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6. STEEL REINFORCEMENT

6.1 GENERAL

This specification covers general criteria and requirements for materials, manufacturing and
assembling of reinforced steel that critically influence the strength, durability and
constructability of the reinforced steel.

The Contractor has to provide the shop drawing for approval of the Engineer before executing
the Works.

Any the Engineer’s approval also does not reduce the Contractor’s responsibilities with the
Works.

6.2 MATERIALS

Reinforced steel used for concrete structure shall meet the International Standard

6.3 MATERIALS CHARACTERISTICS

MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTH

Bars are of two minimum yield strength levels:

Diameter < 10mm, minimum yield strength levels: SD 290 (2900 kg/cm2)

Diameter ≥ 10mm, minimum yield strength levels: SD 390 (3900 kg/ cm2)

Required properties of steel bars used in reinforced concrete are listed in the following table:

Types, parameters, dimensions (Table 1)

Nominal Diameters Cross Sectional Area Nominal Weight

d, mm Cm 2
1m/kg
6 0.283 0.222

8 0.503 0.395

10 0.785 0.617

12 1.131 0.888

14 1.54 1.21

16 2.01 1.58

18 2.54 2.00

20 3.14 2.46

22 3.80 2.98

25 4.91 3.85

28 6.16 4.83

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Nominal Diameters Cross Sectional Area Nominal Weight

d, mm Cm 2
1m/kg
32 8.01 6.31

36 10.18 7.99

40 12.57 9.87

The mechanical features of structural steel must ensure for the following elements: yield
strength, temporary resistant, relative elongation determined by pulling, bending testing
methods in cool condition, the features per each group of structural steel must follow the
regulations in Table 3:

Table 3

Cool bending test

Yield Strength Temporary Relative
– Thickness of
Structural Diameter N/mm 2 resistant elongation
bending axis
Steel Group mm N/mm2 %
– Diameter of
Not less than structural steel

SD290 10 – 40 300 500 19 C = 3d (1800)

SD390 6 – 40 400 600 14 C = 3d (900)

6.4 WORKMANSHIP

A. SUPPLEMENT

The bars in each lot shall be legibly tagged by the manufacturer’s test and lot number. The
manufacturer shall supply three copies of a certificate showing the heat number from which
each size of bar in the shipment was fabricated.

The sampling testing and inspection of the reinforcement bars may be made at the source of
supply when the quantity to be shipped or other conditions warrant such inspection. Bars not
inspected before shipment will be inspected after arrival on site. Test samples provided shall be
replicated bars not less than 1m long.

B. STORING AND CLEANLINESS OF REINFORCEMENT

Reinforcement steel shall be stored clear of the ground, spaced the store foundation a distance
of 300mm and be adequately supported along its length to prevent distortion.

Reinforcement steel will be arranged to distinguish the grade and diameter of steel
reinforcement.

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Reinforcement shall be clean and free from loose mill scale, loose rust, oil, grease, tar, paint,
salt and other deleterious matter.

Loose scale shall be removed before the bars are used. Then shall be no evidence of pitting or
visual flaw in the bar on the sheared ends.

C. TRANSPORTING OF THE REINFORCEMENT STEEL

When carrying reinforcement steel by man power, the followings shall be observed.

 Weight of steel per carry per person shall not exceed 25kg.

 When carry by more than two persons, steel shall be carried by shoulder.

 When carrying, both ends of the reinforcement steel shall be tied together.

 When laying down, reinforcement steel shall not be suddenly dropped.

 When working together, directions shall be made by signaling.

When transporting reinforcement steel by machinery, the followings shall be observed.

 For transporting steel, a team leader shall be assigned to control the work.

 When hanging steel, allowable load for the machinery shall be checked to
prevent overloading.

 Large quantity of steel shall not be laid on scaffolding or formwork.

 In the proximity of area of hanging steel, unauthorized persons shall not be

allowed.

 Operation of machinery for transporting and hanging steel shall be made by the
person designated by the Contractor.

For prevention of electric shock and other accidents, the followings shall be observed.

 No electric wire shall be laid on ground in the proximity of area of transporting

reinforcement steel.

 Wiring of electric line in the proximity of steel transporting area shall be

installed at height greater than the maximum length of reinforcement steel and
spacing of greater than 2m.

 Steel transporting machinery shall be operated after inspecting the wiring of

electric line.

D. CUTTING AND BENDING OF REINFORCEMENT

Cold worked bars and hot rolled high yield bars shall not be straightened or bent again once
having been bent. Where it is necessary to bend mild steel reinforcement projecting from the
concrete, the internal radius of bend shall be not less than twice the diameter of the bar.

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Heating of bars is not permitted. All bending shall be done cold by the use of an approved
bending machine. Only experienced steel benders and fixers shall be employed.

E. WELDING OF REINFORCEMENT

When fabricating reinforced steel frame and netting, if there is no specific requirements for
designing to follow, theses standards will govern:

 For round and plain steel, welding is at all joint points.

 For edged steel, welding is at all joint points on the two circumference lines.
The other rest points will be welded at the middle on the line which skipped one
line by one line alternately.

 For reinforced steel beam frame, welding is at all the joint points.

The welding points should meet these requirements:

 The surfaces shall be smooth without burns, interruption points, partial

shrinkage and foam.

 Ensure all the welding height and length as the designing standard.

The welding joints shall be inspected by types and plots. Each plots consisted of 100 joints or
100 reinforced steel frame and netting. These plots will be checked as the followings principles:

 Each plot, 5% of the products but not less than 5 samples for checking the
dimensions and 3 samples for checking pulling and 3 samples for checking
bending.

F. FIXING REINFORCEMENT

GENERAL

The quantity, sizes, form, positions and spacing of all steel reinforcement bars shall be in
accordance with the Drawings. All cutting and trimming of bars and wires shall be done cold
with the used of approved manual or power operated cutters. Welding of reinforcement shall
not be permitted except in special circumstances where approved by the Engineer.

Reinforcement projecting from work already concreted shall not be bent out of its correct
position for any reason, unless permitted by the Engineers, and shall be protected from
deformation or other damage.

SPACERS

Spacer blocks shall be placed at regulars’ intervals to support first layers of reinforcement off
the concrete blinding or bottom formwork. Spacers shall be securely fixed to the reinforcement
at the time of placing. The number of spacers shall be the minimum necessary to maintain the

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reinforcement in its correct position. Spacers blocks shall be of standard cement mortar or such
other composition as previously approved by the Engineer.

In slabs provided with two or more layers of reinforcement, the upper layers of steel shall be
supported in position by the use of steel chairs.

G. LAP LENGTH FOR REINFORCED BAR

Binding works (two ends overlapped together) for reinforcement will follow the designing
requirements. There is no binding points at the high-pressured or bending points. In the cross
section of structure, the binding points will not exceed 25% of the total area of cross section for
round bar and not exceed 50% for deformed bar.

Binding works must follow these requirements:

 If there is no specific requirements on the drawings, the length of the binding

should be followed as the following table:

The length of binding of reinforced steel (Table 7)

Types of Binding Length

reinforcement Pulled Area Compressed Area

Beam or Wall Other Structure Reinforced Steel Reinforced Steel

end (with hook) end (without
hook)

Round bar, hot 40d 30d 20d 30d

laminate

Deformed bar, 40d 30d - 20d

hot laminate

Reinforced steel, 45d 35d 20d 30d

cool pull

 When binding, reinforced steel at the pulled area must bend with the round,
plain steel. No bending for edged steel.

 The binding string shall be the soft steel with 1mm diameter.

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H. COVER TO REINFORCEMENT

Except where otherwise shown on the Drawings, the concrete density cover will not exceed 1m
per one point.

Spacers, where used to maintain concrete cover to reinforcement, may be of either concrete or
plastic construction unless otherwise specified. Plastic spacers will be of approved design and
are not to be used to support heavy loads.

The Contractor will supply and fix all chairs required to maintain the reinforcement in the
correct positions.

If not detailed in the contract drawings, the Contractor will propose and obtain approval for the
size and spacing of chairs.

Concrete cover will be made of cement, sand and fine aggregate, gain the minimum 125
kgf/cm2 (cylinder sample) and will match the mix proportions of the surrounding concrete,
being similar in strength, durability and appearance.

I. SETTING UP REINFORCEMENT

The installing and setting up reinforcement works shall followings requirements:

 The components which has been installed and set up will not affect the
components to be installed.

 Having methods to stabilize the location of steel rod so that they will not be
deformed during concrete pouring.

The tolerances for steel rod after being installed will be as the below table:

Tolerances of setting up reinforcement (Table 9)

Permissible Level
Names of Tolerances
mm
1. Tolerances for distance between the
pressured bar separately
a) For high volume structure ±30

b) For beam, wall, column ±10

c) For board, wall and foundation ±20

under frame structure

2. Tolerances for distance between the
lines of reinforced steel with layout of
many lines by the height
a) The structures have the length more ±20

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Permissible Level
Names of Tolerances
mm
than 1m and the foundation under the
structure and technical equipment
b) Beam frame and slab more than ±5
100mm thick.
c) Slab has the thickness of 100mm and ±3
the cover thickness of 10mm
3. Tolerances for distance between reinforced ±10
steel for belt of beam, column, frame and
reinforced steel structure.
4. The partial tolerances of the cover thickness
a) The structure with high volume (> 1m ±20

thick)
b) The foundation under structure and ±10

technical equipment.
c) Column, beam and arch ±5

d) Wall and slab more than 100mm ±5

thick.
e) Wall and slab more than 100mm thick ±3

and cover of 10mm thick.

5. The tolerances of the distance of the bars
disposed in a line:
a) For the wall slab and foundation 25

under frame structure.

b) For the high-volume structure ±40

6. Tolerances and location of reinforced belt ±10

steel compared with the horizontal or cross
(not including the cases the belt reinforced
steel is inclined with the required design.
7. Tolerances of the location of the centre of
steel bars which are placed at the welding
joints of frame on the site with other frames
when the diameters of the bars are:
a) Less than 40mm ±5

b) Equal or more than 40mm ±10

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Permissible Level
Names of Tolerances
mm
8. Tolerances of the location of the welding
points of the bars by the length of the
structure:
a) The frames and foundation, wall ±25

structure.
b) High-volume structure ±50

9. Tolerances of the location of the reinforced

steel components (frame, volume, truss) in
comparison with the design:
a) In the section 50

b) Through the height ±30

J. RUST STAINING

Concrete surfaces which will be exposed to view in the finished works will be protected from
the rust stains of projecting reinforcement by coating the reinforcement with cement grout or
by other approved means.

6.5 TESTING AND ACCEPTING

The Contractor will supply the Engineer with a test certificate from the steel manufacturer
showing compliance with specified requirements.

Two bending tests and two pulling tests will be carried out for each diameter of steel, and for
each time when providing for the Site.

The Engineer may consider a reduced rate of sampling when consistent high quality of the
material has been well established. Conversely, if for any reason the Engineer is not satisfied
with the quality of material, he may instruct the Contractor to further increase the rate of
sampling.

STEEL REINFORCEMENT