Classification of Broccoli Quality using Fuzzy K-
Nearest Neighbor
Abstract— This study proposes a method of searching for
broccoli quality based on imagery using the Fuzzy K-Nearest
Neighbor (F-KNN). Broccoli is used because it is a type of
herbaceous vegetable that has a unique color and shape so visual
assessment is still limited. The data used in this study were taken
from 2 cities in Indonesia, Pasuruan and Malang Regency which
consisted of good quality and bad quality. The total data used is
120, each quality comprising 60 images. In the pre-processing
process, several stages are carried out to proceed to the next
process. Feature extraction is done through algorithms, namely
HSI (Hue, Saturation, and Intensity) and LBP (Local Binary
Pattern), which are then divided into training and testing data.
F-KNN is used as a classification. The accuracy obtained from
this study reached 94.4%. This value indicates that the use of
both feature extraction and classification algorithms produces
good accuracy in the training and testing data with a 40:60
scenario. This result showed the potential of the feature
extraction and F-KNN algorithm when classifying a large
number of broccoli qualities.
Keywords—Fuzzy K-Nearest Neighbor, HSI Features
Extraction, LBP Feature Extraction, Broccoli Classification.
I. INTRODUCTION
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) is an herbaceous
vegetable that is rich in nutrients and is often consumed by the
public. Broccoli is easy to cultivate in cool, wet climates. A
good time to plant broccoli is at the beginning of the rainy
season or the beginning of the dry season. However, it is
possible if broccoli is grown all year round if it is cultivated
intensively.
This incentive treatment aims to maintain the quality of
broccoli so that consumers get optimal nutrition from this
vegetable. Currently, the quality of broccoli is usually visually
rated by farmers based on the size, color, shape, and longevity
of the broccoli after harvest. However, this visual rate is
limited in detecting more subtle quality differences in
broccoli.
Digital image processing is now often developed by
researchers as a method of classification or identification
through images, both on fruits and vegetables. Research [1]
succeeded in classifying the maturity level of Golek Mango
using the Fuzzy C-Means classification method and obtaining
a high accuracy of 83.3%. Digital image processing was also
developed for detecting and classifying citrus fruit diseases as
was done by [2]. In research conducted by [3] digital imagery
is also used to measure the dimensions of sunflowers.
Classification image processing is also used by [4] to
differentiate beef and pork. Imagery is also applied to the
classification of domestic chicken egg grades [5].
In the process of digital image processing, feature
extraction is needed to extract features from objects that are to
be distinguished from other objects. Common features of
feature extraction include shape, color, texture, and size.
Implementation using texture feature extraction has been
carried out using texture feature extraction Local Binary
Pattern (LBP) to classify papaya [6] and other multi-class
fruits [7]. A similar implementation of texture feature
extraction has also been carried out by [8] for setting lace
image parameters. Researchers [9] and [10] also use similar
feature extraction for their research by combining other
features.
In addition to texture feature extraction, color feature
extraction also needs to be done to distinguish an object with
a certain color. Research [11] used Hue, Saturation, Intensity
(HSI) color feature extraction to detect bleeding in wireless
capsule endoscope images using the Support Vector Machine
(SVM) classification algorithm. The classification algorithm
is also needed because it is an important step in classifying an
object. One of them is the Fuzzy K-Nearest Neighbor which
is a classifier algorithm that is widely used for classification,
both in the form of images [12]–[15] or data [16].
Classification to determine the quality of an object using this
algorithm has been carried out by [17] to classify the quality
of milkfish, and [18] to classify soybean plant diseases in leaf
images with the highest accuracy of 83.33%.
Based on the literature study, LBP texture feature
extraction and HSI color feature extraction have been widely
used for digital image research and produce high accuracy.
Good quality broccoli has a tight texture and a fresh white
color and vice versa. Objectively classifying broccoli's quality
can help improve consistency and accuracy in assessing the
quality of vegetables by using feature extraction and classifier
algorithms. So that it can provide benefits in supporting the
production of higher-quality vegetables and ensuring the
optimal availability of nutrients for consumers.
In this study, to classify the quality of broccoli, we used
the feature extraction of the LBP texture and the HSI color
obtained from pre-processing. After that, we used the Fuzzy
K-Nearest Neighbor (F-KNN) Classifier, which refers to the
research above that has never done a quality classification of
broccoli based on color and texture, creating a gap in this
study.
 The upcoming section will explain the methodology
employed in this study, along with a comprehensive
description of each stage involved. The findings and
subsequent discussion will be presented in Chapter III,
followed by a concluding section in Chapter IV.
II. METHODOLOGY
In this stage, we describe the methods and data we used
in this study. Figure 1 shows the five stages starting from the
input image, pre-processing, feature extraction,
classification, and output which we will explain in detail
between the sub-chapters.
Fig. 1 Research Methodology
A. Dataset
The dataset was taken from 2 regions in Indonesia,
Pasuruan and Malang Regency which consisted of good
quality and bad quality in Figure 2. Each quality consists of
60 images, so the number of images used 120 images. The
image size used is 350 x 350 pixels in JPG format.
(a) (b)
Fig. 2 Broccoli quality (a) good quality, and (b) bad quality
B. Pre-processing Data
After inputting the dataset, the next step is pre-processing
which aims to convert the data into numbers. This process
requires several steps the image is separated from the
background. It starts with processing the initial data from the
input RGB image, then we convert it into an HSI image. After
that, the process continues by separating the HSI channels,
then selecting the best image from the Hue, Saturation, and
Intensity image processes. Next, we select the intensity to be
processed into texture extraction. Figure 3 shows the results
of the color character values of each image.
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 3 Channel separator based on each channel (a) Hue, (b) Saturation, and
(c) Intensity.
The results of each channel have been separated, then we
choose the channel with the best results and carry out the
adjustment process. After that, we perform a median filter to
reduce noise in the broccoli image and continue the threshold
process to minimize the color variance of black and white
pixels. Furthermore, we carry out a complementing process to
remove binary values and perform a segmentation process to
return the original image. Figure 4 shows the results of the
adjustment, threshold, and segmentation processes.
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 4 (a) Adjustment, (b) Threshold, and (c) Segmentation process
C. Features Extraction
In this study, feature extraction is used as color and
texture to classify the quality of broccoli. Feature extraction
based on color uses HSI (Hue, Saturation, and Intensity) and
texture extraction uses Local Binary Pattern (LBP).
1) HSI (Hue, Saturation, and Intensity)
Hue, Saturation, and Intensity (HSI) separate colors from
the original colors in image processing. HSI is very different
from the three-dimensional color space of RGB and best
describes color in terms that are practical for human
interpretation. Hue is the name of a color that is different from
red, green, yellow, orange, blue, and so on. Saturation is the
strength of the color or intensity. Brightness is a color whose
brightness is impossible to measure, and intensity is the most
useful descriptor of a monochromatic image and is easy to
interpret and measurable.
The RGB and HSI models will be used in image feature
extraction. Figure 5 is an explanation of the HSI space and
how to convert RGB colors to HSI colors [19].
 P = the number of sampling points
gp = the gray value of 𝑝
gc = center pixel value
𝑠 = sign (binary code).
Before carrying out feature extraction using the LBP
method, the segmented image data is converted into a
grayscale image. Furthermore, the grayscale image pixel
values are extracted using LBP [21].
D. Classification using Fuzzy K-Nearest Neighbor (F-KNN)
Object classification is an important area of research and
practical applications in a variety of fields, including pattern
Fig. 5 The HSI color model based on circular color planes [19]
recognition and artificial intelligence, statistics, cognitive
To convert RGB images to HSI use Equation (1). In psychology, vision analysis, and medicine. Pattern
Equation (1), the H function for hue values. The value of θ is recognition and pattern classification are based on data where
obtained from Equation (2). The saturation value is the sample size of each class is small. In many circumstances,
determined by Equation (3) and the intensity is determined the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm is used to perform
by Equation (4). the classification. This decision provides a simple
θ if B ≤ G nonparametric procedure for class labels to input patterns
𝐻={ (1)
360 if B > G based on class labels represented by KNN [22].
The Fuzzy K-Nearest Neighbor (F-KNN) algorithm is a
1
[(𝑅−𝐺)+(𝑅−𝐵)] development of K-NN, the F-KNN algorithm focuses more
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 { 2
1 } (2) on class membership into a pattern (pattern) than assigning
[((𝑅−𝐺)2 + (𝑅−𝐵)(𝐺−𝐵))]2
patterns to a particular class. The basis of this algorithm is to
3 determine membership as a function of the pattern distance
𝑆 = 1 − (𝑅+𝐺+𝐵) [min (𝑅, 𝐺, 𝐵)] (3) from K-NN and determine the possible classes [23].
The Fuzzy K-Nearest Neighbor (F-KNN) classification
1 process has several stages, the first is by determining the
𝐼 = (𝑅 + 𝐺 + 𝐵) (4) value of the i-class membership in the j-neighbor. The
3
following is Equation (7) which is used in determining the
2) Local Binary Pattern (LBP) membership value.
Local Binary Pattern (LBP) is a method used for texture 𝑛𝑗
0.51 + ( ) ∗ 0.49 → 𝑗 = 𝑖
recognition by using a grayscale color on a surface based on 𝑢𝑗 (𝑥) = { 𝐾
(7)
the difference between the neighboring pixels and the central 𝑛𝑗
( ) ∗ 0.49 → 𝑗 ≠ 𝑖
pixel. LBP is widely used in various applications. LBP works 𝐾
by labeling the pixels in the image based on the neighboring
threshold of each pixel and displaying them in binary [20] where,
The basic operation of LBP measures 3x3 of an image uij = neighbor membership value
using 8 neighboring pixels as shown in Figure 6. nj = the number of class-i neighbors in the KNN set
To determine the membership value of each class in the test
data, the process uses the formula Equation (8).

1
∑𝑘
𝑗=1 𝑢𝑖𝑗 ( 2 )
||𝑥−𝑥𝑗 ||
𝑢𝑖 (𝑥) = 1
𝑚−1
(8)
∑𝑘
𝑗=1 ( 2 )
||𝑥−𝑥𝑗 ||
𝑚−1

Fig. 6 The example of LBP Calculation [21] where,

LBP calculation can be written by Equation (5) and Ui(x) = value of membership of data x to class i
Equation (6).
k = the number of nearest neighbors used
𝑝−1
LBP P,R (xc, yc)= ∑𝑝=0 𝑠 (𝑔𝑝 − 𝑔𝑐 )2𝑝 (5)
Uij = class i membership value at j
1𝑥 ≥0
s(x)={ (6) x – xj = difference in the distance from data x to data x j in
0𝑥 <0 the nearest neighbour
where,
m = the weight to the power of the magnitude m > 1
xc and yc = neighboring pixel center coordinates
p = circular sampling points
 III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION data testing for each class of image data. M Variable is the
In this lesson, we created a broccoli quality classification power weight used in the Fuzzy K-Nearest Neighbor function;
system that displays all processes in image processing. Figure this variable is used to find out how big the distance between
7 shows the processing starting from the color process, neighbors is when calculating the effect of neighbors on
preprocessing, feature extraction, and the results of membership values. A large value of M will make the
classification by machine learning. membership value lower, affecting the determination of class
results in the classification of cabbage quality based on color
and texture.
The results of our scenario testing in Table 1 show the best
results when compared to the experiment of Febri., et al [24]
which tested the Fuzzy K-NN algorithm with a 70:30 scenario
resulting in an accuracy of 86.66%.
Regarding color features, the color features we use are HSI
(Hue, Saturation, and Intensity). Before performing color
features, a segmentation process is needed by performing
morphological operations to overcome noise in the image,
such as the presence of parts of broccoli leaves. By testing
Fig. 7 The final look Broccoli Quality Identification System without LBP feature extraction, we get an accuracy of 56.6%
for the values k=3, and m=2. Meanwhile, we get 93.3%
accuracy for the values k=9 and m=8 without using the HSI
In this study, we use the F-KNN algorithm for training and
feature.
testing data by simulating several ratios. The first scenario was
carried out with a ratio of 40:60 with a total of 50 training data By identifying the quality of broccoli, the accuracy
and 70 testing data. The second scenario was carried out with obtained without using HSI color feature extraction is better
a ratio of 10:90 with a total of 20 training data and 100 testing than without LBP texture feature extraction. To increase the
data. Furthermore, we tested without extraction of LBP accuracy value, we combine the two features so that the
texture features and without extraction of HSI color features. accuracy can reach 94.4% with a 40:60 scenario using F-
KNN. The more features extracted from an image, the more
TABLE I. CLASSIFICATION ACCURACY BASED ON FUZZY K-NN complex the algorithm must be used because each feature
extracted adds another dimension to the data that must be
No Scenario Accuracy
processed and analyzed. As the number of features increases,
1 40:60 94,4% the complexity of data processing also increases. More
2 10:90 72% complex algorithms are required to learn more complex
patterns and be able to make more informed decisions based
Table 1 shows the accuracy results of the classification, on those features. Complex algorithms can lead to longer
and we can see the results of differences in accuracy which are computation times and increase programming complexity.
affected by the comparison of training and testing data, the
IV. CONCLUSION
less training data, and the more testing data, the lower the
resulting accuracy. In this paper, we propose a method for identifying the
quality of broccoli using the F-KNN method. This system
TABLE II. TESTING OF K-VALUES classifies the quality of broccoli, good quality, and bad
quality. The results of HSI and LBP feature extraction
No K-Values Accuracy implementation can reach 94.4%. This value is the best
1 3 100% accuracy of the 40:60 scenario. The more training data used,
2 5 100% the greater the accuracy value. In our research, only 120
3 7 100% broccoli images were taken. Therefore, we suggest further
4 9 100% research to add data to increase the effectiveness of the
method used.
Table 2 shows the accuracy of the test for the k value. The
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