Time-bin based quantum cryptography

Summary
Jin-Hun Kim

Department of Physics
Pohang University of Science and Technology
Polarization entanglement

1
| i = p (|H, V i + |V, Hi)
2
Long distance quantum communication
• Polarization entanglement is not suitable for long distance quantum
communication based on optical fibers.
• Entanglement is reduced due to polarization degradation in optical fibers.
⇒ Find entanglement which is more robust through long-distance optical
fiber transmission
 Energy-time entanglement

L
mirror SPD
signal (s)
signal S
χ(2) BS2
BS1
filter
pump (p)
BS3 BS4
idler (i)
idler S

Franson, PRL 62, 2205 (1989)

Time-bin entanglement
Alice

al
Sign
BS

Idle
r
SPD

Mirror
Phas
e mo
dulat Bob
or

ΔT >> τ signal/idler 5
Energy-time entanglement

SPDC

Narrowband pumping

Pulse-pair pumping
 1 2 3
Time-bin entanglement detector
Gated version of Energy-time entanglement (b)
s

i
(a)

1 2 3 s
detector
i
(b)
s

i s

i
1 2 3
s

i
 Time-bin entanglement — pulsed pumping

pump

time

Brendel et al., PRL 82, 2594 (1999)

Time-bin entanglement — pulsed pumping
Brendel et al., PRL 82, 2594 (1999)
V=84%

300 ps

Marcikic et al., PRA 66, (2002).

V=91%
150 fs
Optical setup proposal Phase modulator
FM

FM
FM
α
Length
difference
FM

Phase modulator Circulator

PS pulsed laser
Isolator Coupler
Coupler WDM al
Sign Optical delay line
filter

Idler
Coupler
PC Filter Polarizer
PPLN

SPD
PC : Polarization controller β
30 km
FM : Faraday mirror
FM
DSF : Dispersion shifted fiber
SPD : Single photon detector Phase modulator
FM
10
Entanglement-based
QKD papers
Time-bin / Energy-time entanglement distribution or QKD
Quantum Two-
Secure
Source Type channel Detector Protocol photon QBER
Key rates
(km) Visibility
Energy-time Ge SPD
W. Tittel Type-I
λp : 655 nm 10 km Q.E.~5% - 86.2% - -
1999 KNbO3
λ1,2 : 1310 nm D.C. rate ~ 20 kHz

PPLN Time-bin Up-conversion

100 detector
T.Honjo 2007 Degenerate λp : 775.5 nm - 81.6% - -
(50*2) D.C rate ~ 4 kHz
Type-0 λ1/λ2 : 1547 / 1555 nm
Q.E. ~ 3.3%
Time-bin
DSF InGaAs SPD
H. Takesue, 2006 λp : 1551.1 nm 30*2 - 76% - -
500 m Q.E. ~ 8%/7%
λ1/λ2 : 1547 / 1555 nm

Time-bin
DSF InGaAs SPD
H. Takesue, 2005 λp : 1551.1 nm 10*2 - 60.8% - -
2.5 km Q.E.~8% / 9%
λ1/λ2 : 1547 / 1555 nm

Time-bin
T. Honjo SNSPD
PPLN λp : 775.5 nm 50*2 BBM92 85.0 6.9% 0.59 bps
2008 Q.E.~2.0%
λ1/λ2 : 1547 / 1555 nm

Energy-time Ge SPD
W. Tittel Type-I
λp : 655 nm 0 Q.E.~5% Ekert 92.2% 4.0% 33 Hz
2000 KNbO3
λ1/λ2 : 1310 nm D.C. rate ~ 30 kHz

Time-bin Ge SPD
I. Marcikic Type-I
λp : 710 nm 0 Q.E. ~ 10% - 91% - -
2002 KNbO3
λ1/λ2 : 1310 / 1550 nm D.C. ~ 20 kHz

Time-bin InGaAs SPD

I. Marcikic Type-I
λp : 710 nm 25*2 Q.E. ~ 10% - 78.6% - -
2004 LBO
λ1/λ2 : 1310 / 1550 nm D.C.~20 kHz

Energy-time
G. Ribordy Type-I
λp : 532 nm 8.5 Si SPD / Ge SPD BBM92 91.8% 8.6% 133bit/s
2000 KNbO3
λ1/λ2 : 810 / 1550 nm 12
Time-bin / Energy-time entanglement distribution or QKD

Quantum
Two-photon
Source Type channel Detector Protocol QBER Key rates
Visibility
(km)
Energy-time Large-
Irfan Type-I
λp : 390 nm 0 Si SPD Alphabet 93% 30 -
2007 BBO
λ1/λ2 : 810 / 1550 nm QKd
Time-bin
H.Takesue InGaAs SPD
PPLN λp : 775.55 nm 50*2 BBM92 93.3% 9.1% 4.8 bits/s
2010 Q.E.~8.1%
λ1/λ2 : 1546.3 / 1555.9 nm
Time-bin SNSPD
T. Inagaki.
PPLN λp : 775.5 nm 150*2 Q.E.~15/20% - 86.1% - -
2013
λ1/λ2 : 1547 / 1555 nm D.C. ~ 15 Hz
SNSPD
Burn Back PPLN Energy-time
50*2 Q.E.~0.2/2.1% - 80.5(7)% - -
2008 CW pumping λp : 780 nm
D.C.~100 Hz
Time-bin InGaAs SPD
J. F. Dynes Type-I
λp : 775.5 nm 100*2 Q.E. ~ 10% - 80.5(8)% - -
2009 PPLN
λ1/λ2 : 1547 / 1555 nm D.C. ~ 4500 Hz
InGaAs SPD
D. Aktas Type-0 Energy-time
150 Q.E.~28/20% - 89.4(3.5) - -
2016 PPLN λp : 769.88 nm
D.C.~440/1400Hz
Energy-time Si / InGaAs SPD
S. Fasel Type-I
λp : 532 nm 31 Q.E. ~ 10% BBM92 92% 7.2% 12 bits/s
2004 KNbO3
λ1/λ2 : 814 / 1536 nm
4-dimension time-bin
T. Ikuta
PPLN λp : 775.5 nm 50*2 SNSPD - Fidelity~0.93 - -
2018
λ1/λ2 : 1547 / 1555 nm
13
Entanglement-based QKD
Two- Secure
Quantum
Source Type Detector Protocol photon QBER Key rates
Channel
Visibility bits/s

Polarization
A. Fedrizzi Type-II BBO Fiber
λp : 405 nm Si SPD BBM92 0.97 6.4% 80
2004 CW pump 1.45 km
λ1/λ2 : 810 nm

SFWM Time-bin
T. Honjo Fiber InGaAs SPD
500m DSF λp : 1551.1 nm DPS 0.714 8.3% 0.3
2007 0 km Q.E. ~ 10% / 11%
Pulsed, 1 GHz λ1/λ2 : 1560 nm

Polarization
T. Jennewein. Type-II BBO Fiber
λp : 351 nm Si SPD BBM92 - 3.4% 420
2000 CW pumping 1 km
λ1/λ2 : 701 nm

Polarization
I. Marcikic Type-II BBO Free space Si SPD 0.98(0.02
λp : 404 nm BBM92 5.4% 630
2006 CW pumping 1.5 km D.C. rates ~ 1 kHz 6)
λ1/λ2 : 805.2 / 810.7 nm

Polarization
R. Ursin Type-II BBO Free space Si SPD
λp : 355 nm BBM92 0.98 4.8(1)% -
2007 Pulsed, 249 MHz 144 km D.C. rates ~ 200 Hz
λ1/λ2 : 710 nm

Polarization Free space

C. Couteau. Type-II BBO Si SPD
λp : 407.5 nm 435 m / BBM92 0.886 4.92% 85
2008 CW pump D.C. rates ~ 1200 Hz
λ1/λ2 : 815 nm 1325 m

Polarization Si SPD
T. Scheidl Type-II PPKTP Free space
λp : 405 nm D.C. rates ~ 500 / BBM92 0.862 6.9% 0.6
2009 CW pump 144 km
λ1/λ2 : 810 nm 1200 Hz

Type-II BBO Polarization

A. Ling Free space
CW pumping λp : 407 nm Si SPD Ekert - 3.1% 300
2008 1.5 km 14
407 nm λ1/λ2 : 814 nm
Entanglement-based QKD
Secure
Quantum Two-photon
Source Type Detector Protocol QBER Key rates
Channel Visibility
(bits/s)

Polarization
A. Treiber Type-I PPKTP Fiber link Si / InGaAs
λp : 532 nm BBM92 0.90 6.0% 550
2009 CW pump 50 km SPD
λ1/λ2 : 810 / 1550 nm

Type-II AlGaAs Polarization

C. Autebert Fiber link InGaAs SPD
CW pumping λp : 779 nm BBM92 86.1(2.9) 6.9(1.5)% 0.21
2016 50 km Q.E. ~ 20%
779 nm λ1/λ2 : 1560 nm

Type-II Polarization
A. Gladyshev Fiber
poled fiber λp : 777.45 nm InGaAs SPD BBM92 - 2.35 20.5
2019 20*2
pulsed, 81.6 MHz λ1/λ2 : 1554.9 nm

Polarization Free space

J.Yin Type-II PPKTP
λp : 405 nm 530 to 1100 Si SPD BBM92 96% 7.1% 35
2017 CW pumping
λ1/λ2 : 810 nm km

Polarization
C. Peng Type-II PPKTP Free space
λp : 405.5 nm Si SPD BBM92 - 6.9% 0.42
2013 CW 7.8*2 km
λ1/λ2 : 811 nm

polarization&time-bin
A. Tomita PPLN Free space Si & InGaAs Modified
λp : 532 nm - 3.71% 70~150
2014 CW 20 SPD Ekert
λ1/λ2 : 810/1550 nm

Type-II Polarization
H. Chen Free space InGaAs SPD Modified
PPKTP sagnac λp : 780 nm 88% 4.1% 1
2016 20 m Q.E. ~ 10% PingPong
CW λ1/λ2 : 1560 nm

Polarization
M. Ostermeyer Type-II BBO Free space Si SPAD Raw key
λp : 710 nm PingPong 93% 3.8%
2008 pulsed, 85 MHz 20 m Q.E. ~ 70% rate~ 4250
λ1/λ2 : 710 nm 15
통신파장대역의 얽힘광원
생성 연구
Photon pair generation based on PPLN

Ridge waveguide

Quasi phase-matching conditions

2⇡ Additional terms
k( p) k( s) k( i ) =0 from periodically-poled structure
⇤
⇤ : poling period

!p !s !i = 0
Joint spectrum intensity (JSI) 계산 결과
phase-matching function Pump envelop function JSI function

2 4kL
p p0 2
2( )
Sinc ( )e p
2

Idl
Simulation conditions

er
w
Poling period : 17.0 µm 1700

av
•

ele
Length : 20.0 mm

ng
•

1600

th
• Pump wavelength : 776.26 nm

(nm
)
Phase-matching 1500
• Type-0 phase-matching 1700
1600
d33 ~ 27.2 pm/V (d31 ~ 4.5 pm/V) 1500
1400 th (nm)
•

av elen g
1400 Signal w
How broad the spectrum is it?
Count rates per channels
Sync pulse
RF amplifier Pulse generator
- LD ~ 250 mA
λSHG ~ 776.26 nm TEC
- Amp : 151 mA
Isolator
Pulsed laser with 1550 block
filter SHG module filter SPDC module
amplifier
DWDM Ch.31
Wavelength ~ 1552.52 nm 1552.52 nm TEC
-
attenuation ~ 80 dB
Rep. rate ~ 18.0 MHz 100 GHz 775 block
-
Insertion loss ~ 2.0 dB
- Pulse width ~ 10.0 ps filter

DWDM Ch.31
1552.52 nm
200 GHz Trans
filter
Count rates per channels Ref
8
SPD
Counts (kHz)

6 AWG
CH.41 ~ CH.33 CH.29 ~ CH.21 40 Ch
4

2 Q.E. ~ 15%
Dead time ~ 10 µs
0 Gate ~ 1.0 ns
1544.53 1546.12 1547.72 1549.32 1550.92 1554.94 1556.55 1558.17 1559.79
1545.32 1546.92 1548.51 1550.12 1554.13 1555.75 1557.36 1558.98 1560.61

DWDM channels
Joint spectrum measurements
Coincidence count rates between two-channels
Sync pulse
RF amplifier Pulse generator
- LD ~ 250 mA
λSHG ~ 776.26 nm TEC
- Amp : 151 mA
Isolator
Pulsed laser with 1550 block
filter SHG module filter SPDC module
amplifier
DWDM Ch.31
Wavelength ~ 1552.52 nm 1552.52 nm TEC
-
attenuation ~ 80 dB
Rep. rate ~ 18.0 MHz 100 GHz 775 block
-
Insertion loss ~ 2.0 dB
- Pulse width ~ 10.0 ps filter

DWDM Ch.31
Trans
1552.52 nm filter
200 GHz Ref SPD

AWG
40 Ch

Q.E. ~ 15%
Dead time ~ 10 µs
Channel width : 100 GHz Gate ~ 1.0 ns
Typical attenuation : 3.1 dB
ITU Ch.12 to Ch.51
Joint spectrum rough measurements
Coincidence count rates per channels

Simulation

Experimentally measured result

(accumulated for 180s)
차트 제목

1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
156

400
200
7.9

12
0
15
5.I0dler

18
21 Pump wavelength : 1552.52 nm
1

Strong pump is attenuated

24
27
30
ITU

33
36

Correlated
wavelength sets shows high
39
15 13
1567.95.01 nm
cha

42 21 19 17
23
25

coincidence counts, but low counts for

45 29 27
33 31
n

35
l
hanne
48 39 37
nel

41

c uncorrelated sets
45 43

U
51

T
47
49
I
Signal
51

1536.61 nm
0-200 200-400 400-600 600-800 800-1000 1000-1200 1200-1400 1400-1600 1600-1800
PPLN-based photon pair generation
Ch.27(1555.75 nm) and Ch.35(1549.32 nm)
Pump : Ch.31 1552.52 nm
10 Signal (1549.32 nm) 120 Coincidence
Single counts (kHz)

Idler (1555.75 nm)

coincidence (Hz)
8 100 Accidental coincidence
6 80
60

Two-fold
4
40
2 20
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400
Input power (µW) Input power (µW)
(c)
1000

800

600
CAR

400

200

0
0 100 200 300 400 450

Input power (µW)

 Further works
1. Joint spectrum intensity measurements using tunable
lters
2. Time-bin based quantum state tomography

23
fi
Time-bin 큐빗 전송을 위
한 간섭계 구성
Mach-zehnder 간섭계
구현 및 성능 분석
Experiments optical set-up
Ref. Light

DWDM CH.31
200 GHz
Isolator 5:5 coupler VDL FS
Pulsed laser with
amplifier
VOA

SHG module TEC

Ref. Light
Temp ~ 58.6 C
DWDM CH.35 5:5 PM 5:5 SM
1550 block 200 GHz coupler with PM coupler
filter polarizer

VDL FS EPC VOA

SPDC module TEC DWDM CH.35
200 GHz
Temp ~ 41.6 C Qtys : 3

775 block SPD

filter
PM

Trans
Ref
filter
DWDM CH.28 VDL FS EPC VOA
DWDM CH.31 200 GHz
200 GHZ
Qtys : 2
Ref. Light
Experiments electronic set-up Bias controller + Piezo driver

Feedback
Ref. Light

DWDM CH.31
200 GHz
Isolator 5:5 coupler VDL FS
Pulsed laser with
amplifier Feedback to FSs
VOA

Ref. Light to MBC

Ref. Light Feedback

DWDM CH.35 5:5 PM 5:5 SM

200 GHz coupler with PM coupler
polarizer

VDL FS EPC VOA

DWDM CH.35
200 GHz
Qtys : 3
To MBC
SPD
Feedback
PM

DWDM CH.28 VDL FS EPC VOA

200 GHz

Ref. Light
Interferometer structure
Time-bin based experiments are based on phase-encoding
techniques. So we need to care about the unnecessary phases
coming from other sources like thermal fluctuation, ref. Laser
sources etc.

1. Protection boxes are required for the air flow not to make
impact on the fiber-based components
2. Phase-lock systems are necessary in order to remove the
unnecessary phases from thermal fluctuation of components
 Interferometer internal structure_A and B
PM ber
Inside protection box SM ber
Ref. Light (1553.33 nm)

5:5 PM
coupler with 5:5 PM
Signal/Idler photons polarizer PM coupler
T R

C
DWDM VDL FS EPC
200 GHz
Modulation
signal
C
R
DWDM
PM : Phase modulator Modulation
200 GHz
Feedback signal T
VOA : Variable optical attenuator signal
VDL : Variable delay line
FS : Fiber stretcher
Ref. light
EPC : Electronic polarization controller to feedback signal/idler
system

Path length difference ~ 3.6 nm

Arm with PM is shorter
fi
fi
Interferometer internal structure_A and B
EPC

AL board
Output
(ref/signal)
FS

PM

VDL

Input Foam
(ref,signal) board
 Interferometer structure_C
All ber-based components are polarization-maintaining ber version inside the box
PM ber
Inside protection box SM ber
Ref. Light (1553.33 nm)

PM 5:5 PM 5:5 PM
Signal/Idler photons coupler PM VOA coupler
Polarizer
T R

C
DWDM VDL FS
200 GHz

C
R
DWDM
200 GHz
PM : Phase modulator Modulation Feedback signal T
signal
VOA : Variable optical attenuator
VDL : Variable delay line
FS : Fiber stretcher Ref. light
to feedback signal/idler
system

Path length difference ~ 3.6 nm

Arm with PM is shorter
fi
fi
fi
fi
Internal structure

AL board

VOA
PM
VDL
Output

FS
Input
Interferometer visibility test
In order to increase two-photon interference visibility, we need to increase the 1st order
visibility of individual interferometer(pump, A, B, and C interferometers)

<Simple calculation>

5:5 PM 5:5 PM
coupler PM VOA coupler

PM : Phase modulator
VDL FS
VOA : Variable optical attenuator
VDL : Variable delay line
FS : Fiber stretcher

Assuming pump interferometer is perfect(V=1) and longer path is more transmissive (a,b > 1)….
Polarization misalignment can decrease two-photon visibility and is expressed as….

Va : visibility in A interferometer
Vb : visibility in B interferometer
Interferometer visibility test
In order to increase two-photon interference visibility, we need to increase the 1st order
visibility of individual interferometer(pump, A, B, and C interferometers)

<Simple calculation>
Assuming pump interferometer is perfect(V=1) and photonics state is also perfect….
Two-photon visibility is….(The graph additionally assumes Va=Vb)

1.00

0.95
V ~ 0.97 at Va=Vb ~ 0.99
0.90

0.85

0.80
Va : visibility in A interferometer
0.75
Va : visibility in B interferometer
0.70

0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00

Individual visibility (Va,Vb)

Individual Visibility should be more than 0.99 for our purpose.

Assuming pump interferometer is perfect(V=1) and multi-pair effect is neglected….
Misaligned polarization can decrease the overall two-photon visibility
Two-photon visibility is….(The graph additionally assumes Va=Vb)

1.00

0.95

Two-photon visibility
V ~ 0.97 at Va=Vb ~ 0.99
0.90

0.85

Vp ~ 0.995 0.80

Va ~ 0.992 0.75

Vb ~ 0.994 0.70

0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00

Individual visibility (Va,Vb)

V1st ~ 0.993 (V1st>0.99 is required…)

Transmission ~ 41% with lters
Path length difference ~ 3.6 ns
fi
 Multi-photon effects
on two-photon visibility
 Two-pair effects

단일 광자쌍 생성의 경우 이중 광자쌍 생성의 경우

(a) (a)

1 2 3 1 2 3
detector detect
(b) (b)
Show a perfect correlation
Half show a correlation
s s Half show an uncorrelation

i i

40
 Visibility degration
multi-photon generation can degrade the photon pair quality. Two-photon
visibility could be degraded by photon state

) a-a detector coincidence count expression

1 2 3
detector
Single pair
contribution
2-pair
Dark count
contribution
Average pair number, µ 2-pair contribution

)
contribution

i
Visibility degration
multi-photon generation can degrade the photon pair quality. Two-photon
visibility could be degraded by photon state

Accidental counts

Accidental counts +
Correlated photon coincidence

αs : Detection efficiency_signal
αι : Detection efficiency_Idler
µ : Average pair number
ds : Dark counts_signal
di : Dark counts_Idler

Approximated D.C is negligible

How to extract average pair number, μ
Single count expression

Coincidence count expression

Coincidence to accidental count ratio (CAR)

Visibility degration
multi-photon generation can degrade the photon pair quality. Two-photon
visibility could be degraded by photon state

Two-photon visibility calculation

Typical parameters 1.00

Blue : Dark counts included

Two-photon visibility
In order to decrease dark 0.98
Red : Dark counts neglected
count rates, we set Q.E. at 10% 0.96

αs ~ 0.01312 0.94

αs ~ 0.01431 0.92

μ ~ 0.018
0.90
ds ~ 21/18,010,000 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10

di ~ 19/18,010,000 Average pair number, µ

αs : Detection efficiency_signal Blue ->

αι : Detection efficiency_Idler
µ : Average pair number in two pulse
ds : Dark counts_signal in two pulse
di : Dark counts_Idler in two pulse Red -> Approximated. D.C. is negligible
Visibility degration
multi-photon generation can degrade the photon pair quality. Two-photon
visibility could be degraded by photon state

Accidental counts

Accidental counts +
Correlated photon coincidence

Assuming other factors be perfect….. (. )

V ~ 0.98 at CAR of 55
Visibility

The experiments should performs with

more than 55 CAR value for our purpose

CAR
Experiments optical set-up

DWDM CH.31
Pump interferometer
200 GHz

Isolator 5:5 coupler VDL FS

Pulsed laser with
amplifier
VOA

SHG module TEC Analyzer interferometer

Temp ~ 58.6 C
DWDM CH.35 5:5 PM 5:5 SM
1550 block 200 GHz coupler with PM coupler
filter polarizer

DWDM CH.35/Ch 27 VDL FS EPC

SPDC module TEC
200 GHz
Temp ~ 41.6 C Qtys : 2
SPD
775 block
filter
PM

Trans
Ref
filter
DWDM CH.27 VDL FS EPC
DWDM CH.31 200 GHz
200 GHZ Analyzer interferometer
Qtys : 2
Multi-photon effects on two-photon visibility
Two-photon performance

Ch.35 - Ch.27
Ch.37 - Ch.25
Ch.39 - Ch.23
Ch.41 - Ch.21
Two-photon Visibility

Ch.43 - Ch.19
Ch.45 - Ch.17

Average pair number in pulse (µ)

Vmax : Interferometer-restricted value

Laser wavelength drift
test
Unnecessary phase from laser itself
Our feedback system is established in order to remove unnecessary phase originating from
thermal uctuation of ber-based components. This system critically requires stable laser source.
If the wavelength of reference light drifts slightly, additional phase can be given to encoded
qubits.

<Simple calculation>

The feedback system is operated. Phase difference

will be a multiple of 2π (2nπ), n is around 1.0 million

The feedback system is operated. N value will not

change

Phase difference to signal/Idler light

N is large number around 1 million, so signi cant

phase can arise to signal/idler
fl
fi
fi
 Stability test scheme
SM ber
Inside protection box PM ber

Ref. Light (1553.33 nm) PM 5:5 PM 5:5 PM

coupler PM VOA coupler
Polarizer

VDL FS

Path length difference ~ 4.42 nm

Arm with PM is shorter
Detector

Fiber-based components are much sensitive to its temperature uctuation, it can give additional
unnecessary phase(must be removed). Our feedback system is established to solve this
problem. Then…OK

But If additional phase uctuation comes from laser source itself, Our feedback system cannot
remove this kind of phase.
fi
fi
fl
fl
Test result
The only difference is LASER itself. We can observe uctuation difference

PPCL500(Pure photonics) -

This comes from wavelength

drift

TSL550(Santec) - Prof. Shin’s lab It seems to be much stable

51

fl
 0
1

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
0
58
116
174
232
290
348
406
464
522
580
638
696
754
812
870
928
986
1044
1102

+- 4.4 deg
1160
1218
1276
1334
1392
1450
1508
1566
1624
1682
1740
1798
1856
1914
1972
2030
2088
2146
2204
2262
2320
2378
2436
2494

계열1
2552
2610
2668
2726
2784

계열2
차트 제목

2842
2900
2958
3016
3074

계열3
3132
3190
3248
3306
3364
3422
3480
3538
3596
3654
3712
3770
3828
3886
3944
4002
4060
4118
4176
4234
4292
4350
4408
4466
4524
4582
4640
4698
4756
4814
오른쪽 부분은 무시

4872
4930
4988
5046
5104
5162
5220
5278
5336
52

5394
5452
New reference laser

It seems that TEC controller and diode current

controller inside the laser source (PPCL500) is
not that stable.
Additionally active frequency feedback system
can give extensive wavelength drift

DFB laser
- No active frequency feedback system
- Linewidth is 2.0 MHz enough for our
purpose
- Slight wavelength is tunable through
temperature/current control (1553.33 nm)

53
New reference laser
Installed with TEC controller(Thorlabs, TED200) and Diode current controller(LDC205)

14pin diode laser

DFB laser
Installation mount

To prevent it from air flow, protection box TEC cable LD cable

is installed

54
Exp. scheme
It seems that reference light(PPCL550, Pure photonics) is not that stable, so wavelength
looks drift with time. Let’s examine frequency drift according to laser source

Test laser
(CW 1552.52 nm)
IM Other laser source

Delay FS
Reference Coupler Faraday mirror
DWDM
(CW 1553.33 nm)
Coupler Faraday mirror
PPCL500
PM
For monitor Signal
Reference
back
d
Fee oop
For feedback L

55
Phase fluctuation calculation_PPCL550
Maximum value

44,000 s ~ 55,000s

X0 : Center angle
x : angle uctuation
Angle calculation

56
fl
PPCL550
This results are the combination of two laser uctuation
HIstorgram

X0 : 62.94 deg
σ : 3.57 deg

Phase (deg)
Angle calculation

57
fl
DFB laser with feedback
Maximum value

9,000s ~ 12,000s

X0 : Center angle
x : angle uctuation
Angle calculation

58
fl
DFB laser
This results are the combination of two laser uctuation

X0 : 24.2 deg
σ : 2.45 deg
Histogram

Phase (deg)
Angle calculation

59
fl
DFB laser test without feedback
Intensity(μW)

Measured data

Smoothed trend data

Time (s)

In order to identify the DFB laser’s sole effect, feedback system is turned off
Fluctuation seems much stable compared with previous PPCL500 laser

In order to analyze the fluctuation, the measured data is subtracted by

smoothed trend data (Smoothed data is imposed onto measured data, blue).

60
DFB laser test without feedback
HIstogram

X0 : -0.03 deg
σ : 0.64 deg

Phase (deg)
Phase uctuation (deg)

61
Time (s)
fl
Phase fluctuation effect on visibility
Let’s consider phase uctuation on visibility assuming other
factors are perfect. Only phase effect.

Max =

Min =
σ ~0.63

This effect can be negligible

62
fl
Long-term drift test
Until now we have focused on short-term wavelength drift, but typical measurement time
scales can be upto a few hours.

Pure photonics laser

Feedback on

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000

Time (s)

Unless there exist long-term wavelength drift, the measured Interference

power will not change since relative phase difference is xed. BUT this
graph shows a slight change even though feedback system is turned on.

The reference light should be stable much more

63

fi
Experimental set-up
In order to con rm a long-term stability of new DFB laser, we need a wavelength-stabilized laser source. So
our ps laser we can use. Two interferometers with the same path-length difference is required to interfere
each other. Phase-lock systems operates on both interferometers independently.

Pump Path length ~ 3.6 ns

Reference_DFB laser
λref = 1553.33 nm
(1553.33 nm)
5:5 coupler λps = 1552.52 nm
5:5 coupler VDL
10 ps Signal Faraday mirror
(1552.52 nm)
DWDM CH.31
1552.52 nm FS VOA
Monitor 1
Go to feedback loop

Bob Path length ~ 3.6 ns

Signal
Signal 5:5 PM (1552.52 nm)
5:5 SM
(1552.52 nm) coupler with VDL FS Monitor 2
coupler
polarizer
Reference
(1553.33 nm)
DWDM CH.30 PM VOA Go to feedback loop
1553.33 nm

Ps laser output is measured through monitor1 for compensations, and interference is measured by monitor2.
If ref. laser is stable, interference result will not uctuate with time
fi
fl
Experimental set-up
In order to con rm a long-term stability of new DFB laser, we need a wavelength-stabilized laser source. So our
ps laser we can use. Two interferometers with the same path-length difference is required to interfere each other

1st interferometer
2nd interferometer
Pulse is split into two
Each pulse is split again
Separate pulses

NO interference

time
NO interference These two pulses are
subject to interfere

We will get the maximum visibility ~ 1/2

65
fi
Experimental results
Monitor1 and Monitor2 is measured after phase-lock feedback system started
The two measurement data trend looks similar

Monitor 1 - ps laser output measurement (before interferometers)

Monitor 2 - Interference measurement (After interferometers)

66
Time (s)
Experimental results
Analysis - Monitor2 is divided by Monitor1 and 1st point is normalized to unity
Broad vertical scale

Time (1000 s)

It is confirmed that the NEW DFB laser is stable source, we can use it

67
Experimental results
Analysis - Monitor2 is divided by Monitor1 and 1st point is normalized to unity
Small vertical scale

Std. dev. ~ 0.001778

Time (1000 s)

Result : New DFB laser is supermassive stable. No significant

wavelength drift is observed

68
Interferometer thermal
stability
 interferometer
SM ber
Inside protection box PM ber
Ref. Light (1553.33 nm)

PM 5:5 PM 5:5 PM
coupler PM VOA coupler
Polarizer
T R

C
DWDM VDL FS
200 GHz

C
R
DWDM
200 GHz
PM : Phase modulator T
VOA : Variable optical attenuator
VDL : Variable delay line
FS : Fiber stretcher
Power meter

Path length difference ~ 4.42 nm

Arm with PM is shorter
fi
fi
Stability test_interferometer
Pump interferometer
Initial

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

12 hours later

46000 48000 50000 52000 54000 56000 71

Stability test_interferometer
Fiber-based components and ber itself can be sensitive to temperature uctuation, so effective path
length difference changes with time. But, It can be stabilized long time later such that It takes a few
hour to change by phase of 2π.

Interferometer, A

Interferometer, B

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000

Time (s)
fi
fl
Time-bin qubit transfer
between two parties
Experiments optical set-up
Ref. Light

DWDM CH.31
Pump interferometer
200 GHz

Isolator 5:5 coupler VDL FS DSF

Pulsed laser with
30 km
amplifier
VOA

SHG module TEC

Analyzer interferometer
Temp ~ 58.6 C
DWDM CH.35 5:5 PM
1550 block coupler with 5:5 SM
200 GHz PM coupler
filter polarizer

VDL FS EPC
SPDC module TEC
Temp ~ 41.6 C
SPD
775 block
filter
PM

Trans
Ref
filter
DWDM CH.27 VDL FS EPC
DWDM CH.31 200 GHz
200 GHZ
Qtys : 2
Analyzer interferometer
Electronic structure
Phase modulation control

9:1 coupler
Tunable laser Pump

1553.33 nm IM Alice

Pulse generator
Bob
Reference preparation
Pase modulation signal
Reference To Bob int.
(1553.33 nm)
5:5 PM
5:5 SM
coupler with PM VOA coupler
polarizer
Signal/Idler
DWDM CH.27 VDL FS
EPC
200 GHz
C
R

T
Fe
ed
Lo bac
op k
Control board
SPD

Polarization control system

Active phase-lock system
Signal con guration in phase modulator
Signal con guration in phase modulator

Reference light
Modulation pulse
Signal/Idler
Time Optical pulse

In phase encoding system, we need to give an encoding phase to signal

using phase modulator. but, this additional phase should be isolated from
reference modulation.
In other words, phase modulation should not affect to reference light
fi
fi
Two-photon interference w/o DSF
We can see the similar result with other wavelength sets (6 sets)
Coincidence counts (counts/300s)

Dark count ~ 130 Hz

Ch.35 : 1549.32 nm

Single counts (Hz)

Ch.27 : 1555.72 nm
Two-fold

Visbility ~ 0.963(0.005)

Transmission
Channel A ~ 0.032 (SPD, lter….)
Channel B ~ 0.033 (SPD, lter….)
Interferometer A ~ 0.41
interferometer B ~ 0.40
Dark count ~ 135 Hz
fi
fi
Two-photon interference w/o DSF

Two-photon interference result

At CAR of 55, Vmulti ~ 0.982, Vmax ~ 0.985

V ~ Vmulti * Vmax ~ 0.967

Two-photon interference with DSF
We can see the similar result with other wavelength sets (6 sets)
Coincidence counts (counts/300s)

Dark count ~ 130 Hz

Ch.45 : 1541.35 nm

Single counts (Hz)

Ch.17 : 1563.86 nm
Two-fold

Visbility ~ 0.954(0.019)
Transmission
Channel A ~ 0.032 (SPD, lter….)
Channel B ~ 0.033 (SPD, lter….)
Interferometer A ~ 0.41
interferometer B ~ 0.40
DSF A ~ 0.25
DSF B ~ 0.26
Dark count ~ 135 Hz
fi
fi
Two-photon interference with DSF

Two-photon interference result

At CAR of 55, Vmulti ~ 0.982, Vmax ~ 0.985

V ~ Vmulti * Vmax ~ 0.967

Secret key generation
using Ekert protocol
Ekert protocol FM

FM

δ1
1 iϕ A1
Ψ in = [0 A
0 B
+ e [ 1 A 1 B]
2

Circulator
Coupler
A2
al
Ψ out = ei(α +β ) A1B1 + eiπ A1B2 + eiπ A2B1 + A2B2 Sign
DWDM filter
+
B2
eiφ ⎡⎣ A1B1 + eiπ A1B2 + eiπ A2B1 + A2B2 ⎤⎦ Idler
Coupler

B1
α β SPD
90 º + 45 º 135 º 90 º + 45 º δ2
135 º
FM

180 º 0º FM
82
Ekert protocol
1. Secret key generation

α = 45º , β = 135º , φ = 180º

1
α = 90º , β = 90º , φ = 180º Ψ out = ⎡⎣ A1B1 + A2B2 ⎤⎦
2
α = 135º , β = 45º , φ = 180º
α = 180º , β = 0º , φ = 180º Detector correlation

At this condition, a certain pair of detectors is fired at the

same time. 1/4 of whole pair sets contribute to key generation
A1 B1 fire key 0
A2 B2 fire key 1
83
Ekert protocol
2. CHSH bell inequality test

α = 45º , β = 0º , φ = 180º α = 90º , β = 45º , φ = 180º

α = 135º , β = 0º , φ = 180º α = 180º , β = 45º , φ = 180º

α = 45º , β = 90º , φ = 180º α = 90º , β = 135º , φ = 180º

α = 135º , β = 90º , φ = 180º α = 180º , β = 135º , φ = 180º

S parameter goes to

84
Estimated CHSH Bell test and QBER
Estimated parameter S is obtained from the measured two-photon interference. The obtained value is
more than 2, so Bell inequality test is violated. We need to generate the key string.

Estimated raw key rate ~ max*2/4 ~ 0.6 Hz

Estimated QBER ~ min/max ~ 2.50% We need to generate the key string.

Visibility ~ 0.951

Max

Min
QKD experiments
Random phase is generated using ‘pseudo random generator’ in LabView.
Phase modulation signals are retained at a xed value for a while such that many optical pulses
are under the same phase information.
α = π/4 , 2π/4, 3π/4, and π
β = 0 , 1π/4, 2π/4, and 3π/4
α = π/4, 2π/4,
Reference 3π/4, π, random
(1553.33 nm) Go to feedback loop
5:5 PM
coupler with PM
polarizer

Idler
DWDM CH.27 5:5 SM
(1555.75 nm) 200 GHz
VDL FS EPC
coupler

Reference
(1553.33 nm)
5:5 PM
5:5 SM
coupler with VDL FS EPC SPD
coupler
polarizer

Signal
DWDM CH.35
(1549.32 nm) 200 GHz
PM

Go to feedback loop

β = 0, 1π/4,
2π/4, 3π/4, random
fi
QKD experiments result
Totally 6 wavelength sets are used for QKD experiments
Only coincidence counts are collected and 10,000 sets are obtained.

Measured Measured
Wavelength set
QBER(Std.Dev.) CHSH S value(Std.Dev.)

Ch.35 / Ch. 27 3.92(0.405) % 2.58(0.0952)

Ch.37 / Ch. 25 2.99(0.353) % 2.60(0.0955)
Ch.39 / Ch. 23 3.15(0.362) % 2.60(0.0947)
Ch.41 / Ch. 21 4.12(0.416) % 2.59(0.0944)
Ch.43 / Ch. 19 4.89(0.455) % 2.65(0.0955)
Ch.45 / Ch. 17 3.63(0.390) % 2.60(0.0944)
Distillation
파장분할기법을 활용한 다자
간 큐빗 생성 및 전송 연구
Wavelength-multiplexed quantum network

Wengerowsky et al., “An entanglement-based wavelength-multiplexed

quantum communication network.“ Nature 564, 1-9 (2018)

90
Network provider set-up
Output
Network provider

Input Ch.23 Ch.23 A int.

Ch.25 Ch.25 B int.
Ch.27 Ch.27 C int.
Ch.35

Ch.37

Ch.39
Network provider set-up

Isolator 5:5 coupler VDL FS

Pulsed laser with
amplifier DWDM CH.31 VOA
200 GHz

SHG module TEC

Temp ~ 58.6 C

1550 block
Network provider
filter
Ch.23 Ch.23 A int.
SPDC module TEC Ch.25 Ch.25 B int.
Temp ~ 41.6 C
Ch.27 Ch.27 C int.
775 block
filter Ch.35

Ch.37
Trans
filter
Ref Ch.39
DWDM CH.31
200 GHZ
Qtys : 2
Experiments optical set-up
Network provider part is included into exp. set-up
DWDM CH.31
200 GHz
Isolator 5:5 coupler VDL FS
Pulsed laser with
amplifier
VOA

SHG module TEC

Temp ~ 58.6 C

1550 block
filter

SPDC module TEC

Network
Temp ~ 41.6 C
provider
775 block
filter

Trans Two distinct optical pulses will be observed with SPD gate delay since
filter
Ref
individual channel has different path length inside network
DWDM CH.31
200 GHZ
Qtys : 2
Photon-pair generation performance
Ch.27 (1555.75 nm) - Ch.35 (1549.32 nm)
Single counts (kHz)

coincidence (Hz)
Two-fold
776 nm Input power (nW) 776 nm Input power (nW)
CAR

776 nm Input power (nW) 94

Photon-pair generation performance
Ch.25 (1557.36 nm) - Ch.37 (1547.72 nm)
Single counts (kHz)

coincidence (Hz)
Two-fold
776 nm Input power (nW) 776 nm Input power (nW)
CAR

776 nm Input power (nW) 95

Photon-pair generation performance
Ch.23 (1558.98 nm) - Ch.39 (1546.12 nm)
Single counts (kHz)

coincidence (Hz)
Two-fold
776 nm Input power (nW) 776 nm Input power (nW)
CAR

776 nm Input power (nW) 96

Experiments optical set-up
Network provider part is included into exp. set-up
DWDM CH.31
200 GHz
Isolator 5:5 coupler VDL FS
Pulsed laser with
amplifier
VOA

SHG module TEC

SPD
Temp ~ 58.6 C

1550 block A int.

filter

SPDC module TEC

Network
Temp ~ 41.6 C
provider
775 block
filter
B int.

Trans
Ref
filter
DWDM CH.31
200 GHZ
Qtys : 2
C int.
Time-bin qubit transfer result
Transfer between A int. and B int.
Ch.23 (1558.98 nm) and Ch.39 (1546.12 nm) wavelength set is used

Single counts_A ~ 2200 Hz

Single counts_B ~ 1600 Hz

15 Visibility ~ 0.961
Coincidence counts (counts/240s)

10

5
Transmission
Channel A ~ 0.032 (SPD, lter….)
0 Channel B ~ 0.026 (SPD, lter….)
Interferometer A ~ 0.41
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
interferometer B ~ 0.40
Applied voltage (V) Dark count ~ 135 Hz

98
fi
fi
Time-bin qubit transfer result
Transfer between B int. and C int.
Ch.23 (1558.98 nm) and Ch.39 (1546.12 nm) wavelength set is used

Single counts_B ~ 2200 Hz

Single counts_C ~ 1300 Hz

Visibility ~ 0.966
Coincidence counts (counts/300s)

Transmission
Channel B ~ 0.032 (SPD, lter….)
Channel C ~ 0.026 (SPD, lter….)
Interferometer B ~ 0.40
interferometer C ~ 0.29
Applied voltage (V) Dark count ~ 135 Hz

99
fi
fi
Time-bin qubit transfer result
Transfer between C int. and A int.
Ch.23 (1558.98 nm) and Ch.39 (1546.12 nm) wavelength set is used

Single counts_C ~ 1680 Hz

Single counts_A ~ 1700 Hz

Visibility ~ 0.960
Coincidence counts (counts/300s)

Transmission
Channel C ~ 0.025 (SPD, lter….)
Channel A ~ 0.032 (SPD, lter….)
Interferometer C ~ 0.29
interferometer A ~ 0.41
Applied voltage (V) Dark count ~ 135 Hz

100
fi
fi
QKD experiments result
The QKD experiments are performed between parties (A, B, and C)
Only coincidence counts are collected and 10,000 sets are obtained.

Measured Measured
Interferometers
QBER(Std.Dev.) CHSH S value(Std.Dev.)

Between A int. and B int. 3.95(0.362) % 2.63(0.0946)

Between B int. and C int. 4.23(0.353) % 2.65(0.0995)
Between C int. and A int. 4.36(0.362) % 2.60(0.0947)
Distillation
Two-Photon interference without feedback loop
The thermal uctuation coming from the ber-based components gives a phase information to qubits

1500

1000

500
Single counts Signal(1549.32 nm)
Idler(1555.75 nm)
0
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
120
Coincidence counts (10s accumulation)
100

80

60

40

20

0
00 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
Time (s)
fl
fi
QKD experiments
The measure coincidence rate is around 8.3 Hz. We divide time scale by 10 ms in order not to measure more
than 2 coincidence counts in 10 ms time period.
The modulation phase, α,β is randomly chosen and maintained during each 10 ms time period.

k = 2 , x = 8.34/100

~ 0.00320

~ 0.00329

Assuming the Poisson distribution, the probability of measuring more than 2 coincidence counts is
around 0.33%.