1 Fig. 2.1 shows a dummy of mass 70 kg used in a crash test to investigate the safety of a new car.

passenger dummy
barrier compartment
windscreen

Fig. 2.1

The car approaches a solid barrier at 20 m / s. It crashes into the barrier and stops suddenly.

(a) (i) Calculate the momentum of the dummy immediately before the crash.

momentum = ................................................................. [2]

(ii) Determine the impulse that must be applied to the dummy to bring it to rest.

impulse = ................................................................. [1]

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(b) In the crash test, the passenger compartment comes to rest in 0.20 s.

Calculate the deceleration of the passenger compartment.

deceleration = ................................................................. [2]

(c) The seat belt and air bag bring the dummy to rest so that it does not hit the windscreen.
2
The dummy has an average deceleration of 80 m / s .

Calculate the average resultant force applied to the dummy, of mass 70 kg.

force = ................................................................. [2]

(d) The deceleration of the dummy is less than the deceleration of the passenger compartment.

Explain why this is of benefit for the safety of a passenger.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

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2 Fig. 2.1 shows a hammer being used to drive a nail into a piece of wood.

hammer head

nail

wood

Fig. 2.1

The mass of the hammer head is 0.15 kg.

The speed of the hammer head when it hits the nail is 8.0 m / s.
The time for which the hammer head is in contact with the nail is 0.0015 s.

The hammer head stops after hitting the nail.

(a) Calculate the change in momentum of the hammer head.

change in momentum = ...........................................................[2]

(b) State the impulse given to the nail.

impulse = ...........................................................[1]

(c) Calculate the average force between the hammer and the nail.

average force = ...........................................................[2]

[Total: 5]

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1 The rocket shown in Fig. 2.1 is about to be launched.

rocket

Fig. 2.1

The total mass of the rocket and its full load of fuel is 2.8 × 106 kg. The constant force provided by
the rocket’s motors is 3.2 × 107 N.

(a) Calculate

(i) the total weight of the rocket and the fuel,

weight = ........................................................ [1]

(ii) the resultant force acting on the rocket,

resultant force = ........................................................ [2]

(iii) the vertical acceleration of the rocket immediately after lift-off.

acceleration = ........................................................ [2]

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(b) Suggest why the acceleration of the rocket increases as it rises above the Earth’s surface.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 6]

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2 A metre rule balances when the 50 cm mark is directly above a pivot.

(a) State where in the rule its centre of mass is located.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Fig. 3.1 shows an apple and a 0.40 N weight placed on the rule so that the rule remains
balanced at the 50 cm mark.

0.40 N
apple weight
50 cm
mark

25 cm
45 cm
pivot

Fig. 3.1 (not to scale)

The centre of mass of the apple is 25 cm from the pivot and the centre of mass of the weight
is 45 cm from the pivot.

Calculate

(i) the weight of the apple,

weight = ............................................... [2]

(ii) the mass of the apple.

mass = ............................................... [1]

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 (c) The apple is not moved. The weight is removed from the rule and the pivot is moved to the left
until the rule balances as shown in Fig. 3.2.

apple
50 cm
mark

pivot

Fig. 3.2 (not to scale)

(i) Explain why the arrangement in Fig. 3.2 balances.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) The pivot in Fig. 3.2 is closer to the 50 cm mark than to the centre of mass of the apple.

Compare the weight of the rule to the weight of the apple.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 7]

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3 Fig. 3.1 shows a hydraulic lift in a car repair workshop.

car support

hydraulic fluid

4 pistons, each
of area 0.02 m2

piston A, area 0.01 m2

Fig. 3.1

The hydraulic fluid transmits the pressure, caused by piston A, equally to each of the four pistons
holding up the car supports. The pressure throughout the fluid is the same.

A force of 1000 N on piston A is just enough to raise the car.

(a) Using values from Fig. 3.1, find

(i) the pressure caused by piston A on the fluid,

pressure = ......................................................... [2]

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 (ii) the total upward force caused by the fluid.

force = ......................................................... [3]

(b) The weight of each of the two car supports is 1000 N.

Calculate the mass of the car.

mass = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 7]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 4 Fig. 2.1 shows a circular metal disc of mass 200 g, freely pivoted at its centre.

pivot

Fig. 2.1

Masses of 100 g, 200 g, 300 g, 400 g, 500 g and 600 g are available, but only one of each
value. These may be hung with string from any of the holes. There are three small holes on
each side of the centre, one at 4.0 cm from the pivot, one at 8.0 cm from the pivot and one at
12.0 cm from the pivot.

The apparatus is to be used to show that there is no net moment of force acting on a body
when it is in equilibrium.

(a) On Fig. 2.1, draw in two different value masses hanging from appropriate holes. The
values of the masses should be chosen so that there is no net moment. Alongside the
masses chosen, write down their values. [2]

(b) Explain how you would test that your chosen masses give no net moment to the disc.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

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 (c) Calculate the moments about the pivot due to the two masses chosen.

moment due to first mass = .....................................................

moment due to second mass = ......................................................

[2]

(d) Calculate the force on the pivot when the two masses chosen are hanging from the
disc.

force = ................................................ [2]

[Total: 7]

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5 (a) A stone falls from the top of a building and hits the ground at a speed of 32 m/s.
The air resistance-force on the stone is very small and may be neglected.

(i) Calculate the time of fall.

time = ............................

(ii) On Fig. 1.1, draw the speed-time graph for the falling stone.

40

30
speed
m/s

20

10

0
0 1 2 3
time/s

Fig. 1.1

(iii) The weight of the stone is 24 N.

Calculate the mass of the stone.

mass = ............................
[5]

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 (b) A student used a suitable measuring cylinder and a spring balance to find the density of
a sample of the stone.

(i) Describe how the measuring cylinder is used, and state the readings that are
taken.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) Describe how the spring balance is used, and state the reading that is taken.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

(iii) Write down an equation from which the density of the stone is calculated.

..................................................................................................................................

(iv) The student then wishes to find the density of cork. Suggest how the apparatus and
the method would need to be changed.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
[6]

[ Total : 12]

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6 A scientist needs to find the density of a sample of rock whilst down a mine. He has only a
spring balance, a measuring cylinder, some water and some thread.

(a) In the space below, draw two labelled diagrams, one to show the spring balance being
used and the other to show the measuring cylinder being used with a suitable rock
sample. [2]

(b) The spring balance is calibrated in newtons. State how the mass of the rock sample
may be found from the reading of the spring balance.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) State the readings that would be taken from the measuring cylinder.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(d) State how the volume of the rock would be found from the readings.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(e) State in words the formula that would be used to find the density of the sample.

density =
[1]

[ Total : 6 ]

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3 The engine of an unpowered toy train is rolling at a constant speed on a level track, as shown in
Fig. 3.1. The engine collides with a stationary toy truck, and joins with it.

moving
ving e
engine

statio
ationary
y tru
uck
k

track
tr k

Fig. 3.1

Before the collision, the toy engine is travelling at 0.32 m / s. The mass of the engine is 0.50 kg.

(a) Calculate the momentum of the toy engine before the collision.

momentum = [2]

(b) The mass of the truck is 0.30 kg.

Using the principle of conservation of momentum, calculate the speed of the joined engine
and truck immediately after the collision.

speed = [3]

[Total: 5]

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4 Fig. 4.1 represents part of the hydraulic braking system of a car.

piston X piston Y

F1
F2

Fig. 4.1

The force F1 of the driver’s foot on the brake pedal moves piston X. The space between
pistons X and Y is filled with oil which cannot be compressed. The force F2 exerted by the oil
moves piston Y. This force is applied to the brake mechanism in the wheels of the car.

The area of cross-section of piston X is 4.8 cm2.

(a) The force F1 is 90 N. Calculate the pressure exerted on the oil by piston X.

pressure = ................................................. [2]

(b) The pressure on piston Y is the same as the pressure applied by piston X. Explain why
the force F2 is greater than the force F1.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Piston Y moves a smaller distance than piston X. Explain why.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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