Name: Kreizel Faja

Assessment

A. Multiple Choice.

Directions: Read the questions carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. It is an ameba (also spelled amoeba) whose life cycle involves trophozoites and cysts?
a. E. histolytica
b. trophozoites
c. sporozoites
d. Parasites
2. A flagellate protozoan like Giardia intestinalis?
a. microsporidia
b. T. vaginalis
c. Sporozoites
d. C.cayetanesis
3. Malaria is a disease caused by a genus of sporozoan protozoa called Plasmodium. There are
four main species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans EXCEPT?
a. P. falciparum
b. P. malariae,
c. P. vivax,
d. Plasmodium
4. They have differentiated tissues and nervous, excretory, and reproductive systems. They are
protected by an acellular cuticle (like our skin) covering their bodies?
a. Leishmania Trypanosoma
b. Plasmodium
c. helminths
d. Entamoeba
5. Refers to parasites that live or feed on the outside of the body, such as ticks, fleas, mites
(such as scabies), and lice.
a. Malaria
b. Helminths
c. Ectoparasites
d. parasites
6. Feed on human red blood cells and one can often see ingested erythrocytes microscopically.
a. E. histolytica
b. trophozoites
c. sporozoites
d. Parasites
7. A tear-shaped flagellate protozoan with ventral sucking disks and 4 pairs of flagella.
a. Giardia intestinalis (a.k.a. G. lamblia)
b. Parasites
c. Malaria
d. Entamoeba
8. The vast majority of patients infected with E. histolytica are?
a. Asymptomatic
b. Symptomatic
c. Pre-symptomatic
d. All of the above

9. Several groups are at risk of having E. histolytica except?

a. Travelers
b. migrant workers
c. HIV positive patients
d. Children below 5 years’ old
10. How do you describe Trichomonas vaginalis?
a. It looks very similar to Cryptosporidium spp but is twice as big.
b. It is an example of a flagellate protozoan like Giardia intestinalis.
c. It can be spread through fecal-oral route and stained by acid fast positive.
d. It can cause severe weight loss and even death.
 B. Describe Me

There are different intestinal protozoans, complete the table below that describes their character

Intestinal Source Mode of Disease it caused Treatment

Protozoans Transmission

E. histolytica Infection is spread Dysentery, Combined

infection can occur from person-to- ameboma (mass metronidazole and
when a person via of inflammatory paromomycin is the
E. person: Puts contaminated food, tissue which can treatment of choice.
histolytica anything into their water, or by sexual simulate colon Spread can be
mouth that has contact. cancer), or prevented by sanitary
touched the feces amebic liver disposal of human
(poop) of a person abscess. feces.
who is infected with
E. histolytica.

tear-shaped Ninety percent of Of the remaining .

flagellate patients infected 10%, most Metronidazole,
protozoan with with G. intestinalis develop acute imidazole or
ventral sucking are asymptomatic explosive, but nitazoxanide are used
disks and 4 pairs of and thus can self-limited, for treatment.
Giardia
flagella. Cysts are unknowingly watery diarrhea
intestinalis
ingested by a spread these (resolves within a
human host and flagellates to others month). A small
then excyst in the through their stool. minority develop
small intestine, chronic diarrhea.
Since G.
releasing In children, G.
intestinalis is
trophozoites. Also intestinalis
spread by the
found in many infection can
fecal-oral route,
animals (e.g. dogs, persist for months
infection is
beavers) and is and cause
associated with
thus widely present malabsorption
poor hygiene,
in the environment. over such a long
institutionalized
 found on surfaces patients, daycare enough period of
or in soil, food, or centers, tropical time that signs of
water that has travelers, malnutrition may
been contaminated backpackers occur.
with feces (poop) (drinking
from infected contaminated
people or animals. water), and at least
2 stool specimens
should be
examined if the
first is negative).

An anaerobic transmitted -increases the risk Treatment is with

flagellate primarily by sexual of preterm birth metronidazole or
protozoan, contact since the and increases the tinidazole; one must
Trichomona Trichomonas trophozoites risk of acquiring treat both the patient
s vaginalis vaginalis. cannot survive HIV. and their sexual
genitourinary tract outside of the body partner(s).
T.
for long. Rarely, Metronidazole
vaginalis causes
transmission is by resistance (due to
vaginitis which is
nonsexual contact decreased reduction
often associated
(e.g. shared bath of metronidazole to its
with a fishy
towels). active form) has been
smelling, yellow
reported.
frothy vaginal
discharge
accompanied with
itching, burning,
dyspareunia (pain
with sexual
intercourse), and
dysuria (pain with
urination). The
endocervix often
looks red and
 friable, and is
described as a
“strawberry
cervix”. In men, T.
vaginalis is often
asymptomatic but
can cause
urethritis.

Intestinal Can be spread Cryptosporidium Nitazoxanide

sporozoan from human-to- causes watery may be helpful for
protozoa with an human and are diarrhea. treatment in some
Cryptospori asexual phase that found in particular Cryptosporidium cases.
dium forms sporozoites, HIV patients, diarrhea can be
found in water, children in daycare particularly severe
food, soil or on centers, hospitals, and prolonged to
surfaces or dirty and people who the point of
hands that have use swimming severe weight
been contaminated pools. loss and even
with the feces of death
humans or animals
infected with the
parasite. C.
parvum and C.
hominis. C.
parvum is found in
most vertebrates
but particularly in
cattle and sheep

Cyclospora found in spread by the causes prolonged Treatment is

cayetanesis contaminated watery diarrhea trimethoprim-
 water and fruit fecal-oral route with weight loss, sulfamethoxazole (a
found all over the nausea, and common antibacterial
world. vomiting agent).

Ingestion or Microsporidia Cause diarrhea, albendazole or

inhalation of spores can be other intestinal fumagillin (depending
Microsporid
microsporidia acquired symptoms, or eye on the infecting
ia
spores by ingestion, symptoms. species and clinical
inhalation, direct Symptoms vary syndrome) or with
contact with the but include topical fumagillin and
conjunctiva, animal chronic diarrhea, oral albendazole for
contact, or person- abdominal pain, eye disease.
to-person fever, weight loss,
transmission. and eye
inflammation.
Lesson 2: Helminths

Assessment
A. Multiple Choice Questions
Direction: Read the questions carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Helminths are a multicellular group of parasitic worms called?

A. Protozoa
B. Cestoda
C. Tetrazoa
D. Metazoa
2. Which helminth has long thin unsegmented tube-like bodies?
A. Cestoda
B. Trematoda
C. Flukes
D. Nematoda
3. Which helminth has only longitudinal direction muscles used for sideways thrashing
movement?
A. Roundworms
B. Flatworms
C. Flukes
D. Tapeworms
4. Which helminth does not have a gut or body cavity?
A. Fluke
B. Digenea
C. Tapeworm
D. Larva
5. What bodily excrement is examined for ova and parasites of helminths?
A. Saliva
B. Urine
C. Mucous
D. Feces

6. Parasite that is also a vector host is?

 A. Ascaris
B. Bug
C. Fasciola
D. House fly
7. This disease is caused by a Nematodes
A. Amoebiasis
B. Leprosy
C. Filariasis
D. Poliomyelitis
8. Enterobiasis diseases is caused by
A. Hookworm
B. Filarial worm
C. Roundworm
D. Pinworm
9. What WBC count is increased specifically during helminth infection?
A. Basophils
B. Eosinophils
C. Neutrophils
D. Lymphocytes
10. What are the most important flukes involving development in the intestines, lungs, liver, and
blood vessels?
A. Taeniasis
B. Clonorchis
C. Trichinella
D. Schistosomiasis
B. Differentiate Me
There are different species of Helminths or Nematodes, complete the table below that
describes their characteristics

Helminths or Source Mode of Disease it caused Treatment

Nematodes Transmission and Organs
Affected

Enterobius begins with Pinworm Severe perianal Mebendazole,

vermicularis ingestion of infection can be itching. The adult pyrantel
(pinworm) E. passed directly females may also pamoate, or
vermicularis from person to take up residence in albendazole.
eggs, often person. the appendix, vulva,
through Autoinfection vagina, or fallopian
contaminat with the eggs tubes. Causes itching
ed fingers, can also occur around the anus
clothing or as contaminated which can lead to
bedding. fingers find their difficulty sleeping and
way to mouths. restlessness.

Trichuris trichiura begins Infection cannot local ulceration of the lbendazole,

(whipworm) when eggs be passed colon (where the mebendazole or
are directly from adults bind to the wall ivermectin
ingested by person to of the colon),
the host. person. bleeding, tenesmus
(painful urgency to
defecate), and even
rectal prolapse.
Helminths or Source Mode of Disease it caused Treatment
Nematodes Transmission and Organs
Affected

Ascaris lumbricoide The eggs hatch Loeffler’s syndrome. albendaz

lumbricoides s infection in the small A similar syndrome is ole,
also begins intestine. Larvae also seen with other mebendazole, or
with the do not stay in helminthic infections ivermectin.
ingestion of the bowel but that include a lung
eggs by the instead migrate migration stage (e.g.
host. through the wall hookworm and
of the small Strongyloides
intestine into the stercoralis,). This
portal vein hypersensitivity
circulation and reaction is
are carried to characterized by
the liver. From inflammation with an
there, the larvae eosinophilic (since
migrate via the this is a helminthic
hepatic vein and infection).
inferior vena
These patients
cava to the
present with fever,
heart and then
cough, wheezing,
on to the lungs.
and shortness of
In the
breath large worms
pulmonary
can inadvertently
vasculature,
migrate into the
they break
gallbladder,
through the
pancreatic duct,
vasculature into
appendix,
the alveolar
esophagus, mouth,
sacs.
ear, or nose, leading
-Patients with to obstruction,
exposure to malnutrition (worms
 helminth- block absorption and
endemic areas consume host
that present with nutrients), or vomiting
new-onset up of adult.
asthma-like
symptoms.

Necator They are The hookworm Cause anemia (low Albendazole,

americanus just found then enters the illimetres) and weight mebendazole, or
(Hookworm”) in different bloodstream loss in infected pyrantel
parts of the and heads patients. pamoate
world. Both through the
species host’s heart to
tend to like the lungs just
hot, moist like Ascaris
climates. . lumbricoides
N. larvae.
americanus
is found in
the
Southern
United
States and
tropical
parts of
Asia and
SE Asia
and Sub-
Saharan
Africa (so it
is not
strictly
found in the
“New
 World”),
while A.
duodenale
is found in
the
Mediterrane
an (inc.
Northern
Africa),
Middle
East, and
India.

Cutaneous larva Occurring The larvae Oral

migrans primarily in hatch in the soil albendazole,
Red, twisting lesions.
the and enter oral ivermectin,
Red lesion that has a
Southern humans through or topical
twisting, snake-like
United the skin of the ivermectin are
pattern.
States, feet the usual
adult Itchiness and treatment
worms in discomfort. Lesions choices
may itch, sting, or
cats and be painful.
dogs lay Swelling can also
eggs be present.
Lesions on the feet
and backside.

Strongyloides Scratching Enter the Loeffler’s syndrome. The treatment of

stercoralis the anus or human host choice is
-S. stercoralis
(threadworm) vagina, or through the ivermectin.
hyperinfection.
wiping them intact skin
after going (usually feet and -Serious bacterial
to the toilet, legs). infection (e.g.,
can cause bacteremia,
 the eggs to -Invade new meningitis).
stick to your human hosts
- causing pulmonitis
fingertips or through the skin
and may also end up
under your
in many different
fingernails
parts of the body,
including the skin and
brain.

Trichinella Eating raw Enter human Nausea, vomiting, Treatment

species or hosts through diarrhea, and involves
undercooke ingestion of abdominal pain. The corticosteroids
d meat of undercooked muscle-invading and
animals pork or game larvae can cause mebendazole.
infected (e.g. bear, wild muscle pain and Sufficiently
with the boar). Larvae tenderness along cooking pork
larvae of a exist within with high fever and and game meat
species of cysts in eosinophilia. If the prevents this
worm called undercooked heart is involved, infection
Trichinella meat; once electrocardiographic
ingested, they changes, tachycardia
migrate from the (high heart rate), and
stomach into the even congestive
small intestine heart failure can
occur. Circulating
immune complexes
(formed by larvae
and antibodies) can
trigger vasculitis.

Anasikiasis Commonly Accidental The worms can Once the worm

(Anisakis simplex found in ingestion of perforate the is removed, no
and related cod and larvae of stomach and cause further treatment
worms) other white Anisakis peritonitis. Patients is necessary.
fish, and simplex (a.k.a. may present with a Completely
 are usually the ‘cod’ worm) history of coughing cooking fish prior
parasites of and related up a worm, or may to eating (until
marine worms found in present with violent the flesh is white
mammals. undercooked abdominal pain, and flaky) or
fish. Humans nausea, and freezing for an
are a dead end vomiting. extended period
host for the of time (e.g. for
parasite, since sushi) will kill the
the ingested larvae and make
larvae cannot the fish safe to
mature in the eat.
human intestinal
tract. Instead,
the worms are
typically
coughed or
vomited up or
passed
harmlessly in
the stool

Assessment
A. Multiple Choice Questions
Directions: Read the questions carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. It is an organism which inhabits the skin or outgrowths on the skin of another organism (the
host) for various periods, and may be detrimental to the latter.
a. Ectoparasites
 b. Endoparasites
c. Parasites
d. Bacteria
2. The large aggregations of Ectoparasites may cause the following EXCEPT for.
a. Skin necrosis
b. Dermatitis
c. STD
d. Anemia
3. These are the examples of Ectoparasites EXCEPT for.
a. Lice
b. Flies
c. Mosquitoes
d. Worms
4. It is defined as a structure on the outside of an arthropod body composed of an insoluble
polysaccharide that provides support for corresponding internal organs
a. Hemocele
b. Chitinized exoskeleton
c. Scutum
d. Anterior capitulum
5. Its head, thorax, and abdomen appear as three separate sections, it also have one pair of
antennae and one pair of eyes.
a. Mosquitoes
b. Fleas
c. Flies
d. Mites
6. These ectoparasite have four pairs of legs, two pairs of mouth parts, and no antennae hard
(family Ixodidae) and soft ticks (family Argasidae).
a. Mites
b. Ticks
c. Mosquitoes
d. Flies
7. These ectoparasite are documented 3000 existing species. The typical adult of this
ectoparasite has a three-segmented body consisting of a head, thorax, and abdomen.
a. Ticks
 b. Mosquitoes
c. Fleas
d. Flies
8. Flying insects requires inactivation with ________.
a. Chloroform
b. Isopropyl
c. Aerosol
d. Hydrogen Peroxide
9. It is defined as a developmental stage that resembles that of an adult.
a. Larvae
b. Egg
c. Adult
d. Nymph
10. These happens when the human tissue infestation by fly larvae (bot flies).
a. Cellulitis
b. Myiasis
c. Impetigo
d. Folliculitis

B. Crossword Puzzle
Directions: Get a suggestion based on the given information at the box below and fill in the
correct words in the puzzle.

1.
h

3.
m

4.
O L

2.
C I T E S

E C A

5.
A R V A E S