force on face X when the can collapses.
force = ................................................[3]
(b) Mercury is poured into a U-shaped glass tube. Water is then poured into one of the limbs of
the tube. Oil is poured into the other limb until the surfaces of the mercury are at the same
level in both limbs.
Fig. 3.2 shows the result.
oil
water
0.32 m
0.25 m
mercury
Fig. 3.2
(i) State a condition that must be true in order for the mercury surfaces to be at the same
level in both limbs of the tube.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) The height of the water column is 0.25 m. The height of the oil column is 0.32 m. The
density of water is 1000 kg / m3.
Calculate
1. the pressure exerted by the water on the surface of the mercury,
pressure = ................................................[2]
2. the density of the oil.
density = ................................................[2]
[Total: 9]
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a small wind-turbine used to generate electricity.
Fig. 4.1
The wind-turbine drives an electric generator.
The wind blows with a velocity of 7.0 m / s at right angles to the plane of the turbine. The mass of
air passing per second through the turbine is 6.7 kg.
(a) (i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the air blown through the turbine per second.
kinetic energy = ............................................... [2]
(ii) Only 8% of this energy is converted to electrical energy.
Calculate the power output of the electric generator.
power output = ............................................... [2]
(b) The volume of air passing through the turbine each second is 5.6 m3 (flow rate is 5.6 m3 / s).
Calculate the density of the air.
density of air = ............................................... [2]
(c) The turbine turns a generator.
Describe the essential action within the generator that produces electricity.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 8]
5 An archaeologist digging at an ancient site discovers a spoon. The spoon is made from an
unidentified material.
(a) The archaeologist suspects that the spoon is made of metal. She places it above a
flame, as shown in Fig. 1.1.
Fig. 1.1
(i) She notices that the handle of the spoon quickly becomes very hot.
State why this observation supports the suggestion that the spoon is made of
metal.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Describe, in terms of its atoms, how thermal energy is transferred through a metal.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) The archaeologist hopes that, by determining its density, she will be able to identify the
metal.
Describe a method for determining the density of the metal from which the spoon is
made.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 8]
6 Fig. 3.1 shows a house brick of dimensions 21.0 cm × 10.0 cm × 7.00 cm.
21.0 cm
10.0 cm
7.00 cm
Fig. 3.1
The brick is held under water with its largest surfaces horizontal. The density of water is 1000 kg / m3.
(a) Calculate the difference in pressure between the top and the bottom surfaces of the brick.
pressure difference = .......................................................... [2]
(b) Use your value from (a) to calculate the upward force exerted on the brick by the water.
upward force = .......................................................... [2]
(c) The mass of the brick is 3.09 kg. Calculate the acceleration of the brick when it is released.
acceleration = .......................................................... [3]
[Total: 7]
7 A wind turbine has blades, which sweep out an area of diameter 25 m.
25 m
blades
Fig. 5.1
(a) The wind is blowing directly towards the wind turbine at a speed of 12 m / s. At this wind
speed, 7500 kg of air passes every second through the circular area swept out by the
blades.
(i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the air travelling at 12 m / s, which passes through
the circular area in 1 second.
kinetic energy = ................................................ [3]
(ii) The turbine converts 10% of the kinetic energy of the wind to electrical energy.
Calculate the electrical power output of the turbine. State any equation that you
use.
power = ................................................ [3]
(b) On another day, the wind speed is half that in (a).
(i) Calculate the mass of air passing through the circular area per second on this day.
mass = ................................................ [1]
(ii) Calculate the power output of the wind turbine on the second day as a fraction of
that on the first day.
fraction = ................................................ [3]
[Total: 10]
8 Fig. 3.1 shows a pond that is kept at a constant depth by a pressure-operated valve in the
base.
water
pressure-operated
outlet valve
spring
Fig. 3.1
(a) The pond is kept at a depth of 2.0 m. The density of water is 1000 kg/m3.
Calculate the water pressure on the valve.
pressure =…………………….. [2]
(b) The force required to open the valve is 50 N. The valve will open when the water depth
reaches 2.0 m.
Calculate the area of the valve.
area = ……………………….. [2]
(c) The water supply is turned off and the valve is held open so that water drains out
through the valve.
State the energy changes of the water that occur as the depth of the water drops from
2.0 m to zero.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[ Total : 6 ]
1 Fig. 3.1 shows an aeroplane of mass 3.4 × 105 kg accelerating uniformly from rest along a
runway.
Fig. 3.1
After 26 s it reaches a speed of 65 m / s.
(a) Calculate
(i) the acceleration of the aeroplane,
acceleration = ................................................. [2]
(ii) the resultant force on the aeroplane.
force = ................................................. [2]
(b) Just after taking off, the aeroplane continues to accelerate as it gains height.
(i) State two forms of energy that increase during this time.
1. ..............................................................................................................................
2. ......................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State one form of energy that decreases during this time.
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) State why the total energy of the aeroplane decreases during this time.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) When the aeroplane reaches its maximum height, it starts to follow a curved path at a
constant speed.
State the direction of the resultant force on the aeroplane.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 9]
2 An ornamental garden includes a small pond, which contains a pumped system that causes
water to go up a pipe and then to run down a heap of rocks.
Fig. 3.1 shows a section through this water feature.
water runs
down rocks
pumped water rises

through pipe
0.8 m
rocks
water inlet
pump to pump
Fig. 3.1
The density of water is 1000 kg / m3. A volume of 1 litre is equal to 0.001 m3.
(a) Calculate the mass of 1 litre of water.
mass = ................................................ [2]
(b) Calculate the work done raising 1 litre of water through a height of 0.8 m.
work = ................................................ [2]
(c) The pump lifts 90 litres of water per minute.
Calculate the minimum power of the pump.
power = ................................................ [2]
(d) The pump is switched off.
Immediately after the pump is switched off, what is the value of the water pressure at
the bottom of the 0.8 m pipe, due to the water in the pipe?
pressure = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 8]
3 Fig. 2.1 shows a rock that is falling from the top of a cliff into the river below.
cliff
falling
rock
river
Fig. 2.1
(a) The mass of the rock is 75 kg. The acceleration of free fall is 10 m/s2.
Calculate the weight of the rock.
weight = …………………[1]
(b) The rock falls from rest through a distance of 15 m before it hits the water.
Calculate its kinetic energy just before hitting the water. Show your working.
kinetic energy = …………………[3]
(c) The rock hits the water. Suggest what happens to the kinetic energy of the rock during
the impact.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[3]
[ Total : 7 ]
4 Fig. 3.1 shows the arm of a crane when it is lifting a heavy box.
1220 N
950 N
40° 30°
box
Fig. 3.1
(a) By the use of a scale diagram (not calculation) of the forces acting at P, find the weight
of the box. [5]
(b) Another box of weight 1500 N is raised vertically by 3.0 m.
(i) Calculate the work done on the box.
work done = ..................................
(ii) The crane takes 2.5 s to raise this box 3.0 m. Calculate the power output of the
crane.
power = ..................................
[4]
[ Total : 9 ]
5 Fig. 1.1 shows a smooth metal block about to slide down BD, along DE and up EF.
BD and DE are friction-free surfaces, but EF is rough. The block stops at F.
B
metal
block
C
F
D A
E
Fig. 1.1
(a) On Fig. 1.2, sketch the speed-time graph for the journey from B to F.
Label D, E and F on your graph. [3]
speed
B
time
Fig. 1.2
(b) The mass of the block is 0.2 kg. The vertical height of B above A is 0.6 m.
The acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2.
(i) Calculate the work done in lifting the block from A to B.
work done = ............................
(ii) At C, the block is moving at a speed of 2.5 m/s. Calculate its kinetic energy at C.
kinetic energy = ...............................

[5]
(c) As it passes D, the speed of the block remains almost constant but the velocity
changes. Using the terms vector and scalar, explain this statement.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(d) F is the point where the kinetic energy of the block is zero. In terms of energy changes,
explain why F is lower than B.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total : 13 ]
1 A large plastic ball is dropped from the top of a tall building.
Fig. 1.1 shows the speed-time graph for the falling ball until it hits the ground.
20
15
speed
m / s 10
0
0 1
time / s
Fig. 1.1
(a) From the graph estimate,
(i) the time during which the ball is travelling with terminal velocity,
time = ................................................ [1]
(ii) the time during which the ball is accelerating,
time = ................................................ [1]
(iii) the distance fallen while the ball is travelling with terminal velocity,
distance = ................................................ [2]
(iv) the height of the building.
height = ................................................ [2]
(b) Explain, in terms of the forces acting on the ball, why
(i) the acceleration of the ball decreases,
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [3]
(ii) the ball reaches terminal velocity.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
[Total: 11]
2 A solid plastic sphere falls towards the Earth.
Fig. 1.1 is the speed-time graph of the fall up to the point where the sphere hits the Earth’s
surface.
140
R S T
120
speed
m/s
100
80
60
Q
40
20
P
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
time / s
Fig. 1.1
(a) Describe in detail the motion of the sphere shown by the graph.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) On Fig. 1.2, draw arrows to show the directions of the forces acting on the sphere when
it is at the position shown by point S on the graph. Label your arrows with the names of
the forces. [2]
Fig. 1.2
(c) Explain why the sphere is moving with constant speed at S.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Use the graph to calculate the approximate distance that the sphere falls
(i) between R and T,
distance = ………………. [2]

(ii) between P and Q.
distance = ………………. [2]
[ Total : 11 ]
3 Fig. 2.1 shows a simple pendulum that swings backwards and forwards between P and Q.
support
string
P Q
R pendulum bob
Fig. 2.1
(a) The time taken for the pendulum to swing from P to Q is approximately 0.5 s.
Describe how you would determine this time as accurately as possible.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) (i) State the two vertical forces acting on the pendulum bob when it is at position R.
1.. .......................................................................................................................... ...
2.. ........................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) The pendulum bob moves along the arc of a circle. State the direction of the
resultant of the two forces in (i).
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) The mass of the bob is 0.2 kg. During the swing it moves so that P is 0.05 m higher
than R.
Calculate the increase in potential energy of the pendulum bob between R and P.
potential energy = ………………. [2]
[ Total : 6]
4 (a) State what is meant by the terms
(i) weight, ......................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) density. ......................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A student is given a spring balance that has a scale in newtons. The student is told that
the acceleration of free-fall is 10 m/s2.
(i) Describe how the student could find the mass of an irregular solid object.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Describe how the student could go on to find the density of the object.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Fig. 1.1 shows three forces acting on an object of mass 0.5 kg. All three forces act
through the centre of mass of the object.
centre of mass
9.0 N 3.0 N
4.0 N
Fig. 1.1
Calculate
(i) the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the object,
magnitude = ……………… direction .............................................................. [2]
(ii) the magnitude of the acceleration of the object.
acceleration =…………………… [2]
[ Total : 10 ]
5 Fig. 1.1 shows the speed-time graph for a bus during tests.
At time t = 0, the driver starts to brake.
speed 20
m/s
P
15
test
test
10
Q
5
test 1
R
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time t / s
Fig. 1.1
(a) For test 1,

(i) determine how long the bus takes to stop,
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) state which part of the graph shows the greatest deceleration,
..................................................................................................................................
(iii) use the graph to determine how far the bus travels in the first 2 seconds.
distance = ..........................................
[4]
(b) For test 2, a device was fitted to the bus. The device changed the deceleration.
(i) State two ways in which the deceleration during test 2 is different from that during
test 1.
1 ...............................................................................................................................
2 ...............................................................................................................................
(ii) Calculate the value of the deceleration in test 2.
deceleration = ....................................
[4]
(c) Fig. 1.2 shows a sketch graph of the magnitude of the acceleration for the bus when it
is travelling around a circular track at constant speed.
magnitude
of acceleration
0
0 time
Fig. 1.2
(i) Use the graph to show that there is a force of constant magnitude acting on the
bus.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) State the direction of this force.
..................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total : 11]
1 (a) (i) On Fig. 3.1, draw a graph of extension against load for a spring which obeys Hooke’s law. [1]
extension
0
0 load
Fig. 3.1
(ii) State the word used to describe the energy stored in a spring that has been stretched or
compressed.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 3.2 shows a model train, travelling at speed v, approaching a buffer.
model train
buffer
spring
Fig. 3.2
The train, of mass 2.5 kg, is stopped by compressing a spring in the buffer. After the train has
stopped, the energy stored in the spring is 0.48 J.
Calculate the initial speed v of the train.
v = ...........................................................[4]
[Total: 6]
2 An athlete of mass 64 kg is bouncing up and down on a trampoline.
At one moment, the athlete is stationary on the stretched surface of the trampoline. Fig. 3.1 shows
the athlete at this moment.
springs
Fig. 3.1
(a) State the form of energy stored due to the stretching of the surface of the trampoline.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The stretched surface of the trampoline begins to contract. The athlete is pushed vertically
upwards and she accelerates. At time t, when her upwards velocity is 6.0 m / s, she loses
contact with the surface.
(i) Calculate her kinetic energy at time t.
kinetic energy = .........................................................[2]
(ii) Calculate the maximum possible distance she can travel upwards after time t.
maximum distance = .........................................................[3]
(iii) In practice, she travels upwards through a slightly smaller distance than the distance
calculated in (ii).
Suggest why this is so.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) The trampoline springs are tested. An extension-load graph is plotted for one spring. Fig. 3.2
is the graph.
extension
0
0 load
Fig. 3.2
(i) State the name of the point X.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) State the name of the law that the spring obeys between the origin of the graph and
point X.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 9]
3 Fig. 3.1 shows part of the extension-load graph for a spring.
extension / cm
3.0
B
A
0
0 12.0
load / N
Fig. 3.1
The spring obeys Hooke’s law between points A and B.
(a) (i) On Fig. 3.1, complete the graph between A and B. [1]
(ii) State the name of point B.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The average value of the load between A and B is 6.0 N.
Calculate the work done in extending the spring from A to B.
work done = ...........................................................[2]
(c) The spring has an unstretched length of 4.0 cm.
An object is hung on the spring and the spring length increases from 4.0 cm to 6.0 cm.
(i) Calculate the mass of the object.
mass = ...........................................................[3]
(ii) The object is immersed in a liquid but remains suspended from the spring.
The liquid exerts an upward force on the object and the length of the spring decreases
to 5.0 cm.
Calculate the upward force exerted on the object by the liquid.
upward force = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 9]
4 Fig. 2.1 shows the extension-load graph for a spring.
P
extension
0
0
load
Fig. 2.1
Point P is the limit of proportionality.
(a) (i) Name the law obeyed by the spring from the origin to P.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Describe two features of the graph which show that the law is obeyed.
1. ...............................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) On Fig. 2.1, sketch a possible continuation of the graph when the spring is loaded
beyond the limit of proportionality. [1]
[Total: 4]
5 (a) State Hooke’s law.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 1.1 shows a graph of the stretching force F acting on a spring against the extension
x of the spring.
250
200
F /N
150
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
x / mm
Fig. 1.1
(i) State the features of the graph that show that the spring obeys Hooke’s law.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Calculate k, the force per unit extension of the spring.
k = ................................................... [3]
(iii) The limit of proportionality of the spring is reached at an extension of 50 mm.
Continue the graph in Fig. 1.1 to suggest how the spring behaves when the
stretching force is increased to values above 125 N. [1]
(iv) Another spring has a smaller value of k. This spring obeys Hooke’s law for
extensions up to 80 mm.
On the grid of Fig. 1.1, draw a possible line of the variation of F with x for this
spring. [1]
[Total: 7]
6 A spring S is suspended from a clamp stand in a school laboratory.
A student hangs various masses from the end of S and determines the extension x produced
by each mass.
(a) Calculate the weight of a 250 g mass.
weight = ................................................. [2]
(b) The student plots a graph of the force F applied to the spring against the extension x.
Fig. 2.1 is the student’s graph.
6.0
5.0
F /N P
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x / cm
Fig. 2.1
At point P on the graph, the line begins to curve.
(i) State the name given to point P.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Use the section of the graph where spring S obeys Hooke’s law (F = kx) to
determine the spring constant k of the spring.
k = ................................................. [2]
(c) Fig. 2.2 shows a mass of 0.12 kg resting on the bottom of a box.
box mass spring
Fig. 2.2
A spring that is identical to S connects the mass and one side of the box. Ignore friction
between the mass and the box.
(i) The box and the mass are at rest.
State the resultant force acting on the mass.
force = ................................................. [1]
(ii) The box is firmly attached, in a horizontal position, to the body of a racing car.
As the car accelerates the spring stretches by 2.0 cm.
1. Using Fig. 2.1, determine the tension in the spring.
tension = ................................................. [1]
2. Calculate the acceleration of the mass produced by this tension.
acceleration = ................................................. [2]
[Total: 9]
1 A student has a large number of coins of different diameters, all made of the same metal. She
wishes to find the density of the metal by a method involving placing the coins in water.
(a) State the formula needed to calculate the density.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Describe how the measurements of the required quantities are carried out.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
(c) State one precaution taken when carrying out the measurements in (b) to ensure that the
result is as accurate as possible.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]
2 (a) Define density.
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The density of aluminium is 2.70 g / cm3. The thickness of a rectangular sheet of
aluminium foil varies, but is much less than 1 mm.
A student wishes to find the average thickness. She obtains the following measurements.
mass of sheet = 60.7 g

length of sheet = 50.0 cm
width of sheet = 30.0 cm
Calculate the student’s values for
(i) the volume of the sheet,
volume = .................................................. [2]
(ii) the average thickness of the sheet.
=thickness .................................................. [2]
(c) Another student, provided with a means of cutting the sheet, decides to find its average
thickness using a single measuring instrument. Assume the surfaces of the sheet are
perfectly smooth.
(i) Name a measuring instrument she could use.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Describe the procedure she should follow to obtain an accurate value of the
average thickness of the sheet.
Details of how to read the instrument are not required.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 9]
3 In a laboratory, an experiment is carried out to measure the acceleration of a trolley on a horizontal
table, when pulled by a horizontal force.
trolley
force
Fig. 1.1
The measurements are repeated for a series of different forces, with the results shown in the table
below.
force / N 4.0 6.0 10.0 14.0
acceleration 0.50 0.85 1.55 2.25

m / s2
(a) On Fig. 1.2, plot these points and draw the best straight line for your points. [2]
16
force / N
12
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
acceleration
m / s2
Fig. 1.2
(b) The graph shows that below a certain force there is no acceleration.
(i) Find the value of this force. ............................................................................................ [1]
(ii) A force smaller than that in (b)(i) is applied to the stationary trolley. Suggest what happens
to the trolley, if anything.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Show that the gradient of your graph is about 5.7.
gradient = ...........................................................[1]
(d) (i) State the equation that links resultant force F, mass m and acceleration a.
[1]
(ii) Use your gradient from (c) to find the mass of the trolley.
mass = ...........................................................[2]
(e) On Fig. 1.3, sketch a speed / time graph for a trolley with constant acceleration.
speed
0
0
time
Fig. 1.3
[1]
[Total: 9]
4 Fig. 1.1 shows a simple pendulum being used by a student to investigate the energy changes at
various points in the pendulum’s swing.
pivot
string
light sensor 2.000 m

(connected to timing circuit) (from pivot to centre of mass of cylinder)
narrow light beam

small cylinder
mass 80 g light source
Fig. 1.1
(a) When the string is displaced by a small angle from the vertical, the height of the cylinder
changes so that its centre of mass is now 1.932 m below the pivot. Determine the gravitational
potential energy gained by the cylinder. Use g = 10 m / s2.
gravitational potential energy gained = .......................................................... [3]
(b) The cylinder is released from the displaced position in (a). Calculate the expected speed of
the cylinder when the string is vertical.
expected speed = .......................................................... [2]
(c) As the string passes through the vertical, the narrow beam of light is interrupted by the
cylinder for 22 ms. The cylinder has a diameter of 2.5 cm.
(i) Calculate the actual speed of the cylinder.
actual speed = ...............................................................
(ii) Suggest how the difference between the actual and expected speeds could occur.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 8]
5 A person is standing on the top of a cliff, throwing stones into the sea below.
cliff
sea
Fig. 2.1
(a) The person throws a stone horizontally.
(i) On Fig. 2.1, draw a line to show the path which the stone might take between leaving the
person’s hand and hitting the sea.
(ii) On the line you have drawn, at a point halfway to the sea, mark the stone and the
direction of the force on the stone.
[3]
(b) Later, the person drops a small stone and a large stone vertically from the edge of the cliff.
Comment on the times taken for the two stones to hit the water.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) 800 m from the point where the person is standing, a navy ship is having target practice.
The person finds that if a stone is dropped vertically at the same time as the spurt of smoke
from the ship’s gun is seen, the stone hits the water at the same time as the sound from the
gun is heard.
Sound travels at 320 m / s in that region.
Calculate the velocity with which the stone hits the water.
velocity = ...........................................................[4]
[Total: 9]
6 Fig. 1.1 shows the speed/time graph for a car travelling along a straight road.
The graph shows how the speed of the car changes as the car passes through a small
town.
35
D
30
speed
m/s
A
25
enters leaves
20 town town
here here
15
B C
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time / s
Fig. 1.1
(a) Describe what happens to the speed of the car
(i) between A and B, .....................................................................................................
(ii) between B and C, .....................................................................................................
(iii) between C and D. .....................................................................................................

[1]
(b) Calculate the distance between the start of the town and the end of the town.
distance = ................................................ [3]
(c) Calculate the acceleration of the car between C and D.
acceleration = ................................................ [3]
(d) State how the graph shows that the deceleration of the car has the same numerical
value as its acceleration.
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 8]
7 A young athlete has a mass of 42 kg. On a day when there is no wind, she runs a 100 m race in
14.2 s. A sketch graph (not to scale) showing her speed during the race is given in Fig. 1.1.
speed
m/s
8.0
0
0 3.0 14.2
time / s
Fig. 1.1
(a) Calculate
(i) the acceleration of the athlete during the first 3.0 s of the race,
acceleration = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) the accelerating force on the athlete during the first 3.0 s of the race,
force = ......................................................... [2]
(iii) the speed with which she crosses the finishing line.
speed = ......................................................... [3]

(b) Suggest two differences that might be seen in the graph if there had been a strong wind
opposing the runners in the race.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 9]
8 A student is given the following apparatus in order to find the density of a piece of rock.
100 g mass
metre rule
suitable pivot on which the rule will balance
measuring cylinder that is big enough for the piece of rock to fit inside
cotton
water
The rock has a mass of approximately 90 g.
(a) (i) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of apparatus from this list set up so
that the student is able to find the mass of the piece of rock.
(ii) State the readings the student should take and how these would be used to find the
mass of the rock.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
[5]
(b) Describe how the volume of the rock could be found.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) The mass of the rock is 88 g and its volume is 24 cm3.

Calculate the density of the rock.
density of rock = .............................. [2]
1 The rocket shown in Fig. 2.1 is about to be launched.
rocket
Fig. 2.1
The total mass of the rocket and its full load of fuel is 2.8 × 106 kg. The constant force provided by
the rocket’s motors is 3.2 × 107 N.
(a) Calculate
(i) the total weight of the rocket and the fuel,
weight = ........................................................ [1]
(ii) the resultant force acting on the rocket,
resultant force = ........................................................ [2]
(iii) the vertical acceleration of the rocket immediately after lift-off.
acceleration = ........................................................ [2]
(b) Suggest why the acceleration of the rocket increases as it rises above the Earth’s surface.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 6]
2 A metre rule balances when the 50 cm mark is directly above a pivot.
(a) State where in the rule its centre of mass is located.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows an apple and a 0.40 N weight placed on the rule so that the rule remains
balanced at the 50 cm mark.
0.40 N
apple weight
50 cm
mark
25 cm
45 cm
pivot
Fig. 3.1 (not to scale)
The centre of mass of the apple is 25 cm from the pivot and the centre of mass of the weight
is 45 cm from the pivot.
Calculate
(i) the weight of the apple,
weight = ............................................... [2]
(ii) the mass of the apple.
mass = ............................................... [1]
(c) The apple is not moved. The weight is removed from the rule and the pivot is moved to the left
until the rule balances as shown in Fig. 3.2.
apple
50 cm
mark
pivot
(i) Explain why the arrangement in Fig. 3.2 balances.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) The pivot in Fig. 3.2 is closer to the 50 cm mark than to the centre of mass of the apple.
Compare the weight of the rule to the weight of the apple.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]
3 Fig. 3.1 shows a hydraulic lift in a car repair workshop.
car support
hydraulic fluid
4 pistons, each
of area 0.02 m2
piston A, area 0.01 m2
Fig. 3.1
The hydraulic fluid transmits the pressure, caused by piston A, equally to each of the four pistons
holding up the car supports. The pressure throughout the fluid is the same.
A force of 1000 N on piston A is just enough to raise the car.
(a) Using values from Fig. 3.1, find
(i) the pressure caused by piston A on the fluid,
pressure = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) the total upward force caused by the fluid.
force = ......................................................... [3]
(b) The weight of each of the two car supports is 1000 N.
Calculate the mass of the car.
mass = ......................................................... [2]
[Total: 7]
4 Fig. 2.1 shows a circular metal disc of mass 200 g, freely pivoted at its centre.
pivot
Fig. 2.1
Masses of 100 g, 200 g, 300 g, 400 g, 500 g and 600 g are available, but only one of each
value. These may be hung with string from any of the holes. There are three small holes on
each side of the centre, one at 4.0 cm from the pivot, one at 8.0 cm from the pivot and one at
12.0 cm from the pivot.
The apparatus is to be used to show that there is no net moment of force acting on a body
when it is in equilibrium.
(a) On Fig. 2.1, draw in two different value masses hanging from appropriate holes. The
values of the masses should be chosen so that there is no net moment. Alongside the
masses chosen, write down their values. [2]
(b) Explain how you would test that your chosen masses give no net moment to the disc.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Calculate the moments about the pivot due to the two masses chosen.
moment due to first mass = .....................................................
moment due to second mass = ......................................................

[2]
(d) Calculate the force on the pivot when the two masses chosen are hanging from the
disc.
force = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 7]
5 (a) A stone falls from the top of a building and hits the ground at a speed of 32 m/s.
The air resistance-force on the stone is very small and may be neglected.
(i) Calculate the time of fall.
time = ............................
(ii) On Fig. 1.1, draw the speed-time graph for the falling stone.
40
30
speed
m/s
20
10
0
0 1 2 3
time/s
Fig. 1.1
(iii) The weight of the stone is 24 N.

Calculate the mass of the stone.
mass = ............................
[5]
(b) A student used a suitable measuring cylinder and a spring balance to find the density of
a sample of the stone.
(i) Describe how the measuring cylinder is used, and state the readings that are
taken.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Describe how the spring balance is used, and state the reading that is taken.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(iii) Write down an equation from which the density of the stone is calculated.
..................................................................................................................................
(iv) The student then wishes to find the density of cork. Suggest how the apparatus and
the method would need to be changed.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[6]
[ Total : 12]
6 A scientist needs to find the density of a sample of rock whilst down a mine. He has only a
spring balance, a measuring cylinder, some water and some thread.
(a) In the space below, draw two labelled diagrams, one to show the spring balance being
used and the other to show the measuring cylinder being used with a suitable rock
sample. [2]
(b) The spring balance is calibrated in newtons. State how the mass of the rock sample
may be found from the reading of the spring balance.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) State the readings that would be taken from the measuring cylinder.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) State how the volume of the rock would be found from the readings.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(e) State in words the formula that would be used to find the density of the sample.
density =
[1]
[ Total : 6 ]
1 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows a top view of a tourist vehicle in a game park and two elephants pushing
against the vehicle. The two forces indicated are at right angles to each other.
vehicle
4.0 kN
6.0 kN
elephant
elephant
Fig. 4.1
In the space below, draw a scale vector diagram to determine the magnitude of the resultant
force. Label the two forces applied and the resultant, and clearly state the scale you use.
magnitude of resultant force = ...........................................................[3]
(b) Fig. 4.2 shows another elephant pushing horizontally against a vehicle with a force of 11 kN at
a distance 1.8 m above the ground. Point M is the centre of mass of the vehicle.
elephant
vehicle
11 kN
M
1.8 m
A
1.25 m
Fig. 4.2
(i) Calculate the moment about point A of the force exerted by the elephant.
moment = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) The mass of the vehicle is 1900 kg, and it does not slide when pushed by the elephant.
Determine whether the elephant tips the vehicle over. Show your working.
calculation
conclusion .....................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 7]
2 (a) Complete the following statement.
An object is in equilibrium when both the .................................................................. and the
.................................................................. on the object are zero. [2]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a ladder AB. End A of the ladder rests against a vertical wall. End B rests on
rough ground.
A F
ladder
wall
3.2 m
1.2 m
P
B ground
240 N
Fig. 3.1
Fig. 3.1 shows two of the forces acting on the ladder. The only force on the ladder at A is F,
which acts at right-angles to the wall. The weight of the ladder is 240 N acting at the centre of
mass of the ladder.
(i) 1. Calculate the moment of the weight of the ladder about point B.
moment = ........................................................ [1]
2. Write an expression, in terms of F, for the moment of F about point B.
moment = ........................................................ [1]
(ii) Use your answers from (i) to calculate F.
F = ........................................................ [2]
(iii) Explain why there must be an upwards force acting on the ladder at B.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]
3 A metre rule balances when the 50 cm mark is directly above a pivot.
(a) State where in the rule its centre of mass is located.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows an apple and a 0.40 N weight placed on the rule so that the rule remains
balanced at the 50 cm mark.
0.40 N
apple weight
50 cm
mark
25 cm
45 cm
pivot
The centre of mass of the apple is 25 cm from the pivot and the centre of mass of the weight
is 45 cm from the pivot.
Calculate
(i) the weight of the apple,
weight = ............................................... [2]
(ii) the mass of the apple.
mass = ............................................... [1]
(c) The apple is not moved. The weight is removed from the rule and the pivot is moved to the left
until the rule balances as shown in Fig. 3.2.
apple
50 cm
mark
pivot
(i) Explain why the arrangement in Fig. 3.2 balances.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) The pivot in Fig. 3.2 is closer to the 50 cm mark than to the centre of mass of the apple.
Compare the weight of the rule to the weight of the apple.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]
4 (a) State the two conditions necessary for a system of forces acting on a body to be in equilibrium.
1. ..............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2. ..............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Fig. 1.1 shows a loaded wheelbarrow held in equilibrium by a gardener. The wheel of the
wheelbarrow is in contact with the ground at point C.
Fig. 1.1
In Fig. 1.1, there are three vertical forces acting on the wheelbarrow.
P is the upward force applied by the gardener.

Q is the upward force of the ground on the wheel at point C.
W is the weight of the wheelbarrow and its contents.
Explain why the force P is less than the force W
(i) by considering the forces P, Q and W,
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) by considering the moments of the forces P and W about point C.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Fig. 1.2 shows a kitchen cupboard resting on a support and attached to a wall by a screw.
wall screw
cupboard
F
G
0.75 m
support 0.24 m
75 N
Fig. 1.2
The weight of the cupboard and its contents is 75 N. G is the position of the centre of mass of
the cupboard.
The clockwise and anticlockwise moments about point P are equal.
Calculate the force F exerted by the screw.
F = ............................................... [3]
[Total: 9]
5 Fig. 2.1 shows a uniform, rectangular slab of concrete ABCD standing upright on the ground. The
slab has height 0.60 m, width 0.30 m and mass 18 kg. A force of 40 N acts horizontally to the left
at B.
A B
40 N
0.60 m
D C
0.30 m
Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) Calculate the weight W of the concrete slab.
W = ........................................................ [1]
(ii) The thickness of the slab is 0.040 m.

Calculate the pressure exerted by the slab on the ground.
pressure = ........................................................ [2]
(b) (i) On Fig. 2.1, draw and label an arrow to show the weight W of the slab acting at its centre
of mass. [1]
(ii) Calculate
1. the moment of the 40 N force about point D,
moment = ........................................................
2. the moment of W about point D.
moment = ........................................................
[3]
(iii) The ground is rough so that the slab does not slide.
State and explain what happens to the slab as the horizontal force at B is gradually
increased.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 9]
6 A large crane has a mass of 8500 kg. Fig. 4.1 shows the crane on a muddy building-site.
lifting-arm
hook
axle
caterpillar tracks
Fig. 4.1
(a) Calculate the weight of the crane.
weight = .................................................. [1]
(b) The crane rests on two caterpillar tracks each of which has a contact area with the
ground of 3.4 m2.
(i) Calculate the pressure that the crane exerts on the ground.
pressure = .................................................. [2]
(ii) As the crane driver walks towards the crane, he starts to sink into the mud. He lays
a wide plank of wood on the mud and he walks along the plank.
Explain why he does not sink into the mud when he walks along the plank.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) When the crane lifts a heavy load with its hook, the load exerts a moment on the
lifting-arm about the axle.
(i) Explain what is meant by moment of a force.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Despite the moment exerted on the lifting-arm, the crane remains in equilibrium.
State the two conditions required for any object to be in equilibrium.
1. ..............................................................................................................................
2. ..............................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 8]
7 (a) (i) Write down the names of three man-made devices in everyday use that depend,
for their action, upon the moments of forces.
1. ...............................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................
3. ...............................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Fig. 3.1 shows a uniform rod AB acted upon by three equal forces F.
F F
A B
F
Fig. 3.1
State two reasons why the rod is not in equilibrium.
1. ...............................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Fig. 3.2 shows a uniform rod PQ, supported at its centre and held in a horizontal position.
The length of PQ is 1.00 m.
1.00 m
0.30 m
P Q
12 N S
Fig. 3.2
A force of 12 N acts at a distance of 0.30 m from the support. A spring S, fixed at its
lower end, is attached to the rod at Q.
(i) Calculate the force exerted on PQ by the spring.
force = .................................................. [2]
(ii) Explain why it is not necessary to know the weight of PQ.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]
1 Fig. 2.1 shows a dummy of mass 70 kg used in a crash test to investigate the safety of a new car.
passenger dummy
barrier compartment
windscreen
Fig. 2.1
The car approaches a solid barrier at 20 m / s. It crashes into the barrier and stops suddenly.
(a) (i) Calculate the momentum of the dummy immediately before the crash.
momentum = ................................................................. [2]
(ii) Determine the impulse that must be applied to the dummy to bring it to rest.
impulse = ................................................................. [1]
(b) In the crash test, the passenger compartment comes to rest in 0.20 s.
Calculate the deceleration of the passenger compartment.
deceleration = ................................................................. [2]
(c) The seat belt and air bag bring the dummy to rest so that it does not hit the windscreen.
2
The dummy has an average deceleration of 80 m / s .
Calculate the average resultant force applied to the dummy, of mass 70 kg.
force = ................................................................. [2]
(d) The deceleration of the dummy is less than the deceleration of the passenger compartment.
Explain why this is of benefit for the safety of a passenger.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a hammer being used to drive a nail into a piece of wood.
hammer head
nail
wood
Fig. 2.1
The mass of the hammer head is 0.15 kg.

The speed of the hammer head when it hits the nail is 8.0 m / s.
The time for which the hammer head is in contact with the nail is 0.0015 s.
The hammer head stops after hitting the nail.
(a) Calculate the change in momentum of the hammer head.
change in momentum = ...........................................................[2]
(b) State the impulse given to the nail.
impulse = ...........................................................[1]
(c) Calculate the average force between the hammer and the nail.
average force = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 5]
3 The engine of an unpowered toy train is rolling at a constant speed on a level track, as shown in
Fig. 3.1. The engine collides with a stationary toy truck, and joins with it.
moving
ving e
engine
statio
ationary
y tru
uck
k
track
tr k
Fig. 3.1
Before the collision, the toy engine is travelling at 0.32 m / s. The mass of the engine is 0.50 kg.
(a) Calculate the momentum of the toy engine before the collision.
momentum = [2]
(b) The mass of the truck is 0.30 kg.
Using the principle of conservation of momentum, calculate the speed of the joined engine
and truck immediately after the collision.
speed = [3]
[Total: 5]
4 Fig. 4.1 represents part of the hydraulic braking system of a car.
piston X piston Y
F1
F2
Fig. 4.1
The force F1 of the driver’s foot on the brake pedal moves piston X. The space between
pistons X and Y is filled with oil which cannot be compressed. The force F2 exerted by the oil
moves piston Y. This force is applied to the brake mechanism in the wheels of the car.
The area of cross-section of piston X is 4.8 cm2.
(a) The force F1 is 90 N. Calculate the pressure exerted on the oil by piston X.
pressure = ................................................. [2]
(b) The pressure on piston Y is the same as the pressure applied by piston X. Explain why
the force F2 is greater than the force F1.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Piston Y moves a smaller distance than piston X. Explain why.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Suggest why the braking system does not work properly if the oil contains bubbles of air.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 7]
1 Fig. 1.1 shows the graph of speed v against time t for a train as it travels from one station to
the next.
20
v
m/s
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
t /s
Fig. 1.1
(a) Use Fig. 1.1 to calculate
(i) the distance between the two stations,
distance = ................................................. [4]
(ii) the acceleration of the train in the first 10 s.
=acceleration ................................................. [2]
(b) The mass of the train is 1.1 × 105 kg.
Calculate the resultant force acting on the train in the first 10 s.
resultant force = ................................................. [2]
(c) The force generated by the engine of the train is called the driving force.
Write down, in words, an equation relating the driving force to any other forces acting on
the train during the period t = 10 s to t = 130 s.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 9]
2 A brick is dropped from the top of a very tall building as it is being constructed.
Fig. 1.1 is the speed / time graph for the brick as it falls to the ground.
70
60
speed
m/s
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
time / s
Fig. 1.1
(a) State a time at which the acceleration of the brick is
(i) zero,
time = ................................................. [1]
(ii) constant but not zero,
time = ................................................. [1]
(iii) not constant.
time = ................................................. [1]
(b) Explain in terms of the forces acting on the brick why, between 0 and 14.0 s, its speed
varies in the way shown by the graph.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(c) State the direction of the resultant force acting on the brick at time 15.0 s.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 8]
3 In a laboratory, an experiment is carried out to measure the acceleration of a trolley on a horizontal
table, when pulled by a horizontal force.
trolley
force
Fig. 1.1
The measurements are repeated for a series of different forces, with the results shown in the table
below.
force / N 4.0 6.0 10.0 14.0
acceleration 0.50 0.85 1.55 2.25

m / s2
(a) On Fig. 1.2, plot these points and draw the best straight line for your points. [2]
16
force / N
12
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
acceleration
m / s2
Fig. 1.2
(b) The graph shows that below a certain force there is no acceleration.
(i) Find the value of this force. ............................................................................................ [1]
(ii) A force smaller than that in (b)(i) is applied to the stationary trolley. Suggest what happens
to the trolley, if anything.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Show that the gradient of your graph is about 5.7.
gradient = ...........................................................[1]
(d) (i) State the equation that links resultant force F, mass m and acceleration a.
[1]
(ii) Use your gradient from (c) to find the mass of the trolley.
mass = ...........................................................[2]
(e) On Fig. 1.3, sketch a speed / time graph for a trolley with constant acceleration.
speed
0
0
time
Fig. 1.3
[1]
[Total: 9]
4 A person is standing on the top of a cliff, throwing stones into the sea below.
cliff
sea
Fig. 2.1
(a) The person throws a stone horizontally.
(i) On Fig. 2.1, draw a line to show the path which the stone might take between leaving the
person’s hand and hitting the sea.
(ii) On the line you have drawn, at a point halfway to the sea, mark the stone and the
direction of the force on the stone.
[3]
(b) Later, the person drops a small stone and a large stone vertically from the edge of the cliff.
Comment on the times taken for the two stones to hit the water.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) 800 m from the point where the person is standing, a navy ship is having target practice.
The person finds that if a stone is dropped vertically at the same time as the spurt of smoke
from the ship’s gun is seen, the stone hits the water at the same time as the sound from the
gun is heard.
Sound travels at 320 m / s in that region.
Calculate the velocity with which the stone hits the water.
velocity = ...........................................................[4]
[Total: 9]
5 Fig. 1.1 shows the speed/time graph for a car travelling along a straight road.
The graph shows how the speed of the car changes as the car passes through a small
town.
35
D
30
speed
m/s
A
25
enters leaves
20 town town
here here
15
B C
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time / s
Fig. 1.1
(a) Describe what happens to the speed of the car
(i) between A and B, .....................................................................................................
(ii) between B and C, .....................................................................................................
(iii) between C and D. .....................................................................................................

[1]
(b) Calculate the distance between the start of the town and the end of the town.
distance = ................................................ [3]
(c) Calculate the acceleration of the car between C and D.
acceleration = ................................................ [3]
(d) State how the graph shows that the deceleration of the car has the same numerical
value as its acceleration.
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 8]

Density 3 QP-merged

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Density 3 QP-merged

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1 A large stone block is to be part of a harbour wall.

The block is supported beneath the surface of

(i) Calculate the pressure on the top face of the block.

pressure = ................................................ [2]

(ii) The atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa.

pressure = ................................................ [1]

(iii) The density of sea water is 1020 kg / m3.

Calculate the depth h.

(c) The block is lowered so that it rests on the sea-bed.

State what happens to the tension force in the cable.

(a) State an instrument that would be suitable to take these measurements.

Calculate the mass of air in the room.

mass = ........................................................ [2]

Atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa.

(i) Explain why the can collapses.

(ii) The surface area of face X of the can is 0.12 m2.

Calculate the resultant force on face X when the can collapses.

Fig. 3.2 shows the result.

1. the pressure exerted by the water on the surface of the mercury,

2. the density of the oil.

The wind-turbine drives an electric generator.

kinetic energy = ............................................... [2]

(ii) Only 8% of this energy is converted to electrical energy.

Calculate the power output of the electric generator.

power output = ............................................... [2]

Calculate the density of the air.

density of air = ............................................... [2]

(c) The turbine turns a generator.

pressure difference = .......................................................... [2]

upward force = .......................................................... [2]

acceleration = .......................................................... [3]

kinetic energy = ................................................ [3]

power = ................................................ [3]

mass = ................................................ [1]

fraction = ................................................ [3]

Calculate the water pressure on the valve.

pressure =…………………….. [2]

Calculate the area of the valve.

area = ……………………….. [2]

After 26 s it reaches a speed of 65 m / s.

(i) the acceleration of the aeroplane,

acceleration = ................................................. [2]

(ii) the resultant force on the aeroplane.

force = ................................................. [2]

State the direction of the resultant force on the aeroplane.

Fig. 3.1 shows a section through this water feature.

pumped water rises

(a) Calculate the mass of 1 litre of water.

mass = ................................................ [2]

work = ................................................ [2]

Calculate the minimum power of the pump.

power = ................................................ [2]

(d) The pump is switched off.

pressure = ................................................ [2]

kinetic energy = …………………[3]

(i) Calculate the work done on the box.

work done = ..................................

(i) Calculate the work done in lifting the block from A to B.

work done = ............................

kinetic energy = ...............................

(a) From the graph estimate,

time = ................................................ [1]

(ii) the time during which the ball is accelerating,

time = ................................................ [1]