QDC LAB Experiment No 6, Group-4 - 231017 - 101306

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Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering
QDC Laboratory (IM39005)
Experiment No. 6
Group No. :4
Group Members: Himanshu Anand -21IM10014

Ketaki Mali-21IM10015
Pahnabi Roy-21IM10018
Pankaj Sharma-21IM10019
Date of Experiment/Data Collection: 9/10/23
Date of Submission: 16/10/23
Experiment Number:6
Title of the Experiment: Simulation Studies on Acceptance Sampling (Single Sampling)
Objectives of the Study: The basic objective is to know the general nature and
characteristics of the experimental OC and AOQ curve in relation to those obtained
theoretically for single sampling plans
Measuring Instruments/Apparatus/Software Required: MS Excel, Python
Data Generation Procedure:

In Excel, we generate 8 tables, each consisting of 20 samples. The number of defectives
in each sample follows a binomial distribution. We assume a lot size of 1000 for each
case, and a sample is accepted if the number of defectives in the sample is less than or
equal to 'c'. Otherwise, the sample is rejected.
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Describe Single Sampling Plan with an appropriate flowchart (to be drawn on your
own, not to be copied).
A Single Sampling Plan is a method used in quality control to inspect a specific number
of items from a production lot to determine whether the lot is acceptable or not.
….generated via Lucid
What is Rectifying Inspection? How does it affect average outgoing quality (AOQ)?
Rectifying inspection is a quality control process aimed at identifying and rectifying
defects in a batch of items to meet quality standards. Its impact on Average Outgoing
Quality (AOQ) varies:
o Positive Impact: It improves overall product quality, resulting in a higher AOQ

and minimizing defective product shipments.
o Resource-Intensive: It can be resource-intensive, increasing costs due to the labor

and time required for defect identification and correction.
o Reliability Concerns: The effectiveness of rectification is critical; incomplete

fixes may introduce uncertainty in AOQ.
o Customer Satisfaction: Ineffective rectification can harm customer satisfaction

and a brand's reputation.
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What is Average Total Inspection (ATI)?
Average Total Inspection (ATI) is a comprehensive quality control

method where each item in a production lot is individually inspected or
tested to provide a high level of confidence in the overall quality. It is
chosen in situations where exhaustive quality assurance is critical, even
if it involves significant time and resource investment.
Task I:
Collect and tabulate the data (as per the format provided) for the following values of the
sampling parameters. Generate 8 tables, with all the combinations of
𝑛1 , 𝑛2 , 𝑝1 , 𝑝2 and c=1,2
Lot size (N) : 1000 Number of samples to be drawn: 20 for each
Sample Size (n) : 𝑛1 , 𝑛2 Acceptance No (c) : 1, 2
Lot fraction defective (p): 𝑝1 , 𝑝2 from table
Table 1: 𝑁 = 1000 𝑛 = 11, 𝑝 = 0.02, 𝑐 = 1

Observation Number of Decision
Number Defectives Accept Reject
1 0 y
2 1 y
3 0 y
4 0 y
5 0 y
6 0 y
7 0 y
8 0 y
9 0 y
10 0 y
11 0 y
12 1 y
13 0 y
14 0 y
15 0 y
16 0 y
17 0 y
18 0 y
19 1 y
20 0 y
Probability of Acceptance, pa (experimental) = 1
Probability of Acceptance Pa (theoretical)= 0.980487368
AOQ= 0.019394
ATI= 30.298357
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Table 2: 𝑁 = 1000 𝑛 = 11, 𝑝 = 0.02, 𝑐=2

1 0 y
2 1 y
3 0 y
4 1 y
5 0 y
6 0 y
7 0 y
8 0 y
9 0 y
10 1 y
11 0 y
12 0 y
13 0 y
14 0 y
15 0 y
16 0 y
17 0 y
18 0 y
19 1 y
20 0 y

AOQ = 0.0197568
ATI= 12.15713
Table 3: 𝑁 = 1000 𝑛 = 11 , 𝑝 = 0.06, 𝑐=1

1 2 y
2 2 y
3 0 y
4 1 y
5 0 y
6 1 y
7 0 y
8 0 y
9 2 y
10 1 y
11 1 y
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12 2 y
13 2 y
14 1 y
15 2 y
16 1 y
17 2 y
18 2 y
19 1 y
20 0 y
Probability of Acceptance, pa (experimental) = 0.6

AOQ= 0.0511382
ATI= 147.695624
Table 4: 𝑁 = 1000 𝑛 = 11 , 𝑝 = 0.06, 𝑐=2

1 2 y
2 0 y
3 0 y
4 0 y
5 0 y
6 1 y
7 1 y
8 0 y
9 0 y
10 0 y
11 1 y
12 0 y
13 0 y
14 0 y
15 0 y
16 0 y
17 1 y
18 0 y
19 1 y
20 0 y

AOQ= 0.05787056
ATI= 35.490607
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Table 5: 𝑁 = 1000 𝑛 = 38, 𝑝 = 0.02, 𝑐=1

1 0 y
2 2 y
3 2 y
4 0 y
5 0 y
6 2 y
7 0 y
8 1 y
9 0 y
10 0 y
11 2 y
12 2 y
13 0 y
14 1 y
15 0 y
16 0 y
17 0 y
18 1 y
19 2 y
20 0 y

AOQ=0.0158532
ATI= 207.33605
Table 6: 𝑁 = 1000 𝑛 = 38, 𝑝 = 0.02, 𝑐=2

Observation Number of Defectives Decision
Number Accept Reject
1 1 y
2 1 y
3 1 y
4 1 y
5 0 y
6 2 y
7 0 y
8 0 y
9 2 y
10 0 y
11 0 y
12 1 y
13 0 y
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14 1 y
15 1 y
16 2 y
17 0 y
18 0 y
19 0 y
20 2 y
Probability of Acceptance, pa (experimental) =1

AOQ= 0.0184676
ATI= 76.61949
Table 7: 𝑁 = 1000 𝑛 = 38, 𝑝 = 0.06, 𝑐=1

Observation Number of Defectives Decision
Number Accept Reject
1 3 y
2 1 y
3 3 y
4 1 y
5 2 y
6 4 y
7 3 y
8 2 y
9 1 y
10 2 y
11 4 y
12 3 y
13 2 y
14 4 y
15 2 y
16 1 y
17 3 y
18 3 y
19 4 y
20 3 y

AOQ= 0.0188327
ATI=686.121526
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Table 8: 𝑁 = 1000 𝑛 = 38 , 𝑝 = 0.06, 𝑐 = 2

1 3 y
2 1 y
3 2 y
4 1 y
5 2 y
6 4 y
7 3 y
8 2 y
9 0 y
10 2 y
11 4 y
12 3 y
13 0 y
14 4 y
15 2 y
16 1 y
17 2 y
18 3 y
19 4 y
20 3 y

AOQ= 0.0345793
ATI=423.678306
For each of the above tables: calculate the following

The following formulae are used:
Number of times the lot is accepted

Probability of Acceptance, pa (experimental) =
Total number of samples drawn (20)
c
Probability of Acceptance Pa (theoretical) = 
i 0
n
C i p i (1  p ) n i
Pa p ( N  n)
AOQ = for a given p
N
𝐴𝑇𝐼 = 𝑛 + (1 − 𝑃𝑎 )(𝑁 − 𝑛)
The probability of acceptance, Pa as well as AOQ are to be computed for each set of n, c
and p.
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Task II: Construction of OC-Curve, AOQ Curve, ATI Curve
For 𝑁 = 1000, 𝑛 = 10, 25, 50 and 𝑐 = 0,1, 2, 3 prepare the OC curve and AOQ curve
as stated below.
i. OC-Curve for of Pa vs p for different c= 0,1,2,3; with n= 50
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ii.OC-Curve of Pa vs p for different n= 10, 25, 50; with c = 2
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III.Curve for Average Outgoing Quality (AOQ) vs p for n=10, 25, 50 and c=2
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iv.Curve for Average Total Inspection (ATI) vs p for n=10, 50 and c=1, 3
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v. Results and Discussions:
a) Describe the effect of sample size and acceptance number on OC-Curve.
Sample Size (n):

 Increasing sample size improves defect detection, shifting the OC
curve left (lower acceptance probability).
 Decreasing sample size reduces defect detection, shifting the
OC curve right (higher acceptance probability).
Acceptance Number (c):

 Increasing acceptance number makes the process more lenient,
shifting the OC curve upward (higher acceptance probability).
 Decreasing acceptance number makes the process more stringent,
shifting the OC curve downward (lower acceptance probability).
b) Describe the effect of sample size and acceptance number on AOQ.
Sample Size (n):

 Increasing n generally improves AOQ by reducing the likelihood of shipping
defective products.
 Decreasing n tends to lower AOQ as it increases the risk of shipping defective
items.

 Increasing c may reduce AOQ by allowing more non-conforming lots to be
accepted.
 Decreasing c can increase AOQ by rejecting more non-conforming lots but may
reduce the average quality of shipped products.
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vi. Conclusions:
In acceptance sampling simulation studies, such as single sampling, key conclusions arise
from the analysis of sample size (n) and acceptance number (c):
Sample Size (n):
i) Increasing n generally enhances quality control, resulting in better product quality for
customers and a lower risk of shipping defective lots.
ii) Decreasing n can compromise quality control, increasing the likelihood of shipping
defective lots.
i) Increasing c makes the plan more lenient, improving the average quality of shipped
products but elevating the risk of non-conforming items.
ii) Decreasing c tightens the plan, improving quality control but potentially reducing the
average quality of shipped products.
iii) Choosing n and c involves a trade-off between quality control, resource use, and the
risk of shipping defects. Organizations should consider their quality needs, customer
satisfaction goals, and cost constraints when designing such plans. These findings
highlight the importance of balancing these factors to meet quality standards while
managing efficiency and customer expectations.
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QDC LAB Experiment No 6, Group-4 - 231017 - 101306

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Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

QDC Laboratory (IM39005)

Group Members: Himanshu Anand -21IM10014

Date of Experiment/Data Collection: 9/10/23

Date of Submission: 16/10/23

Title of the Experiment: Simulation Studies on Acceptance Sampling (Single Sampling)

Measuring Instruments/Apparatus/Software Required: MS Excel, Python

Data Generation Procedure:

….generated via Lucid

o Positive Impact: It improves overall product quality, resulting in a higher AOQ

o Resource-Intensive: It can be resource-intensive, increasing costs due to the labor

o Reliability Concerns: The effectiveness of rectification is critical; incomplete

o Customer Satisfaction: Ineffective rectification can harm customer satisfaction

What is Average Total Inspection (ATI)?

Average Total Inspection (ATI) is a comprehensive quality control

Lot size (N) : 1000 Number of samples to be drawn: 20 for each

Sample Size (n) : 𝑛1 , 𝑛2 Acceptance No (c) : 1, 2

Lot fraction defective (p): 𝑝1 , 𝑝2 from table

Table 1: 𝑁 = 1000 𝑛 = 11, 𝑝 = 0.02, 𝑐 = 1

Table 2: 𝑁 = 1000 𝑛 = 11, 𝑝 = 0.02, 𝑐=2

Probability of Acceptance, pa (experimental) = 1

Table 3: 𝑁 = 1000 𝑛 = 11 , 𝑝 = 0.06, 𝑐=1

Probability of Acceptance, pa (experimental) = 0.6

Table 4: 𝑁 = 1000 𝑛 = 11 , 𝑝 = 0.06, 𝑐=2

Probability of Acceptance, pa (experimental) = 1

Table 5: 𝑁 = 1000 𝑛 = 38, 𝑝 = 0.02, 𝑐=1

Probability of Acceptance, pa (experimental) = 0.7

Table 6: 𝑁 = 1000 𝑛 = 38, 𝑝 = 0.02, 𝑐=2

Probability of Acceptance, pa (experimental) =1

Table 7: 𝑁 = 1000 𝑛 = 38, 𝑝 = 0.06, 𝑐=1

Probability of Acceptance, pa (experimental) = 0.2

Table 8: 𝑁 = 1000 𝑛 = 38 , 𝑝 = 0.06, 𝑐 = 2

Probability of Acceptance, pa (experimental) = 0.55

For each of the above tables: calculate the following

Number of times the lot is accepted

Task II: Construction of OC-Curve, AOQ Curve, ATI Curve

i. OC-Curve for of Pa vs p for different c= 0,1,2,3; with n= 50

ii.OC-Curve of Pa vs p for different n= 10, 25, 50; with c = 2

v. Results and Discussions:

a) Describe the effect of sample size and acceptance number on OC-Curve.

Sample Size (n):

Acceptance Number (c):

b) Describe the effect of sample size and acceptance number on AOQ.

Sample Size (n):

Acceptance Number (c):

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