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7. PILING WORKS

7.1 GENERAL

This specification covers general criteria and equipments for materials, transporting and storing,
and driving of piles.

Prior to beginning the casting of concrete piling, the Contractor shall give the Engineer ample
notice as to the location of the casting site and the date on which work will begin.

All piping shall be driven or constructed to the tip elevation shown on the drawings, or as
approved otherwise by the Engineer.

Pre-drilling to facilitate driving of pipes shall not be permitted unless shown in the drawings or
the special provisions, or as otherwise approved by the Engineer.

7.2 PREPARATION WORK

MATERIALS

The Contractor based on the design documents, the Employer’s requirements and actual
environmental conditions to establish proceeding methods for piling, in which it clarifies the
followings:

 The technology of pile driving/ pressing

 Intended selective equipment

 The plan for quality assurance, in which it clarifies procedure for putting the pile
down based on the ground conditions, how to arrange pile estrade, no. of pile
in the estrade, method for inspecting vertical level, welding joints, the maximum
depth and methods to ensure for environmental safety & hygiene. …

 Anticipating problems and solutions

 Construction Progress ….

A. PILE

Main body of pipe shall be of Pretensioned spun high strength concrete (PHC,PC) pile,
manufactured with the pretension method of applying centrifugal force.

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Mechanical Properties Table for PHC & PC piles

Outer Thickness Type Cracking Shearing Breaking Length Effective Allowable Weight
diameter (mm) bending Strength moment by (m) Prestress Axial (t/m)
(mm) moment (tf) bending (kgf/cm2) Load

(tfm) (tfm) (tf)

 Pile shall be manufactured by authorized manufacturer through processing the

Centrifugal Force Method. The manufacturer shall furnish detailed information
and data on the strength of concrete piper, reinforce for non-tensile part and, in
case of pre-stressing, its design document.

 Tip of Pipe shall be of material sufficiently safe for driving and adequate for
ground condition.

 Head part of Pipe shall have sufficient strength to withstand the blow.

 Do not use the pile too far deviated in size and exceed the regulations as
mentioned in Table 1, and the pile with the cracks of more than 0.2 mm in
width. The depth of the corner cracks is not over 10 mm, total area of notching,
corner losing and beehive roughing not exceeding 5% of total pile surface and
not too deep concentration.

ALLOWED DEVIATIONS FOR PILE DIMENSION (TABLE 1)

No. Structural Dimension Allowed Deviation
1 Pile Length, m≤ 10 ± 30 mm
2 Edge dimension (outer diameter), section of solid pile + 5 mm
(or central hollow pile)
3 Length of pile top ± 30 mm
4 Flexure of pile (convex or concave) 10 mm
5 Sagging level of the pile 1/100 of the pile knot
length
6 Deviation of pile top from the center 10 mm
7 Inclining angle of the piling head face from
perpendicular plane of pile axis:
- Polygonal section pile Inclining 1%

- Round Pile Inclining 0.5%

8 Space between the suspension hook and pile head ± 50 mm

9 Deviation between suspension hook and pile axis 20 mm

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No. Structural Dimension Allowed Deviation

10 Thickness of protective concrete layer ±5 mm
11 Twist or hoop reinforced steel step ± 10 mm
12 Space between the key reinforced steel bars ± 10 mm
13 Diameter of hollow pile ± 5 mm
14 Thickness of hole side ± 5 mm
15 Dimension of hollow compared to pile core ± 5 mm

B. PRODUCT DELIVERY, STORAGE AND HANDLING

When loading on the transporting vehicle, supporting timber and pedestal shall be properly
arranged, and the piles shall be tightly fastened with wire to prevent crack or damage to the
pile during transportation.

Transportation, storage, driving of pile into the down position must follow the preventive
actions from pile damage. When transport Reinforced Concrete (RC) as well as unloading them
to the gathering yard, there must be wooden props under the crane hooks. Strictly forbidden to
roll or pull Pile with string.

The storage keeping the pile shall be located on flat area of hard ground so that deformation of
pipe due to settlement of ground can be prevented and proper drainage measures shall be
made.

When storing piles, supporting timber and pedestal shall be properly arranged to prevent
occurrence of excessive stress in pile. Location of supporting timber shall be the same for all
rows of stacks.

C. EQUIPMENTS

PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENT

Depending on the existing capacity of the equipment, the geological conditions of the
construction, the designing regulations on piling depth and maximum allowed depth, the
Contractor can choose suitable pile method. Principles for selecting hammer as follows:

 Enough capacity to put the pile down to designing depth with the maximum
allowed depth as specified in designed document, through the thick soil layer
even the hard cladding layer;

 Causing the dynamic press not over the allowed press pf pile to limit the risk of
cracking pile

 Total of hammering times or total time of pile leading is not over the limiting
value in the design to prevent the risk of tired pile;

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 The maximum allowed depth of pile is not too tiny can caused to damage of
hammer head.

HAMMER

It is general practice to use steam hammer, air harmer, water pressure hammer or diesel
hammer.

Diesel hammer of closed type ram shall be of standard capacity and device measuring its
output capacity shall be attached to the hammer.

PILE CUSHION

The slots between the side face and the cushion of the pile is not over 1 cm each.

A suitable pile cushion of adequate thickness, preferably greater than 10 cm, shall be provided
between the cap and pile top.

The pile cushioning material shall be replaced before the thickness of hammer cushion is
compressed by 50% of the original thickness

HAMMER CUSHION

 On all pile driving equipments, except for the gravity hammer type equipment,
hammer cushioning materials of adequate thickness shall be attached to
prevent damage to hammer or pile and to secure free and uniform movement
of hammer.

 Materials for hammer cushion shall be durable to maintain long lasting uniform
function of cushioning. But, wood, wire rope or asbestos hammer cushions shall
not be used.

 Steel plate for hammering shall be placed on hammer cushion to secure uniform
compression of cushioning material.

 Hammer cushion shall be inspected before and after execution of pile driving
and every 100 hours.

 The hammer cushioning material shall be replaced before the thickness of

hammer cushion is reduced by greater than 25%

LEADS

 Piles shall be supported in alignment and position with leads while being driven

 Leads shall be designed and constructed to afford freedom of movement of the

hammer and to permit proper placing of batter piles.

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 Leads shall preferably be of sufficient length to be firmly supported on the

ground space.

FOLLOWERS

 The driving of piling with followers shall be done only under written permission
from the Engineer.

 When followers are used, and if deemed necessary by the Engineer, one pile
from each group of 10 (ten) shall be a long pile driven with a follower, and shall
be used as a test pile to determine the average load capacity of the group.

PILE PRESSING

Selecting the piling equipment need to satisfy the following requirements:

 The capacity of equipment is not less than 1.4 time of the biggest pressing force
as regulated in the design

 The pressing force of the equipment must ensure right effect on the pile coax
central vertical when driving pile from top and regular distributing on the side
face of pile when embedding, not caused horizontal force on the pile.

 The equipment must obtain the inspection certificate for dead-time on the
pressure gauge and oil valves together with the calibration adjustment issued by
the authorize organization

 Piling equipment must ensure for safety running condition and safety labor when
operating.

Selecting reaction system for piling work depending much on the features of the Site,
characteristics of the construction, geology as well as capacity of piling equipment. It is possible
to create the reaction system by tightly twisting anchorage underground or arranging load by
heavy items on the ground in pre-piling or the anchorages available in the construction
foundation in order to use the construction weight as the reaction system in the post-piling
method. In all cases, the total weight of the reactions system should not be less than 1.1 times
of the biggest pressing force as specified in the design.

7.3 PILE LOAD TEST

A. GENERAL

The purpose of carrying out pile driving test is to confirm on the design bearing capacity, soil
condition, design length of pile, construction period and applicability of construction equipments
and the pile driving test shall always be carried out in the presence of the Engineer.

Therefore, the Contractor should carry out the loading test for the pile before proceeding series
of piling.

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The method of loading test should be followed by Engineer’s directions

QUANTITY OF TESTING PILE

If it is not specified in the designing document, corresponding to each diameter, length, bearing
capacity of pile from the quantity of trial piles must be more than 1% of pile quantity and
minimum at least 2 piles.

B. STATIC LOAD TEST

Before proceeding series of piling, the Contractor must carry out the static loading test for the
pile.

The Contractor must establish the pile static loading test thesis and submit for the Engineer’s
approval before implementing.

The test must follow strictly the approved designing document. Its content must mention the
followings:

 Features of construction

 Features of the ground at the constructing site and at the testing position

 Characteristics of the trial piles (quantity, type, size, bearing capacity),

 Proceeding method

 Resting time of pile after completing proceeding until testing

 Trial capacity and greatest change of pile position as anticipated.

 Method and procedure for loading extending

 Anticipation on the time, progress of trial organizing.

 Requirements on testing equipments

 Other necessary requirements.

TESTING EQUIPMENT

Equipment for test pile driving shall be the same type of equipment as the one to be used in
actual construction work or otherwise approved by the Engineer.

Testing equipment includes loading extending system, reaction system and measuring &
surveying system.

The loading extending system include jack, pump and hydraulic system to ensure not leaking,
safety operate under the pressure not less than 150% of working pressure. The hydraulic jack
must ensure the following requirements:

 Pertaining lifting force to meet the biggest capacity as anticipating

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 Pertaining the loading extending capacity or loading reducing capacity suitable

for testing document

 Able to keep the load stable not less than 24 hours.

 Pertaining procedure sufficient to meet the requirement of changing the position

of the biggest pile head as anticipated plus the deformation of reaction system;

 When using several jacks, the jacks must be at least in the same type, same
specification and being operated on one pump.

Measuring & surveying system includes load measuring equipment, tool affecting on pile head,
measuring the position change of pile, water-level machine, standard girder and the pile head
cladding tool.

Capacity affected on the pile head is measured by the available pressure gauge in the hydraulic
system. The pressure gauge should be calibrated synchronically with the jack and hydraulic
system with the accuracy up to 5%. Otherwise, the calibration may be only done for pressure
gauge.

Change the measured pile head position by 2 -4 of transposing meter with the accuracy up to
0.01 mm, the moving procedure of at least 50 mm or sufficient to measure the biggest
transposing.

Water-level machine used for measure the movement space, transposing of loading frame,
anchorage system, standard girder for transposing cladding and main girder … and transpose of
pile head. The data of pile head transposing from the water-level machine is only used as draft
inspecting data.

The equipments or measuring load and transpose must be inspected and calibrated periodically.
The certificates must still remain the effectiveness.

Components used for transpose measurement equipment installation includes wooden or steel
standard girder and steel pile head cladding tool must ensure for slight deformation due to
weather conditions.

The reaction system must be designed possible to bear the reaction not less than 120% of the
biggest trial capacity as intended. Depending on the testing conditions, it is possible to choose
one of three following structures as the reaction system:

 Main girder (capacity bearing girder) cooperate with loading frame

 Main girder coordinating with bearing capacity girder system connected with
anchorages

 Combination of the two structures above.

The structural parts of the reaction system must ensure the following requirements:

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 Each kind of girder (main girder, support girder of loading frame, bearing
capacity cooperating with anchorage) must by in the same kind, strength,
harden and size)

 Depth of anchorage top (anchorage pile or ground anchorage) is not greater

than the depth of trial pile

 Total weight of counterpoise inclusive the loading frame, main girder … is not
less than 120% of the anticipated biggest trial weight.

TESTING PREPARATION

The test is only carried out for the piles spent enough time for recovery of the demolished land
during construction. The resting time will be from ending proceeding until testing regulated as
follows:

 Minimum 21 days for stuffing drilled pile

 Minimum 7 days for other piles

The jack must be placed directly on the cushion of pile head, right in the center of the pile core.
When using several jacks, they must be arranged so as the capacity is transmitted in the center
of axis vertically on the pile head.

The space of equipment installation is as follows:

 From the core of trial pile to the core of anchored pile or away from the ground
anchorage ≥ 3D but in all cases not less than 2m

 From the core of trial to the closest point of propping cushions ≥ 3D but in all
cases not less than 1.5 m;

 From the trial piles to the propping cushions of standard girders ≥ 4.5 m

 From the standard landmark to trial piles, anchorage and cushion of loading
frame ≥ 3D but in all cases not less than 2.5 m

PROCEDURE OF EXTENDING LOAD

Before starting testing officially, extending load in advance in order to inspect the operation of
testing equipment and create the good contact between the equipment and pile head. Pre-
extending load will be carried out by effecting on the pile head around 5% of design capacity
and reducing the load down to zero; following up the operation of testing equipment. The time
for extending and keeping load at zero level around 10 minutes.

The test is carried out in accordance with the load extending procedure and reducing load at
each grade, calculated by (%) of designing load. The new loading level is only increased or
reduced when transposing (slump) or the recovering level of the pile head achieving regulated
stability or enough time as regulated.

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The standard procedure for extending load must be carried out as follows:

 Load extension for each level up to the regulated biggest trial load as
anticipated; each load extending grade not over than 25% of designing loading
is only increased when the speed of cladding the pile achieving the regulated
stability but not over than 2 hours. Keep the highest loading level until the
slump of pile head achieve the regulated stability or after 24 hours, taking
which one is longer.

 After ending loading extension, if the pile is not damaged, down the loading
level to zero, each grade will be reduced load down 2 times of loading extension
level and the load keeping time of each grade is 30 minutes, for the zero
loading level alone may last longer but not more than 6 hours.

If there are demands on cycling test, the load extension is carried out as follows:

 The 1st cycle: extending the load to the regulated load (normally to 100% of
designing load), then reducing the load to zero. The value of each level of
extending load or reducing load and load keeping time in accordance with the
standard load extension procedure

 The 2nd cycle: re-extending load to the final level of the 1st cycle; the load
keeping time of each level is 30 minutes, continue until the final level of the 2nd
cycle, then reducing the load down to zero as mentioned in Step (a)

 Extending load for the next cycle repeated as mention in step (b) until the
damaged load or the anticipated biggest load; in principle, the final load level of
the later cycle must be greater than the previous one.

Do not depend on the test purpose, the time, load and pile head transposing value must be
measured and recorded as soon as increasing or reducing load and following the regulated time
in Table 7.1. It is possible to measure the horizontal moving value of pile head, transposing
value of reaction system or standard girder if required.

Time for following up the slump and recording data

(TABLE 7.1)
Load level Time for following and reading data
Load extending level Not over 10 minutes/ time for the first 30 minutes
Not over 15 minutes/ time for the next 30 minutes
Not over 30 minutes/ time for the next one hour
Not over 1 hour/ time for the next 10 hours
Not over 2 hours/ time for > the final 12 hours
Load re-extension and reducing level Not over 10 minutes/ time for the first 30 minutes

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Load level Time for following and reading data

Not over 15 minutes/ time for the next 30 minutes
Not over 1 hour/ time for the time > 1 hour

The speed of pile head transposing achieving the following value will be considered as the
regulated stability:

 Not over 0.25 mm/ h for piles driving into the large piece soil layer, sand soil
and clay from plastic to hard.

 Not over 0.1 mm/ h for the friction pile into the soft plastic clay

The biggest trial load as specified in the design will normally be taken as follows:

 For the surveying trial piles: equivalent to the damaged load or 250 – 300% of
designing load;

 For the inspecting trial piles: 150 – 200% of designing load.

Following up and handling some cases possible to occur in the load extending process:

 The load extending level value may be increased in the first levels if considering
that the piles are not slumped insignificantly or reduced when extending load
near the damaged load in order to determine accurately the damaged load.

 In case that the piles have got the signs of damage under the biggest load level
as anticipated, it is possible to reduce back to the previous load level and keep
the load as regulated.

 In case that the piles are under the anticipated load level but still not yet
damaged, if the design requires to determine the damaging load and the
allowed load extending condition, it is possible to continue extending load, take
10% of designing load for each loading level and the load extending time
between the levels is 5minutes to determine the damage load.

Drawing diagram on the relationship between the transposing load and transposing time at
each load level in order to follow up the happenings of the testing process.

During trial time, need to regularly observe and follow up the status of trial piles, the elastic
level of ground anchorage or anchorage pile joint-steel with bearing girder system, the moving
space of loading frame … in order to gain the prompt solution.

The surveying trial piles will be considered damaged when:

 The total pile head transposing is exceeding over 10% of diameter or section
width of pile inclusive the elastic deformation of pile if necessary.

 Pile materials are damaged

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The inspecting trial piles will be considered not met the requirements when:

 The piles are damaged as mentioned above

 Total pile head transposing under the biggest testing load and excessive
deformation of piles exceeds over the value mentioned in the document.

The test will be considered end when:

 Achieve the testing objective in the document

 The trial piles are damaged

The test must be ceased temporarily if detecting the following problems:

 The standard landmarks are placed wrongly, unstably or damaged

 Jacks or measuring equipment don’t work or inaccurate

 The reaction system is not stable

The test will be continued after handling and overcoming the problem

The test will be demolished if detected:

 The piles were already pressed before extending load

 The problems as mentioned above can not be overcome.

After completion of loading test, the Contractor shall report the results to the Engineer for
confirmation and shall determine the number of pile and driving depth for the Work.

QUALITY CONTROL

The Contractor submit the Forms for Approval from the Engineer before begin the
works.
C. DYNAMIC LOAD TEST

Dynamic load testing shall be performed during pile driving work. Wave speed shall be
measured for pile prior to setting up the pole for loading test. When measuring the wave speed,
pile shall be laid down horizontally on flat ground, and measure shall be taken to prevent
contact with other piles.

Pile shall be driven down to the depth of reaching ultimate bearing capacity.

During driving of pile, the stress acting on pile shall be monitored and controlled to stay below
the allowable value.

When necessary, striking energy transmitted to pile shall be reduced to maintain the stress
below the allowable value by adding cushion or by reducing the output hammer energy.

After completion of dynamic loading test, the Contractor shall report the results to the Engineer
for confirmation and shall determine the number of pile and driving depth for the Work.

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When passed 24 hours from the completion of dynamic pile load testing, test instrument shall
be attached to the pile and pile shall be re-driven. Penetration depth of pile during re-driving
shall be less than 150mm, and the number of hammering shall be less than 50 times.

QUALITY CONTROL

For observing and recording the test method and results, the Contractor may employ
independent testing institute.

Testing recording shall include the type and size of testing equipments, methods of verification
and recording, test results, method of pile driving and suggestions/ recommendations.

Dimensions of tested pile and movement or twist of pile form testing shall be precisely
recorded.

Dynamic load testing shall be carried out during execution of pile driving.

D. TEST ON BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES

Regarding the bearing capacity of pile after driving, certain number of static pile load test or
dynamic pile load test shall be carried out to confirm the required design bearing capacity, and
the test results shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval. If required bearing capacity is
not secured, the Work shall be stopped immediately and the Contractor shall establish and
implement corrective measure under the Engineer’s approval.

7.4 WORKMANSHIP

A. PREPARATION OF WORK

INVESTIGATION

 Prior to piling work, existing underground facilities and obstacles on ground shall
be surveyed and removed as required.

 Ground investigation shall be carried out prior to piling work to confirm the
adequacy of ground condition for piling.

 Ground surface shall be leveled and improved prior to installation of piling

equipments

INSPECTION AND REPAIR OF EQUIPMENT

Pile driving equipment, supplement machinery and other devices shall be inspected prior to pile
driving as follows.

 The Contractor must provide the profile of the equipments which are calibrated
by the Governmental organizations.

 Pile driving equipments shall be inspected and repaired prior to pile driving work
for safe, accurate and prompt execution of the Work.

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 Guide direction shall be promptly set to drive pile in correct direction, and it
shall be installed in proper manner so that excessive vibration, movement or
inclination of pile during the piling work.

 For pile driving equipment with drop hammer, diesel hammer or water pressure
hammer, measurement readings shall be clearly marked on hammer to easily
measure the dropping height of hammer from long distance.

B. TYPE AND LENGTH OF PILE

Pile shall be driven to the depth specified in the design document to secure the required
bearing capacity. The bearing capacity of pile shall be confirmed by execution of test pile
driving, analysis of bearing capacity and loading test.

Length of pile shall be long enough to secure the required depth and bearing capacity as
specified in the design document.

C. DRIVING PILE

SETTING UP PILE

 Angle of lead and wire shall be maintained at less 30 0 during pile driving work,
and they shall not rotate around the pile

 Pile driving equipment shall not travel at any condition while hanging the pile

 Pile shall be set up to angle of pile axis as specified in the design document, and
the set up pile shall be inspected by the Engineer.

WORKMANSHIP

 Pile head shall be protected form damage by use of pile cap or shoe which
confirmed by the Engineer.

 Procedure of pile driving work shall be established based on the work schedule,
ground condition, pile type and arrangement, construction method and
equipment and other site conditions.

 Piles shall be driven at interval and location as specified in the design document.

 When driving pile on the planned surface of expansive foundation, inside piles
shall be driven before driving the surrounding piles.

 When necessary, device supporting pile in lateral direction shall be attached to

the equipment to prevent movement of pile due to occurrence of excessive
bending stress or deviation from range of allowable error.

 Original concentric axes of hammer and pile shall be maintained during pile
driving work by combining the striking cap and supporting post.

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 If the resisting force of pile is suddenly decreased, its cause shall be inspected
and rectified.

 Pile shall be cut off at the elevation as specified in the design document and if
pile is damaged during cutting, it shall be removed or repaired.

 For piles with internal defect, piles deviated from the correct location and piles
not reaching the target elevation, corrective measures, such replacing the pile or
driving additional pile, shall be implemented for rectification

 If any critical deformation is detected during inspection on the driven pile, the
pile shall be removed and replaced at the Contractor’s cost.

PRE-BORING

The Contractor need to review all method of driving piles through geological layers such as pre-
boring before piling or flushing water away methods.

When vibrating and driving the hallowed round plate pile, there must be methods to prevent
the cracks or damages of piles:

 To avoid increase air pressure inside the pile due to tight cover, should use pile
head cover with the hallows which have got total area not less than 0.5% of the
vertical section area of piles;

 To avoid the arising of dangerous hydrodynamic pressure from the water of soil
inside the pile which may cause to the cracks of piles- pipe of Reinforced
concrete, need to have the water suction or air transmitting method.

In order to forecast the damages that may occur during vibrating and driving pile, need to use
the acceleration equipment. Otherwise, observing the consuming level of hammer capacity (or
electrical energy) and vibration amplitude of the pile. If the hammer capacity and vibration
amplitude of pile increases, vibrating hammer joint and pile head still tight but the pile driving
speed reduces, it is proved that the pile top already touched some obstacles; at that time, stop
the machine, try to find the way to eliminate the obstacles by removing soil inside the pile and
pumping water to wash the pile bottom.

When vibrating and diving pile in the sand and clay mixed sand at the final stage, the
Contractor should reduce the frequency and vibrate the pile around 7 -10 minutes at the
designing depth to tight the soil inside and surround pile.

The pile which does not meet the designing allowed maximum depth, the Contractor must re-
drive the pile for inspection after the resting time as regulated. The resting time of pile is not
less than:

 3 days when driving piles through sand layer

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 6 days when driving piles through clay layer

The inspected allowed depth for inspection is measured by three last kinds of hammers. For
single hammer and diesel hammer, 10 strokes/ series, for steam hammer, one series is 2
minutes, and for the vibrating hammer, one series is also the time that the hammer works in
two minutes.

In case that the allowed maximum depth when piling for inspection is still greater than the
designing depth, the Contractor must report immediately to the Engineer for instruction.

In case that The Contractor changes parameters of hammers or piles already specified in the
design, the extra allowed maximum depth e and the full allowed maximum depth e + c

(3)

If the extra allowed maximum depth, e is less than 0.2cm (with the condition that the hammer
used for driving suitable for the requirements mentioned above), the full allowed maximum
depth (equivalent to the total of elastic allowed maximum depth and the extra allowed
maximum depth), need to satisfy the following conditions:

(4)

In the above formulas:

e – extra allowed maximum depth, cm, equivalent to the slump of the pile determined from one
strike of hammer and 1 working minute of vibrating hammer;

c – elastic allowed maximum depth (elastic transposing of ground and pile), cm, determined by
the measurement tools of allowed maximum depth;

n – referred co-efficient in accordance with Table 5, T/m 2;

Co-efficient n (Table 5)

Type of pile Co-efficient n (T/m2)

Reinforced Steel pile with cushion 150

Steel pile with cushion 500

F – the area in accordance with the exterior perimeter of the solid or hallow pile (regardless of
with of without spearhead), m2;

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Ett – calculating energy of the striking, ton.cm, taken from Article 2.1 for diesel hammer,
hanging hammer and dynamic single hammer taken equal to QH; when using the dynamic
double steam hammer, take from the records on the machine, for the vibrating hammer, taken
in accordance with the energy converted from the no. of strikes, specified in Table 6:

Converted energy (Table 6)

Compelling force 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Energy converted 450 900 1300 1750 2200 2650 3100 3500
from no. of strikes

Q – the weight of striking section of hammer, T;

H – the actual dropping height of the hammer’s striking section, cm;

K – the safety co-efficient on the ground, taking k=1.4 in the formula (3) and k=1.25 in the
formula (4); in the bridge constructing, if the no. of piles in the post is greater than 20, k=1.4;
from 11 – 20 piles, k=1.6; from 6 – 10 piles, k=1.65; from 1 – 5 piles, k=1.75;

P – the bearing capacity of the pile in accordance with the design, T;

M – the co-efficient, taken equal to 1 for the striking hammer and taken in accordance with
Table 7 in for vibrating hammer;

QT – full weight of hammer or vibrating hammer, T;

 - smashed recovering co-efficient, taken 2=0.2 when drive the reinforced concrete pile and
steel pile with the wooden cushion, when using vibrating hammer, taken 2=0;

q – the weight of pile and cushion, T;

q1 – the weight of cushion pile, ton; when using vibrating hammer, q 1=0;

h – the height of diesel hammer h=50cm; for the others, h=0

 - area of the side face of pile, m2;

g – gravitation field acceleration (g=9.81m/gy 2)

When calculating per the reduced formula of dynamic Halley, the allowed maximum depth can
be tested in accordance with the following formula:

(4a)

e – allowed maximum depth of pile (calculated averagely for the last 20cm), m;

ef – mechanical efficient of the pile driving hammer; some suggested values are as follows:

 Automatic free dropping hammer, ef=0.8

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 Diesel hammer, ef=0.8

 Free dropping hammer lifted by cable, ef=0.4

 Dynamic single steam hammer, ef=0.6

Co-efficient M (Table 7)

The soil type under the pile spearhead Co-efficient M

Grit gravel mixed with sand 1.3

Sand: crude & medium seed 1.2

- relative tight small seed 1.1

- relative tight dust sand 1.0

Soft clay mixed sand, sand mixed clay & hard clay 0.9

Sand mixed clay and clay – half hard 0.8

Sand mixed clay and clay – hard soft 0.7

Notes: when the sand is tight, the value of co-efficient M increase more 60%

H – the dropping height of the hammer, m;

Wr – the weight of striking hammer, T;

Qu – maximum bearing capacity of pile, generally taken the safety co-efficient F s≥3
Lp – length of pile, m;
F – area of pile section, m2
Ee – elastic module of piling material, T/m 2
Only allow to use the water flushing away method to drive the pile at the places far away from
existing house and construction above 20m. To reduce pressure, flow of water and pump
capacity, need to co-operate flushing away method with driving and pressing pile head by
hammer cushion. When required to flush away water in sand and clay mixed sand at the depth
of more than 20 m, need to be together with the compressed air pump around 2 – 3 m3/
minute at the flushing away.

For the pile and cartridge pile with the diameter less than 1m, allow to use the flushing pipe
placed in the mid of the section. For the cartridge piles with the diameter greater than 10,
should place the flushing pipe along the perimeter of cartridge pile with the space between
them is 1 – 1.5 m.

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When leading the pile to the final meter, stop flushing water, continue driving or vibrating the
pile until achieving the designing maximum depth in order to ensure for the bearing capacity of
the pile.

Necessary water pressure, flow is up to the diameter, depth of pile and type of soil can be
referred in Table 10.

WATER PRESSURE FOR FLUSHING AWAY (TABLE 10)

Pressure Interior diameter (mm)/ flow

column at (L/minute) for diameters, cm
Depth
Type of soil waterspou
(m)
t 30-50 50-70
(T/ m ) 2

Mud, clay mixed sand flowing 5-15 4-8 37/400-1000 50/1000-1500

Fine sand, dirt, flow, flowing
15-25 8-10 68/1000-1500 80/1500-2000
plastic and soft mud
Clay & sand mixed clay 25-35 10-15 80/1500-2500 106/2000-3000
Mid rough seed and mixed gravel
5-15 6-10 50/1000-1500 68/1500-2000
sand
Plastic clay mixed sand 15-25 10-15 80/1500-2500 106/2000-3000
Sand mixed clay and hard plastic 106-131/2500-
25-35 8-20 106/2500-3000
clay 4000

Notes: when re-drive in compensation for the long piles, in order to utilize the hammer
capacity, after stop flushing water away in the center, continue flushing the outside of the
upper part of the pile. Use two flushing pipes with interior diameter from 50 mm to 68 mm.

The piles are only stopped driving when achieving one in two following conditions:

 The allowed maximum depth is less than the designing maximum dept

 The pile length is equal to the actual depth

D. PRESSING PILE

The pile top need to be erected carefully, inspected in two perpendicular directions so that the
centric deviation is not over 10 mm. Force effecting on the pile will be increased gradually in
order for the speed through not over 1 cm/s. When detecting the inclined pile, need to stop
pressing for adjustment.

Pressing the next piles inclusive following piles:

 Check the surface of tow ends of the pile, correct it very flat; check very
detailed connections; place the pile into the position so that concentric axis of

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the pile is the same with the pile top, the inclination of the pile top from the
vertical face is not over 1%.

 Load extension on the pile is around 10 – 15% of the designing load during the
connected welding to create the contact between two surfaces of the concrete,
carry out the connected welding in accordance with the regulation in the design.

 Increase gradually the pressing force for the pile driven into the soil with the
speed not over 2 cm/s;

 Do not stop the pile top in the hard plastic clay too long (due to connected
welding or at the late stage of pressing shift …)

CONNECTION OF PILE

Piles shall be joined and connected by the method of arc welding.

Only start connected welding of the piles when:

 The dimension of the code list follows the design;

 Pile axis is already checked the upright in two perpendicular directions

 The surface at the end of two connecting piles must be contacted tightly
together.

The connected welding of the pile must ensure to follow the design on bearing capacity, does
not have the following defects:

 The size of the connected welding is deviated from the design

 The height or width of the connected welding in not even

 The connected welding is not straight, surface of the connected welding is

rough, devoured, over temperature, spreading melt, mixing rust, cracked …

E. CUTTING OFF PILE

Pile shall be cut in axial and perpendicular directions at the elevation as specified in the design
document, and any damaged part shall be neatly adjusted.

Pile head shall be embedded into the foundation concrete structure up to the depth specified in
the design document.

When finishing the heads of concrete piles after cutting them at certain height, special care
shall be taken to prevent cracks to the body of pile and to reduce pre-stress.
F. DAMAGE PILE
If a pile is broken at any time during construction, it will be rejected and replaced with a
satisfactory member at no expense to the Employer.

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For piles damaged due to its internal defects or form improper piling work or embedded at
location deviated from the planned location, corrective measures shall be established by the
Contractor and shall be submitted to the Engineer for confirmation.
G. ALLOWABLE ERROR AND INSPECTION
The deviation of pile axis compared to the designed position on the surface not over the value
in accordance with Table 11 or as specified in the design.
DEVIATION ON THE SPACE (TABLE 11)
Pile type and how to arrange pile Allowed deviation of pile axis on the space
1. Pile with side or diameter up to0.5 m 0.2d
a) When arrange one row of pile 0.2d
b) When arrange a group of 2 – 3 rows 0.3d
- Edge pile
- Mid- pile
c) When arrange over 3 rows on the pile 0.2d
mass
- Edge pile
- Mid- pile
d) Single pile 0.4d
e) Propping pile 5 cm
2. The hallowed round piles with the 3 cm
diameter from 0.5 to 0.8m
a) Edge pile 10 cm
b) Mid- pile 15 cm
c) Single Pile under column 18 cm
3. Driving pile through leading drilled pile The deviation of pile axis on the final level of
(when construct bridge) the leading pile is already installed tightly
not over 0.025 D at the dock (D – water
depth at the place for installing leading pile)
and ± 25 mm at the dock without water

Notes: The no. of deviated piles should not be over 25% in the total pile when arrange in rows;
not over 5% when arrange in groups. The possibility of using the pile with the deviation greater
than the value in this table will be regulated by the design.

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