ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Dr/ Basheer al fahad

Course: Objectives
1-Acquaint the basic concepts of analytical chemistry Including of molarity,
normality, Solubility, PH, concentration, dilution and hydration
2-Prepare normal molar solutions
3-Perform titration of solution and PH measurement
4-Describe properties and types of acids base and salt
Introduction to subject
 Concentration of molarity, normality formality and modality
 Definition of solvent, solute and liquids Concept of solubility and effect
of
Temperature solubility
 Concept of concentration, dilution and hydration preparation of normal
and molar salutation, titration of solutions
 Concept of PH, measurement of PH butter solutions and practical
Applications
 Definition of acid and base by Description properties and types of acids
Base and salts reaction of acids and Bases
Analytical Chemistry: The science seeks ever improved means of measuring
the
chemical composition of natural and artificial materials by using techniques to
identify the substances which may be present in a material and to determine the
exact amounts of the identified substance. Analytical chemistry involves the
analysis of matter to determine its composition and the quantity of each kind of
matter that is present. Analytical chemists detect traces of toxic chemicals in
water
and air. They also develop methods to analyze human body fluids for drugs,
poisons, and levels of medication.

Analytical chemistry consists of:

(A) Qualitative analysis

which deals with the identification of elements, ions, or
compounds present in a sample (tells us what chemicals are present in a
sample).

(B) Quantitative analysis

which is dealing with the determination of how much of
one or more constituents is present (tells how much amounts of chemicals
are present in a sample).
This analysis can be divided into three branches:

(1) Volumetric analysis (Titrimetric analysis):

The analyte reacts with a
measured volume of reagent of known concentration, in a process called
titration.
(2) Gravimetric analysis:
usually involves the selective separation of the analyte
by precipitation, followed by the very non-selective measurement of mass
(of the precipitate)

(3) Instrumental analysis: They are based on the measurement of a

physical
property of the sample, for example, an electrical property or the
absorption of
electromagnetic radiation. Examples are spectrophotometry (ultraviolet,
visible, or
infrared), fluorimetry, atomic spectroscopy (absorption, emission), mass
spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR), X-ray
spectroscopy (absorption, fluorescence).

Solutions.

Solution: Homogeneous mixture of two or more substance produce from

dissolved
(disappeared) solute particle (ions, atoms, molecules) (lesser amount)
between
solvent particle (larger amount).
Solute (lesser amount) + Solvent (larger amount)  Solution

𝐍𝐚𝐂𝐥(𝐬) + 𝐇𝟐𝐎(𝐥) → 𝐒𝐚𝐥𝐭 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Concentrated Solution has a large amount of solute.

Dilute Solution has a small amount of solute.

Classification of solutions according to amount of solute:

(1) Unsaturated solutions:

 if the amount of solute dissolved is less than the solubility limit, or if the
amount of solute is less than capacity of solvent

(2) Saturated solutions

: is one in which no more solute can dissolve in a given amount of solvent
at a given temperature, or if the amount of solute equal to
capacity of solvent.

(3) Super saturated solutions:

solution that contains a dissolved amount of solute
that exceeds the normal solubility limit (saturated solution). Or a solution
contains
a larger amount of solute than capacity of solvent at high temperature

:Concentration
It is a general measurement unit stating the amount of solute present in a known
amount of solution or (The ratio of the amount of solute to the amount of solution.)
Although we associate the terms “solute” and “solution” with liquid samples, we can
.extend their use to gas-phase and solid-phase samples as well

: Solution
Homogeneous mixture of two or more substance produce from dissolved
(disappeared) solute particle (ions, atoms, molecules) (lesser amount) between solvent
particle (larger amount)
.
Solvent (larger amount) + Solute (lesser amount) = Solution
Solvent :The medium in which the molecules or ions are dissolved
.Solute: Any substance dissolved in a solvent

Analyte: Constituent of the sample which is to be studied by quantitative

measurements or identified
qualitatively
Molarity amount of substance of solute per unit volume of solution
Normality: Normality defines concentration in terms of an equivalent, which is the
amount of one
.chemical species that reacts stoichiometrically with another chemical species

Molality :It is used in thermodynamic calculations where a temperature independent

unit of concentration is needed. Molarity is based on the volume of solution that
contains the solute. Since density is a temperature dependent property, a solution’s
,volume, and thus its molar concentration
changes with temperature. By using the solvent’s mass in place of the solution’s
volume, the resulting concentration becomes independent of temperature