RFID BASED SYSTEM

COMMUNICATION AND
CONTROL

Radhakanta Koner
HOW DOES RFID WORK?

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is the wireless non-contact use of

radio frequency waves to transfer data. Tagging items with RFID tags
allows users to automatically and uniquely identify and track inventory
and assets. RFID takes auto-ID technology to the next level by allowing
tags to be read without line of sight and, depending on the type of RFID,
having a read range between a few centimeters to over 20+ meters.

RFID has come a long way from its first application of identifying
airplanes as friend or foe in World War II. Not only does the technology
continue to improve year over year, but the cost of implementing and
using an RFID system continues to decrease, making RFID more cost-
effective and efficient.
Inductive Coupling (Near field coupling)

LOAD MODULATION
 Far field coupling

BACK SCATTER MODULATION

RFID can be more costly: Whether it be software or hardware, RFID
requires more costly equipment that needs to be maintained through the
life of the solution. Additionally, tags, whether they be Active, Passive or
Semi-Passive, can set a business back a ways. Although prices have
fallen with RFID upgrades since the 1970s, businesses are still taking a
pass because of the steep prices.

Trouble with metals and liquids: RFID has long had a difficult
relationship working among liquids and metals, as both make it harder to
get proper reads on assets. With metal, the problem stems from the radio
waves bouncing all over the place. Liquids play havoc with RFID in that it
can absorb signals sent from a tag.
Tough-to-grasp technology: Understanding the different tags and
frequencies as well as how to use RFID equipment can be a challenge.
Managers need to be up on the technology so they can train their
employees on the ins and outs of RFID and a new work flow.

The RFID collision course: In dealing with RFID technology, workers

come across reader and tag collisions. With reader collision, a worker
might come across interference from another reader in the field. Tag
collision is a little different, in that workers with readers face issues in
reading an abundance of tags at one time. It happens when more than
one tag reflects a signal, and it confuses the reader.
The RFID systems can be easily disrupted:

RFID systems that use the electromagnetic spectrum (Wi-Fi networks as

well as cell phones), leading to a collision when you are working on the
same frequency and to a lot of delays and inconvenience to consumers
who want to Pay and get out of the store. In addition to the cards that
contain the effective battery that will be questioned continuously at a low
level of the battery if no answer.
 GEOFENCES

Geofences are virtual borders around a physical location

that can be used to trigger events when a user enters or
exists the region.
Blast Zones

When it’s time to conduct blasting to loosen iron ore for extraction, for
example, obviously you need to be sure no people are in the blast zone, so
a geofence can alert the right people if and when this occurs.

Yard and Site

Should your business involve workers transporting supplies or equipment

from a home base (known as a yard) to a temporary work site, creating a
geofence can allow you to easily log the times users come and go between
each area. For example, a concrete truck returning to the yard to fill up,
before heading back to the site to drop off its load.
Confinement

While the applications above have all been about keeping track of who is
entering an area, geofences can also be put in place to keep people in
who are already there. Confinement is where you want someone to stay
within an area, and can be set up to send you an alert should they leave
the specified zone.
Emergency

For use in critical situations, emergency zones can be quickly setup

for evacuation and warning zones. An example of this is a fire zone,
so when such an event occurs an emergency geofence can be
created to cover an area to evacuate. As soon as the area is mapped
out the system can identify which radio users are in the zone and
send out an alert to ensure they leave.
No Go Zones

Functioning similarly to blast and emergency geofences, this is a solution

for areas you don’t want people to go to enter, although not necessarily for
safety reasons. Security-sensitive areas or environmentally protected
zones are good examples.
Speed Limiting

Heavy industrial areas such as mine sites often have certain areas where
you are not to exceed a certain speed limit. A speed limit geofence can
track any incidents of speeding and help you to send any warnings if
necessary.
 RADAR
Radar is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the
range, angle, or velocity of objects.

A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic

waves in the radio or microwaves domain, a transmitting antenna, a
receiving antenna (often the same antenna is used for transmitting and
receiving) and a receiver and processor to determine properties of the
object(s).

Radio waves (pulsed or continuous) from the transmitter reflect off the
object and return to the receiver, giving information about the object's
location and speed.
Slope Monitoring in the Surface Mining Industry has become routine
practice to support mining staff in the management of Geotechnical
risks. Interferometric radar technology used for that.
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