CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

1
 Introduction

Waste – is a very subjective matter and it varies from person to person depending upon the
usage and requirement. Solid waste or refuse could be old newspaper, meal scraps, grass
clippings, broken furniture, street sweepings, industrial refuse etc. One can also term waste as
a material produced as a result of human activity. Municipal solid waste emerges from
households, commercial establishments, office buildings, institutions. Increase in the urban
population, change in eating habits and sociocultural habits, increase in standard of living,
technology pervading everyday lives are few of the reasons by which waste has become a
complex product by itself to handle. To maintain a clean environment and making it fit for
habitation these wastes have to be managed in a scientific manner.

1. Collection of waste:
a) House to House Collection:
BBMP is providing daily waste collection service to all the households, slums, shops and
establishment. About 80 % of the collection and transportation activities has been outsourced.
Auto tipper / Autos and pushcarts are used for the primary collection. An Auto tipper has
been provided for every 1000 households and a pushcart for every 200 households. About
20000 pourakarmikas are being utilised (both BBMP and contractors) in door to door
collection, street sweeping and transportation of MSW. Self Help Group’s (SHGs) and
Residential Welfare Association (RWAs) are also involved in door to door collection,
segregation & decentralized composting in some of the areas.

b) Vegetable/ Fruit Market Waste:

 Separate system has been put in place or collection of waste from the Large Vegetable
and Fruit markets. The Vendors are directed to store the waste in their premises and is
collected by the Pourakarmikas and it is ensured that the market waste is transported
to Compost plants.

2
c) Construction Demolition Waste:
 Debris, sand, earth, bricks, building materials, etc. were dumped on roads and
footpaths causing hazards to traffic and pedestrians. In order to streamline the
Collection of C&D waste, BBMP has identified 7 sites and taken authorization for
disposal of Construction and debris waste.
 Draft guidelines on C&D waste have been prepared and objections called and as
Central Government is preparing the C&D Policy, the same shall be adopted once
finalized. Further it is proposed to arrange for collection and transportation of debris
through appointed contractors who can be allowed to charge the generators at a
predetermined rate. The contractors can also be allowed to recycle or “sell” such
debris to other construction sites that require land filling or it can also be used for
making brick and tiles. It is mandatory for citizens to get their debris removed through
the helpline system.
Debris generated from individual home/ office/ school etc will be charged, depending on the
quantity. Since new rules of C&D (Management and Handling) Rules are under formulation
the same shall be adopted once it is published.

d) Collection Mechanism for Bulk Waste Generators

 A separate system has been put in place to collect waste from large waste producers
like hotels, restaurants, marriage halls, markets, offices, etc. As per the High Court
directions, the BBMP as notified Bulk Generators to segregate waste into different
categories and manage their waste either in-situ or to utilize the services of BBMP
Empanelled Service Providers.
 In this regard BBMP is facilitating the Bulk Generators with options of authorized
service providers to engage for collection, transportation and processing of MSW.
SWM Service Provider Empanelment program aims to create a platform for solid
waste service providers to enlist themselves. It will also ensure that Bulk Generators
can meet the requirement of segregated waste processing in a responsible
decentralized way.
 Empanelment of service providers for various categories of MSW has been taken up
and the first list has been published empanelling 60 service providers. The
empanelment process is continued.

3
 Also as a novel initiative BBMP has entered into an Agreement with Bruhat
Bangalore Hoteliers Association for setting up a Biometanization unit of 250 MTPD
of wet waste generated in hotels. As per the Agreement 5 acres of land has been
handed over to Bruhat Bangalore Hoteliers Association on permissive use basis for a
period of 20 years.
 All waste generators are covered by door to door except Bulk Waste Generators. At
present 85% of the waste is collected from households.

2. Segregation of Waste:

 Segregation at source has been emphasized. IEC activities are being intensified and
penalties are being levied for noncompliance. The households are required to
segregate their wastes into two categories namely wet and dry waste. At the later
stage, household hazardous waste like discarded medicine, sanitary napkins, diapers,
batteries paints etc, is proposed to be collected separately.
 Dry waste Management When access to dry waste is given to the collector, it acts as
an inbuilt incentive for them to encourage / coax each generator to segregate their
waste. It has to be remembered that not all dry waste is recyclable. Residents are not
always able to give away all the dry waste produced by them. While they may be able
to sell / hand over plastics, paper, card board, metals, etc to waste pickers, etc., there
would be some dry waste which has no resale value; this would include thin plastics,
broken tube lights & bulbs, small empty bottles, and the like. The dry waste does not
decompose and hence it is possible for the generators to store it for a longer period.
Thus it is proposed to fix weekly twice / thrice collection frequency in areas
generating less waste.
 Recycling of waste is also possible by setting up purchase / processing centers for dry
waste, like plastics, paper, etc. About 185 Dry Waste Collection Centers ( DWCC)
have been established BBMP. It is one of its kinds and first time in a metro a DWCC
concept is established. These DWCC called Kartavya – meaning duty that will remind
the public of their duty towards recycling the waste they have created. This will be in
their own neighborhood and over a period of time the Kartavya centers will become
part of the local community fabric. DWCCs are set up on municipal / Government /
private lands and various NGO’s, have been roped in for effective functioning. A

4
 separate MOU has been entered into by the BBMP with the operator in addition,
corporate companies are being encouraged to come forward to provide gap funding
required under the EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) of such centers also
ensure that the recyclable material is sold through properly created channels to ensure
that the recycled goods are not misused. The DWCC shall pay the Pourakarmika
/Public/Waste-picker or any individual who bring the waste to the centers as notified
by BBMP from time to time, which will encourage the public to segregate the waste
at source. Also a part of the dry waste center is earmarked to store e- waste collected
from the households.
 Presently about 30% of waste is segregated at source.

5
 CHAPTER 2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

6
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Solid waste generation rates estimate the amount of waste created by residences or business
over a certain amount of time (day, year, etc.). Waste generation includes all materials
discarded, whether or not they are later recycled or disposed in a landfill. Waste generation
rates for residential and commercial activities can be used to estimate the impact of new
development on the local waste stream.
As a consequence, if solid waste management is to be accomplished in an efficient and
orderly manner, the fundamental aspects and relationship involved must be identify, adjusted
for uniformity of data and understood clearly.
Indiscriminate dumping of solid waste and failure of the collection system in a populated
community would soon cause health problems. The activities involved with the management
of waste point of generation to final disposal have been grouped into six functional elements:-

1. Waste Generation
2. Onsite handling and storage and processing
3. Collection
4. Transfer and transport
5. Processing and recovery
6. Disposal

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To explore the current solid waste segregation management scenario in the city of
Bangalore.
2. To study the obstacles for proper solid waste segregation management in the city of
Bangalore.

3. To identify feasible and sustainable solutions for better waste segregation

management in the city of Bangalore.

7
 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

In the study of waste management the three main roles that has been considered, a) Collection
of waste, b) Waste Segregation and c) Conversion of waste to energy.

a) BBMP is providing daily waste collection service to all the households, slums, shops
and establishment. About 80 % of the collection and transportation activities has been
outsourced. Auto tipper / Autos and pushcarts are used for the primary collection. An
Auto tipper has been provided for every 1000 households and a pushcart for every
200 households. About 20000 pourakarmikas are being utilized (both BBMP and
contractors) in door to door collection, street sweeping and transportation of MSW.

b) Waste segregation is means of classification if the waste into mainly dry and wet
waste. Dry waste include wood, mentals, glasses, plastic etc. Whereas, Wet waste
include organic waste normally generated in kitchens, hotels, restaurants that compose
at faster rate. Based on the waste segregation it can be grouped into bio-degradable
and non-biodegradable wastes.

c) Conversion of waste to energy creates a vital role on the environment therefore the
conversion from waste to energy has to be done in an efficient manner. Wet waste are
used in biomethanation plants to convert into electricity, manure. Dry waste such as
plastic, mentals are used for recycling and plastic is used in asphalting. The other
waste can also be segregated and recycled and used in different fields.

8
 CHAPTER-3
PROFILE OF THE STUDY

9
 THE STUDY OF WASTE SEGREGATION MANAGEMENT
SCENARIO IN THE CITY OF BANGALORE

The city of Bangalore with a population of 8.5 million generates about 5000 tonnes of solid
waste every day. In the recent times, it has witnessed various issues related to segregation,
transportation and disposal of waste. BBMP (Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike) has come
out with a directive effective 1st of October 2012 that the waste generated by Bangalorean
should be segregated as dry waste, wet waste, sanitary waste at the generator’s level. It has
directed that wet waste in polythene would not be accepted. Dry waste would be collected in
biodegradable polythene bags. Sanitary waste should be wrapped in newspaper marked with
a red cross. Wet waste would be collected on a daily basis whereas dry waste would be
collected by BBMP on a weekly basis. If segregation does not happen at the generators level
citizens would be slapped with a fine of Rs.100/-. They proclaimed “You segregate we
manage” while launching the “Waste to Wealth Campaign”. However, Bangalore found itself
in the midst of mounds of mixed garbage dumped across the city without anyone bothering to
clear it during the month of October itself when the directive was issued. There is a huge
ongoing garbage crisis due to lack of implementation of well framed laws. It is found that
even the public are equally responsible as they have treated garbage casually. The city of
Bangalore has problems in all stages – segregation, collection, transportation, storage and
disposal.

Segregation of Solid Waste into different categories at source and

storage

(1) Every Waste Generator including Bulk Waste Generators shall be required to segregate
Solid Waste at source of generation into the following categories, as applicable, namely :-
(a) Bio-degradable Waste, also referred to as Wet Waste including Garden and horticulture
waste
(b) Non-biodegradable Waste, also referred to as Dry Waste including bulky waste and E-
waste,

10
(c) Domestic Hazardous Waste, including Sanitary Waste,
(d) Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste, keeping in mind the growing population of
the city, since notification of SWM Rules in 2016, BBMP shall strive to enforce for
compliance of segregation at source for all waste generators within one year of coming into
force of these byelaws.

(2) In line with Rule 4(1)(a) of SWM Rules, 2016, the three different streams of waste such
as Bio-degradable (Wet) Waste, Non-biodegradable (Dry) Waste and Domestic Hazardous
Waste along with Sanitary Waste shall be source segregated and stored separately, without
mixing it, in specified Receptacles (without using any plastic garbage liners) for handing over
or delivery to BBMP or Notified Service Provider, as the case may be. The Waste Generator
shall ensure that Non-biodegradable Waste such as packets, food containers, boxes, bottles,
tetra pack cartons and other disposable items are cleaned and dried so that these items can be
effectively recycled. All Solid Waste including Bio-degradable Waste shall not be wrapped in
plastics bags for handing over to BBMP or Notified Service Provider/Agency. There shall be
only bin to bin transfer of such waste i.e., from segregated waste bin to bin (storage space) of
waste collector autos.

(3) The colour of the Receptacles / Bins where the following three streams segregated Solid
Waste shall be stored before eventual handover to BBMP or Notified Service Provider, as the
case may be, shall be:
(a) Green bin for Bio-degradable / Wet Waste;
(b) Blue bin/ Reusable bags for Non-biodegradable / Dry Waste; and (c) Red for Domestic
Hazardous Waste including Sanitary Waste.

(4) The Sanitary Waste such as sanitary napkins, diapers, tampons and similar products shall
be securely wrapped in pouches provided by the manufacturers or brand owners or in paper
wrappings and all such Sanitary Waste shall be stored separately and handed over securely
along with Wet Waste to the yellow non chlorinated bags. All Bulk Waste Generators, shall
ensure that the provisions of this byelaw are strictly complied with and such Sanitary Waste
is not disposed in the drainage or sewerage systems but shall be handed over to the authorised
waste processor. Failure to comply with this shall lead to fine being levied as per penalties
listed at Schedule VII.

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(5) The Construction and Demolition Waste, Bio-medical Waste, E-waste, Hazardous waste
other than the domestic hazardous waste and Industrial waste shall not be mixed with Solid
Waste. These shall be handled as per the provisions under the specific Rules for respective
waste stream namely, C& D Waste Management Rules 2016, Biomedical Waste
Management Rules, 2016, E-waste Management Rules, 2016 and Hazardous and other waste
(Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016.

Responsibilities of specific categories of Waste Generators-

(1)The Waste Generators such as Shops & Commercial Establishments and Street Vendors
shall segregate the Solid Waste generated during the course of its activity such as food waste,
permissible disposable plates, cups, cans, wrappers, coconut shells, leftover food, vegetables,
fruits and similar items in accordance with the categories specified in Bye-laws 4(1) and shall
have separate bins to store for this purpose, without any litter / spillage on ground. Any litter /
spillage found in front or in and around the establishment or storage of non-segregated /
mixed waste shall be deemed as violation by the establishment under this byelaw and fine
shall be levied as per penalties listed at Schedule VII.

(2) In every designated commercial area or areas with commercial establishments, it shall be
the responsibility of the market associations or group of shop owners to ensure that
segregated waste bins (as per the type of waste generated) are kept and that there is no
littering and throwing of any type of solid waste on the roads, footpaths, drains and other
such public spaces. Any litter / spillage found in front or in and around the establishment or
storage of non-segregated / mixed waste in the commercial area shall be deemed as violation
under this byelaw and fine shall be levied as per penalties listed at Schedule VII.

(3) Every Occupier of any Premises who generates poultry, fish, meat and slaughter waste as
a result of any commercial activity, shall store such waste separately in a fully closed manner
and in hygienic condition and such waste shall not be mixed with any other category of Solid
Waste. Deposit of such waste in any other Receptacle or Waste Storage bin or public place is
prohibited and shall attract fines as indicated in Schedule VII. BBMP would directly or
through its Notified Service Provider/ shall ensure that such waste is ready for handover at
the times designated by BBMP. BBMP shall notify appropriate closed container bins and
vehicles for primary collection and secondary transportation of such waste, on user fee model
12
basis, depending on the quantities generated within the BBMP limits. Such user fees shall be
notified by the BBMP and it shall be the duty of this category of waste generator to pay these
fees for the collection / transportation / scientific disposal service provided as per the Polluter
Pays Principle.

(4) Every Bulk Waste Generator or aggregation of Waste Generators maintaining common
Receptacles on their Premises shall be responsible for collection of segregated Solid Waste
from each individual Waste Generator within its Premises and storing it in separate covered
Receptacles in accordance with Bye-laws 4 at the entry gate or a designated location on the
ground floor of such Premises, to enable swift and timely collection of such segregated waste.

(5) It shall be the responsibility of the owner or occupier of premises to store the construction
material and Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste well within the premises and not
encroach or block any public spaces like footpath, road, etc. The storage, handling and
management of C&D waste shall be governed by C&D Waste Management Rules, 2016 and
Building Bye-laws of BBMP.

(6) It shall be the responsibility of the owner or occupier of premises to dispose C&D waste
at a place designated by BBMP for C&D Waste processing and transport the same as per the

collection and transportation system notified by BBMP.

PROBLEMS WITH SEGREGATION PROCESS:

Many of the residential apartments in Bangalore city follow the procedure of segregating
their waste into dry, wet and sanitary. They have separate bins for this purpose. Few of the
residents feel that the BBMP corporators should go for door to door campaign educating the
residents about waste segregation and its significance.
BBMP has claimed that it would convert the wet waste into manure at the transfer stations by
using effective microbial solution. Farmers maintain that pure kitchen waste mixed with cow
dung makes very good manure for farm lands. BBMP has made arrangements with farmers
from the neighbouring areas to collected segregated wet waste. Farmers are ready to pay an

13
amount of Rs. 60 per tonne. Pollution control board says that one acre of farmland can use up
to 20 tonnes of wet waste annually. BBMP, in association with the agricultural university is
planning to convert the segregated wet waste into ready-to-use green manure and sell it to
neighbouring states also. Meanwhile, dry waste would be taken to the landfills where BBMP
pays Rs. 10 per kg for plastic to their workers.

Rule 103 B of Karnataka municipal corporation act says that the corporation may in addition
to property tax levied under Section 103, levy a solid waste management cess at such rate not
exceeding one thousand rupees per month as may be prescribed on every owner or occupier
of buildings or lands or both in the city for the purpose of collection, transportation and
disposal of solid waste. Apartments with more than 10 units have to pay for disposal of
garbage. They also pay 3% of property tax as garbage cess. Residents question BBMP about
the intention of collecting cess when apartments and hotels have to fend for themselves in
terms of waste segregation.

PROBLEMS WITH COLLECTION PROCESS:

The most costly part of waste management is the collection of solid waste. Hence there is a
need for proper collection system design. Collection system could be operated either by the
public or by municipalities and corporations. The frequency of collection of wastes depends
upon the quality of solid waste containers, local climatic conditions, demographic factors etc.
The fact whether the containers are closed or open also matters. Durability, easy handling,
economical, resistance to corrosion, weather conditions make a larger impact on the
collection mechanism. In Bangalore it has been found that waste collection is done by trucks
for apartment complexes. For independent houses, collection is done by auto rickshaws,
wagons, push carts which in turn is dumped into trucks. Most of the push carts have an open
container where the segregated waste is mixed up as the pourakarmikas (people who collect
waste door to door) do not have awareness about the process. Collection process also depends
upon the crew size, labour size and equipment cost. Space between houses, waste generation
rate, collection schedules and route configuration also matter.

14
Lack of suitable staff, lack of work culture, civic sense amongst citizens, corruption has
become constraint to the smooth collection process. In certain areas of Bangalore, we find
that sweepers are regular absentees and adhoc arrangements are made regularly. Due to
accumulation of garbage residents face health risk.

PROBLEMS WITH TRANSPORTATION PROCESS:

BBMP spends about 450 crores on Solid Waste Management annually of which 300 crores is
on transportation. Garbage trucks which take part in the collection process belong to
contractors. These contractors are identified across various wards through tender process.
After the collection is done at the various transfer points in multiple wards across the city, the
trucks need to do dump the waste in landfills in the outskirts of the city. Under the tender
process, the contractors were allowed to make only a single trip per vehicle to dispose the
waste at the landfills according the order from High Court of Karnataka. Due to the huge
accumulation of garbage across the city, the order has been relaxed and multiple trips to the
landfills in a rotation of 24 hours are permitted officially. Garbage disposal which happens
between 10 am and 6 pm becomes faster and the contractors ensuring adequate staff to carry
out the exercise. There is a garbage mafia which lobbies with senior counsellors so that new
contracts are not issued for better solid waste management in the city.

15
 CHAPTER 4
DATA ANALYSIS

16
THE CURRENT SOLID WASTE SEGREGATIONMANGAMENT
SCENARIO AND CHALLENGES THE CITY OF BANGALORE.

MSW has become one of the significant environmental issues, particularly in developing
countries. The solid waste generation mainly consists of biodegradable and non-
biodegradable waste materials produced due to several societal activities. The improper
dumping of solid waste pollutes the air, soil, and water. The BBMP with an area of
2190 km2 and a population of about 10.18 million generates around 5000 metric tons per
day of waste at an average generation rate of 0.5 kg per capita per day (kg/capita/d).
Presently, Bengaluru is facing significant problems due to existing disposal practices of
generated waste incurring high cost due to lack of proper infrastructural facilities; also the
open dumping in the expanding zone of the city poses severe problems to the structures
constructed on these old dumps. In the meantime, groundwater quality deteriorated due to
improper leachate management.

In Bengaluru, there are more than 60 illegal dumpsites identified. While BBMP and the
Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) close these dumpsites, the new ones
emerge elsewhere, posing health risks to residents in their vicinity. The MSW
(Management and Handling) Rules, 2000, recommend source-specific waste collection
and transportation in addition to appropriate processing and disposal. There is a lack of
knowledge of the quantity and characteristics of reliable waste aids in the preparation of a
long-term plan for an MSWM system. So, it was deemed necessary by the BBMP to
assess the current status of the municipal solid waste management system in Bengaluru.

In this context, the present study discusses the potential improvement in handling the
wastes and reduces the amount of waste to be transported and dumped in the landfill. If
this waste is used for energy and nutrient recovery, decentralization could also become
commercially viable. Moreover, it also addresses the wise technology deficiencies in the
existing MSWM system of Bengaluru.

17
 1)Bengaluru scenario:

The state capital of Karnataka, Bengaluru, is located at 12.98°N and 77.58°E and enjoys a
temperate and healthy environment. It is situated around 900 metres above sea level.
Bengaluru has had a reputation as one of Asia's cities with the fastest growth since the
1980s. The fifth-largest metropolis in India, the Bengaluru Metropolitan Area has a total
area of 1258 square kilometres. Yet, due to a rise in community living standards, rapid
economic expansion, and a rising population level, the generation the rate of MSW is
increasing in major cities. The local government faces challenges in providing a proper
solid waste management system that meets requirements. The MSWM sector is being
organised thanks to recent initiatives and actions done by the authorities. This study will
assist in identifying ways appropriate for the current situation, weaknesses in the used
approaches, and potential substitutes.

2)Waste generation:
Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike is spread in 713 Sq. Km Area with total population of
1.3Cr. The demographic of the city is holding more than 29 Lakh households divided into 8
zones, 27 divisions and 198 wards.
Eight Zones are:
 Bangalore South
 Bangalore East
 Bangalore West
 Yelahanka
 RR Nagar
 Bommanahalli
 Mahadevapura
 Dasarahalli

 Approximately 58.5% of the city’s waste generation is from households, 49.7% from
commercial establishments and 6.8% from street sweeping.
 Most of the literature reported that the waste generation rate is 0.4–0.6 kg/capita/day.
The proposed waste generation rate is about 0.5 kg/capita/day in Bengaluru.

18
  The Per Capita waste generation from regular households in the city is 309g and that
from slums is 300g.
 BBMP has 1700+ Pourakarmikas under the direct payment of ULB who are carrying
out cleaning of public places (streets, Roads, etc.,) and collects street sweeping waste
which will be sent for further processing and disposal.
 It has 7 wet waste processing plants with 1570 Tons per day (TPD) Processing
Capacity; 13 Bio Methanation plants with 65 TPD Processing Capacity; 1 Sanitary
landfill with 3000 TPD Intake Capacity.
 BBMP has 4646 primary collection vehicles (auto tippers) and 625 secondary
collection vehicles (compactors- big garbage vehicle).

3)Collection and transportation of waste:

The goal of solid waste management is to quickly remove trash from populated areas to stop
the spread of illness, to lessen the aesthetic effects of removing organic matter, and, equally
essential, to dispose of the trash.

a)Collection:
Source segregation is still a problem in Bengaluru at the moment, but awareness is slowly
growing. About 30% of solid trash is handled by BBMP, and the rest is outsourced (starting
from primary collection to disposal). Solid there are two stages to the garbage collection
process. Primary collection is the initial stage, during which the solid waste is gathered using
pushcarts and auto tippers. For every 1000 families, an auto tipper has been made available,
and for every 200 homes, a cart. For door-to-door collection, street sweeping, and MSW
delivery, the BBMP and contractors each employ over 20,000 pourakarmikas. The collected
solid trash from homes is transported to a central site, i.e., a secondary location, where it is
then dumped in a landfill. (Figure 1) indicates a typical scheme of how the collection and
transportation are being practiced in most of the wards. Self-help groups (SHGs), which are
essentially lower-class women's groups, are in charge of carrying out this task. The BBMP
has received 3197 pourakarmikas (sweepers) from a contractor who conducts door-to-door
collecting and sweeping services, as well as 18,562 pourakarmikas.

19
(Figure 2)

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B)Transportation:
Another essential phase in waste management is the transportation of waste from collecting
facilities to dump locations. Pushcarts, cars, and other vehicles are being used to transfer
waste to primary collection facilities. Trucks pick up the municipal solid waste there and
deliver it to landfills or other waste disposal facilities.

4)Waste disposal practices in Bengaluru:

For the time being, Bengaluru lacks the necessary scientific treatment methods for the
garbage produced by local industry and municipalities. As a result, several illegal dumpsites
have sprouted up. The solid trash produced by establishments like hotels, restaurants,
Kalyana mandapas, and markets is being directly gathered and delivered to the facilities for
treatment and disposal. The treatment facilities have been developed around the city, and
their spread over the zone is set out in (Table 1).

Sl. No Zone Existing disposal site/facility

1 South Bingipura, Mavallipura, KCDC

2 East MSGP, Mavallipura, KCDC

3 West Terra firma, Mavallipura, KCDC

4 Yelahanka Mavallipura, Terrafirma

5 Bommanahalli Bingipura, Laxmipura

6 Mahadevapura Terrafirma

7 Dasarahalli MSGP

8 Raja Rajeshwari Nagar MSGP/Terrafirma

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5)Dry waste collection Centre:
Batteries, tin cans, plastic-coated milk cartons, nylon, cigarette butts, and leather are
examples of dry waste materials that take at least 10 years to disintegrate. Thus, recycling
these dry waste materials is the ideal method of disposal. Repurpose them. This method
allows for the safe disposal of over 70% of all dry trash that is thrown away.

The purpose of Dry Waste Collection Centres (DWCCs) is to assist make garbage more
profitable and valuable by preventing as much waste as possible from entering landfills or
waste dumps. Decentralized bulk sorting and processing facilities are known as DWCCs, and
they are operated by different agencies in Bengaluru in collaboration with the BBMP. 185
DWCCs or so have been firmly established and operating. For effective operation, DWCCs
are built up on municipal, government, and private lands with the support of numerous
NGOs, waste pickers, and contractors. The dry waste produced in the wards is collected,
further classified, and transferred to various recycling facilities for recycling. Receiving in
large quantities increases the number of jobs and offers these individuals in the informal
sector more significant profits.

Expansion of processing capacity of waste:

To achieve 100% processing of waste, Government has sanctioned six new facilities. These
new facilities are being set up at the following locations:

1) Kanahalli - 500 TPD

2) Seegihalli - 200 TPD
3) Doddabidarakallu - 200 TPD
4) Lingaderenahalli - 200 TPD
5) Subrayanpalya - 200 TPD
6) Chikkanagamangala - 500 TPD
7) KCDC(upgradation) - 500 TPD

This would guarantee that every garbage produced in the city gets processed. In addition to
this, the following waste management facilities have received permission under the PPP
framework.

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6)Emerging technologies for wet waste disposal:

Following the collection of solid waste from various parts of the community,
finding safe, affordable, and effective disposal solutions becomes an issue. In this sense,
appropriate choices must be made to prevent illegal dumping and open dumping hazardous
and environmentally hazardous solid wastes. Solid garbage that is burned outdoors emits
smoke that contains contaminants that are bad for both the environment and human health.
Because of these serious inconveniences, the community must deal with illegal dumping
actions. Until far, landfilling, waste to energy (such as the creation of biogas), and
composting have been the traditional methods used for safe MSW disposal. Composting and
incinerating As they result in secondary trash, such as non-biodegradable material rejects
from composting and ash from incineration, which must be disposed of further, MSW are a
standard solid waste treatment or processing procedures.

a) Windrow composting:

Large objects like wood, plastic, clothing, thermacoal, etc. are removed, the garbage is put in
the windrow platform, and then inoculum is sprayed on it. The bacteria, water, and cow dung
mixture will be used to make the inoculum. The cleaned garbage is then piled high in
windrows that are about 2 metres tall and 3 metres wide; the length of the rows will depend
on the size of the landfill site. Each row represents a day of the week and there are seven
rows total. These rows are rotated each week for five weeks. Turning these rows helps to
redistribute the pile's hotter and cooler regions while also removing moisture, increasing
porosity and oxygen content. Due to the decomposition of the waste and the resulting volume
reduction, the row sizes increase smaller over time. Hence, the quantity of the number of end
rows will be less than the number of first rows. In 25 to 30 days, composting will be finished.
This period, during which waste will go through mechanical process operation, is referred to
as maturation. Sieving takes place in mechanical processing when three stages: a 36 mm
mesh sieve is used in the first step, a 16 mm mesh sieve in the second, and a 4 mm mesh
sieve in the third. Materials are sorted and either reused or disposed of in landfills at each
stage of sifting the reject. It is necessary to collect and treat any leachate or runoff produced.
To avoid issues with runoff or leachate, although it is possible to stack waste piles under a
roof, doing so raises the operation's initial expenses.

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b) Community composting:

Daily wet waste is gathered by the cleaning crew and dumped into the tank throughout this
operation. Following filling, a 15-20 cm thick layer of trash is spread over the tank. Without
turning or watering, the materials are allowed to stay in the pit for 30 days. The aeration
assistance is required during the early pile formation to keep the decomposers active. Aerobic
decomposers function more quickly and effectively, giving you completed compost more
quickly, so long as there is plenty of air available. The tank is filled with charcoal. Therefore,
unpleasant odour is prevented. The process of getting the finished product takes roughly 3
months. (Figure 3)

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c) Biomechanical composting:
In this procedure, organic waste from apartments and other locations was identified for
segregation in order to remove plastic, glass, clothes, paper, leather, and other materials that
could be recycled. Other materials included bones, meat, eggshells, household sweeping dry
leaves, and garden waste. The organic waste is first separated, and then it is fed into the
mechanical unit, or organic waste converter, which produces a homogenised, crushed output
that is odourless. The output is stabilised by the curing system. The transition from low pH to
high pH and subsequent stabilisation are controlled by aerobic microbial breakdown. Due to
the aerobic process, this manure is devoid of pathogens, weed, and offensive odour. This
device converts organic waste in just 15 minutes, making it an environmentally friendly
process a homogenised end result. (Figure 4)

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7)Problems with existing MSW disposal practices:
Since recyclables, yard garbage, municipal solid waste, and other materials need to be
collected and transported in order to be managed, transportation is a crucial component of
solid waste management activities. There are numerous techniques for gathering and moving
garbage, the choice of which is based on the solid waste's type, source, and appropriate
treatment technique. Setting up an effective, sanitary landfill and providing solid waste
collection and disposal that is responsive to customer needs are essential parts of a reliable
and well-run solid waste management system. Residents in all communities are offered waste
collection services. cities, either private or autonomous organisations. Although this is going
on, most communities' disposal costs as a share of total service expenses are continuing to
rise due to the city's rapid increase in disposal prices, the cost of garbage collection, and the
cost of waste transit. Because many elements must be taken into account and a variety of
collection and transfer alternatives are available, waste systems for collection and transfer are
frequently complex and difficult to design. The community's involvement is crucial for an a
productive MSWM system. Municipal officials haven't been able to organise the
neighbourhood or instruct residents on how to properly handle rubbish or store it in their
homes, businesses, or other locations.

Citizens are prone to dump because there isn't a mechanism for collecting waste at the source.
waste in the nearby sewers, aquatic bodies, open spaces, roadways, and other places leads to
unsanitary circumstances. Then, the pourakarmikas will clean the drains and sweep the streets
to collect the released garbage. Street sweeping has thus evolved into the main primary
collection technique.

The equipment utilised for street cleaning is antiquated and ineffective. For instance,
sweepers still have to spend hours bending over while using a broom with a short handle,
which reduces their productivity and causes weariness. The movement of garbage from waste
storage facilities to the disposal facility called done using a range of vehicles, including
tractors, trucks, and three-wheelers. Most transportation vehicles are outdated and open.
Typically, they are manually loaded. The vehicles are badly maintained as a result of limited
repair facilities and maintenance practises. This causes cars to break down, which causes
services to be unavailable for an extended period of time. Composting, vermicomposting,

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AD, incineration, gasification and pyrolysis, the creation of RDF, and sanitary landfilling are
only a few of the technological methods available for processing, treating, and disposing of
MSW. The major advantages of composting are the enhancement of nutritional deficits and
the improvement of soil texture. Moreover, it improves the soil's ability to store moisture and
aids in preserving the health of the soil. Yet, the idea of recycling nutrients into the soil is
nothing new. Compared to other waste treatment solutions, it doesn't necessitate a big capital
commitment.

Waste-to-energy technology, as well as its practicality and sustainability, have been

demonstrated on a global scale. WTE initiatives cost more money up front and require more
effort to complete than other waste disposal solutions. Due in large part to the tipping fees
levied by wealthy countries, these plants are financially sustainable. In addition to its revenue
from power sales, the facility for the service of waste disposal. But, at the moment,
Bangalore's WTE plants only generate profits from power sales. Technology allows for the
construction of projects with even smaller capacities, ranging from 1 to 5 Megawatts, or
roughly 100 to 500 metric tonnes of garbage per day. The separation of waste at the source
plays a crucial role in making a WTE facility profitable.

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 CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

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FINDINGS

The Bangalore Urban solid waste segregation Management Model needs to be developed. It
is for the Urban solid waste management for city sustainability. It establishes the
indispensable elements to solve the problem of environmental issues and high production in
urban areas. With a multidisciplinary approach, different disciplines to be incorporated from
medical, engineering, social, marketing, local economic development, sustainability, and
management of organizations and to retain culture. The various innovative methods on the
basis of experience to be placed, Zero land filling, awareness among the civilians about
segregation of waste, inclusion of waste management at school and college level curriculum,
biotechnology, appointment of sufficient manpower, the technological development,
marketing of materials for recycling, plastic usage strict guidelines, space studies for final
disposal sites, segregation of waste(dry, and wet) and organizational studies in recycling
companies incorporating the vision of environmental issues management systems. When it
has been segregated properly an environment friendly method Composting is simple solution
for organic waste that is often successful at the household level. And also, bio gas biogas
production, which can be used to produce electricity or as fuel for vehicles. Waste disposal
can be improved by constructing different types of sanitary landfills. The supply water needs
to be centralised, unnecessary digging of borewell leads to water contamination even at the
industry level so this matter has to be careful watching is needed because water
contamination has highest degree in creating problems. Based on location factors local govt
has to decide waste management handling issues and challenges. On basis of result model
wards to be identify as a lesson to the other wards, before monsoon all drainage to be cleaned
in advance. When we wanted to manage all those measures it is necessary to have proper
trained man power with strategic deployments needed and urban development planning
authority has plan locational patterns.

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Suggestions

It has been found that only 30% of Bangaloreans segregate waste. One of the methods to in
still the concept of waste segregation to the residents is outsourcing the training of
housekeeping staff to NGOs. They can also monitor and ensure whether residents comply
with the rules. Unfortunately, corporators, legislators, and the ministers do not promote waste
segregation as lot of money is involved in landfill dumping.

Problems in the collection process can be overcome by creating a network of rag pickers,
private sector and NGO’s. These non profit Organisations can help in projection of
community programs and highlighting the basic requirements of services.

BBMP has come out with the usage of GPS and GPRS technologies to monitor the garbage
situation in four wards of the city. To observe whether the BBMP contractors pick up the
garbage regularly from the various transfer points situated on the streets - the civic staff
equipped with mobile phones capture images of these locations. This is a pilot project to test
the effectiveness of collection of waste. Few of the residents’ associations are roping in
private firms for waste disposal as they have found that the pourakarmikas are inefficient to
handle segregated waste as per the directive of BBMP. There is also an upcoming plan by
BBMP to invite a pune based NGO for micromanagement of garbage at two wards in the
city. The basic problem in waste management is not of disposal but that of collection.
Geographical Information Systems could be used to map the wards to determine an optimal
route for garbage collection and its disposal at a designated place.

One of the popular methods of Solid Waste Management being the three R’s of waste
management – Reduce, Recycle and Recover or Reuse. Biodegradable component is
converted into manure through vermi composting either at individual household level or
community levels. Recyclable plastics could be segregated and used for laying roads. Usage
of a range of different treatment and disposal options, incineration, alternative options such as
pyrolysis, gasification, anerobic digestion could be used for processing the waste.

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These steps should be taken by BBMP on a priority basis to handle the monster of garbage
problem currently in Bangalore. It should assess the generation of waste and evaluate the
waste reduction. Citizens should be insisted upon segregation of waste at source and
processing also to a certain extent. Separated materials should be recovered so that it reaches
the right authority and no lobbying is involved.

BBMP has come with a directive to identify landfills around the Bangalore city with proper
clearance from Karnataka Pollution Control Board. Zonal Commissioners have been tasked
to identify land to set up 28 segregation and wet waste processing units and 198 dry waste
collection centres. After segregation, biomining is one method of extracting gas from landfills
where methane and sulphur gas can be trapped, bringing down the volume of the dump.

Conclusion

The management of urban infrastructure is significantly influenced by solid waste

segregation management, one of the most important fields of research in recent years.
Citizens of any nation cannot disregard this study, and as such, the management of municipal
solid waste should be participatory rather than directive. If BBMP concentrates on bottom up
method rather than top down strategy for trash management, Bangalore will be a cleaner
place in the future, it is ensured by these recommended potential solutions. The proper
implementation of plans, which frequently only exist on paper, should also be a priority for
BBMP.

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