Kanaya Nur Nabila

220705049

Phonetics and Phonology

Part II

1. What is phonetic?

Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that deals with the study of the physical properties of speech sounds,
also known as phonemes. The primary objective of phonetics is to understand how sounds are
produced, transmitted, and received by humans.

2.How to understand acoustic phonetic?

Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds, such as their frequency,
amplitude, and duration. It is an important area of study in linguistics and is essential for understanding
the production and perception of speech.

To understand acoustic phonetics, it's important to have a basic understanding of the physical
properties of sound. Sound is a form of energy that travels through the air in waves. These waves have a
number of properties, including frequency (how often they vibrate per second), amplitude (how strong
they are), and duration (how long they last).

3. Explain about Segmental and Suprasegmental.

Segmental and suprasegmental are two important concepts in linguistics that help describe the different
aspects of spoken language.

Segmental refers to the individual speech sounds or phonemes that make up words. Examples: vowels,
consonants, and diphthongs.

Suprasegmental, refers to the features of speech that go beyond individual sounds or phonemes. These
features help convey information such as emphasis, intonation, and rhythm. Examples: pitch, stress, and
tempo.
4. Name the figures who have studied acoustic phonetic and its research.

- Gunnar Fant - a Swedish speech scientist who made significant contributions to the study of acoustic
phonetics, including the creation of the source-filter theory of speech production.

- Kenneth Stevens - an American linguist who developed the concept of "articulatory-acoustic"

phonetics, which relates the physical movements of the articulators to the acoustic properties of speech
sounds.

- Peter Ladefoged - a British linguist who is known for his work on the acoustic analysis of speech sounds
and for the development of the International Phonetic Alphabet.

5. Explain about Impressionistic phonetic and experimental phonetic.

Impressionistic phonetics involves the subjective perception and analysis of speech sounds by trained
observers.Impressionistic phonetics is often used in fieldwork and descriptive linguistics, where the goal
is to document the sounds of a language as they are used by speakers in natural contexts.

Experimental phonetics uses scientific methods and instruments to measure and analyze speech sounds.
This approach is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds, such as their acoustic
characteristics, and with the processes involved in producing and perceiving them.

6. Explain about Periodic and aperiodic sounds.

Periodic sounds are sounds that repeat themselves over time at regular intervals. Examples: musical
notes played on a guitar or piano.

Aperiodic sounds are sounds that do not repeat themselves over time at regular intervals. These types
of sounds do not have a fundamental frequency, and their waveform can be more complex and
irregular. Examples: the sound of a door slamming shut.

7. Explain about Spectrograph and Spectrogram

A spectrograph is an instrument used to measure and analyze the spectral content of a signal, such as
sound or light. Spectrographs are commonly used in a variety of fields, including astronomy, physics, and
engineering.

A spectrogram is a visual representation of the spectral content of a signal over time. Spectrograms are
commonly used in audio signal processing to analyze and visualize sound, but they can also be used for
other types of signals, such as seismic data or electromagnetic radiation.
8. Explain about Frequency, Duration, and Intensity.

Frequency refers to the number of cycles of vibration per second of a sound wave and is measured in
Hertz (Hz). It is used to describe the pitch of a sound, with higher frequencies corresponding to higher
pitches.

Duration refers to the length of time a sound lasts and is measured in seconds. It is used to describe the
length of a sound segment or a syllable.

Intensity refers to the amount of energy per unit of area that is carried by a sound wave and is
measured in decibels (dB). It is used to describe the loudness of a sound, with higher intensities
corresponding to louder sounds.