PRESENTATION OF

COMPUTER ARCHITECHTURE &ORGANIZATION

(CS-303)
B.TECH(COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING)3rd Sem
HIMACHAL PRADESH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,HAMIRPUR

PRESENTED BY :- SHAGUN
ROLL NO. :- 22010603064
TOPIC:- MEMORY HIERARCHY
& FLOATING POINT REPRESENTATION

SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF B.TECH (CSE)
GOVT. PG COLLEGE DHARAMSHALA
BATCH(2022-2026)
 MEMORY HIERARCHY
❖ Computer memory hierarchy is a pyramid structure. It is used to
store data and instructions.
❖ The memory unit is an essential component in any digital
computer since it is needed for storing programs and data.
❖ The memory unit that directly communicate with CPU is called the
main memory.
❖ Devices that provide backup storage are called auxiliary memory &
secondary memory.
❖ A special very high speed memory called cache memory. It is used
to increase the speed of processing.
Diagram of Memory Hierarchy
 AUXILIARY MEMORY

❖ Auxiliary memory is also called secondary memory.

❖ Auxiliary memory is a device which provide backup storage.
❖ It is slower than the main memory.
❖ The contents of secondary memories are first transferred to
the main memory , and then the CPU can access it.
❖ For example:- Magnetic tap, cd-rom etc

.
 Magnetic tape & Magnetic Disk
Magnetic Tape
▪ Used for backup of data.If the
tape is damaged,the data is
lost.
▪ It stores from 20GB to 200GB.
▪ Magnetic tapes are less
expensive.
▪ It sequential access the data.
▪ Its access speed is slowest.
Magnetic disk
▪ It is used as a seconday
storage in modern computer.
▪ It stores from 100GB to tera
bytes.
▪ Magnetic disk is more
expensive.
▪ It direct access the data.
▪ Its access speed is fast.
 PRIMARY MEMORY ( MAIN MEMORY)

❖ Primary memory(Main memory) also known as RAM.

❖ Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which
the computer is currently working.
❖ Data is lost when power is switched off .
❖ A computer cannot run without the primary memory.
❖ It is the working memory of the compute.
❖ It has larger storage capacity than cache memory , but is slower.
 RAM & ROM
RAM
▪ RAM stands for random
access memory.
▪ It is the internal memory of
CPU for storing data,program.
▪ It is read/write memory
which stores data until the
machine is working.
▪ It is expensive .
▪ RAM is volatile memory,i.e.
data stored in it is lost when
we switch off the computer.
ROM
▪ ROM is stands for read only
memory.
▪ We can only read but cannot
write on it.
▪ It is non volatile memory.
▪ Data in ROM cannot be
modified.
▪ ROM is comparatively smaller
than RAM.
 CACHE MEMORY

❖ Cache memory is also called temporary memory.

❖ It is small , fast memory unit located close to CPU.
❖ It stores frequently used data and instructions that has been
recently accessed from the main memory.
❖ It is type of volatile memory that provide high speed data access to
a processor.
❖ It stores and retrieve the data only until a computer is powered on.

CACHE MAIN
CPU
MEMORY MEMORY
 REGISTER MEMORY

❖ Register memory is the smallest and fastest memory in computer.

❖ It is located in the CPU in the form of registers.
❖ A register temporarily holds frequently used data , instructions
and memory address that can be quickly accessed by the CPU.
❖ Its storage capacity ranging from 16 to 64 bits .
❖ Types of register :- memory address register,
memory buffer register , memory data register(MDR).

CPU

REGISTER
CONTROL UNIT
ARITHMETIC LOGIC
UNIT
 FLOATING POINT
REPRESENTATION
The representation of binary integers in exponential form is known
as floating point representation.
Floating point representation can also have a sign with 0 denoting a
positive value and 1 denoting a negative value.
The IEEE(institude of electrical and electronic engineers) has
developed a floating point representation standard
Floating point numbers has three basic components:-sign,exponent
and mantissa.
Floating point representation types:-
1) Single precision format( 32 bits)
2) Double precision format (64 bits)
• Single precision format
Single precision floating point format is a computer format given by
IEEE ,usually occupying 32 bits in computer memory .
SPF normalization format = (1.N)* 2^E-127

SIGN (1 BIT) EXPONENTS(E) (8 BITS) MANTISSA(N)(23 BITS)

• Double precision format

Double precision floating point format is a computer format given by
IEEE , usually occupying 64 bits in computer memory.
DPF normalization format= (1.N)*2^E-1023

SIGN ( 1 BIT ) EXPONENTS(E) (11 BITS) MANTISSA(N) (52BITS)

STEP TO SOLVE THE DECIMAL NUMBER INTO SPF:-

1. Convert decimal number to binary fractional format.

2. Write the binary no. as SPF normalized form.
3. Compare the binary and SPF normalized number.
4. Find mantissa(N),exponent(E) and sign bit.
5. Write in SPF form.

STEP TO SOLVE THE DECIMAL NUMBER INTO DPF :-

1. Convert decimal number to binary fractional format.

2. Write the binary no. as DPF normalized form.
3. Compare the binary and DPF normalized number.
4. Find mantissa (N), exponent(E) and sign bit.
5. Write in DPF form.
THANKYOU !!