Bolton CC Inc S Details 2003

Contents
Page No
1.0. Introduction 7
1.1. Objectives 9
1.2. Philosophy 9
1.3. Section 220 Procedure 10
1.4. Section 38 Procedure 10
1.5. CDM 16
1.6. Hierarchy of Roads 16
1.6.1. Category 1 16
1.7. Category 5 Roads Defined 17
1.7.1. Category 5.1. - Feeder Roads 18
1.7.2. Category 5.2. - Collector Roads 18
1.7.3. Category 5.3. - Traditional Cul-de-sac 18
2.0. The Standards 19
2.1. Feeder Road 21

2.2. Collector Road 21
2.3. Traditional Cul-de-sac (Category 5.3.) 22
Table 1 Summary of Standards 23
2.4. Emergency Access 23
2.5. Carriageway Gradients 24
2.6. Footways and Footpaths 25
2.7. Public Rights of Way 27
2.8. Parking Provision (Residents and Visitors) 27
2.9. Private Roads 28
2.10. Private Drives 28
2.11. Private Parking Courts 29
2.12. Private Hardstandings 30
2.13. Design Speed and Traffic Calming 30
2.13.1. General 30
2.13.2. Target Speeds 31
2.13.3. 20mph Zones 31
2.13.4. Horizontal Bends 32
2.13.5. Pedestrian Refuges 32
2.13.6. Junction Spacing 32
2.13.7. Road Humps, Speed Tables and Raised Junctions 32
2.13.8. References 33
2.13.9. Visibility 33
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©Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council - Issue 2 - September 2003
2.14. Public Utilities 33
2.14.2 Sewers 34
2.14.3 Electricity 34
2.14.4 Water 35
2.14.5 Gas 35
2.14.6 British Telecom 35
2.14.7 Cable Television and Telephones 35
2.14.8 Co-ordination 36
2.14.9 The Statutory Undertaker’s Code for Developers 36
2.15. Public Transport 37
2.16. Landscaped Areas 37
2.17. Street Lighting 39
2.18. Highway Structures 41
2.19. CBR, Capping and Sub Base Requirements 42
2.20. Surfacing Materials 43
2.21 Street Names and House Numbers 43
3.0 Layout Details 45
3.1 Junctions with Distributor Roads 47

3.2 Turning Heads 47
4.0 Visability 49
4.1. Sightlines 51
4.2. Forward Visibility on Bends 51
4.3. Visibility Requirements at Junctions of Residential 52
Roads with Distributor Roads
4.4 Visibility Requirements at Junctions within Residential Areas 53
4.5 Visibility Requirements at Junctions of Private Drives
or Hardstandings 54
5.0 Standard Details 55
5.1 Residential Road Construction Detail 57

5.2 Construction Details 58
5.3 Street Gully Detail 59
5.4 Speed Table Detail 60
5.5 Traffic Calming Round Top Hump 61
5.6 Traffic Calming Flat Top Hump 62
5.7 Street Name Plate 63
5.8 Chicane and Footpath Barrier 64
5.9 Standard Turning Heads 65
5.10 Tree Planting Pit 66
5.11 Typical Manhole Type A 67
5.12 Typical Manhole Type B 68
5.13 Typical Manhole Type C 69
5.14 Typical Manhole Type D 70
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5.15 Typical Manhole Type E and F 71
5.16 Vertical Backdrop Detail 72
5.17 Block Paving 73
5.18 Service Locations 74
6.0 Specification 75
6.1 General 77
6.2 Specification of Materials 77
6.2.1. General 77
6.2.2. British Standard Specification 77
6.2.3. Samples 77
6.2.4. Testing 77
6.2.5. Suitable Fill Materials 78
6.2.6. Selected Fill Materials 78
6.2.7. Granular Sub-Base Type 1 79
6.2.8. Crushed Stone Sub-Base 79
6.2.9. Dense Bitumen or Tarmacadam for Base (road base) 81
6.2.10. Rolled Asphalt Binder course 81
6.2.11. Dense Bitumen and Tarmacadam Binder course 81
6.2.12. Open Textured Bitumen and Tarmacadam Base (road base) 82
6.2.13. Proprietary Bituminous Bound Binder course for Footways 82
6.2.14. Hot Rolled Asphalt Surface course 82
6.2.15. Coated Chippings 83
6.2.16. Coated Bitumen and Tarmacadam Surface course 83
6.2.17. Coated Bitumen Macadam Surface course for Footways 84
6.2.18. Course Aggregate for Surface course and Coating Chippings 84
6.2.19. Precast Concrete Flags 86
6.2.20. Tactile Paving 86
6.2.21. Kerbs, Edgings and Channel Blocks 86
6.2.22. Concrete Block Paving 87
6.2.23. Sand for Paving 87
6.2.24. Drainage Pipes 88
6.2.25. Electrical Conduits 89
6.2.26. Pipe Bedding Material 90
6.2.27. Precast Concrete Manhole and Inspection Chambers 93
6.2.28. Manhole Covers and Frames 93
6.2.29. Manhole Steps 93
6.2.30. Manhole Ladders 93
6.2.31. Gullies, Gully Covers and Frames 93
6.2.32. Compressible Filler and Packing for Pipelines 94
6.2.33. Porous Concrete Pipes 94
6.2.34. Filter Media for French Drains and Formation Drains 94
6.2.35. Street Lighting and Traffic Signal Access Chambers 95
6.2.36. Traffic Signal Pole Boxes 95
6.2.37. Concrete for Ancillary Purposes (Standard Mixes) 95
6.2.38. Concrete for Minor Structural Works 96
6.2.39. Water for Concrete 97
6.2.40. Cement 97
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6.2.41. Aggregates for Concrete 98
6.2.42. Aggregates for Granolithic Concrete 98
6.2.43. Ready Mixed Concrete 98
6.2.44. Concrete for Ancillary Purposes 98
6.2.45. Placing of Concrete 99
6.2.46. Steel Reinforcement 99
6.2.47. Waterproof Underlay 100
6.2.48. Tar or Bitumen Paint 100
6.2.49. Road Markings 100
6.2.50. Open Box Beam Safety Fence 102
6.2.51. Untensioned Corrugated Beam Safety Fence 102
6.2.52. Pedestrian Guard Rail 103
6.2.53. Pre-treatment and Painting of Fences, Gates and Posts 104
6.2.54. Bricks 105
6.2.55. Weed Killer 105
6.2.56. Imported Top Soil 105
6.2.57. Turf 105
6.2.58. Grass Seed 106
6.2.59. Plant Material Generally 106
6.2.60. Delivery and Condition of Plants 106
6.2.61. Shrubs 107
6.2.62. Container Grown Stock 107
6.2.63. Trees 107
6.3 Carriageway Construction – Workmanship 108
6.3.1. Top Soil 108
6.3.2. Excavation and Formation 108
6.3.3. Forming and Compaction of Embankments
and Other Areas Of Fill 110
6.3.4. Sub-Soil Land Drains 114
6.3.5. Kerb and Channels 114
6.3.6. Weed Killer 114
6.3.7. Granular and Crushed Stone Sub-Base and Base 114
6.3.8. Laying of Bituminous or Tar Base and Surfacing 115
6.3.9. Laying of Road Markings 117
6.3.10. Tolerance in Surface Levels 118
6.3.11. Cold Weather Working 118
6.4. Workmanship – Footway Construction 119
6.4.1. Excavation 119
6.4.2. Foundation 119
6.4.3. Concrete Edgings 119
6.4.4. Bituminous Base and Surface course 120
6.4.5. Flagging 120
6.4.6. Raising of Footway Ironwork 120
6.5. Miscellaneous – Workmanship 121
6.5.1. Existing Trees, Stumps and Roots 121
6.5.2. Herbicide Treatment and Removal of Invasive Weeds 122
6.5.3. Topsoiling 122
6.5.4. Shrub Planting – General 122
6.5.5. Planting of Whips and Transplants 123
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6.5.6. Shrub Planting 123
6.5.7. Alginure Root Dipping 124
6.5.8 Grass Seeding 124
6.5.9. Wildflower Seeding 125
6.5.10. Establishment 125
6.5.11. Fencing 126
6.5.12. Brickwork 126
6.5.13. Masonry 127
6.6. Drainage Workmanship 129
6.6.1. Types of Pipe 129
6.6.2. Excavation 129
6.6.3. Bedding and Laying Pipes 130
6.6.4. Jointing of Pipes 131
6.6.5. Concrete 131
6.6.6. Backfilling of Trenches 132
6.6.7. Connections to Existing Sewers and Drains 132
6.6.8. Headings 134
6.6.9. Manholes and Inspection Chambers 134
6.6.10. Gullies and Gully Connections 134
6.6.11. Testing and Cleaning of Pipelines 135
6.6.12. Existing Land Drains 135
Appendix 137
Comments/ Suggestions 143
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1.0.
INTRODUCTION
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Section One - Introduction
1.0. Introduction
1.0.1. This document has been designed to assist in the preparation of Section 38
(Highway Act 1980) Agreements for the Adoption of Roads.
1.0.2. As a design aid, it recommends standards for the layout and specification of
residential roads which will be acceptable to the Council for adoption purpose.
1.1. Objectives
1.1.1. The principal objective of these standards is to:
i) Enable the economical creation of pleasant, safe and well maintained

residential areas in which the motor vehicle is an accepted but not a
dominant feature
ii) Let Developers know what will be readily accepted for adoption and
planning purposes
iii) Ensure a quality of environment, which can efficiently and economically be

maintained to a high standard and satisfaction.
1.1.2. It must be emphasised that the various requirements set out in this document are
not intended to exclude alternative layouts and construction. The requirements
may be regarded as the norm, which will he acceptable; any proposed variation
will have to be the subject of consultations with Highways Officers at Bolton
Metropolitan Borough Council.
1.2. Philosophy
1.2.1. The relationship between vehicles and pedestrians is not constant. On a motorway
the vehicle has priority, there is no place for the pedestrian. In a residential area,
pedestrians and cyclists are considered more important than vehicles. The layout of
the road should make realistic provision for access for regular service vehicles (refuse
collection and delivery vehicles) as well as private cars.
1.2.2. Designs should be related to and include adequate safety provisions for the actual
speeds likely to be achieved by the majority of drivers. For residential roads the
intended speed should be far less than the legal maximum and the pedestrian
environment emphasised. Traffic calming will be required to enforce low speeds and
to create 20-mph design speeds.
1.2.3. The Council has adopted the “Secure by Design” initiative. Architects and
Designers are therefore advised to discuss their proposals with the Greater
Manchester Police Architectural Liaison Officer.
1.2.4. Designs that promote vehicle encroachment outside areas designated for their use
should be avoided in the interests of safety and maintenance economy. Certain
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special heavy goods vehicles such as pantechnicons and fire appliances will have to
be physically accommodated on the carriageways. It is accepted that the rare
presence of such vehicles may cause a little inconvenience. Apart from these special
cases heavy goods vehicles should have no place in residential areas.
1.2.5. It is intended that a residential road (classified later as a Category 5 road) will only
serve the development (predominantly residential) in the immediate vicinity of the
road. Roads that form a link between two main roads are generally to be avoided,
but where they are necessary should be laid out as a traffic route (Category 4 or
higher standard) rather than a residential road. Direct access from residential
properties onto such a route will not be permitted.
1.2.6 The Council is fully committed to Local Agenda 21, the principles of sustainable
development and Red Rose Forest initiatives and is looking to achieve landscaped
highways to soften the built environment and to reduce harmful emissions and noise.
In view of the importance the Council attaches to this Section 2.16 on landscaping
has been included within this document.
1.3. Section 220 Procedure

1.3.1. A Section 220 Notice will be served on all residential developments within six weeks
of receipt of Building Regulations Approval. The Council will serve notice on the
Developer/Landowner requiring a bond to cover the sum as in the Council’s opinion
would be recoverable under the Private Street Works Code.
1.3.2. No work shall be carried out in or for the purpose of erecting a building unless a
bond has been secured. The bond will be released upon completion of a Section 38
Agreement.
1.4. Section 38 Adoption Procedure

1.4.1. Where a surface is to be considered for adoption as a highway maintainable at the
public expense, two points should be taken into account.
(a) Once adopted, the highway, its construction, maintenance and use will all be
subject to highway legislation. Additionally, all vehicles used or parked on the
highway will have to comply with the relevant regulations relating to vehicle
taxation, insurance, construction and roadworthiness. Residents often need to
have somewhere to park or maintain a vehicle, perhaps for long periods free
from such regulations.
(b) On the other hand, if the Highway Authority does not maintain a surface, then
unless some other body undertakes the maintenance, the surface may fall into
disrepair causing a loss of amenity to residents and other users, possibly to the
point of becoming dangerous. This position is unacceptable to the Council.
1.4.2. Developers should attempt wherever it is practicable to comply with the guidelines
set out herein when a Public Right of Way is intended. Where there is a private
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means of access that is not intended for adoption, this should be clearly designated
as such on site.
1.4.3. Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council would be prepared to consider for adoption,
land dedicated as highway, only if it is used as such by the general public as distinct
from residents or visitors to a specific property. The following are guidelines for use
in determining whether a surface will or will not be adopted. They ensure that
decisions reached on adoptions are consistent, and should cover most normal
developments. However, special cases will be considered on their individual merits.
Adoption will only be considered if the work is constructed to the Council’s
Specification.
1.4.4. It is recommended that the Developer should consult the Council’s Highway
Officers at the earliest opportunity and preferably before an application for planning
permission is made.
1.4.5. As a condition of the adoption of roads and associated structures in accordance with
Section 38, the Developer will be required to enter into a formal Agreement with the
Council. This Agreement should be entered into prior to the commencement of
work on site unless alternative arrangements are made with the Council in writing.
Alternative arrangements will not be entered into unless the Council’s costs, (non-
returnable) are paid in advance, and, if requested, a surety provided or a cash
deposit paid (if a Section 220 Notice has not been served).
1.4.6. The Developer’s first submission should include preliminary drawings and
calculations relating to the design of the works together with a statement that those
accord with the provisions of this guide.
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1.4.7. The preliminary drawings should be submitted in the following form for approval: -
Copies Drawing Scale

Required
Two Copies of the proposed layout plan, coloured to 1:500

indicate the extent of the highway and highway
drainage to be considered for adoption. The
layout should indicate all road widths, radii, and
traffic calming measures. The layout should also
clearly identify any structure within 4 yards
(3.66m) of the highway.
Two Copies of the Street Lighting Design 1:500

(see Section 2.17.)
(NB. This is not required if the design is to be
carried out by the Council).
Two Copies of the proposed traffic signing and road 1:500

markings layout.
Two Copies of typical cross sections.
Two Copies of longitudinal road sections indicating Horizontal

gradients, levels, including channel levels, vertical 1:500
curves and road dimensions.
Vertical
1:100
Two Copies of structural details.

(Adoptable structures supporting the highway and
non adoptable structures).
Two Copies of typical gully connection details.
These drawings should be based on the typical details shown in this guide.
1.4.8. Upon receipt of a submission the Council will aim to:
Notify the developer within 5 weeks indicating what it is prepared to adopt and
what the design check/supervision fee will be.
1.4.9. Upon receipt of the design check/supervision fee, the Council will aim to:
Notify the developer within 5 weeks confirming what it is prepared to adopt and
advise what is incomplete or unacceptable.
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The Council will request amended details if necessary or request the information
indicated in the table below for inclusion in the agreement.
SECTION 38 SUBMISSION SCHEDULE
Two polyester copies of the approved plan showing the road and drainage layout (1:500)
scale).
One paper copy of a plan showing the road and drainage layout (1:500 scale), coloured to
indicate the extent of the highway and the highway drainage to be considered for
adoption, together with eight prints of same which will be appropriately coloured by the
Council. The coloured plan should show the site boundary edged in red; roads, footpaths
and vehicular crossings coloured brown; highway verges and service strips coloured green;
highway drainage coloured blue. The layout should indicate all road widths, radii and
traffic calming measures.
Seven copies of the Street Lighting Design at 1:500 scale. (NB. This is not required if the
design is to be completed by the Council).
Refer to Street Lighting Section 2.17.
Seven paper copies of longitudinal road sections indicating road dimensions, levels
gradients and vertical curves. Scales: horizontal 1:500, vertical 1:100.
Seven paper copies of typical cross-sections of roads and footways for each category of
road.
Seven paper copies of the traffic signing and road markings layout.
Seven paper copies of typical gully construction details.
Seven paper copies of structural details (adoptable structures supporting the highway and
non adoptable structures adjacent to the highway).
The names and addresses of owners of non-adoptable structures.
The name and address of the Developer’s Solicitor.
The registered name and address of the Developer’s surety.
The registered name and address of the Developer.
The registered name and address of the Freeholder to the land. (If different from the
Developer)
The programme dates for the stages of road works completion:
Stage 1 – completion to binder course (base course) level.
Stage 2 – completion of final surfacing.
Stage 3 – end of 12 month period of maintenance.
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N.B. One additional copy of the drawing will be required per party, if more than
three parties are to be included in the agreement.
1.4.10. The Council will generally provide two copies of an engrossed agreement no later
than 6 weeks after receipt of the final approved details.
1.4.11. During the construction of the works the Clerk of Works will carry out inspections to
check compliance with the Agreement. The developer shall ensure that all natural
features to be retained are adequately protected eg. trees cordoned off and
hedgerows fenced. Substandard works or materials should be corrected or
substituted with the minimum of delay on instruction from the Clerk of Works/
Engineer.
1.4.12. Upon completion of works to the required standard the Developer should request in
writing Part 1 or Part 2 Certification. Inspections will be carried out to check the
suitability of the works for the level of certification requested.
1.4.12.1. Part 1 Certification will be issued when confirmation is received from the Clerk of
Works that the following are satisfactorily complete: -
● All highway drainage
● All other drainage contained within the highway
● All kerb foundations and where appropriate kerbs including the lowering at
vehicle crossings and pram ramps
● Carriageway sub-base and any supporting structures
● Carriageway binder course (base course) where appropriate
● Demarcation of sight lines and clearance of visibility splays
● Traffic Calming Features
NB It is recommended that street nameplates be erected prior to occupation of

any dwelling.
1.4.12.2. Part 2 Certification will be issued when:
● All outstanding kerbing not completed in Part 1
● Pedestrian ways are completed
● Carriageway surface course (wearing course) is completed
● Visibility splays and verges are complete
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● Street lighting, street furniture illuminated signs and bollards erected and
operational and approved by the street lighting engineer (The Authority
cannot accept any electrical installation without the relevant test certificates
being supplied)
● Street name plates are erected
● Traffic Signs and Road markings are completed
1.4.13. Approximately two months prior to the end of the 12 month Part 2 Certification
period, the Developer is required to submit two copies of “As Constructed” records.
These records may be similar in detail to the drawings submitted for inclusion in the
Agreement. It should be clearly noted that all levels should relate to Ordnance
Datum and should truly reflect the “As Constructed” road and associated structures.
If the works are not yet acceptable for adoption the developer must request an
extension to the agreement dates for which an additional fee will be charged, and a
review of the bond figure will be made.
1.4.14. Following the receipt of the “As Constructed” records and confirmation from Street
Lighting/Clerk of Works that all works are satisfactorily complete, the works will be
adopted without delay.
N.B. All drainage under a Section 104 Agreement is to be adopted at the same time
as, or prior to, the adoption of the road. Confirmation of the sewer adoption
will be required from the developer.
Recovery of the Council’s costs
1.4.15. The Authority incurs costs in carrying out various activities in the course of the
adoption procedure that normally includes, technical appraisal, processing the
submission and site inspections. These costs incurred will be recovered by charging
a fee as follows:
Estimated Cost of Works Fee

(to be calculated by BMBC) (Fees subject to annual review)
Up to £50,000 £3,000
Over £50,000 6% of the estimated cost of the

works, as calculated by the Council
N.B. i. Additional fees will be payable for the checking of structural details and
design of any structure within 4 yards (3.66m) of the proposed highway.
ii. The fees cover the initial appraisal of the drawings and one reappraisal of
amended drawings. Any subsequent reappraisals that are necessary are
charged an additional fee.
iii. All fees are subject to annual review.
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1.4.16. Fees are based upon the assumption that the design submission and the
construction of the works are in general accordance with the recommendations set
out in this guide. Should the submission or the construction of the works fall below
these standards the Council reserves the right to recover additional costs incurred in
the administration of the Agreement arising for the rechecking of details, site visits
for rechecking sub-standard work. Additional charges will not be levied for
additional costs relating to changes to the works arising from unforeseeable
circumstances (e.g. adverse ground conditions) but if there is a significant increase in
the estimated cost of the works then a proportional increase in the fee may be made.
1.4.17. Legal fees will be payable in addition and will be calculated prior to the Agreement
being sealed, by the Legal Services Department.
1.4.18. Obligation of Surety
The developer will be required to provide an indemnity from a Surety for a sum
equal to 100 per cent of the estimated cost of the works as calculated by the
Council. The obligation of the Surety will be reduced at Part 1 and Part 2
Certification and released upon adoption. This Authority will determine the
estimated cost of the highway works.
1.5. CDM
The Developer’s Health and Safety file prepared in accordance with the
Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994 (CDM) must be
submitted to the Council not later than two months before the end of the
maintenance period.
1.6. Hierachy of Roads

Categories
These standards are based on five categories of road related to the road function.
The fifth category, lightly trafficked roads serving residential areas, is sub-divided
into three groups related to potential traffic generation, and it is this fifth category to
which detailed consideration is given in this document.
1.6.1. Category 1
Primary Distributor, Trunk and Principal Roads, Town Centre and main shopping
streets, all carrying over 1,000 commercial vehicles per day in each direction.
1.6.2. Category 2
Primary Distributor, other Trunk and Principal Roads and main Urban routes carrying
750-1,000 commercial vehicles per day in each direction.
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1.6.3. Category 3
District Distributors, important non-principal roads, all carrying 250-750 commercial

vehicles per day each in direction.
1.6.4. Category 4
Local Distributors, other non-principal roads. Roads carrying 75-250 commercial

vehicles per day in each direction.
1.6.5. Category 5
Lightly trafficked roads. Roads carrying up to 75 commercial vehicles per day in

each direction.
Note: A commercial vehicle is defined as a goods or public service vehicle of

unladen weight exceeding 1,500kg (30 cwt).
1.7. Category 5 Roads Defined

Roads in Residential Areas
Residential Roads are defined in terms of the number of dwellings each road is
intended to serve, which in turn determines the potential traffic generation.
Other special community and commercial development such as schools, shops,

public houses having access onto the road in question will require an upgrading of
standards.
There are three sub-categories of Category 5 roads used on new developments in

Bolton: -
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1.7.1. Category 5.1 Feeder Roads (maximum 300 dwellings)
A feeder road may take the form of a cul-de-sac to which other more minor cul-de-
sac may be connected or alternatively it may form a loop off the same road. It serves
a maximum of 100 dwellings
where the feeder road has
one junction with a higher
category road and an
additional emergency access
or serves 300 dwellings
where the feeder road forms
a loop either by two
junctions with the same
higher category road or a
short dual 5.5 metre
carriageway. Category 4
roads would normally be the
lowest category of road to
carry a bus service but since
bus de-regulation, any
residential loop road may
carry a bus service. Loop
roads shall therefore be
constructed to special
requirements.
1.7.2. Category 5.2 Collector Road

(maximum 100 dwellings)
A collector road may take

the form of a cul-de-sac
from which other more
minor cul-de-sac may be
connected or alternatively it
may form a loop off a higher
category road. The loop
may also be provided with
an emergency access. It
serves a maximum of 50 dwellings where the collector road has one junction with
the higher category road, or serves a maximum of 100 dwellings where the
collector road has one junction with the higher category road and an additional
emergency access.
1.7.3. Category 5.3 Traditional Cul-de-sac (maximum 50 dwellings)
This is the lowest category of road of conventional layout and construction, similar
to a Category 5.2. road, but it will not have other minor cul-de-sac or roads leading
from it. A traditional cul-de-sac may serve up to a maximum of 50 dwellings.
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2.0.
THE STANDARDS
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Section Two - The Standards
2.1. Feeder Road (Category 5.1)

2.1.1. A feeder road can be a cul-de-sac with an additional emergency access, which links
together other Category 5 roads and gives direct access to a total of 100 dwellings;
or
2.1.2. A feeder road may form a loop having two junctions with the same higher category
road and giving direct access to a total of 300 dwellings. Where only one point of
access is available, there should be the shortest possible connection between the
loop and the point of access. This connection shall be laid out as dual 5.5 metre wide
carriageways.
2.1.3. The carriageway should have a minimum width of 5.5 metres with parallel kerbs.
When the feeder road is a loop road a carriageway width of 6.75 metres will be
required. The kerb upstand will be 125mm (see Fig 5.2). It will be necessary to
consult and agree special details where the road is flatter than 1 in 125. Dropped
kerbs must be provided at drives.
2.1.4. Where a property is located adjacent to more than one road, access should be taken
from the lowest category of road.
2.1.5. A flowing alignment of curves should be used with a normal minimum centre-line
radius of 30m.
2.1.6. Footways 2.0m wide will be provided on each side of this category of road when
fronting developments. Continuous hard paved strips or grassed verges may be
provided between the carriageway and the footways in keeping with the character
of the development.
2.1.7. A verge may be of variable width with a normal minimum of 2.0 m and a maximum
localised width of 3.0m.
2.1.8. A turning head is required at the end of a cul-de-sac. The arms of the turning head
may be used for access to Category 5.2. or 5.3, road, provided the lower category of
road is not positioned such that it is merely a straight extension of the higher
category road.
2.1.9. The maximum length of any cul-de-sac network should be 250 m. Should a cul-de-
sac exceed 250 m, an emergency access will be required such that no dwelling is
more than 250m from the commencement of the access. The approval of the Fire
Service would also be required.
2.1.10 For junction requirements, sight lines, turning head and kerbs refer to the layout
details.
2.2. Collector Road (Category 5.2)

2.2.1. A collector road is either a cul-de-sac or a loop road linking together lower category
roads. In its cul-de-sac form, it gives direct access to a total of 50 dwellings.
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2.2.2. When a collector road forms a loop (either directly or as two culs-de-sac linked by a
short emergency access) and has two junctions with the same higher category road,
then it may give direct access to a total of 100 dwellings.
2.2.3. The carriageway should have a minimum width of 5.5 metres, a minimum centreline
radius of 15 metres (up to 50 dwellings) or 30 metres (50 – 100 dwellings) and
parallel kerbs. The kerb upstand will be 125mm. It will be necessary to consult and
agree special details where the road is flatter than 1 in 125. Dropped kerbs must be
provided at drives. A footway 2.0 metre wide is required on each side of this
category of road when fronting developments.
2.2.4. Continuous hard paved strips or verges may be provided between the carriageway
and the footways in keeping with the character of the development.
2.2.5. A turning head is required at the end of culs-de-sac. The arms of the turning head
may be used for access to Category 5.3 road provided the lower category of road is
not positioned such that it is merely a straight extension of the collector road.
2.2.6 The maximum length of any cul-de-sac network should be 250m. The length of
culs-de-sac may be increased by agreement with the Engineer and provided that a
approved emergency access is also constructed at the same time. The approval of
the Fire Service would also be required.
2.2.7. For junction requirements, sight lines, turning head and kerbs refer to Sections 3.0,4.0
and 5.0 .
2.3. Traditional Cul-De-Sac (Category 5.3)

2.3.1. A traditional cul-de-sac does not link together lower category roads, it is simply a
cul-de-sac leading from a higher category of road. It gives direct access to a total of
50 dwellings.
2.3.2. The carriageway should have a width of 5.5m, a minimum centre line radius of 15m
and parallel kerbs. The kerb upstand will be 125mm (see Detail 5.2). It will be
necessary to consult and agree special details where the road is flatter than 1 in 125.
Dropped kerbs should be provided at drives.
2.3.3. A footway 2.0 metres wide is required on each side of this category of road when
fronting developments.
2.3.4. A turning head is required at the end of the cul-de-sac. The maximum length of any
cul-de-sac may be increased by agreement with the Engineer and Planning Officer
provided that an approved emergency access is also constructed at the same time.
The approval of the Fire Service would also be required.
2.3.5. For junction requirements, sight lines, turning head and kerbs refer to the “layout
details”.
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Table 1 Summary of Standards
Road Category Minimum Minimum Normal Minimum With Minimum Absolute minimum
width of width of width of centre line road kerb junction spacing
carriageway footway adoptable bend radius category radius
verge Adjacent Opposite
Category 4 See Table 3 5.1, 5.2,

Local Distributor 7.30 2.0 2.0 TD9/93 5.3 10.0 90 90
Category 5.1
Feeder Road
(maximum 300
dwellings for loop
with two access
points. 6.75 2.0 2.0 29 5.2, 5.3 6.0 50 25
Maximum 100
dwellings for one
point of access and
emergency link). 5.5 2.0 2.0 29 5.2, 5.3 6.0 50 25
Category 5.2
Collector Road
(Maximum 100
dwellings if one
point of access and
emergency link. 5.5 2.0 2.0 29 5.2, 5.3 6.0 30 15
Maximum 50
dwellings for one
point of access). 5.5 2.0 2.0 15 5.2, 5.3 4.5 30 15
Category 5.3
(Traditional cul-de-
sac maximum 50
dwellings) 5.5 2.0 N/A 15 5.2, 5.3 4.5 - -
All linear units are in metres.
2.4. Emergency Access

2.4.1. An emergency access is a single-track vehicular route, from a cul-de-sac to an
adjacent adopted highway, and primarily intended for emergency vehicles (i.e.
Police, Ambulance, and Fire appliance) where the cul-de-sac exceeds the permitted
length of 250 metres. Whilst every effort should be made, in the design, to prevent
use of the emergency access by general traffic, instances may arise when the cul-de-
sac is blocked, for example by the workings of the Statutory Undertakers. If such a
situation does arise the emergency access should be able to be used as a secondary
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means of entry to the cul-de-sac. It is intended however that the access is used by
pedestrians and cyclists at all times.
2.4.2 Where the requirement for an Emergency Access is either envisaged by a Developer
or sought by the Highway Authority then the provision for such a facility shall be
fully discussed beforehand with the Architectural Liaison Officer of Greater
Manchester Police who is charged with implementing the recommendations
outlined In the ‘Secure by Design Document’
If the Architectural Liaison Officer considers that the emergency access is
undesirable, the Developer will be required to redesign the layout by providing an
additional point of access.
2.4.3. The width of the emergency access should be 5.0 metres, 3.0 metres of which is to
be carriageway construction together with two margins each 1.0 metres wide in
block paving or similar construction. The surface texture will vary according to
usage and this is a matter for negotiation between the Engineer and Developer.
2.4.4. The emergency access must connect to an adopted highway, and be arranged such
that no dwelling is more than 250 metres from the commencement of the
emergency access.
2.4.5. At both ends of an emergency access bollards should be erected across its width at
1.2 metre centres maximum to prevent vehicular use by the general public. It is
anticipated that Traffic Regulation Orders may be required on some Emergency
Accesses to restrict their use to emergency vehicles, pedestrians and cyclists. In such
instances and if the main access becomes blocked for any reason (say road works)
the Local Authority would be requested to “bag over” the signs until the main
access is clear. The design, type and positioning of the bollards should be approved
by the Highway and Planning Authorities.
2.4.6. Street Lighting will need to be provided for the Emergency Access.
2.5 Carriageway Gradients

2.5.1. While the need to avoid excessive cut-and-fill may often justify the use of steep
gradients, regard must be paid to the difficulties, which may arise in icy conditions,
and to their effects on vehicle speeds particularly on bends and at junctions.
2.5.2. It is suggested, therefore, that while steep gradients are sometimes difficult to avoid
in hilly areas, the general aim should be to avoid carriageway gradients in excess of
7% (1:14).
2.5.3. The gradient for a non-priority road at a junction should, whenever possible, not
exceed 5% (1:20) when rising towards the priority road or 4% (1:25) when falling
to the priority road for a distance of at least twice the kerb radius.
2.5.4. In the case of private drives, excessively steep gradients are likely to cause vehicles to
join the highway under insufficient control. Alternatively difficulties in negotiating
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the driveway may discourage its use and lead to parking on the highway. For these
reasons the maximum gradient shall be 1:10 unless specifically accepted by the
Council.
2.5.5. Where changes in gradients occur, vertical curves will be required at summits and
valleys both for ease and comfort of driving and also, at summits to ensure adequate
forward visibility along the carriageway.
2.6. Footways and Footpaths

2.6.1. In general, Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council will consider for adoption only
footways and footpaths at ground level. More specifically:
2.6.2. Footways
Footways are those parts of the public highway which are intended solely for use by
pedestrians and which generally are parallel to the carriageway and separated from
it only by a kerb or narrow verge.
● Footways immediately adjoining adoptable carriageways.
Normally with Category 5.1 and 5.2 roads, footways on both sides will be required.
On Category 5.3 roads, where there is no direct frontage development or access to
the road on one side, and where satisfactory alternative footpath provision is made,
one of the footways may, by agreement with the Engineer be omitted. (This will
only be successful where the alternative footpath route is more attractive to
pedestrians than the vehicular route).
Gaps of undeveloped frontage on one side will nevertheless require a footway where
most of the length of the road serves development.
2.6.3. Footpaths
For the purpose of this design aid footpaths are those pedestrian rights of way which
are located quite independently from and not adjoining carriageways.
It is advisable to identify at the earliest design stage those features which will
generate or attract pedestrian traffic and Developers must clearly indicate the
footpath network on the Planning Application.
● Primary access footpaths subject to an overall minimum width of 2.0 metres
and a normal maximum of 3.0 metres.
● The Highway Authority may adopt independent footpaths which serve as a

useful short cut for the general public, subject to an overall minimum width of
2.0 metres and a normal maximum of 3.0 metres.
● Footpaths of this nature need careful consideration and the principles of

“Secure by Design” must be taken into account and the G.M.P. Architectural
Liaison Officer must be consulted.
25
● Normally the maximum footpath width adoptable is 3.0 metres. A footpath

intended to be adopted should be a minimum width of 2.0 metres and may be
irregular in width (it should be noted that for an existing public footpath the
width must not be less than that on the definitive statement). It is intended
that such a footpath would form part of a link between pedestrian focal points
(e.g. school, local shops, bus stops, play areas, clinic and library).
● Any new route should be related to pedestrian desire lines rather than to a
specific carriageway alignment.
● In the location of footpaths special care should be taken to avoid very small or
narrow areas of soft landscaping requiring public maintenance. This may be
achieved by hard paving these small areas or modifying the alignment slightly.
The normal practical minimum width for successful shrub planting is 2.0
metres.
● Footpaths should not be bounded by other than very low walls, fences or
hedges, to avoid creating for pedestrians, a sense of enclosure by such
boundaries or creating ginnels. Every effort must be made to ensure that all
footpaths are self-draining, and where special drainage is unavoidable details
must meet the Engineer’s requirements.
● The use of steps should be avoided if at all possible and only used when the
topography is such that no reasonable alternative is available. To achieve an
evenly graded footpath without steps it may be necessary to carry out more
than normal excavation and fill or construct dwarf or retaining walls.
● Footpath barriers or chicane barriers shall be provided to prevent the

unauthorised use of footpaths by motorcyclists whilst allowing the passage of
double buggies. (See Detail 5.8)
● Joint footpath/cycleways shall be constructed to a width of 3.0 metres and

shall be separated into two equal widths by a longitudinal central white line. A
traffic regulation order will be required for the cycleway.
2.6.4. Footpath and Footway Gradients
Where steep footpath gradients are unavoidable special construction provisions will
be needed as follows:
Only in exceptional circumstances will footpaths steeper than 1:12 be accepted but
if these are necessary the following conditions will be required:
Between 1:12 and 1:5:

Special non-slip paving with handrail details to be approved by the Engineer.
1:5 and steeper: steps with handrail
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2.7. Public Rights of Way

2.7.1. Where a development affects a Definitive Right of Way the route of such a way
should, if it can be satisfactorily incorporated into the design, be retained on its
existing line. The Highway Authority is opposed to the creation of ginnels between
or to the rear of properties where an alternative course is available. If, however, a
diversion is necessary an alternative route should be designed naturally into the
layout as an independent way.
2.7.2. A Statutory Order will have to be obtained where it proves necessary to divert a
right of way, as granting of planning permission gives no authority whatsoever to
take this action.
2.7.3. Any objection to the making of an Order may result in a Public Inquiry being held
and delays may be expected before decisions are reached.
2.7.4. It is also possible that a right of way across an area may have become public by
usage although not indicated on the Definitive Map. The Council must be consulted
with regard to public rights of way problems.
2.7.5. It must be emphasised that, the ultimate decision to divert a public right of way may
be outside the control of both Planning and Highway Authorities. The decision may
be made by the Courts or by the Secretary of State. In any event a public right of
way must not be affected until the Order is confirmed.
2.7.6. If a right of way is affected during construction works a temporary closure or

diversion should be applied for. It should be noted that the process can take five
weeks or more to effect. The right of way must be reinstated along its legal line
when the works have been completed.
2.8. Parking Provision (Residents and Visitors)

2.8.1. The extent and disposition of parking in residential areas is of paramount
importance to ensure that vehicular traffic (visitors and residents) can safely service
the areas throughout their life.
2.8.2. The lack of adequate off street parking facilities on many developments has led to a
high incidence of on-street parking, usually partially on the footway. This
undesirable practice causes damage to the footway, obstructs visibility and is a
danger to pedestrians and children who live on the residential street.
2.8.3 In this document certain minimum levels of car parking are set out for particular
types of layout to avoid undue difficulties that are likely to be caused by vehicles
parked in the highway. Experience has shown that in practice garages are rarely
used for the parking of motor vehicles. When calculating the parking provision for
dwellings, one garage space shall be discounted per dwelling.
2.8.4. There are three basic kinds of parking to consider:
27
(a) residents’ cars

(b) visitors’ cars
(c) service vehicles (e.g. refuse wagon)
2.8.5. In considering the provision of car parking and garaging accommodation in

residential developments, the following principles should be observed. It is
important to distinguish between requirements for visitors/service vehicles and those
for the storage or garaging of residents’ cars.
2.8.6. The preferred minimum number of car parking (discounting one garage space) within
the curtilage of each type of dwelling shall be based on the following criteria: -
(i) Aged person unit: 1 car space per dwelling which may be reduced further on
certain types of sheltered accommodation.
(ii) 2 or 3 bedroom house or flat: 2 spaces per dwelling.
(iii) Dwellings with 4 or more bedrooms: 2 car spaces per dwelling.
Note: The final decision regarding the number of car spaces required will be determined
by the Head of Planning Control at the Planning Approval Stage.
2.9 Private Roads

2.9.1. A private road is a shared access serving a number of dwellings. In certain
circumstances private roads are acceptable, however, they must be constructed to
minimum dimensions (i.e. 4.5 metres wide driving surface with a minimum
clearance of 0.5 metres on each side). They will however not be adopted and the
future maintenance remains the responsibility of the owners.
Private roads may join any Category 5 road. A private road must normally only
serve a maximum of up to four dwellings and each dwelling served by the road
should have at least three parking spaces within the curtilage.
2.10 Private Drives

2.10.1. A private drive is an individual access to a dwelling and should not be shared.
2.10.2. Private drives will not be adopted and the future maintenance is the responsibility of
the owner.
2.10.3. Private drives should also be:-
(a) Sufficiently wide to permit the vehicle to be serviced from both sides and to
allow pedestrian access to the property along the side of the parked vehicle,
i.e. 3.0m minimum width. (To reduce the risks of on-street parking it is
considered advisable that wherever possible private drives should be constructed
at an optimum minimum width of 4.8 metres to enable two cars to park side
by side)
28
(b) Sufficiently long to permit the vehicle to stand completely off the highway and
allow garage doors where provided to be opened at the same time, (i.e. 6.0
metres minimum length).
(c) Positioned clear of the radius curve forming a junction with another road.
(d) Positioned at right angles to the highway where practicable.
2.10.4. Where a private drive joins onto a Category 1, 2, 3, or 4 road, turning facilities must
be provided in order that cars may enter and leave the carriageway in forward gear.
The turning facility must be in addition to the minimum parking requirements.
2.11. Private Parking Courts

2.11.1. A parking court is defined as a non-adoptable cluster of hardstandings or garages
served by a common forecourt which is connected to, but not penetrated by, estate
roads.
2.11.2. The following examples (a, b and c) illustrate some of the layout formations which
may be used in parking courts. They are based on the dimensions necessary for a
‘standard’ car to manoeuvre. The dimensions for garage courts apply to all courts
where hardstandings provided initially may be converted into garages at a later date.
a) Examples of garage courts
Double-sided access
With a forecourt width of 7.3m between garage doors,

cars may, in one turn, enter and exit from garages of
2.4m minimum internal width. Where space for the
forecourt is critical the depth may be reduced to 6.5m.
Single-sided access
Where a low kerb forms one side of the forecourt, the

forecourt width may be reduced by 0.5m by allowing
cars to overhang the kerb.
b) Examples of Hardstanding Courts
Where parking spaces consist only of hardstandings,

cars may use the margins of adjoining bays whilst
manoeuvring in and out. This allows some reduction
to be made in the width of forecourts compared with
that required for garages. Where parking angles are less than 90° further
reductions can be made to the forecourt width at the expense of increasing its
length but it should be appreciated that unless one-way traffic systems are
provided a turning space will be required at the end of the court.
29
90° Parking
With parking at right angles a forecourt width

of 6.0m is required for 2.4m wide parking
spaces. This may be reduced to 5.0m by
widening the parking spaces to 3.0m.
60° Parking
For 60° parking a clear forecourt width of 4.5m

is required. This still allows room for two-way
traffic.
45° Parking
For 45° parking the forecourt width may be

reduced to 3.6m but should be restricted to one-way traffic only.
c) Parking Parallel to the Kerb
For parking parallel to the kerb a forecourt width of 3.0m is required for one-
way traffic and 5.4m for two-way. A bay width of 2.4m should be provided
where walls are adjacent but this width can be reduced 2.0m where the vehicle
is bounded by a pavement a low kerb, or where a 0.4m clear strip is provided
between parking pays. Where walking space is required between bays, a 0.8m
strip should be required.
2.12. Private Hardstandings

A minimum space of 4.8m x 2.4m is required for hardstandings. Hard standings
should be orientated at right angles to the kerb line and could be of a different
surfacing material.
2.13. Design Speed and Traffic Calming

2.13.1. General
The control of vehicle speeds is the most important factor contributing to road safety
in residential areas and so there should be a consistent attempt to design in
measures to restrain speed rather than add the measures as an afterthought. There
are particular benefits in keeping speeds to 20 mph reflected in a reduction in the
severity of accidents to vulnerable road users.
An evolving range of traffic calming measures is available. They are most commonly
used in existing residential areas where remedial action is necessary, but many of
these can be applied successfully to proposed developments.
30
2.13.2. Target Speeds
While driving speeds of 30 mph may be justified on grounds of convenience or

journey time on some Local Distributor Roads, this is not the case on roads in
residential developments. Most car users on Residential Roads will be local
residents, who may be expected to accept the minor inconvenience of slightly longer
journey times due to slower speeds in return for improved road safety.
The design of new residential roads should aim to restrain the 85th percentile vehicle
speeds to:
(a) About 20 mph on most Residential Roads, by keeping road lengths between
calming features to no more than 60m *.
(b) Well below 20 mph on culs-de-sacs, outside schools and at any other points of
particular risk for pedestrians/children, by keeping road lengths between
calming features to no more than 40m *.
(* The spacing given should be appropriate in most cases, but fuller guidance is
given in the references noted later).
2.13.3. 20 mph Zones
Designated 20mph Zones incorporating traffic calming features have been shown to
reduce the number and severity of accidents. They are usually associated with
improvement schemes in existing residential areas; in new developments, speeds
will be kept to an acceptably low level by integrated traffic calming features.
Developers will be required to design all new developments to restrict speeds to
20mph by the use of traffic calming measures. The Council will generally require
specific 20mph zones for all new developments where two accesses are provided,
including dual carriageway accesses. The developer will therefore need to fund the
appropriate Traffic Regulation Order. However, each development will be assessed
on its own merits, and the Council may require other layouts to have specific 20mph
Zones.
The preferred traffic calming features to achieve low speeds are those which do not
involve changes in the vertical alignment, due to possible future maintenance and
residential amenity problems. The preferred are those which involve changes in
horizontal alignment, including bends, pedestrian refuges to deflect the flow of
traffic and shorter lengths of road between junctions to make traffic stop to give
way. In more detail, traffic calming measures are as follows.
NB: When a Traffic Regulation Order is required to form a 20mph zone the
developer is required to inform all residents that the highway is to be a designated
20mph zone. It is recommended that the residents should be informed at the time
of purchasing. This will reduce the potential for objections and reduce any delays
in processing the order.
31
2.13.4 Horizontal Bends
A Horizontal bend in the carriageway through which all vehicular traffic has to change
direction by a least 70 degrees within a distance of 32 metres (as measured at the
inner kerb radius) is the simplest preferred traffic calming feature. This is equivalent
to a maximum centreline radius of 29 metres. In such circumstances a forward
visibility splay of 33 metres will be required in accordance with paragraph 4.2.
2.13.5 Pedestrian Refuges
Pedestrian refuges can be strategically placed to deflect the flow of traffic. In these
circumstances the carriageway will need to be locally widened.
2.13.6 Junction Spacing
Shorter lengths of road between junctions can ensure that vehicles need to stop to
give way to the major flow
2.13.7. Road Humps, Speed Tables and Raised Junctions
Changes in vertical alignment based on road humps are an established and effective
form of traffic calming for existing highways and can also be used as a last resort on
new residential developments where changes in horizontal alignment cannot be
designed in at the appropriate spacing.
The effectiveness of road humps is dictated by:
Spacing – Humps should be 20m – 100m apart. With 75mm high humps, for
example, a spacing of approximately 40m will be required at a typical site to achieve
an 85th percentile speed of 20 mph midway between the humps.
Design – Round-topped or flat-topped humps are permitted with heights between
75mm and 100mm. Humps may be tapered at the kerbs to allow a drainage
channel to be continuous. If a drainage channel is not provided gullies may be
necessary to prevent standing water.
Round-topped humps should have a circular arc profile. A length of 3.7m and a
maximum height of 75mm will give satisfactory gradients.
Flat-topped humps should have a gradient of 1:10 generally. This should be

reduced to 1:15 on bus routes or potential bus routes (i.e. looped feeder roads).
Signing and Lighting Requirements – The Highways (Road Humps) Regulations 1999,
require signing, lighting and marking of humps and certain other traffic calming
features (including speed tables). These requirements do not apply to the same
extent where humps are used in a designated 20-mph speed zone.
The Highways (Road Humps) Regulations 1999 permit the use of road humps to
form a raised plateau area, allowing speed tables and raised junctions to be created.
These can be as effective as conventional road humps in restraining vehicle speeds.
32
Speed tables may be used to interrupt what would otherwise be an excessively long
stretch of road, and to provide pedestrian crossing places.
Raised junctions are better, extending over the whole area of a T-Junction or
crossroads can help to restrain speeds at points of potential conflict.
2.13.8 References
Detailed requirements for the siting, construction and signing of road humps and
speed tables are contained in the following documents, which together with any
later amendments, should always be consulted:
● Highways (Road Humps) Regulations 1999 (S1 1999 No. 1025)
● The Traffic Signs and General Directions 1994 (SI 1994 No. 1519)
● Traffic Advisory Leaflet 7/96, 3/91, 2/96 and 9/99.
2.13.9. Visibility
Restricted visibility in the absence of other measures cannot be considered a safe

means of reducing vehicle speeds. For safety, drivers must be able to see a potential
hazard in time to slow down or stop comfortably before reaching it.
Visibility distances must be adequate for the expected speed of vehicles. Where
roads are subject to speed restraint measures it may be possible to base visibility
distances on the lower speeds. Visibility at junctions of Residential Roads should
comply with the standards given later in paragraph 4.0.
2.14. Public Utilities

2.14.1 The provision of public utilities service is an essential part of any development. The
layout, economical installation and future maintenance of service apparatus must be
considered in the design of an estate. Lack of economical service layout may cause
the Developer extra cost.
Developers must establish liaison with statutory undertakers as part of the initial
design process.
2.14.1.1 Mains and cables will normally be laid in adopted footpaths/footways or amenity
areas (minimum width 2.0m) to minimise installation, repair costs and disruption.
However, if no other route is possible then services may be sited in the carriageway
after special consultation with the Council, but this should be regarded as an
exception rather than the rule. All excavations below tree canopies shall be carried
out by hand.
2.14.1.2 It is difficult and inconvenient to maintain apparatus within the carriageway. The
reinstatement is always noticeable and expensive as well as being detrimental to the
road structure.
33
2.14.1.3 Essential crossings at right angles to the road centre-line are acceptable, but ducts
should be used wherever practicable in such instances. When selecting routes for
services, Developers should bear in mind that services often follow the side of the
road with most properties and serve the opposite side with branch crossings. It is the
Developer’s responsibility to provide cross carriageway ducts in positions required by
the statutory undertakers and to mark temporarily the location of the ducts for easy
access during construction. On feeder and collector roads, with direct access on
both sides, dual mains may sometimes be used.
2.14.1.4 Mains should be laid in advance of construction of the paved area and service
connections made later as houses approach completion provided this is before the
final surface is laid. It will be necessary for Developers to programme work in
co-ordination with the statutory undertakers to avoid disruption and extra expense.
Standard detail 5.18 shows the required service positions within a 2m wide footway.
2.14.2 Sewers
2.14.2.1 Sewers and highway drains must be laid in straight lines between manholes and shall
be sited in adopted areas. Care should be taken when siting manholes to allow
working space and also for the passage of vehicles and pedestrians when
maintenance work has to be carried out.
2.14.2.2 All sewers and highway drains must be laid in accordance with the Water Authorities
Association document “Sewers for Adoption” (Current Edition) and United Utilities
addendum document. Consultation at an early stage with the relevant Council
Department will be required should the sewers or drains cross Council owned land.
2.14.2.3 House connections for both foul and surface water shall be connected to the adopted
sewer by means of a manhole. In certain circumstances junctions or saddle
connections may be allowed. In every case inspection chambers must be sited at the
back of footways.
See later notes for further drainage design.
2.14.2.4 Design approval for prospectively adoptable sewers that are to be subject of a
Section 104 Agreement will be required from United Utilities before the final
approval can be granted for the highway layout. The Section 104 Agreement shall
be in place before a Section 38 Agreement can be concluded.
2.14.3 Electricity
2.14.3.1 “Aggressive” root growth around cables may reduce heat dissipation and shorten
cable life. Root growth may reduce accessibility to the cables. Only grass and ground
cover with limited root systems should be planted over cables.
2.14.3.2 Cross connections should be catered for at an early stage of carriageway

construction by providing draw-through ducts beneath the sub-base. Substations
must be sited so that it is possible to gain access with a 6 tonne lorry.
34
2.14.4 Water
2.14.4.1 Many materials have been developed for pipes but the Developer must bear in mind
that such materials as large diameter rigid PVC, asbestos cement and ductile iron
pipes will only accommodate certain radii. Although small diameter pipes have some
flexibility, manufactured bends will normally be needed for tight radii.
2.14.4.2 At turning heads water mains may pass under the carriageway to reduce pressure
drop from multiple bends.Ducts should be used at these crossings where practicable.
2.14.4.3 Stop tap boxes, valves and hydrants are required within the highway or near the
boundary, and are best sited at the edge of the private drive.
2.14.5 Gas
2.14.5.1 Standard lengths of ductile iron pipes will not accommodate tight radii and therefore
bends will be required. Where plastic pipes are laid the minimum curvature
negotiable without the use of bends can be considerably reduced with smaller pipe
diameters.
2.14.5.2 In certain circumstances it may be necessary for the gas pipe to pass under the
carriageway at turning heads.
2.14.5.3 The laying of gas mains close to property should be avoided. Tree roots can damage
gas mains and create difficulties with emergency maintenance or repair. S u i t a b l e
locations may be required for gas governor house installation with lorry access.
2.14.6 British Telecom

2.14.6.1 Whilst every effort is made to provide underground services, BT reserve their right to
serve a development by overhead lines, in which case the discreet siting of poles is of
paramount importance. Developers may reduce the costs of laying cables
underground by providing suitable cable or duct from a jointing point on the main
cable run to the lead-in point at each dwelling. On large developments a site for a
call box may be needed.
2.14.7 Cable Television and Telephones

2.14.7.1. Companies involved in the installation of cable TV and telephones have similar rights
of entry onto the highway as any other statutory undertakers. It is important that if
this service is to be provided careful liaison is required to avoid unnecessary
disturbance to footway, carriageway areas and landscaped areas. The addresses of
the companies involved in this work can be obtained from:
Head of Environmental Management Unit

Bolton MBC, Milton House, Wellington Street, Bolton. BL3 5DG.
Telephone: 01204 336600
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2.14.8 Co-ordination
2.14.8.1 The estate layout design must reconcile the sometimes conflicting requirements of
Highway Authority, Public Utilities and Planning Authority, always bearing in mind
that the main objective of these standards is to create a safer and more attractive
housing environment and an effective road system.
2.14.8.2 Curving road alignments reduce speed, make roads safer and improve appearance
but may conflict with the radii of pipework. Undulating mounding or banks in
landscaped areas could cause problems since most services prefer to be at a
consistent depth.
2.14.8.3 In addition, the layouts of the several services should be co-ordinated. The joint
trench principle is an ideal which is not always practicable. However, care must be
taken to ensure that services do not conflict.
2.14.8.4 Developers must provide the public utilities with their proposals at the earliest
possible stage and designers must consider services as a basic design element.
2.14.8.5 Each Statutory Undertaker will need copies of plans, sections, drainage and
sewerage details including particulars of any underground structures or apparatus.
“Start” and “finish” dates of construction phases should be indicated at the earliest
opportunity.
2.14.8.6 Agreement between the Developer and the undertakers should be reached on
essential aspects of servicing, for example: -
(a) Programming cut-offs from any existing premises to be demolished.
(b) Protection and diversion of existing services.
(c) Access to, siting and connection of substations, governors etc.
(d) Wayleaves and easements.
(e) Service layouts, particularly construction and siting of carriageway crossing and
ducts.
2.14.9 The Statutory Undertaker’s Code for Developers

2.14.9.1 The relevant statutory undertakers have produced a joint Code of Practice (NJUG
Publication No.7 or current publication) and Developers should obtain a copy of this
from any of the Statutory Undertakers.
NJUG Publication 10 (or current publication) provides guidelines for the planning,
installation and maintenance of services in close proximity of trees.
2.14.9.2 Developers should also ensure that no private wayleave exists on the area for
development (e.g. oil pipelines).
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2.15. Public Transport

2.15.1. The design of residential developments should give full consideration to the
possibility of servicing by bus, and to the requirement for minibus or ambulance type
vehicles transporting elderly or disabled people to be able to serve all dwellings.
2.15.2. The majority of bus services are commercial operations and routing decisions lie with
their operators. Small, minibus-type “hail and ride” services may serve even
relatively small developments, and thought should be given to likely routes in order
to avoid unsatisfactory manoeuvres, potential nuisance from parked vehicles, and so
on.
2.15.3. Where a road is to be considered as a bus route, special criteria should be met (e.g.
6.75 metres minimum carriageway width, extra construction depth, and possible
constraints on planting).
2.15.4. The possibility of a new or extension to an existing bus service should be discussed
with:
Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive

PO Box 429, 9 Portland Street, Piccadilly Gardens, Manchester M60 1HX
Telephone 0161 242 6000
2.16. Landscape Areas

2.16.1. The Highway Authority does not wish to maintain areas of high maintenance
landscaping and would not normally adopt any open space in excess of 5.0 metres
from the edge of the adopted carriageway on Category 5 roads. The Highway
Authority would normally adopt the entire carriageway, footways and margins from
the back of footway to back of footway. Where the open space is in the form of a
margin, containing hard or soft landscaping, between the footway and the
carriageway this should be a maximum localised width of 5.0m. Only in exceptional
circumstances will the Highway Authority adopt a margin between the footway and
carriageway of greater width than 5.0m. Where the footway is immediately
adjacent to the carriageway only the footway will be adopted.
2.16.2 The first and perhaps the most lasting impression given to a visitor or resident of any
housing area is created by the public and semi-private spaces between the houses.
The elements which make up these spaces are gardens, other areas of open space
and landscaping, roads, footways and verges. This current set of design standards is
committed to producing interesting, attractive and sensitive housing layouts where
roads are not the dominant feature, where house groupings are made easier to
achieve and where landscaped openspace is a valuable asset to the area, giving both
character and a sense of place. To this end high quality designs executed to a high
level of workmanship using the most suitable materials will be expected and will be
of lasting and increasing benefit for residents.
2.16.3 In its Unitary Development Plan the Council stresses the need for good design and
road layout is implicit in this.
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The UDP is supported by supplementary guidance in the form of planning control

policy notes, landscape assessment, the biodiversity action plan and character area
plans etc. Developers should be aware of these and adopt their principles in their
design.
2.16.4 In order to ensure that this high standard of design is capable of being created
landscape architects should be involved at both the initial site planning stage and at
the detailed design stage. There should be a holistic approach to design taking into
account any areas of open space and also other developments nearby.
2.16.5 Existing site features, vistas etc. should be retained wherever possible and every
effort should be made to ensure the development relates to its surroundings. Where
roads are of a particularly linear character it is essential that an interesting and
attractive appearance is created.
2.16.6 Trees and woodland are a vital component in maintaining and improving the quality
of life for the residents of the Borough. They reduce the effects of air and noise
pollution, help screen unsightly structures and bring wildlife and birds into the urban
environment.
2.16.7 Bolton is part of the Red Rose Community Forest which aims over a 40 year period
to create an attractive mosaic of well wooded landscapes providing opportunities for
recreation, conservation, education and wood production. It will provide links from
the countryside to the heart of the urban areas.
The Council therefore places high importance on the retention and enhancement of
the tree resource primarily through the planning process. Landscaping of highway
areas should be carefully considered to include trees where they will make a
contribution to the amenity of the area.
2.16.8 Most roads will have a margin, a property boundary and a footway. The success of
these areas will depend very much on providing a variety of spatial and visual
experience along the length of a road. An adoptable margin of variable width helps
to provide variety and space for tree planting etc.
2.16.9 Verges are frequently the only possible location for structure tree planting on new
developments and so if necessary, advice should be sought on technical and
arboricultural measures to restrict root growth and tree shape.
Where it is not possible to provide verges localized widening of the adoptable

footway to incorporate street trees should be positively considered. On
developments where double width private drives are proposed, the width of the
vehicular crossing over the verge should be restricted.
Verges along with roundabouts, embankments etc. can be very important features
in terms of nature conservation. Where appropriate developers will be encouraged
to cater for these considerations in their design.
2.16.10 In visibility splays individual trees will only be acceptable if they are of slender girth
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and free from lateral growth between 0.6 m and 2 metres above ground level at all
stages of their growth. They must be carefully sited in relation to other planting to
avoid causing an obstruction to visibility. Ground cover in visibility splays must be of
a species which will not exceed 0.6 m in height when fully grown.
2.16.11 The eventual size of trees and shrubs should be considered at the time of planting
and borne in mind when creating avenues of particular tree species.
2.16.12 The advice of a landscape architect should be sought regarding methods of planting,
depths of topsoil, planting media and/or soil ameliorants and whether other soil
conditioning measures should be carried out. A standard tree planting detail is
provided at Section 5.10 but in certain circumstances this may need to be amended
to accommodate the above.
Note: Advice must be sought from the Street Lighting Engineer prior to locating tree
planting pits within the footway in order to avoid conflict in the locating of street
lighting columns. The location of trees can be flexible where as the street lighting
design is critical.
2.17. Street Lighting

2.17.1. All highways to be adopted will be lit at the developers expense and the Highway
Authority will adopt as part of the highway all street lighting provided on adoptable
highways and footpaths in accordance with the design accepted by Bolton
Metropolitan Borough Council. Adoption of the installation is subject to the
materials and construction being in accordance with the Authority’s Specification for
Street Lighting Works Current Edition.
2.17.2. The Authority offers two ways to proceed with a lighting scheme as listed below.
2.17.3. Option 1
(a) The developer may submit a design for approval which shall be designed to
BS5489. The Authority will give a brief prior to the design taking place stating
which category and which type of luminaire is to be used.
(b) A plan (polyester) 1:500 scale should be submitted upon approval of the
layout covering the area of the proposed installation.
(c) A plan showing the Regional Electricity Companies proposed cable layout shall
be submitted.
(d) The positioning, type of column, height of column, bracket projection,

direction of bracket, luminaire type, lamp type and wattage should be
indicated on this layout.
(e) Bolton MBC’s standard key for street lighting installations shall be indicated on
the plan.
(This can be supplied upon request from the Authority’s Lighting Engineer)
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(f) The service type of the column shall be indicated on the plan.
(g) The location, type and size of any conduits shall be indicated on the plan.
(h) The position and sizes of any Local Authority cables intended to be installed
shall be indicated on the plan.
(i) Each column on the plan shall be given an ID number; this number may not
necessarily be the final column number.
(This will be determined when the first maintenance inspection is completed).
(j) A plan (paper) 1:500 scale shall be submitted indicating the overlay isoluminance
diagrams.
(k) All design lighting calculations shall be submitted by hard copy and on
computer media format with the ability for checking using the Phillips Calculux
design package.
(l) All design cable calculations shall be submitted by hard copy indicating how
the cable sizes for Local Authority cables are achieved if they are to be used
and proving that compliance with the IEE regulations/BS 7671 can be achieved.
(m) All design risk assessments shall be submitted.
Upon receipt of the above, the installation design will be checked for approval.
However, should the installation be rejected the Authority will only give a brief
explanation. No design assistance will be provided. All reassessments will accrue an
additional fee.
N.B. Illuminated signs which are required as part of the agreement shall be
indicated on the above mentioned plans.
2.17.4. Option 2
The Authority will offer the following inclusive design service, however, before this
can commence the following must be submitted:
(i) A 1:500 scale layout AutoCAD file.
(ii) Alternatively for Developers not equipped with AutoCAD a 1:500 Scale
Polyester Plan should be submitted.
(iii) A plan indicating the Regional Electricity Companies proposed cable layout.
(a) Carry out the design to cover all the requirements in Option 1 (a) to (m).
(b) Set out all column longitudinal positions (kerb edge to column set back is the
developers responsibility).
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(c) Liaise with site agents and residents should there be any complaints regarding
the location of columns.
(d) Arrange with the Electricity Company to service the columns with 2 weeks of
notification that the columns are erected.
(e) Pay all energy costs from the date of connection.
The developer may procure his own lighting contractor who must comply with Clauses
1.5 and 7.6.6. of the Authority’s Specification for Street Lighting Works Current
Edition.
The Council also offers an installation package; details and costs will be provided
with the approved lighting design.
The Council will pay all energy and maintenance costs (excluding damage and
vandalism) from the date of installation for any Developer taking advantage of this
service.
There will be a charge for this service, details of which can be obtained from the
Authority’s Lighting Engineer.
N.B. Problems occur on a regular basis where services have not been laid in the
footway in the designated location for that service. Please refer to the Service
Locations detail 5.18.
2.18. Highway Structures

2.18.1. As a general principle structures supporting the highway will be adopted by the
Highway Authority. However, the Highway Authority will only consider a highway
structure and its associated highway for adoption if the design, specification and
drawings have been provided and agreed with the Engineer prior to construction.
However, any structure situated within (3.66m) of the highway will require approval
regardless of whether it is to be adopted or not, or whether it is supporting the
highway.
2.18.2. The design and specification for proposed highway structures shall be in accordance
with the relevant Department of Transport technical memoranda and specifications
and relevant British Standards. The Council through its Engineering Consultancy
Section offers a complete service for the provision of design, specification and
detailed drawings for highway structures at competitive rates (use of this design
service automatically guarantees the approval of designs for highway structures but
does not guarantee adoption by the Highway Authority). The approved works will
be inspected during the course of construction by the Engineer and to that end a
programme of works shall be submitted prior to commencement of construction.
2.18.3. Fees will be charged in addition to the Section 38 supervision fee for the checking
and supervision of any highway structure, whether adoptable or not.
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2.18.4. For non-adoptable structures within 4 yards (3.66m) of the highway, the developer
must formally notify the Engineer with the name and address of the owner or person
responsible for the maintenance of the structure.
2.18.5. Retaining walls which support or are adjacent to the highway which are less than
1.37m high do not require detailed calculations or drawings submitting for approval
but must still be notified to the engineer for general approval.
2.19 CBR, Capping and Sub Base Requirements

SUBGRADE FEEDER ROADS (5.1) ALL OTHER RESIDENTIAL ROADS
CBR %
CAPPING SUB BASE CAPPING SUBBASE

(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
1.5 300 300 240 300
2 150 450 150 400
2.5 400 340
3 350 300
4 300 300
>5 300 300
2.19.1 CBR values shall be rounded to the nearest value in the table.
2.19.2 Granular sub base materials with a laboratory CBR of at least 30% shall be used.
2.19.3 Soils having a CBR value less than 1.5% shall be completely removed and a rock/
hardcore fill starter layer used to form a foundation with a CBR of 1.5%.
2.19.4 CBR tests shall be carried out within 10 metres of the end of each road at further
points a maximum of 10 metres apart.
2.19.5 Where more than one CBR value has been measured for one road, the lowest CBR
value shall be used to determine a uniform capping/sub base construction thickness
for the whole road.
2.19.6 In the absence of CBR test results, the maximum thickness of capping and sub base
shall apply, subject to a satisfactory inspection of the sub grade by the Council.
2.19.7 All CBR testing is to be inspected by the Councils representative on three days notice
from the developer. The Councils representative is to determine all CBR test
locations.
2.19.8 Capping material shall be selected granular material type 6F1 (see specification clause
6.2.6. for details).
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2.19.9 Granular sub base type 1 shall comprise crushed rock types 1-7 (see clause 6.2.7/
6.2.8) complying with the grading envelope prior to compaction. The aggregate
shall be clean crushed stone, free from all clay contamination: any 14mm to 10mm
fraction shall have a 10% fines value not less than 50KN, and the material passing
the 75 micron sieve shall have a liquid limit not exceeding 25 and a plasticity index
not exceeding 6 when tested.
The material shall be supplied as crushed, and no intermediate sizes in any range
shall be extracted there from. The grading of the material as supplied shall be within
the range of the table shown in specification clause 6.2.7.
Provision shall be made for additional stone fines 5mm down to be added on site to
attain the specified compacted density and to eliminate open areas. For the added
5mm down fines, the amount passing 75um-mesh sieve shall not exceed 10%.
2.20. Surfacing Materials

2.20.1. In order to meet constraints on future highway maintenance budgets, only the
following surfacing materials shall be considered suitable for adoption:
(a) Carriageways
Category 5.1, 5.2.

Dense black coated macadam
Hot rolled asphalt
Category 5.3.
Hot rolled asphalt
Brick/Block paving (100mm x 200mm module)
(b) Footways
All categories
Block paving / flags
The use of alternative materials should be discussed and approval sought from the
Council Engineer.
2.20.2 Further information can be obtained in the Specification later in this design guide.
2.21. Street Names and House Numbers

2.21.1. Details of the proposed names of new streets and the suggested system of
numbering should be submitted for approval to Bolton MBC Building Control
Section.
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2.21.2. Street name plates must be erected before houses become occupied. At the
entrance to a cul-de-sac, the nameplate should incorporate the “No Through Road”
symbol. (See Street Name Plate Detail 5.7).
2.21.3 All Street Name plates should be provided at the Developers expense. The Authority
offers a service to manufacture supply and fit name plates.
2.21.4 Where a new road joins a category 5.1 Feeder Road 2 name plates will be required,
where one approaches a cul-de-sac erect one name plate facing the oncoming
traffic.
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3.0.
LAYOUT DETAILS
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Section Three - Layout Details
3.1. Junctions with Distributor Roads

3.1.1. On new developments the road hierarchy would be such that a Category 4 road
should connect with either a Category 5.1. or 5.2. road before meeting a Category
5.3 road. This transition period allows the driver time to adjust to the slower speeds
found on the Category 5 roads.
3.1.2. There may, however, be situations, particularly on small infill sites where this cannot
be achieved and it then becomes necessary for a Category 5.3. road to join directly
to a Category 4 or higher road.
3.2 Turning Heads

3.2.1. The minimum width of the road type is required to be 5.5m. On all road types
standard turning head shapes must be used.
3.2.2. Extensions of turning heads beyond the stated dimensions will not be permitted.
3.2.3. Standard turning head details can be found in 5.0 Standard Details.
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4.0.
VISIBILITY
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Section Four - Visibility
4.1. Sightlines
4.1.1. To enable drivers to see a potential hazard, it is necessary to consider the drivers’ line
of vision, in both horizontal and vertical planes. The eye level of drivers can vary
from 1.05m to 2m above the carriageway. Unobstructed visibility will be required at
least between these heights for junctions onto category 1 – 4 distributor roads.
4.1.2. However, within the residential development, the height of a young child on a
tricycle can be considerably lower. As a general guidance, a height of 600mm shall
be taken as the point above which unobstructed visibility shall be provided.
4.2. Forward Visibility on Bends

4.2.1 The forward visibility on residential developments where 20mph design speeds and
Traffic Calming are present should be 33m as shown below.
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4.3. Visibility Requirements At Junctions Of Residential

Roads With Distributor Roads
4.3.1. Minor Road Distance (x distance)
Table A
Major Road Category Number of Dwellings Served by Minor

Connecting Road Category. 5.1 – 5.3
1, 2, 3, 4 Less than 100 More than 100
4.5m 9.0m
4.3.2. Major Road Distance (Y distance)
This depends on the speed of traffic on the major road. If the 85 percentile wet
weather speed is known then this speed or the next highest speed which appears in
the table shall be used as the major road speed in Table B to arrive at the major road
distance (Y distance). Where there is a speed limit and the actual speed of traffic on
the major road is not known it will normally be necessary to provide for major road
distances as shown in Table C.
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Table B
Major Road Speed (kph) 120 100 85 70 60 50 40 30
Major Road Speed (mph) 75 62 53 44 37.5 31 25 18.5
Major Road Distance (m) 295 215 160 120 90 70 45 33
Table C
Speed Limit (mph) 70 60 50 40 30 20
Major Road Distance (m) 295 215 160 120 90* 45*
* Includes an allowance for motorists travelling at 10 kph above the speed limit.
This table defines sight lines that must be free from obstruction between 1.05m and
2.0m above road surface level.
The visibility splays formed shall normally be hard landscaped or grassed and will be
adopted by the Highway Authority.
4.4. Visibility Areas at Junctions within Residential Areas

Table D
Driving Speed X Distance Y Distance

(m) (m)
30mph speed limit 2.4 90
Speeds contained to 30mph by physical 2.4 70

measures
Speeds contained to 20mph by physical 2.4 33

measures
4.4.1. This table applies to all residential roads and private roads and defines sight lines,
which must be free from obstruction between 0.6m and 2.0m above road surface
level.
4.4.2. In all cases the actual visibility splay so formed must be constructed as footway and
will be adopted by the Highway Authority.
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4.5. Visibility Requirements at Junction of Private Drives

or Hardstandings
4.5.1 Access on Residential Road
Where a private access is located on a residential road, desirable visibility splays are
shown in the diagrams below. The diagram is based on the most critical manoeuvre,
that of the driver reversing out, a manoeuvre, which is not to be recommended, but
which in practice is difficult to prevent.
4.5.2. In the diagram the shaded areas indicate the areas which should be kept clear of any
obstruction between 0.6m and 2.0m above ground level. Vertical obstructions such
as lampposts or trees may be acceptable provided that in combination they do not
have the effect of creating a solid barrier in the line of vision.
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5.0
STANDARD DETAILS
55
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Surface Course
(Wearing Course) Surface Course
20 thick nom. 6mm (Wearing Course)
aggregate (excluding 20 thick nom. 6mm aggregate
limestone) medium graded (excluding limestone) medium graded
macadam to macadam to tables 32-33
B.S. 4987-1-2001 B.S. 4987-1-2001

57
Section Five - Standard Details
Drop Kerb Long Section

Pedestrian Crossing
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61
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66
67
68
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6.0
SPECIFICATION
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Section Six - Specification
6.1. General
6.1.1 Application of Specification
1 Any clauses in this Specification, which relate to work or materials not required
shall be deemed not to apply.
Unless stated to the contrary, any thickness of material described means the
thickness after full compaction.
The nomenclature adopted for this Specification is that in the Glossary of

Highway Terms BS 6100 Sub-section 2.4.1. Any abbreviations are in
accordance with the recommendations given in BS 5775 Part 0 1993.
6.2. Specification of Materials

NOTE: Reference to Clauses thus: - 1.2.3 (BS) means the Clause in the appropriate British
Standard Specification (BS) mentioned. Reference to Specification Clause 2.18 means
the Clause in the Bolton MBC Specification for Minor Highway Works.
6.2.1 General
1 Materials used on the works shall be to the satisfaction of the Engineer. They
shall be clean and free from contamination.
6.2.2 British Standard Specification
1 Except where otherwise specified, all materials shall conform to the latest
appropriate British Standard Specification. Where the BS quoted has been
revised/amended the revision/amendment shall be used.
6.2.3 Samples
1 Before commencing the works the Developer shall state the source of all
materials to be used and when requested shall deposit with the Engineer, for
his approval, samples of any of the materials before ordering or delivering
them onto the site of the works.
6.2.4 Testing
1 Notwithstanding the approval of the samples required under the Samples clause,
all materials used shall be subject to such tests, as the Engineer shall consider
necessary to ensure that they comply with the specification. The Developer,
shall from time to time as required, at his own expense, provide and deliver to
such places as may be directed, suitable and sufficient samples, that may be
selected, of the various materials.
British Standards and British Standard Codes of Practice brought into the
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Specification by a reference that does not include a date shall be the editions
current on a date to be stated in the Section 38 Agreement.
British Standards and British Standard Codes of Practice brought into the
Specification by a reference that includes a date shall be deemed to exclude
amendments issued after that date except any amendments shown in brackets
immediately following the stated date.
6.2.5 Suitable Fill Materials
1 Suitable material shall comprise all that which is capable of being compacted in
the manner specified in Clause 6.3.3 to form a stable fill.
Materials unsuitable for use as fill include the following: -
(i) Organic material.

(ii) Material susceptible to spontaneous combustion.
(iii) Material in a frozen condition.
(iv) Clay of liquid limit exceeding 90 and/or plasticity index exceeding 65.
(v) Materials having a moisture content greater than the maximum
permitted in table (C) section 6.3.
6.2.6 Selected Fill Materials
1 Selected Granular Material Type 6.F.1
Selected Granular Material Type 6.F.1 shall be crushed rock, broken brick or
broken concrete. It shall be well graded from a maximum size of 75mm down
to 63um in accordance with the table below
2 Selected Granular Material Type 6.F.2
Selected Granular Material Type 6.F.2 shall be crushed rock or a sand/gravel

mixture which is well graded in accordance with the table below.
Grading Requirements for 6F1 and 6F2 Materials
PERCENTAGE BY MASS PASSING THE SIZE SHOWN

Class SIZE (MM) BS SERIES SIZE (MICRONS) BS SERIES
125 90 75 37.5 28 20 14 10 6.3 5 3.35 2 600 300 150 63
6F1 100 75-100 40-95 30-85 10-50 <15
6F2 100 80-100 65-100 45-100 15-60 10-45 0-25 0-12
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6.2.7 Granular Sub-Base Type 1
1 Granular sub-base material type 1 shall comprise crushed rock or crushed

concrete. The materials shall be well graded and lie within the following
grading limits: -
BS Sieve Size Percentages by

Weight Passing
75 mm 100
37.5 mm 85-100
10 mm 40-70
5 mm 25-45
600 um 8-22
75 um 0-10
The particle size shall be determined in accordance with the requirements of BS

1377.
2 The stone shall be clean, free from extraneous material and be free from clay
other than the fraction passing the 75 um sieve. This fraction, when tested in
accordance with BS 1377 1990 shall have a plasticity index of less than 9 and
a liquid limit of less than 35.
3 All material used within 450 mm of the surface of the road shall be frost
resistant as defined by the Standard Test specified in the Transport and Road
Research Laboratory Report LR 90 and SR 318. This will preclude the use of
sandstone within 450 of the pavement surface.
6.2.8 Crushed Stone Sub-Base
Aggregate
The aggregate shall be clean crushed stone, (Types 1-7) free from all clay
contamination. This material shall have a 10% Fines Value not less than 50 KN, and
the material passing the 75 um BS Sieve shall have a liquid limit not exceeding 25
and a plasticity index not exceeding 6 when tested in accordance with BS 1377 :
1990. Tests Nos. 2, 3 and 4.
Stone Types 1-7
1 Granite
2 Basalt
3 Gabbro
4 Porphyry
5 Quartzite
6 Hornfels
7 Limestone
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The material shall be supplied as crushed, and no intermediate sizes in any range
shall be extracted there from. The grading of the material as supplied shall be within
the range of the Table below: -
Grading Range
Weight Passing
75 mm 100
50 mm 80-90
37.5 mm 70-80
20 mm 45-55
10 mm 25-40
5 mm 15-30
2.36 mm 10-20
425 um 5-10
75 um 2-5
Provision shall be made for additional limestone fines 5 mm down to be added on

site to attain the specified compacted density and to eliminate open areas. For the
added 5 mm down fines, the amount passing 75 um mesh sieve shall not exceed
10%.
Laying and Compaction
The stone is to be spread out to a sufficient depth with a dozer or motor blade
grader to give a compacted thickness after rolling not exceeding 150 mm for each
layer.
The surface shall then be shaped by from two or three passes with a light roller.
Following this initial rolling the stone shall then be compacted with a 1.25 tonne-
vibrating roller.
All fines to be incorporated into the stone on the site shall be spread over the surface
and vibrated into the voids using as 1.25 tonne-vibrating roller. This is to be
continued until no further fines can be taken into the interstices.
Final rolling and compaction for each layer shall be carried out with an 8-10 tonne
three point steel-tyred roller until movement of the surface ceases. The material
shall be compacted to a dry density of not less than 2160 kg/m3.
All steel tyred rollers for the compaction of the crusher-run stone are to be equipped
with sprinklers and prior to the final rolling, the surface of the crusted stone shall be
lightly sprayed with water and wet rolled.
On completion all surplus fines shall be removed from the finished surface with a
mechanical brush.
The surface shall be formed to the lines and levels given in the design.
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6.2.9 Dense Bitumen or Tarmacadam for Base (road base)
1 The dense bitumen and tarmacadam base shall comply in all respects with BS
4987 - 1 2001.
The grade of the binder shall be 125 pen. for bitumen and C50 for tar.
6.2.10 Rolled Asphalt Binder course
1 The Hot Rolled Asphalt material for binder course shall comply with BS 594:
Part 1 1992.
2 The binder shall comply with Section 2, Clause 2.1(BS) and Table 1 for all
categories of road.
3 The filler shall be from an approved source and shall comply with Section 2,
Clause 2.4.1 (BS) and 2.4.2. (BS)
4 The fine aggregate shall comply with Section 2. Clause 2.3.1(BS) and 2.3.2.(BS)
5 The supplier must provide a test certificate giving the source, texture and shape
of the fine aggregate.
6 The coarse aggregate shall be of a type in accordance with Section 2.2.1 (BS)
excluding the use of gravel as mentioned in sub-section (b).
7 The grading for a binder course shall be in accordance with Table 2 for binder
course mixtures (60% stone content). For a regulating course the coarse
aggregate content shall be 55% and the nominal size shall not exceed 10 mm.
6.2.11 Dense Bitumen and Tarmacadam Binder course
1 The dense bitumen and tarmacadam material for binder course shall comply in
all respects with BS 4987 - 1 2001. The coarse aggregate shall be of a type as
defined in Clause 4.2.1. (BS)
2 The grade of the binder shall be appropriate to the following traffic loadings:
Grade of Binder Traffic Loadings
125 pen. bitumen No greater than 250 Commercial Veh/day in each

direction.
B.50
125 pen Bitumen Greater than 250 Commercial Veh/day in each direction
B.54 tar
The composition of the binder shall comply on analysis with the requirements
of Section 4.1.1.(BS)
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6.2.12 Open Textured Bitumen and Tarmacadam Base
1 The bitumen and tarmacadam material for binder course shall comply in all
respects with BS 4987 - 1 2001. The aggregate shall be a stone of a type as
defined in Clause 4.2.1.(BS)
2 The grade of the binder shall be 125 pen. for bitumen and C50 for tar.
The composition of the freshly sized material shall comply on analysis with the
requirements of Section 6.1 for the carriageway-regulating course or footway.
6.2.13 Proprietary Bituminous Bound Binder course for Footways
1 Proprietary materials similar to the one specified below may be accepted.

(Details must first be submitted to the Engineer for approval prior to
commitments being made).
2 The following proprietary specifications will be acceptable.
The aggregate shall be a stone of a type as defined in Clause 4.2.1 of BS 4987

- 1 2001. It shall be graded as follows:
Up to 50 mm
Mass Passing
20 mm 75-100
14 mm 60-75
10 mm 40-60
6 mm 30-40
75 mm 0-30
Over 50 mm
37.4 mm 80-100
28 mm 65-80
20 mm 55-65
14 mm 45-55
10 mm 35-45
6 mm 25-35
75 mm 0.25
_ 0.5% and shall be a straight run bitumen of

The binder content shall be 2.5 +
a grade 190 penetration.
6.2.14 Hot Rolled Asphalt Surface course
1 The hot process rolled asphalt material for surface course shall comply with
BS 594 Part 1 1992.
82
2 The asphaltic cement for all categories of road shall comply with Table 1,
Binder Type 1, 2, 3 or 4 except that where bitumen is used it shall have
permittivity of not less than 2.650 when tested at a temperature of 25 _+ 0.250C.
3 The filler shall be from an approved source and shall comply with Clause
2.4.1.(BS) The fine aggregate shall consist of crushed rock, slag or natural
sand derived from one of the groups permitted for coarse aggregation. The
grading of the fine aggregate shall be in accordance with Clause 2.3.1.(BS)
The coarse aggregate for carriageway shall be crushed rock of a type in
accordance with Clause 2.2.1(BS) (a) excluding limestone and be graded in
accordance with Tables 5 or 6 for 30% stone content.
6.2.15 Coated Chippings
1 The chippings and the manner of coating when used for rolling into the
surface of rolled asphalt shall comply with the requirements of BS 594 Part 1
1992 except that in addition:-
The chippings shall comply with the requirements of Clause 6.2.19 of the
specification for the polished stone value, and aggregate abrasion value.
2 The flakiness and elongation indices shall not exceed 2.5.
3 The asphaltic cement used for coating shall conform to Table 1, Binder No. 1 or
6 and the minimum asphaltic cement coating shall be 2-3% by mass.
4 The coated chippings shall be clean and bright in appearance, detached and
free flowing. The application of chippings shall be as described in BS 594,
Section 7 for rolled asphalt complying with Clause 6.2.14, the following rates
of spread shall be used:-
20 mm chippings 9.5 + 1 kg/m2

14 mm chippings 7.5 + 1 kg/m2
for chippings of relative density - 2.8 the correction of 0.5 kg/m2 for each 0.1
change in relative density shall apply.
6.2.16 Coated Bitumen and Tarmacadam Surface course
1 The bitumen and tarmacadam material for surface course shall comply in all
respects with BS 4987. The coarse aggregate shall be stone of a type as
defined in Clause 4.2.1(BS) having a minimum polished stone value, an
aggregate abrasion value and a flakiness index in accordance with
Specification Clause 6.2.18.
2 The composition of the freshly mixed material shall comply on analysis with
the requirements of Section 7.4 for carriageways. The grade of the Binder shall
be 100 pen, for bitumen and C34-42 for tar.
83
6.2.17 Coated Bitumen Macadam Surface course for Footways
1 The bitumen and tarmacadam material for surface course shall comply in all
respects with BS 4987 -1. The coarse aggregate shall be stone types 1-6 (rock
type 7 Limestone is not permitted) as defined in Clause 4.2.1.(BS) having
minimum polished stone value as aggregate abrasion value and a flakiness
index in accordance with Specification Clause 6.2.18.
2 The composition of the freshly mixed material shall comply on analysis with
the requirements of Clause 7.5 (BS) with 6 mm nominal size coarse aggregate
and 190 pen bitumen in summer and 290 pen bitumen in winter.
6.2.18 Course Aggregate for Surface course and Coating Chippings
The coarse aggregate used shall have a polished stone value (PSV) aggregate
abrasion value (AAV) and a flakiness index as set out below.
84
The tests shall be carried out in accordance with BS 812.
Minimum Value for PSV

Site Definition Minimum PSV
A.1 (very (i) Approaches to traffic less than 250cv lane/day:60
difficult) signals on roads with a 25-1000 250cv lane/day:68+
speed limit greater than 1000-1750 250cv/lane/day:70+
40 mph (64km/h) More than 1750cv;lane/day:70+
(ii) Approaches to traffic

signals, pedestrian
crossings and similar
hazards on main urban
roads
A.2 (difficult) (i) Approaches to and Less than 1750 cv/lane/day:65

across major priority 1750-2500 cv/lane/day:68+
junctions on roads 2500-3250 cv/lane/day:68+
carrying more than More than 3250 cv/lane/day:68+
250 cv/lane/day.
(ii) Bends with radius less

than 150m on roads
with a speed limit
greater than 40 mph.
(iii) Gradients of 5% or
steeper, longer than 100m.
Minimum Value for PSV

Site Definition Minimum PSV
B. (average) Generally straight Less than 1750 cv/lane/day:55
Sections of, and 1750-4000 cv/lane/day:60
Large radius curves
on:-
(i) Motorways More than 4000 cv/lane/day:65
(ii) Trunk and principle
roads
(iii) Other roads carrying
more than 250
cv/lane/day
C. (easy (i) Generally straight sections )

of lightly trafficked roads )
i.e. less than 250 cv/day. )- :45
(ii) Other roads where wet )
skidding accidents are )
unlikely to be a problem )
85
Maximum Value for A.A.V.
Traffic in
cv/lane/day Under Up to Up to Up to Up to Over
250 1000 1750 2500 3250 3250
Maximum AAV for chippings 14 12 12 10 10 10
Maximum AAV for aggregate in

coated macadam surface courses 16 16 14 14 12 12
6.2.19 Precast Concrete Flags
1 Flags shall be hydraulically pressed precast Portland Cement concrete, comply

with BS 7263 : Part 1 : 1994 and shall be 63 mm thick. The course aggregate
shall have an aggregate crushing value not exceeding 30% and an aggregate
abrasion value not exceeding 17, when tested in accordance with BS 812 Part
110 and Part 113 : 1990 respectively. The wearing surface or flag shall have
an index of not less than 60 when tested with the portable skid resistance
tester.
6.2.20 Tactile Paving
Tactile paving flag shall be hydraulically pressed precast Portland Cement concrete
with appropriate colour additive, comply with BS 7263 : Part 1 : 1994 and shall be
450 mm x 450 mm square and 50 mm thick. In the case of “blister” paving the
blisters surface shall comprise rows of 25 mm dia flat topped “blisters” 5 mm high.
6.2.21 Kerbs¸ Edgings and Channel Blocks
1 Kerbs For Road Categories 1 to 5.3 inclusive kerbs shall be hydraulically pressed
Preceast Concrete complying with BS 7263 : Part 1 1994.
The Standard Kerb in Residential Areas is 125 mm x 255 mm half battered pcc.
On either side of dropped crossings approved raker kerbs shall be used and
shall be 125 mm wide tapering in depth from 255 mm half battered to 150
mm bullnosed. In the width of the crossing 125 mm x 150 mm bullnosed
kerbs shall be used.
2 Channel Blocks where employed shall be of hydraulically pressed precast

Concrete and comply with BS 7263 : Part 1 : 1994. They shall be of
rectangular section with one rounded edge 255 mm wide x 125 mm deep.
The coarse aggregate for kerbs and channel blocks shall comply with BS 882
1992 and shall have a “Ten Per Cent Fines” value not less than 5 tonnes as
determined by the method described in Clause 35 of BS 812 : 1975 and an
aggregate abrasion value not exceeding 17. Aggregates complying with BS
1047 : 1983 will not be acceptable.
86
3 Precast Concrete Edgings shall be hydraulically pressed and comply with BS

7263 : Part 1 : 1994. They shall be 50 mm wide x 200 mm deep square profile
with a 50mm upstand but flush at vehicular crossings.
6.2.22 Concrete Block Paving
Pavers shall be manufactured in accordance with BS 6717 : Part 1 1993.
All blocks shall be a minimum of 80mm thick and the choice of colour, laying pattern
and supplier should be discussed with the Engineer and Planning Officer.
6.2.23 Sand for Paving
Laying course sand for flags and pavers shall be in accordance with the following
tables:-
Grading and application for laying course sand
Table 1 Laying Course Application
Sand Application
Category
1A Pavements receiving severely channelised traffic, aircraft pavements

and bus stations
1B Industrial pavements
Loading bays
II Adopted highways and other roads

Petrol station forecourts
Pedestrianisation projects regular heavy trafficking
Car parks receiving some heavy traffic
Footway regularly overridden by vehicular traffic
III Pedestrianisation projects receiving only occasional heavy traffic

Car parks receiving no heavy vehicles
IV Private drives
Areas receiving pedestrian traffic only
Footways likely to be overridden by no more than occasional
vehicular traffic
87
Table 2 Grading for Laying Course Sand
Sieve size Percentage passing each sieve

%
Category 1A Category 1B Category II Category III Category IV
5 mm 90 - 100 90 - 100 90 - 100 89 - 100 89 - 100
2.36 mm 75 - 100 75 - 100 75 - 100 75 - 100 75 - 100
1.18 mm 55 - 90 55 - 90 55 - 90 45 - 100 45 - 100
600 µm 35 - 65 35 - 65 35 - 65 25 - 80 25 - 80
300 µm 10 - 45 10 - 45 10 - 45 5 - 48 5 - 48
150 µm 0 - 10 0 - 10 0 - 10 0 - 15 0 - 15
75 µm 0.3 max 0 - 0.5 0 - 1.5 0-3 0-5
6.2.24 Drainage Pipes
1 All pipes and joints for use in drains shall comply with the requirements of this
Clause unless otherwise approved by the Engineer.
Cast or Spun Iron Pipes
2 Pipes shall be provided with spigot and socket joints and shall comply with the
requirements of BS 437 : BS EN 598 : 1995 or BS 4622 : 1970 (1983).
3 Clay Pipes
Pipes, where described in the Contract to be used for sewage, shall be “British
Standard” pipes manufactured in accordance with the requirements of BS 65 :
1991 (1997) with Type 1 sockets for cement mortar joints. Pipes for surface
water use shall be “British Standard” or “British Standard Surface Water” pipes
manufactured in accordance with the requirements of BS 65 : 1991 (1997)
with Type 1 sockets and supplied complete with the manufacturer’s flexible
joint, with type 2 sockets for cement mortar joints, or plain ended supplied
with sleeve couplings.
4 Flexible joints shall provide for an annular deflection of not less than 5o for
diameters up to 300 mm, 2+0 for diameters of 375 mm or greater, the
deflection being measured as deviation in any direction from a straight line.
They shall provide for a draw of 20 mm of longitudinal movement without
breaking the seal.
88
5 Pipes for use in the construction of French drains shall be “British Standard” or
“British Standard Surface Water” pipes, glazed or unglazed, manufactured in
accordance with the requirements of BS 65: 1991 (1997) with Type 2 sockets,
or plain ended supplied with sleeve couplings. Type 1 socketed and sleeve
coupled pipes shall be perforated.
6 Concrete Pipes
Pipes for general drainage use shall comply with the requirements of BS 5911
: Part 100 1988, except that they may be supplied complete with flexible joints,
as supplied by the manufacturer. Unless otherwise described, they shall be
Class H pipes. Flexible joints shall be so constructed as to tolerate a range of
20 mm of longitudinal movement without breaking the seal. They shall also
tolerate deviations in any direction from a straight line not less than those
given below.
Pipe Movement
diameters tolerances
mm
150-600 2o
675-1200 1o
over 1200 0.6o
7 Pipes for use in French drains shall be porous as specified in BS 5911 Part 114
: 1992.
8 Pipes of Synthetic Materials
Pipes for general drainage use shall be approved pipes of polythene,

polypropylene or polyvinylchloride. Unplasticised polyvinylchloride pipes shall
comply with the requirements of Class B or C or BS 3506 for Class 2 and 3 pipe
or BS 4660 for 160 mm diameter or below.
NB All adoptable sewers and highway drains should be constructed in

accordance with “Sewers for Adoption” Current Edition, “Civil Engineering
Specification for the Water Industry” (Current Edition and United Utilities
Addendum to “Sewers for Adoption”.
6.2.25 Electrical Conduits
1 All conduits shall be thick walled low or medium density smooth bore poly
thene. Wall thickness shall be not less than 5 mm with a tolerance of plus or
minus 0.1/mm. Manufactured in colour coded orange with the words “Traffic
Signal Cable/Street Lighting Cable” etc printed in white lettering 9 mm high,
along the length at intervals of not more than one metre. When laid, the
wording shall be uppermost. All lengths shall be properly jointed or sleeved, to
give a smooth bore.
89
Conduits shall be impact resistant, impervious to water, capable of being laid at

temperatures down to -10 C, and sufficiently flexible to follow undulations in a trench
bottom and accommodate minor earth movements, also of sufficient strength to be
laid without selective preparation of trench bottom, and not requiring concrete sur-
round or granular/selected backfill.
All conduits shall be compatible with the approved access chambers pre-trepanned
knockout points.
Refer to Street Lighting Specification.
6.2.26 Pipe Bedding Material
1 Granular bedding material shall consist of hard clean, free draining, chemically
stable broken stone or gravel, crushed brick or concrete, graded in accordance
with the following Tables:
90
Processed Granular Bedding Materials for Rigid Pipes

Pipe Nominal Class of Maximum CF Materials Specified in British
Nominal Maximum Bedding Value for Standards See Note (a)
Size (DN) Particle Size See Note (d) Acceptability
(mm) See See Note (b)
note (c)
100 10 S 0.15 10mm nominal single-size

B 0.30
F 0.15
N 0.30 Coarse, medium or fine sand
Over 100 to 15 S 0.15 10 or 14mm nominal

150 B 0.30 single-size or 14mm to
F 0.15 5mm graded
N 0.30 Coarse, medium or fine sand
Over 150 to 20 S 0.15 10, 14 or 20mm nominal

300 B 0.30 single-size or 14mm to 5mm
F 0.15 graded or 20mm to
5mm graded
N 0.30 All-in aggregate or coarse,

medium or fine sand
Over 300 to 20 S 0.15 14 or 20mm nominal

550 B 0.30 single-size or 14 to 5mm
F 0.15 graded or 20 to 5mm
graded

medium or fine sand
Over 550 40 S 0.15 14, 20 or 40mm nominal

B 0.30 single-size crushed rock
F 0.15 or 14 to 5mm graded or
20mm to 5mm graded or
40mm to 5mm graded

medium or fine sand
91
Notes:
(a) Processed granular materials to include aggregates to BS882, air-cooled

blastfurnace slag to BS1047 and lightweight aggregates to BS3797.
(b) Compaction fraction value (CF), see WIS No.4-08-02.
(c) The nominal maximum particle sizes apply both to processed and as-dug
materials (see Section 4). Materials specified in the British Standards listed in
note (a) allow an acceptable percentage of larger particles to be present
provided that 100% passes the next larger sieve size in the range of sieves
used in these standards.
(d) Bedding classes are defined in:-
BS8005: Part 1
IGN No.4-11-02
TRRL – Simplified Tables of External Loads on Buried Pipelines.
(e) The sulphate content of bedding and sidefill materials for use with cementitious
pipe should not be greater than 0.3% as sulphur trioxide.
Processed Granular Bedding and Sidefill Materials for Flexible Pipes
Pipe Nominal Maximum CF Value Materials Specified in British

Nominal Maximum for Acceptability Standards See Note (a)
Bore (mm) Particle See Note (b)
See Note (d) Size (mm)
100 10 0.15 0.30 10mm nominal single-size
Over 100 15 0.15 0.30 10 or 14mm nominal single-size

to 150 or 14mm to 5mm grades
Over 150 20 0.15 0l.30 10, 14 or 20mm nominal single-size

to 300 or 14mm to 5mm graded
or 20mm to 5mm graded
Over 300 20 0.15 0.30 14 or 20mm nominal single-size

to 550 or 14mm to 5mm graded
Over 550 40 0.15 0.30 14, 20 or 40mm single-size
Notes:
(a) Processed granular materials to include aggregates to BS882, air-cooled
blastfurnace slag to BS1047 and lightweight aggregates to BS3797.
(b) Compaction Fraction value (CF, see WIS No. 4-08-02).
(c) For the purpose of this table, PE pipes of 630mm OD can be regarded as
having nominal bores of over 550mm, irrespective of wall thickness.
(d) Nominal bore is used in preference to DN because of the different nominal size
classifications for flexible pipes.
92
(e) For PE80 and PE100 polyethylene pipe complying with current relevant Water
Industry Specifications, the maximum sidefill particle size may be increased to
10% of the pipe nominal size.
(f) For E values for processed granular materials reference should be made to
Table A.3 where specific site tests have not been performed.
(g) For ferrous and cementitious pipeline materials, the sulphate content of
bedding and sidefill materials should not be greater than 0.3% as sulphur
trioxide.
For pipes larger than 900 mm nominal diameter the Engineer must be consulted, as
this grading may not be suitable.
6.2.27 Precast Concrete Manhole and Inspection Chambers
1 Precast concrete manholes and inspection chambers shall comply with the
requirements of BS 5911 Part 200: 1994. All concrete products shall utilise
Sulphate Resisting Cement.
6.2.28 Manhole Covers and Frames
1 Manhole covers and frames shall be made with a cast iron of a quality not less
suitable than Grade 12 in BS EN 1561: 1997, shall have a clear opening of 600
x 600 and be of the type detailed below and shall conform in all other respects
with BS EN 124: 1994. They shall be double triangular, lift out, non-rocking
solid cast iron covers with prising slots and through keyhole but without
locking device. For carriageways they shall be heavy duty 150mm thick with a
minimum total weight of 240 kg to withstand Grade A loading. Outside the
carriageway, they shall be medium duty 100 thick with a minimum total weight
of 125 kg.
6.2.29 Manhole Steps
1 Manhole steps shall comply with the requirements of BS 1247: Part 1: 1990
and shall be of a pattern appropriate to the type of manhole construction.
6.2.30 Manhole Ladders
1 Manhole ladders and fittings shall be of stainless steel complying with the
requirements of BS 449: Part 2 1969.
6.2.31 Gullies, Gully Covers and Frames
1 Dense vitrified clayware gullies shall comply with the requirements of BS 65:
1991 (1997) in respect of round street gullies.
2 PCC gullies shall comply with the requirements of BS 5911 Part 230: 1994.
All gully covers and frames shall be made with ductile iron to BS EN 1564:
1997 and shall be of the size described in the contract and shall comply in all
other respects with BS EN 124: 1994.
93
3 Street type gullies shall be circular pattern with 150 mm trapped outlets and
normally have a cleaning eye and stopper secured by a chain. They shall be 450 mm
diameter and not less than 90 litres capacity.
Gullies for footways shall be of circular pattern with 150 mm trapped outlets and
normally have a cleaning eye and stopper secured by a chain. They shall be 300 mm
diameter and not less than 30 litres capacity.
Where gullies are accepted without rodding eyes separate rodding facilities must be
provided to the Engineer’s satisfaction.
4 Gully grates and frames shall be D400 to BS EN 124:1994 or GA1 450 to BS 487:1976
On garage forecourts and car parking areas grease trap gullies/petrol interceptors
shall be used as determined by the Engineer.
6.2.32 Compressible Filler and Packing for Pipelines
1 Compressible filler for interrupting concrete protection to pipes shall consist of

bitumen impregnated insulating board to BS 1142:Part3 or other equally
compressible material. The thickness of compressible filler shall be as follows:
Nominal diameter of pipe (mm) Thickness of compressible filler (mm)

Less than 450 18
450 – 1200 36
Exceeding 1200 54
Note: Insulating board is available commercially as 12mm, 18mm and 24mm. For
convenience, multiples for the 18mm board have been specified.
6.2.33 Porous Concrete Pipes
1 All porous concrete pipes required for the works shall comply in all respects
with BS 5911 Part 114: 1992 “Specification for porous pipes”. They shall be
ogee jointed with a non-porous invert extending to a height up the pipe equal
to one-third of the internal diameter measured from the invert.
6.2.34 Filter Media for French Drains and Formation Drains
1 Trenches for French drains shall be backfilled with Type A or Type B filter
material, which shall be hard and clean, crushed rock, crushed slag or gravel
having a grading within the limits of Table B. The aggregate crushing value of
the material shall not exceed 30 per cent. The material passing the 425 um BS
Sieve shall be non-plastic when tested in accordance with BS 1377: 1990. If
slag is used it shall comply with the stability and sulphur content requirements
of BS 1047: 1983.
2 When Type A material is used with other than porous pipes at least 15 per cent
shall be larger in particle size than the minimum dimension of perforation, gap
or slot.
94
Table B Range of Grading of Filter Material
BS Sieve Size Percentage by mass passing
Type A Type B
_________________________________________
63.00 mm - 100
37.50 mm 100 85-100
20.00 mm - 0-20
10.00 mm 45-100 0-20
3.35 mm 25-80 0-5
600.00 um 8-45 -
150.00 um 0-15 -
75.00 um 0-5 -
6.2.35 Street Lighting and Traffic Signal Access Chambers
The chamber shall be of solid construction of (single/double/triple) construction to

meet the Highway Regulations of 450 mm/700 mm cover. The chamber shall have
pre-trepanned knocked areas to accept 50 mm/100 mm internal diameter standard
5 mm thick wall ducting.
The chamber shall be manufactured by rotational moulding and when installed in a

well compacted surround shall withstand 50 kN sheer loading and side wall loading
of 50 kN.
6.2.36 Traffic Signal Pole Boxes
Pole boxes shall be of one piece construction and rotationally moulded. The box
shall meet the highway regulation of 450 mm cover over ducting pipe and have
pre-trepanned knockout areas to accept 50 mm/100 mm internal diameter ducting.
It must be capable of installation prior to pole fixing and installed manufacturer’s
details.
All concrete must utilise Sulphate Resisting Cement.
6.2.37 Concrete for Ancillary Purposes (Standard Mixes)
1 Concrete for ancillary purposes shall be in accordance with Table 13 BS 5328:

Part 1: 1997. Tables 3, 4 and 5 of BS 5328: Part 2: 1997.
2 The concrete shall be mixed by machine or by hand to a uniform colour and

consistency before placing. The quantity of water used shall not exceed that
required to produce concrete with sufficient workability to be placed and
compacted where required.
95
6.2.38 Concrete for Minor Structural Works
1 The mixes shown in Table A may be used or the Developer may design his own
to produce the specified 28 days strength.
2 The cement content in any mix shall not exceed 540 kg/cu m of concrete. The
quantity of water used shall not exceed that required to produce concrete with
sufficient workability to be placed and compacted where required.
PART A
Concrete Nominal max. 40 20 14 10

grade size of aggregate
(mm)
Workability Medium High Medium High Medium High Medium High

Slump limits 50 to 100 100 to 150 25 to 75 75 to 125 10 to 50 50 to 100 10 to 25 25 to 50
(mm)
20 Cement (kg) 300 320 320 350 340 380 360 410
Total 1850 1750 1800 1750 1750 1700 1750 1650
aggregate (kg)
Sand*
Zone C 35 40 40 45 45 50 50 55
Zone M 30 35 35 40 40 45 45 50
Zone F 30 30 30 35 35 40 40 45
30 Cement (kg) 370 390 400 430 430 470 460 510
Total 1750 1700 1700 1650 1700 1600 1650 1550
aggregate (kg)
Sand*
Zone C 35 40 40 45 45 50 50 55
Zone M 30 35 35 40 40 45 45 50
Zone F 30 30 30 35 35 40 40 45
Notes: i. Cement shall comply with BS 12: 1996 or BS 146: 1996.
ii. If the specific gravity of either the coarse or the fine aggregate differs
significantly from 6.2.41, the weight of each type of aggregate should be
adjusted in proportion to the specific gravity of the materials.
iii. The weights are based on the use of sand having a grading within the limits for
Zone CMF.
96
Sieve Size Percentage by mass passing BS sieve

Overall Limits Additional limits for grading
Zone C Zone M Zone F
10.00 mm 100 - - -
5.00 mm 89-100 - - -
2.36 mm 60-100 60-100 65-100 80-100
1.18 mm 30-100 30-90 45-100 70-100
600 um 15-100 15-54 25-80 55-100
300 um 5-70 15-54 25-80 55-100
150 um 0-15* - - -
* Increased to 20% for crushed rock fines, except where they are used for heavy
duty floors.
NOTE
Fine aggregate not complying with this table may also be used provided that the
supplier can satisfy the purchaser that such materials can produce concrete of the
required quality.
iv. If crushed stone or crushed gravel sand is used instead of natural sand, the
weight of the coarse aggregate shall be reduced by at least 10 kg without
altering the weight of sand.
v. The weight of fine aggregate should be decreased by at least 10 kg if its

grading is within the limits of Zone F and increased by at least 10 kg if its
grading is within the limits of grading Zone C. Therefore the weight of coarse
aggregate should be increased or decreased respectively, by the same amount
so that the total weight of aggregate remains the same.
6.2.39 Water for Concrete
1 The water to be used for mixing concrete, mortar, grout etc. shall be suitable,
fresh, clean mains water approved by the Engineer. It shall be free from
vegetable or organic matter and acids and alkaline substances in solution or
suspension.
2 If water for the works is not available for a Public Utility Undertaking supply,
the Engineer’s approval must be obtained regarding the source of supply and
manner of its use.
3 The Developer shall make all arrangements and obtain all consents for the
provision of a sufficient supply of water including any fees, storage and any
temporary pipe work and plumbing required.
6.2.40 Cement
1 Ordinary Portland Cement and rapid-hardening Portland cement shall comply

with the requirements of BS 12: 1996.
97
2 Portland blast furnace cement shall comply with the requirements of BS 146:
1996.
3 Sulphate resisting Portland cement shall comply with the physical requirements
of BS 4027: 1996.
4 White or coloured Portland cement shall comply with the physical

requirements of BS 12: 1996 and pigments shall be inorganic oxide pigments,
either natural or synthetic in origin, complying with the requirements of BS
1014: 1975 (1992). Pigments whether added just before mixing or by the
cement manufacturer shall be incorporated in the proportions agreed by the
Engineer.
5 Each consignment of cement shall be kept separate, identified and used in

order of delivery.
6.2.41 Aggregates for Concrete
1 Aggregates for concrete shall consist of naturally occurring material complying

with the requirements of BS 882: 1992 except that for roadworks limestone
aggregate may not be used in the top 50 mm of a carriageway.
2 Flakiness index when determined by the sieve method described in BS 812:

Part 105 Section 105.1 1989 shall not exceed 35 for any size of coarse
aggregate.
6.2.42 Aggregates for Granolithic Concrete
Aggregates for granolithic concrete shall comply with BS 882: 1992.
6.2.43 Ready Mixed Concrete
1 Ready-Mix concrete shall be in accordance with BS 5328 Part 3: 1997.

Supplier’s delivery notes will be required for each load of ready-mix, which
should state the weight of the constituents of each load together with the time
when the cement was introduced to the aggregates. All ready-mix shall be
obtained from an approved supplier.
2 If the Developer wishes to use concrete for carriageways, lay-bys etc., the prior
approval of the Engineer must be obtained and application made to him for
the necessary specification.
6.2.44 Concrete for Ancillary Purposes
1 Concrete for ancillary purposes shall be in accordance with Table 13 B.S.5328:

Part 1: 1990. Tables 3, 4 and 5 of BS 5328:Part 2 1990.
2 The concrete shall be mixed by machine or by hand to a uniform colour and

consistency before placing. The quantity of water used shall not exceed that
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required to produce a concrete with sufficient workability to be placed and

compacted where required.
3 The concrete shall be compacted by hand or by mechanical vibration.
6.2.45 Placing of Concrete
Concrete shall be conveyed from the mixer to the works by means approved by the
Engineer and shall be regulated so as to provide a steady flow of concrete into the
works and such that not more than 20 minutes shall elapse between the first wetting
and final placing of the concrete.
Care shall be taken to avoid segregation of the aggregates within the concrete and
from this point of view no concrete shall be shot into position through a clear vertical
height exceeding 1.5m.
Concrete shall be placed in a single operation to the full depth.

The concrete shall be compacted in the works so as to ensure the absence of honey-
combing and the release of entrapped air and where reinforcement is present so as
to ensure complete bond between the two materials. Great care shall be taken to
avoid the disturbance of both reinforcement and shuttering during the placing and
compacting of concrete.
The Developer shall have at his disposal sufficient number of suitable types of power
driven vibrators in good working order for use in the works and the Developer shall
comply with all directions given by the Engineer as to their use.
6.2.46 Steel Reinforcement
1 Steel fabric reinforcement shall comply with requirements of BS 4483: 1998

and shall be delivered to the site in flat mats.
2 Hot rolled mild steel bars and hot rolled high yield bars shall comply with the
requirements of BS 4449: 1997.
3 Cold worked steel bars shall comply with the requirements of BS 4449: 1997.
4 Hard drawn mild steel wire shall comply with the requirements of BS 4482:
1985.
5 In the case of deformed bars as defined in BS 4449: 1997 the results of bond
tests shall be furnished to the Engineer as required by him.
6 Tying wire shall be either:

i. 1.6 mm diameter (No. 16 gauge) soft annealed wire or
ii. 1.2 mm diameter (No. 18 gauge) stainless steel wire.
99
6.2.47 Waterproof Underlay
1 Waterproof underlay shall consist of approved 250 grade impermeable plastic

sheeting.
6.2.48 Tar or Bitumen Paint
1 Tar or bituminous paint shall consist of two coats of hot-applied tar complying
with BS 76: 1974 (1994) of viscosity grade within the range 30 - 38oC
equiviscous temperature (evt) with a coverage of 0.9 litres/m2, or two coats of
cut-back bitumen complying with BS 3690 Part 1: 1989 (1997) of viscosity
grade within the range 25 - 50 seconds (standard tar viscometer) with a
coverage of 0.5 litres/m2.
6.2.49 Road Markings
1 Road Marking materials will be one of the following;
(a) Thermoplastic Material for Laying by Screed
White thermoplastic material shall contain not less than 6% titanium dioxide
by mass of the total mix, and the luminance factor of material taken from an
applicator or melter on site after remelting shall not be less than 70.
Markings shall be reflectorised with ballotini premixed with the thermoplastic

before laying in accordance with the relevant clauses of BS 3262 Part 1: 1989
(1995).
(b) Thermoplastic Material Applied by Spray
White thermoplastic material shall contain not less than 6% titanium dioxide
by mass of the total mix and the luminance factor of material taken from an
applicator or melter on site after remelting shall not be less than 70.
Not less than 10% ballotini by mass of the total material shall be incorporated
and mixed into the thermoplastic material during manufacture.
(c) Road Marking Paint
Paint shall be road marking paint by an approved manufacturer. It shall be

suitable for applying by brush or mechanical means to cement concrete or
bituminous pavement to give a chemically stable film of uniform thickness and
shall be either chlorinated rubber, one pack epoxy or alkyd based.
White paint shall contain not less than 6% by mass of titanium dioxide as a
pigment, conforming to type A (anatase) or type R (rutile) as specified in BS
1851. 1978 (1991).
Yellow paint shall be standard colour BS 381C 1996 No. 355, except where
100
previously approved by the Engineer and contain not less than 6% by mass of
a suitable yellow pigment.
The paint shall be supplied fresh and ready for use in sealed containers, which
shall be stored in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Unless
otherwise agreed by the Engineer the paint shall be applied without the use of
thinners or other additives.
Paint shall be applied at a covering rate recommended by the manufacturer

and approved by the Engineer.
Where markings are to be reflectorised with ballotini either premixed with the
paint before laying or applied to the surface of the wet paint film the ballotini
shall comply with the requirements contained in BS 3262: Part 1 1989 (1995)
except that the grading of premixed ballotini shall comply with sub section 2 of
this clause.
2 The grading of ballotini incorporated in the mixture during the manufacture of

paint shall comply with the following, unless otherwise approved by the
Engineer.
BS Sieve Size % Retained by Mass

(Micrometers)
(BS No.)
300 52 0-15
212 72 20-35
150 100 25-40
106 150 15-35
75 200 5-15
Not more than 10% by mass shall pass the 75 um (No. 200) BS Sieve.
3 Ballotini applied to the surface of road markings to provide immediate

reflectivity shall comply with the requirements contained in BS 3262: Part 1
1989 (1995) except as modified below:
The grading of the ballotini shall comply with the following, unless otherwise
approved by the Engineer.
BS Sieve Size % Retained by Mass

(Micrometers)
(BS No.)
850 18 0
600 25 5-20
300 52 30-75
180 85 9-32
Not more than 15% by mass shall pass the 180 um (No. 85) BS Sieve.
101
6.2.50 Open Box Beam Safety Fence
Beams
1 Open Box beams shall be made of mild steel in accordance with BS EN 10025:
1993 Grade S275 and shall be 5 mm thick and of trapezoidal cross-section.
Each section shall be 4.8 m long except on radii less than 107 m when they
shall be 2.4 m long. When a 4.8 m long section is freely supported over a span
of 3 m with the road face uppermost and centrally loaded with a point load of
2000 kg the deflection at the centre of the span shall not exceed 12 mm.
2 Beam sections shall be jointed by fish plates using bolts, nuts manufactured in
accordance with ISO 4016, 4018 and 4034 respectively. Washers shall comply
with BS 4320.
3 Posts
Posts shall be manufactured from 5 mm mild steel plate in accordance with

BS EN 10025: 1991 Grade S275 formed into section 100-103 x 31-34. The
overall length and spacing of posts and the length breadth and thickness of
distribution plates on driven posts shall be approved by the Engineer. Where
the fence is mounted on a structure posts shall be provided with flanges for
bolting down with four 20 mm diameter bolts which shall screw into sockets
contained within the supporting concrete and after fixing each shall resist a
tensile load of not less than 85 KN. Adjustable length posts shall be used to
accommodate excessive variation in the surface level beneath the fence.
Posts other than on structures shall be mounted in concrete footings, or as

directed by the Engineer.
Open Box beams adjacent to bridge piers or concrete parapets shall, be mounted
on brackets bolted to the piers or parapets at 1.2 m centres. The brackets shall
be 6 mm thick mild steel plate in accordance with BS EN 10025: 1991 Grade
S275 pressed into a hollow hexagonal section with the mounting faces 150
mm wide and 300 mm apart; the overall depth shall be 200 mm. Adjustable
platforms shall be provided where necessary to maintain the alignment of the
fence at curved piers.
6.2.51 Untensioned Corrugated Beam Safety Fence
1 Beams
Corrugated beams shall be of mild steel and shall be not less than 300 mm in
depth and so formed that the traffic face has a central trough at least 75 mm
deep. Each section shall be of a length suitable for the post spacing. When the
section is freely supported over a span of 3 m with the road face uppermost
and centrally loaded with a point load of 1000 kg the deflection measured at
the centre of the span shall not exceed 40 mm.
102
2 Adjacent beams shall be jointed by lap joints using bolts, nuts and washers
manufactured in accordance with ISO 4016, 4018 and 4030 respectively.
Washers shall comply with BS 4320.
3 Posts
Except for safety fences attached to structures, posts on which to mount the
beams shall be ‘Z’ posts or a type approved by the Engineer of well seasoned
and preserved softwood or hardwood preferably from sustainable resources
complying with the specification. Timber posts shall be 150 x 150 mm cross
section. Posts spacing shall not be greater than 3.1 metre centres. ‘Z’ posts as
6.20.50.3.
4 Posts for fences mounted on structures shall be of a type approved by the

Engineer.
5 Block out beams shall be separated 200 mm from each post by means of a
blocking out piece 350 mm high and 150 mm wide and of the same quality
requirements as for the posts or by an approved bracket.
6 Posts and blocking out pieces shall be drilled to take the specified post bolts for
affixing the beams, the holes in the posts being slotted vertically to permit a
range of movement of 25 mm for the bolt.
7 Terminal Anchorage
Except where terminating at a bridge parapet end beams shall be sloped down
at approximately 10o to the horizontal to terminate 150 mm above ground
level. The junction between the horizontal and sloping beam shall be a butt
weld with a tensile strength of not less than 330 KN. Anchorage shall be
provided by a 300 mm x 300 mm x 1.4 m long raking post which shall be of
well-seasoned and preserved softwood or hardwood complying with the
specification. The raking post shall be surrounded with well rammed approved
granular material and attached to the sloping beam by a terminal end shoe
fabricated from the type of beam used. The space inside the terminal end shoe
shall be filled with Class CP concrete to Specification Clause 6.2.43 finished
flush with the top of the beams and surrounding ground shall be ramped up to
the same level.
6.2.52 Pedestrian Guard Rail
1 General
Guard rails shall comply with BS 7818: 1995 except as modified in this
Specification. The dimensions given below are intended to allow for sufficient
flexibility to enable the standard products of manufacturers to comply with
this Specification. It is not intended that special types of guard rail should be
manufactured in order to incorporate the various minimum dimensions given.
103
2 Dimensions
The dimensions for guard rails will comply with the requirements of BS 7818: 1995.
3 Gradients
Where the road gradient exceeds 1 in 100 the horizontal members of the guard rails
shall be raked to the appropriate angle, the verticality of the upright members being
maintained. Where the road gradient changes by means of a vertical curve smooth
transition shall be achieved between the sections of raked guard rail on each
gradient, so as to achieve a neat appearance. This also applies to transition on
vertical curves from raked to vertical sections of guard rail.
4 Finish
Steel guard rails and all component parts shall be galvanised after manufacture by
the hot dip process. Where necessary, materials shall be returned to works after
galvanising to correct possible distortion. All galvanizing should be carried out in
accordance with BS 729.
Aluminium alloy guard rails will be finished to manufacturer’s specifications in

accordance with BS 7818: 1995: C1 12.2.
5 Concreting to Posts
The Primary Upright Posts shall be set in and surrounded with Class ST 4 concrete
350 mm x 300 mm deep with a minimum of 150 mm under and around the upright.
6.2.53 Pre-treatment and Painting of Fences, Gates and Posts
General
1 Painting shall be carried out in accordance with the methods recommended in

British Standard Code of Practice BS 6150: 1991.
2 All iron or steel materials capable of being despatched in units for assembly at
the site, shall after thorough cleaning, descaling and degreasing be primed at
the works. After erection any damage to primed surfaces shall be made good
by cleaning and priming on Site.
3 Other materials may be supplied works primed if the Developer so wishes but
any damage to primed surfaces shall be made good immediately prior to
painting.
Priming
4 All timber shall be treated or painted in accordance with Clause 311 or Clause
312 of Department of Transport Specification for Highway Works 1991.
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5 All iron or steel materials shall be treated in accordance with all relevant Clauses
of Section 1900 of the Department of Transport Specification for Highway
Works 1991.
6 All elements within any paint system shall be from one approved
manufacturer.
6.2.54 Bricks
1 Bricks shall comply with the particular requirements of BS 3921: 1985 (1995).
2 Bricks for construction of manholes, inspection chambers, catchpits, etc. shall,

be clay engineering bricks conforming to the requirements of BS 3921: 1985
(1995) for Class B bricks, or pre cast concrete masonry units 225mm thick
conforming to BS5911: Part 2.
3 Samples of all bricks intended for use in the Works shall be submitted to the
Engineer for his approval.
6.2.55 Weedkiller
1 All weedkillers used must be approved by the Pesticides Safety Precaution

Scheme and the Agricultural Chemicals Approved Scheme. For application on
the formation of footways and carriageways the weedkiller must be in a liquid
form and applied with an approved spraying machine at a rate recommended
by the manufacturer. Only chemicals having a residual effect shall be used.
6.2.56 Imported Top Soil
Imported topsoil shall be good quality; clean, medium textured fibrous loam,
obtained from the top 150mm of ground and conforming to BS 3882. Imported
topsoil shall have a pH value of between 6.0 and 7.5 and shall not contain stones
greater than 38mm in size nor have a stone content exceeding 10% by mass. It shall
also be free from weeds, roots, grass, tenacious clay and any other deleterious
material. The topsoil shall possess a good crumb structure.
NB. The developer shall supply and add lime to ensure the topsoil has a pH value
within the range of 6.0 to 7.5.
6.2.57 Turf
1 The turf shall be good quality meadow turf reasonable free from weeds. The
turf field shall be closely mown and rolled before lifting. Turves are to be cut to
such convenient sizes as the Developer may determine most suitable for
handling and transport, with the minimum of breakage and to be lifted at a
uniform thickness of not less than 40 mm.
105
6.2.58 Grass Seed
1 Grass seed shall be a tested mixture from an approved source and certificates
of purity and germination shall be provided. Unless otherwise agreed by the
Engineer the seed shall be a rye-grass free, reduced maintenance mixture,
consisting of the following proportions by weight: -
Chewings Red Fescure (Highlight Strain)

(Festuca Rubra) 25%
Creeping Red Fescue S.59
(Festuca Rubra) 25%
Timothy S.50
(Phleum Pratuese) 15%
Browntop
(Argrostis Tenuis) 20%
Crested Dogstail
(Cynosorus Cristatus) 15%
Smooth stalked meadow grass (Doa Prateuse) may be substituted for Timothy.
The minimum top soil depth for this mixture is 50 mm and the seeding rate is
to be 17-25 grammes per m2.
6.2.59 Plant Material Generally
All plant material shall conform with and be planted in accordance with the
following British Standard unless otherwise stated :-
BS 3936 : Part 1 : 1980 Specification for Nursery Stock

Part 1 Trees and Shrubs
BS 3936 : Part 4 : 1984 Specification for Nursery Stock

Part 4 Forest Trees
BS 5236 : 1975 Recommendations for Cultivations and Planting of

Trees in the Advanced Nursery Stock Category
BS 4428 : 1969 Recommendations for General Landscape Operations

(excluding hard surface)
BS 4043 Recommendations for Transplanting Semi Mature

Trees
6.2.60 Delivery and Condition of Plants
Plants shall be delivered from the nursery of the approved supplier free from pest
and disease and materially undamaged. Torn or lacerated roots shall be pruned
before dispatch. Roots shall at no stage be subjected to adverse conditions such as
exposure to drying winds, frosts or bright sunlight. Plant roots shall be protected in
plastic bags during any period out of soil.
106
All plants shall be packaged so as to reach their destination with moist roots. Each
species shall be identified by a sound, durable label bearing its Latin name and
reference details.
With rootballed stocks the whole assembly of lifted soil, roots and any packaging
material shall be securely wrapped in hessian or plastic sheeting.
Bare root stock shall be protected with hessian or other suitable material during
transit. Packaging around the roots with moist vegetable material and sheeting of
the vehicle are recommended.
All plant stock shall have been grown for the full previous seasons in a British
nursery.
The Authorised Officer shall be allowed the provision of inspecting plant material in
the supplier’s nursery whilst it is still growing there and before the stock is
purchased, the supplying nursery shall cultivate plants that have an adequate root
system conducive to successful transplantation. To this end there shall be a
reasonable balance between the size of the plant and the amount of roots.
The Contract shall obtain plant material from suitable nurseries approved by the
Authorised Officer.
All plants shall be lifted with care to retain their fibrous root system and in a
condition suitable for successful transplantation. Plants that do not have a good
fibrous root system will not be accepted.
6.2.61 Shrubs
All shrubs comply in all respects with BS 3936 Part 1 1980.
Each shrub shall have a minimum of four strong basal shoots unless otherwise stated
and shall be between the maximum and minimum height stated. Where it is normal
practice to cut back a species to encourage the formation of lateral shoots it is
assumed the plant will have been pruned.
6.2.62 Container Grown Stock
Deciduous plants which are specified as container grown shall be indicated in the
Bills of Quantities. All evergreen species shall be container gown. Plants that are in
containers shall be grown on so as to have a root system well established in the
container. The size of the container shall be in proportion to the plant, shall be free
of weeds and unless otherwise indicated shall be as the “Specification for Container
Grown Stock” by the British Container Growers Group.
6.2.63 Trees
All trees comply in all respects with BS 3936 Part 1 1980.
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Each tree shall have a balanced branched crown, and conform to the sizes specified
in the plant schedule.
6.3. Carriageway Construction - Workmanship

6.3.1 Top Soil
1 Before commencement of the main earthworks all topsoil and other organic
material will be removed from the areas of cutting and embankment and
unless surplus to requirements stockpiled for re-use.
6.3.2 Excavation and Formation
1 Either of the following methods of excavating may be adopted by the

Developer, but whichever method is chosen it may not be changed without
the approval of the Engineer. If the sub-grade, capping layer, or sub-base is in
an unsatisfactory condition at the time the Developer intends to continue with
subsequent pavement layers, he shall excavate and replace the defective areas
at his own expense to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
Method 1
a) Excavation shall be carried out to the true formation level of the carriageway,
_ 25 mm. Any excess depth excavated
the allowable tolerance in level being +
below this tolerance shall be made good by backfilling with approved filling
materials and compacted as specified for soft areas at the Developer’s expense.
b) The formation shall then be compacted by at least two and not more than four
passes of a smooth wheeled roller having a load per metre width of roll of
4400-6000 kg.
c) Any soft areas which become apparent shall be excavated, drained as required
by the Engineer filled with suitable material and compacted in layers not
exceeding 150 mm thick, in accordance with Table D.
d) Sub-Grade drainage if specified shall then be completed and the formation

reinstated to its previous condition.
e) Before the Developer proceeds with laying of the capping layer on the sub-
grade the information must be approved by the Engineer.
f) If it is not the Developer’s intention to lay the capping layer on the sub-grade
immediately, then the completed formation shall be protected from injury or
deterioration by a method approved by the Engineer at the expense of the
Developer. This may take the form of an impermeable membrane of 500
gauge plastic sheeting laid over the formation or by sealing the formation with
bitumen emulsion spray and blinding with fine crushed rock aggregate or sand.
108
g) If the Developer allows the moisture content of the accepted compacted

material to reach a value above the maximum permitted for the material for
compaction purposes as shown in Table C the Developer shall ensure that the
material reverts to an acceptable moisture content and if directed by the
Engineer make good the surface at his own expense, before laying.
Table C MOISTURE CONTENT
Material Maximum Moisture Contents for Suitable and Selected

Fillings
Cohesive Soil The Moisture Content of that fraction of soil which passes a 20
mm BS Sieve shall not be greater than 1.2 times the value of
the plastic limit of the soil determined in accordance with BS
1377 : 18975 Test No. 3.
Well graded With the exception of burnt colliery slag and selected filling the
granular and moisture content of that fraction of soil which passes a 20 mm
dry cohesive BS Sieve shall not be greater than 11%.
soil.
Uniform Sand Uniformity coefficient of less than 10 and a maximum moisture

content of 12%.
Selected Filling For all types of selected filling the acceptable moisture content
shall be 3% below the optimum as determined by BS 1377 Test
No. 12 carried out on all material passing a 20 mm BS Sieve.
Method 2
a) Excavation shall be carried out to a level of at least 150 mm above formation

level. Any soft areas shall be removed and backfilled with suitable material to
formation level.
Sub-Grade drainage, if specified, shall be installed at this stage.
b) Immediately prior to laying the capping layer on the sub-base, excavation shall
_
be completed to true formation level, the allowable tolerance in level being +
25 mm. Any over-excavation shall be made good with sub-base material.
c) A 150 mm minimum compacted thickness of sub-base shall be laid and

compacted without delay in accordance with Clause 6.3.7.
Any soft spots which then become apparent shall be dealt with as outlined in
Method 1.
When reinstating the sub-base following these operations, care must be taken
to ensure that the sub-base layer does not become contaminated.
109
6.3.3. Forming and Compaction of Embankments and Other Areas of Fill
1 Embankments and other areas of fill shall be of approved material.
2 All earthworks material placed in or below embankments, below formation

level in cuttings or elsewhere in the Works shall be deposited and compacted
as soon as practicable after excavation in layers of thickness appropriate to the
compaction plant used as permitted and in accordance with the requirements
of Table D.
3 All areas of fill shall be built up evenly over the full width and additionally in the
case of embankments shall be maintained at all times with a sufficient camber
and surface regularity to enable surface water to drain readily away.
4 If for any reason whatsoever the material deposited as fill subsequently reaches
a condition such that it cannot be compacted satisfactorily, the Developer shall
at his own expense either: -
i) Make good by removing the affected material either to tip or elsewhere

until it is in suitable physical condition for re-use, and replacing it with
suitable material.
ii) Cease work on the material until its physical condition is again such that
it can be compacted.
iii) Make good the material by mechanical or chemical means approved by

the Engineer to improve its stability.
5 Rock used in rock fill embankment shall be of such size that it can be deposited
in horizontal layers, not exceeding 300 mm loose depth and properly
compacted in accordance with this Clause. Each layer shall consist of
reasonable graded rock and all surface voids shall be filled with broken
fragments before the next layer is placed. The top surface and side slopes shall
be thoroughly blinded with approved fine graded material to seal the surface.
Such material on side slopes and verges may be topsoil.
6 If the Developer wishes to use the surface of embankments for construction

traffic he shall bring up and maintain the area between the carriageway
extremities to a level not less than 150 mm above formation level.
Not withstanding this requirement if any damage occurs to the material at or

below formation level by the passage of such construction traffic the
Developer shall at his own expense make good the damage to the satisfaction
of the Engineer.
7 Compaction of all areas of fill shall be undertaken to the requirements of this

Clause by approved plant except where the Engineer permits or directs a
departure from such requirements.
110
Earth moving plant shall not be accepted as compaction equipment under this
Clause.
8 The Engineer may at this time carry out comparative field density tests
determined in accordance with BS 1377: Part 2 1990 on materials which he
considers have been inadequately compacted. If the test results, when
compared with the results of similar tests made on adjacent specifically
approved work in similar materials carried out in accordance with Table D show
this state of compaction to be inadequate, and this is held to be due to failure
of the Developer. The Developer shall carry out such further work as the
Engineer may decide.
9 Each layer of rock used as rock fill in embankments shall be spread and
systematically compacted with a static load per metre width of roll of at least
1750 KN or other approved plant. Where, however, the rock contains
sufficient soft material for satisfactory compaction to the requirements of Table
D for well-graded granular material the fill shall be compacted to such latter
requirements.
Definitions and Requirements Associated with Compaction
10 The depth of compacted layer is the height by which the embankment is raised
by each successive layer.
11 ‘Number of passes’ is the number of times that each point on the surface of the
layer being compacted has been traversed by the item of compaction plant.
12 ‘The mass per metre width of roll’ - is the total mass on the roll divided by the
total roll width. Where a smooth wheeled roller has more than one axle the
machine will be assessed on the bases of the axle giving the highest value of
mass per metre width.
‘Vibrating rollers’ - are self-propelled or towed smooth-wheeled rollers having

means of applying mechanical vibration to one or more rolls.
(i) The requirements for vibrating rollers are based on the use of the lowest
gear on a self-propelled machine and a towing speed 1.5-2.5 km/h (1-
1+_ mph) for a towed machine. If higher gears or speeds are used an
increased number of passes shall be provided in proportion to the
increase in speed of travel.
(ii) Where the mechanical vibration is applied to 2 rolls in tandem, the

minimum number of passes shall be half the number given in Table D for
the appropriate mass per metre width of one vibrating roll. If one roll
differs in mass from the other the number of passes shall be calculated as
for the roll with the smallest mass.
(iii) Vibrating rollers operating without their vibratory mechanism in use will
be classified as smooth-wheeled rollers.
111
(iv) Vibrating rollers shall be operated with their vibratory mechanism

operating only at the frequency of vibration recommended by the
manufacturers. All such rollers shall be equipped with a device
automatically indicating the frequency at which the mechanism is
operating.
13 ‘Vibro-tampers’ are machines in which an engine-driven reciprocating

mechanism acts on a spring system through which oscillations are set up in a
base plate.
14 ‘Power rammers’ - are machines which are actuated by explosions in an

internal combustion cylinder, each explosion being controlled manually by the
operator.
In the case of power rammers and dropping weight compactors one pass will
be considered as made when the compacting shoe has made one strike on the
area in question.
112
For items marked * the rollers shall be towed by track laying tractors. self-propelled rollers are
unsuitable.
Table D Compaction Requirements D = Maximum depth of compacted layer (mm)

N = Minimum number of passes
Type of Category Cohesive Well graded Uniformly
compaction soils granular and dry graded
plant cohesive soils material
Mass per metre width of roll: D N D N D N
Smooth- over 2100kg up to 2700kg 125 8 125 10 125 10*
Wheeled over 2700kg up to 5400kg 125 6 125 8 125 8*
Roller over 5400kg 150 4 150 8 unsuitable
Grid roller over 2700kg up to 5400kg 150 10 unsuitable 150 10
over 5400kg up to 8000kg 150 8 125 12 unsuitable
over 8000kg 150 4 150 12 unsuitable
Tamping roller over 4000kg 225 4 150 12 250 4
Pneumatic Mass per wheel
tyred roller over 1000kg up to 1500kg 125 6 unsuitable 150 10*
over 1500kg up to 2000kg 150 5 unsuitable unsuitable
Vibrating Mass per metre width of
roller vibrating roller
over 270kg up to 450kg unsuitable 75 16 150 16
over 700kg up to 130kg 100 12 125 12 150 6
over 1300kg up to 1800kg 125 8 150 8 200 10*
over 1800kg up to 2300kg 150 4 150 4 225 128
over 2300kg up to 2900kg 175 4 175 4 250 10*
over 2900kg up to 3500kg 200 4 200 4 275 8*
over 3600kg up to 4300kg 225 4 225 4 300 8*
over 4300kg up to 5000kg 250 4 250 4 300 6*
over kg 275 4 275 4 300 4*
Vibrating Mass per unit area of base
plate plate:
compactor over 880kg up to 110kg unsuitable unsuitable 75 6
over 1400kg up to 1800kg 100 6 125 6 150 4
over 1800kg up to 2100kg 150 6 150 5 200 4
over 2100kg 200 6 200 5 250 4
Vibro-tamper Mass:
over 50kg up to 65kg 100 3 100 3 150 3
over 65kg up to 75kg 125 3 125 3 200 3
over 75kg 200 3 150 3 225 3
Power Mass:
Rammer 100kg up to 500kg 150 4 150 6 unsuitable
Dropping Mass of rammer over 500kg
weight Height of drop;
compactor over 1m up to 2m 600 4 600 8 450 8
over 2m 600 2 600 4 unsuitable
113
6.3.4 Sub-Soil Land Drains
1 On cohesive sub-grades and in other situations wherever the Engineer may

consider them necessary, sub-soil and land drains shall be provided consisting
of 75 mm diameter laterals across the road at intervals directed by the Engineer
and a 100 mm diameter collecting pipe parallel to the kerb. The drains shall be
backfilled with hard, clean, crushed rock, slag or gravel.
6.3.5 Kerb and Channels
1 The kerb race shall be constructed of Class ST1 concrete 150 mm thick for 125
x 250 mm kerbs, the kerb race will be 300 mm wide when channel blocks are
not used and 550 mm wide when channel blocks are used.
2 The kerbs shall be laid and bedded on a layer not less than 12 mm thick of
Class 1 mortar or directly onto the concrete foundation whilst this is still plastic
and backed with Class ST1 concrete 150 mm wide to within 75 mm of the top
of the kerb. The kerb shall show a face of 125 mm.
3 Raker kerbs shall be used each side of residential vehicular crossing and radius
kerbs shall be used to form industrial crossings.
For radii of 12.0 m or less, kerbs of appropriate radius shall be used.
4 The channel blocks shall be laid and bedded on a layer not less than 12 mm
thick of Class 2 mortar on the 150 mm thick kerb race or directly on the
concrete kerb race whilst this is still plastic.
6.3.6 Weed Killer
1 Where required by the Engineer an application of an approved weed-killer will

be applied to the sub-grade.
6.3.7 Granular and Crushed Stone Sub-Base and Base
1 All material shall be placed and spread evenly in layers so that after compaction
the total thickness is as specified and within a tolerance of +_ 20 mm.
2 Compaction in accordance with Table D shall be completed as soon as possible

after the material has been spread. The surface of any layer of material shall
on completion of compaction be well closed, free from movement under
compaction plant. All loose, segregated or otherwise defective areas shall be
made good to the full thickness of the layer and re-compacted.
Definitions and Requirements Associated with Table D
3 The Definitions and Requirements associated with Table D will be as Clause

6.3.3 paragraphs 11-15.
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6.3.8 Laying of Bituminous or Tar Base and Surfacing
1 Material shall be transported in clean vehicles and shall be covered over when
in transit or awaiting tipping.
2 The material will be laid by an approved self-propelled paver, in accordance

with the recommendations for laying in the British Standard to which it has
been made, the rate of delivery of material to the paver shall be regulated to
enable it to be operated continuously.
3 The rate of travel and method of operation of the paver shall be adjusted to
ensure an even and uniform flow of material across the fully laying width.
4 Hand laying of material may be permitted, only in the following circumstances.
i) for laying regulating course of varying thickness

ii) In confined spaces
iii) For footways
iv) At bridge expansion joints.
5 Compaction by the use of a smooth wheeled roller of 8-10 tonnes mass having
a width of roll not less than 450 mm shall be carried out as soon as it can be
effected without causing undue displacement of the mixed material and while
this has at least the minimum rolling temperature stated in the appropriate
British Standard. The material shall be rolled in a longitudinal direction from
the sides to the centre of the carriageway overlapping on successive passes.
6 Rollers shall not stand on newly laid material while there is still a risk of
deformation.
7 Material shall be laid to a compacted thickness per layer within the range
specified for that type of material in the appropriate BS specification.
8 Coated chippings shall be applied where practicable by means of a mechanical

chipping spreader. Hand chippings will be confined to the following
circumstances.
i) Confined spaces
ii) Where the surface course is hand laid
iii) To correct unevenness in the mechanical distribution of chippings.
9 Chippings shall be applied uniformly to the surface and rolled into the surface
course in such a manner that they are effectively held and provide any
specified texture depth.
10 The carriageway channels are to be kept free from chippings for a width of 300
mm.
11 Joints in surfacing will be formed in one of the following ways, method (ii)
always being used for transverse joints:
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(i) By heating the joint with an approved joint heater at the time when the
additional width is being laid but without cutting back or coating with
binder. The heater shall raise the temperature of the full depth of the
surface course to a figure within the rolling temperature range specified
for the material and for a width not less than 75 mm on each side of the
joint. In this case, however, the Developer shall have available for use in
the event of breakdown, equipment necessary for operating method (ii).
(ii) By cutting back the exposed joints to a vertical face of not less than the
specified thickness, discarding all loosened material and coating the
vertical face completely with a grade of hot tar or hot bitumen suitable
for the purpose before the next width is laid.
12 All joints shall be offset at least 300 mm from parallel joints in the layer
beneath.
13 All carriageway ironwork will be set to its finished level and given a coat of
bituminous spray before the laying of the surface course.
14 Tolerances in surface level of pavement courses will be as 6.3.10.
15 For checking compliance with Sub-Clause 14 measurements of surface levels

will be taken at points selected by the Engineer at 10 m centres longitudinally
and at 2 m centres transversely. In any length of pavement, compliance with
these requirements shall be regarded as met when not more than one
measurement in any consecutive ten longitudinally or one in any transverse
line exceeds the tolerance in Sub-Clause 14, but his one measurement shall
not exceed 5 mm more than the tolerance for the layer concerned.
16 Surface Regularity shall be checked both longitudinally and transversely.

Transverse measurements at points selected by the Engineer shall be made by
placing a 3 m straight edge at right angles to the road. The maximum
deviation of the pavement surface below the straight edge shall not exceed 3
mm. The longitudinal regularity of surface course and binder course shall be
within the relevant tolerances stated in Table 1. Measurements shall be made
by using the T.R.R.L. Rolling Straight Edge along any line parallel to the centre
line of carriageway on sections of 300 m selected by the Engineer. Where the
total length of pavement is less than 300 m the measurements shall be made
on 75 m lengths.
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MAXIMUM PERMITTED NUMBER OF SURFACE IRREGULARITIES

Flexible Surface courses Flexible Binder course,
TABLE 1 Concrete Carriageways Surfaces of Hard Shoulders,
Lay-bys, Service Areas
Irregularity 4 mm 7 mm 4 mm 7 mm
Length (m) 300 75 300 75 300 75 300 75
Cat. 1-4 Roads 20 9 2 1 40 18 4 2
Cat. 5 Roads 20 18 4 2 60 27 6 3
No irregularity exceeding 10 mm shall be permitted
6.3.9 Laying of Road Markings
1 The markings shall be white or yellow continuous or intermittent lines, letters

or figures, arrows or symbols laid to the dimensions outlined in the standard
details.
2 Thermoplastic material laid to a screed shall have a finished thickness of 4 + 1

mm.
Where additional ballotini is required to be applied to the surface of the

marking to give immediate reflectivity, the application shall comply with
paragraph 8 of this clause.
3 Sprayed thermoplastic material will be applied by an approved pressure

spraying unit to a uniform thickness of 1.5-2 mm and immediately following
spraying additional ballotini shall be applied to the surface in accordance with
paragraph 8 of this clause.
4 Road marking paint shall be applied at a covering rate recommended by the

manufacturer and approved by the Engineer.
Where additional ballotini is required to be applied to paint reflectorised with

ballotini, the application shall comply with paragraph 8 of this clause.
5 The carriageway shall be finished in the following manner for receiving

markings.
(i) On a concrete carriageway the transverse texturing of the carriageway

shall be carried across the full width of the marking, which shall be freed
by wire brushing or other approved means from all traces of the curing com
pound before the marking is applied.
(ii) On a bituminous surfaced carriageway, chippings applied to the surface

of the carriageway, shall extend over the area to be covered by the
marking.
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(iii) For concrete surfaces an approved tack coat shall be applied prior to the
application of screed laid or spray applied thermoplastic material.
6 Road marking materials shall be applied to surfaces which are clean and dry.
Markings shall be free from raggedness on the sides and ends. The surface
shall be uniform and free from streaks. Carriageway lane and edge lines shall
be applied by approved mechanical means to a regular alignment.
7 Edge markings shall consist of screed applied thermoplastic material or

thermoplastic applied by a spray process or paint, and shall have ballotini
applied to the surface whilst wet to give immediate reflectivity over the whole
area.
8 Immediately following the laying of the road marking material, ballotini shall
be applied to the surface of the marking, using a dispenser operated in con
junction with and directly behind the screed or spray nozzle. The ballotini shall
be applied at a rate of 500 gm/m2 (1.5 ozs/sq ft) to give immediate reflectivity
over the whole area of the marking. The ballotini applied to the surface of the
marking shall adhere during trafficking.
6.3.10 Tolerance in Surface Levels
Road Surface + 6 mm
Binder course (base course) + 6 mm
Base (road base) + 15 mm
Sub-base + 20 mm
Formation + 25 mm
Upper surface of material

immediately below capping level + 25 mm
6.3.11 Cold Weather Working
1. No material in a frozen condition shall be incorporated in the works but shall

instead be retained on the site for use if suitable when unfrozen.
2. Material for use in road pavements shall not be laid on any surface which is
frozen or covered with ice.
3. The laying of materials containing tar or bitumen binders, or mixtures thereof
shall cease if the temperature of the surface to be covered is at or below 2oC.
Where however the surface is dry, unfrozen and free from ice, laying may
proceed at temperatures at or above -1oC on a rising thermometer.
4. Laying of roadworks materials containing cement shall cease when descending

air temperature in the shade falls below 3OC and shall not be resumed until the
ascending air temperature in the shade reached 3oC.
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5. If material used in the road pavement contains cement and frost occurs during
the first 20 days, or 14 days as appropriate to the time of year after placing
concrete slabs or the first seven days in the case of other cemented materials,
one day shall be added to the period which would otherwise be required
before running of traffic or any sort on it for each night on which the
temperature of the surface of the layer in question falls to 0oC or below.
6.4 Workmanship - Footway Construction

6.4.1. Excavation
1 After the bulk excavation is completed the formation must be trimmed to the
correct surface profile and falls.
2 The trimmed formation shall be rolled by one pass of a smooth wheeled roller
having a mass per metre width of roll not less than 2100 kg or a vibratory roller
having a static mass per metre width of vibratory roll of not less than 700 kg.
6.4.2. Foundation
1 Prior to laying of the foundation the Developer will ensure that all service and
lighting column installation is complete.
2 Materials shall be placed and spread evenly in layers of maximum compacted

thickness 100 mm, except that lean concrete will be placed and compacted in
one layer.
3 Foundations will be compacted as soon as possible after the material has been
spread by rolling with a smooth wheeled roller having a mass per metre width
of roll not less than 2100 kg or a vibratory roller having a static mass per metre
width of vibratory roll of not less than 700 kg.
4 Particular attention shall be paid to where service trenches have been

excavated, and the whole surface on completion of compaction shall be well
closed, free from movement under compaction plant. All loose or otherwise
defective areas will be made good and re-compacted.
5 The finished surface shall be within + 12 mm of the proper surface profile.
6.4.3. Concrete Edgings
1 50 mm x 200 mm hydraulically pressed flat top concrete footway edging shall

be as specified and shall be laid on edge on a bed of concrete Class ST1 100
mm thick true to the line and levels of the footpath with a 50 mm upstand
above the finished footway level and at finished footway level in vehicle
crossings, and shall be haunched at the back with 100 mm of the top and at
the front with 100 mm concrete of the same quality to within 125 mm of the
top.
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6.4.4. Bituminous Base and Surface course
1 Bituminous binder course material shall be evenly spread in accordance with

the recommendations for laying in the British Standard to which it has been
made.
2 Compaction by the use of a smooth wheel roller having a mass per metre
width of roll of not less than 2100 kg or a vibratory roll of not less than 700 kg
will be carried out as soon as it can be affected without causing undue
displacement of the mixed material and while this has at least the minimum
rolling temperature required by the British Standard.
3 The finished surface of any layer shall be within + 6 mm of the true surface
profile. The surface course will be finished to a level 3 mm above the kerb.
4 If specified 10 mm decorative chippings may be rolled into the surface course.
6.4.5. Flagging
1 Hydraulically pressed concrete flags shall be laid to the lines and levels
described in the Contract on a foundation of 75 mm thick selected filling Type
2 or clinker and 50 mm Class II sand.
2 The flags shall be laid to a 150 mm and 300 mm bond as required with joints at
right angles to the kerb. On circular work where the radius is 12 m or less all
flags shall be cut radially on both edges to the required line.
3 Any margins at the back of the footway exceeding 75 mm in width shall be

filled with concrete flags wholly bedded on and jointed and pointed in mortar.
4 Any margins less then 75 mm in width shall be filled to the full depth of the flag
with granolithic concrete property trowelled to a smooth finished surface.
6.4.6. Raising of Footway Ironwork
1 Footway Ironwork (manhole covers and frames, statutory undertakers covers

and frames etc) shall, prior to laying of new surfacing be raised to the final
level.
2 Existing base materials shall be neatly cut away around the frame which
shall then be brought up to the correct level by rebedding or either slates and/
or bricks set in cement mortar depending upon the height the frame is to be
raised.
3 The frame shall be painted with bitumen and the space between it and binder
course filled with bituminous macadam and compacted.
4 Every care shall be taken to ensure that the raised covers cause no danger to
users of the road.
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6.5. Miscellaneous - Workmanship

6.5.1. Existing Trees, Stumps and Roots
1 Care should be taken to avoid damage to existing trees, which are to be

retained, on or adjacent to the site. The majority of tree roots will be found
within the top 1 metre of soil. It is important that these roots are protected
beneath the canopy of the tree or within a distance equating to half the height
of the tree whichever is the greater. This area is hereafter referred to as the
Protection Zone. Damage can be minimised by :-
1) Giving adequate clearance to trees by avoiding

works within the Protection Zone.
2) Avoiding damage to roots, trunks and branches.

The Protection Zone around the trees should be protected by fencing
during construction works. Where works are required within the
Protection Zone these should be undertaken by hand.
3) Avoiding compaction of soil within the Protection Zone by the storage of

materials or passage of heavy equipment or machinery over the rooting
system.
4) Not altering the soil levels around a tree.
5) Avoiding spillage of oils or other harmful materials.
Further guidance is provided in B.S 5837 1991 Guide for Trees in Relation to
Construction.
2 Where shown on the Drawings or directed by the Engineer trees shall be

uprooted or cut down as near to ground level as possible. All felled timber
shall be removed from the Site or burnt.
3 Stumps and tree roots shall, unless otherwise directed by the Engineer, be
grubbed up and deposited off Site in dumps to be provided by the Developer.
Holes left by the stumps or roots shall within one week be filled with suitable
materials, and compacted in compliance with the Specification.
4 In many areas of the borough trees are protected by Tree Preservation Orders
through the Town and Country Planning Act 1990. Consent is required to
prune or fell these trees. Notice is required of proposed tree works within a
Conservation Area.
The Hedgerow Regulations introduced in 1997 restrict the removal of most

countryside hedgerows.
Before undertaking felling or pruning works to trees or the removal of hedges

the Planning Control Section should be consulted on any restrictions that might
apply.
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6.5.2 Herbicide Treatment and Removal of Invasive Weeds
Japanese Knotweed to be dug out to a minimum depth 300mm and incinerated on

site. Developer to clean all machinery after digging. Excavations through knotweed
areas for drainage works etc. to be incinerated or disposed at a suitable tip followed
by machinery cleaning.
Approved systemic herbicide to be applied in accordance with manufactures

instructions.
Spraying must take place when the weed is between 0.6 and 1.2m high. Secondary
regrowth will be similarly treated so that a second and third application may be
necessary.
NB Environment Agency guidelines should be adhered to when removing invasive

weeds.
6.5.3 Topsoiling
All topsoil shall only be imported onto site for immediate use. The developer shall
ensure that no subsoil or pollutant becomes incorporated into the topsoil at any
stage of the works. Should the topsoil become contaminated in any way it shall be
removed and replaced with an equal volume at the developers own expense.
The authorised officer reserves the right to suspend soiling operations where in his/
her judgement weather or site conditions are such that either the topsoil or subsoil
structure will be significant impaired. Any costs resulting from such suspension will
be borne by the developer.
The developer shall allow for removing all stones and alien materials, weeds, roots,
and other plant matter as spreading proceeds.
Final levels shall be 25mm above all adjoining pavings etc.

As topsoiling proceeds all consolidated areas shall be forked over.
6.5.4 Shrub Planting - General
All works specified in this section shall, where applicable, be carried out in
accordance with BSA 4428 General Landscape Operations, Sections 7 and 8.
Unless otherwise specified all nursery stock shall be supplied by the Developer, who
shall include in his rates for purchasing, taking delivery, storing, handling and
planting.
The Developer shall ensure that all plant material conforms with the particulars in
Specification for Materials and the Bill of Quantities.
The Developer shall endeavour to plant each batch of plants on the day that it
arrives on site, and in its respective prepared positions. Where necessary polythene
bags encasing plants must be slit or opened to admit air and prevent overheating.
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All bare root plants remaining on site more than 24 hours prior to planting shall be
heeled in or otherwise protected at the discretion of the Authorised Officer.
Any plants damaged by frost or desiccated, subsequent to delivery to and approval

on site, but prior to planting, shall not be acceptable and shall be replaced at the
Developer’s expense.
Unless otherwise agreed, planting will take place during favourable weather and soil
conditions from the first week in November to the first week in April, inclusive.
The Contract must give the Authorised Officer at least 24 hours notice of his
intention to commence planting. No planting shall take place when the ground is
frost-bound, covered by snow, excessively wet or waterlogged, or in any other
conditions deemed unsuitable by the Authorised Officer.
Prior to planting all damaged roots and branches shall be cleanly removed.
6.5.5 Planting of Whips and Transplants
All plants shall be planted in a manner that does not bring the underlying subsoil to
the surface when planted in topsoil areas. Where a plant’s root system is greater
than the depth of topsoil, the Developer shall break up the subsoil to allow for the
plant to be planted to the same depth as it was growing in the supplier’s nursery.
The ground around each plant shall be properly firmed and the whole planting area
left neat and tidy. Prior to planting, positions shall be marked by spot spraying using
approved non-selective weedkiller at least 15 days prior to planting.
6.5.6 Shrub Planting
Shrub planting shall comply in all respects with BS 4428 : 1969.
All shrub planting areas are to be cultivated to a depth of 300 mm by hand digging
and cleared free of weeds and rubbish.
The topsoil supplied for the shrub beds shall be improved by the addition of 1
kilogramme of “ENMAG” for each cubic metre of topsoil.
Prior to planting, container grown shrubs shall be thoroughly soaked before

removing the container. Care shall be taken not to damage the root system.
Planting holes shall be excavated 150 mm wider than the root spread. Any badly
damaged roots shall be pruned and the roots properly spread out in the hole. The
hole shall then be backfilled in two layers, forming each layer, such that the final soil
level after settlement is at or slightly above the soil nursery mark.
After planting the surface of the soil shall be lightly cultivated to remove compaction
through treading and leave a neat and tidy finish.
The Developer shall ensure that all shrubs are thoroughly soaked with water
immediately after planting and regardless of weather conditions.
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6.5.7 Alginure Root Dipping
All bare rooted plants shall be root dipped in a solution of Alginure Root Dip and
water mixed in a ratio of 1 : 3 immediately prior to planting.
6.5.8 Grass Seeding
All works specified in this clause shall be carried out in accordance with BS 4428,
General Landscape Operations, Section 6.
All areas to be seeded shall be cultivated to a depth of 100 mm by either rotovating

and hand raking or disc harrowing cultivating and chain harrowing all in reverse
directions to produce a level even distribution of topsoil to form a fine seed bed.
All stones over 38 mm rubbish and other deposited detrimental matter shall be
removed.
Ten to fourteen days before seeding pre-seeding fertiliser shall be broadcast at the
manufacturer’s recommended rate in two equal dressings in transverse directions.
The fertiliser shall be worked in by hand raking or chain harrowing.
Areas to be seeded must be approved by the Authorised Officer before sowing.
Seeding is to be carried out at an approved time of the year, preferably in the months
of April or May, or from late August to early October in favourable weather
conditions when the surface of the seed bed is dry and friable or at such times as the
Authorised Officer shall direct. The seed shall be sown by means of an efficient
broadcast machine, or with the prior consent of the Authorised Officer by hand.
The seeding operation shall be carried out in two equal sowings in transverse
directions at the seed manufacturer’s recommended rates.
After sowing has been completed the developer shall transverse all seeded areas
with a roller not exceeding 726kg leaving a smooth and even surface.
Any stones or other debris having a dimension greater than 38 mm which come to
the surface following final cultivations or after germination of grass seed are to be
carefully collected up and carted to the Developer’s own tip.
Should the grass seed on any areas have failed to germinate to the entire satisfaction
of the Authorised Officer within six weeks after the date of sowing, then such areas
shall be recultivated, refertilised and reseeded as specified.
Where in the opinion of the Authorised Officer excessive subsidence of seeded areas
takes place such subsidence should be made good before the end of the defects
liability period, all depressions filled with good quality topsoil, and the areas refertilised,
recultivated and reseeded as specified.
The Developer shall allow in his rates for maintaining all grass areas up to the date of
practical completion.
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6.5.9 Wildflower Seeding
The Developer shall sow the wildflower grass mixes as specified. Where planting of
wildflower plugs and wildflower plants in 7 cm pots is to take place in conjunction
with wildflower seeding, then seeding takes place after planting. Sowing shall take
place in later summer, early autumn or late spring. Rolling shall take place
immediately prior to sowing with an approved roller. The Developer should ensure
that no damage should occur to the wildflower plugs or plants within the area of
seeding during the rolling or sowing operations. Any plants which are damaged
shall be replaced immediately at the expense of the Developer. Seeds shall be
thoroughly mixed with sharp sand or corn meal in a 10 parts bulking agent to 1 part
seed mix and sown evenly at a depth of no more than 3 – 6 mm before being rolled
again at right angles to the first pass.
During the first 6 weeks following sowing the developer shall ensure that the seed
bed does not dry out. Any undesirable annual or perennial weed species shall be
removed by hand if directed or by spot application by a glyphosate based translocated
herbicide.
6.5.10 Establishment
1 General
Establishment of all planted and seeded areas shall be the responsibility of the
Developer, whilst maintenance tasks such as litter picking will be the
responsibility of others who are already maintaining the site.
2 Seeded areas
Practical completion of grass areas will only be certified after all substantial
works involving grassed areas have been completed.
Any shrinkage below specified levels, erosion or slippage on embankments or

failure of the seed due to any cause shall be made good by soiling, cultivating
and re-seeding. These works are to be repeated until a good sward is obtained
and shall be carried out at the Developer’s own expense. Any areas disturbed
by drainage or planting works shall be similarly reinstated.
The establishment period for grass areas will be until the completion of the
second cut
Seeded areas shall not be cut until sufficiently established, between 40 mm

and 75 mm in height and until approved by the Authorised Officer.
Approximately 48 hours before the first cut is carried out stones larger than 40
mm in any dimension shall be removed from site and carted to the Developer’s
own tip. The areas to be cut shall then, where slopes permit, be rolled with a
light roller not exceeding 762kg.
If grass is wet cutting shall be postponed until it has dried sufficiently to enable
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satisfactory cutting to take place. Any costs so incurred shall be borne by the
Developer.
Accumulated litter or rubbish is to be collected up and removed to the

Developer’s tip before cutting.
The Developer is to exercise care in the use of rotary mowing machines which
are to be fitted with safety guards.
Mowing machinery shall be adjusted to leave approximately 30 mm of growth.

Where cutting produces a swathe this should be evenly spread to prevent
damage to the growing grass beneath.
The second cut shall follow the same procedure but the rolling is to be omitted.
3 Wildflower Areas
Practical Completion of wildflower areas will only be certified after substantial

works involving wild flower areas have been completed.
The Establishment period for wildflower areas will be for the first complete
growing season. The Developer shall cut wildflower areas regularly to a height
of 50-75 mm throughout the first growing season and remove or disperse
cuttings.
4 Planting
The establishment of all planted areas shall be the responsibility of the

Developer, whilst regular maintenance tasks such as litter picking shall be the
responsibility maintaining the site following Practical Completion.
6.5.11 Fencing
The Developer shall be responsible for all wear and tear of fencing howsoever
arising until the construction of all other Works has been completed when the
fencing shall be handed over in sound condition as specified.
When required, concrete for post footings shall be Class ST2 Concrete to Clause
6.2.37, unless otherwise specified.
Where the fencing is required to consist of stone or brick walling, it shall be

constructed as described in the Contract.
6.5.12. Brickwork
1 Bricks shall be laid to the specified bond on a full bed of mortar. Single frogged
bricks shall be laid with the frog uppermost. Perpends between bricks shall be
filled with mortar before the next mortar bed is laid. Whole bricks shall be
used except where necessary for closers and where expressly authorised.
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Exposed joints shall be treated as specified below.
2 Brickwork shall be built uniformly, corners and other advance work shall be
racked back and not raised above the general level more than 1.0 m. Courses
shall be kept horizontal and matching perpends shall be in vertical alignment.
3 Unless agreed by the Engineer, overhand work shall not be permitted.
4 No bricks shall be laid when the air temperature in the shade is below 3oC
(38oF) unless special precautions are taken which have been approved by the
Engineer.
5 Immediately after laying and for three days thereafter, brickwork shall be
protected against harmful effects of weather. The upper surface of newly laid
brickwork shall continue to be protected against rain as the work proceeds by
covering with approved waterproof sheets until such time as the brickwork is
completed and the upper damp course, coping or other finishing features is
laid.
Pointed Joints
6 The joints shall be raked out to a depth of 12 mm and after the completion of
the entire facework, pointed in cement mortar.
6.5.13. Masonry
1 Unless directed by the Engineer, the length of any individual stone shall not
exceed three times its height. The breadth on the bed shall be not less than
150 mm nor greater than three-quarters of the thickness of the wall.
2 All stratified stone possessing bedding planes shall be laid with its natural bed
as nearly as possible at right angles to the direction of load. In the case of arch
rings, the natural bed shall be radial.
3 Facework shall be built to a height not exceeding 1.0 m in advance of the main
body of the work and adjacent walling stepped down on either side.
4 Masonry facework between the quoins shall then be built to a height not
exceeding 450 mm above the backing which shall then be brought up level
with the completed facework. At no time shall the backing be built up higher
than the facework.
5 Joints
Except for dry rubble walling, all joints shall be sufficiently thick to prevent
stone-to-stone contact and shall be completely filled with mortar.
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6 Cold Weather Working
Masonry shall not be laid when the air temperature in the shade is below 3oC
(38oF) unless special precautions are taken which have been agreed by the
Engineer.
7 Protection of New Work
Newly laid masonry shall be protected against the harmful effects of weather.
All visible masonry and any surface below the masonry which will be visible at
the completion of the Works shall be clean and free from damage.
8 Ashlar
For Ashlar work all stone shall be dressed to accurate planes on the beds and
joints, and they shall be fair and neatly or fine tooled on the face.
9 Block-in-Course
Beds and joints shall be squared and dressed for a distance of at least 225 mm
from the exposed face. Bond stones shall form not less than one sixth of the
area of the exposed face and shall extend at least 1.0 m into the wall or for the
full thickness of the wall if the latter is less than 1.0 m. The exposed face of all
stones shall be blocked and left rough. Arrises shall be dressed square at all
beds and joints.
10 Squared Rubble-Coursed or Broken Coursed
For square rubble, coursed or broken coursed walling all stones shall be truly
squared and dressed on the beds and joints for a distance of at least 125 mm
from the exposed face. Bond stones shall be provided at the rate of one to
every square metre of exposed face, and shall measure not less than 150 mm
x 150 mm on the face, and not less than 450 mm in length or the full thickness
of the wall if the latter is less than 450 mm. Sneck stones shall be not less than
75 mm in any dimension. Vertical joints shall not include more than three
stones, and the horizontal lapping of the stones shall be not less than 100 mm.
11 Random Rubble - Coursed or Uncoursed
For random rubble, coursed or uncoursed work all stones shall be carefully set
with a bond stone provided at the rate of one to every square metre of
exposed face. Bond stones shall measure not less than 150 mm x 150 mm on
the exposed face, and not less than 450 mm. For coursed work the joints shall
be levelled and the backing flushed up in cement grout.
12 Backing to Masonry Facework
All voids backing masonry facework shall be filled with class M1 mortar. The
facework shall not be displaced by the placing of the backing.
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13 Dry Rubble Walling
Dry rubble masonry shall be constructed generally to the requirements of

uncoursed random rubble masonry, but with the omission of mortar. All stones
shall be carefully shaped to obtain as close a fit as possible at all beds and
joints, any interstices between the stones being filled with selected stone
chippings of spalls. The exposed tops or copings of dry rubble walls shall be
formed to match existing wherever possible.
14 Special Stonework including Quoins, Copings, Plinths, Voussoirs, etc
Special stonework shall consist of selected and approved stones dressed to the
shapes and dimensions and where required, their faces worked.
6.6. Drainage Workmanship

United Utilities are responsible for the inspection and approval of the sewers
covered by a Section 104 Agreement. This Council as Highway Authority retains
responsibility for highway drainage. The following items therefore, cover such works.
6.6.1 Types of Pipe
1 Except as permitted below the Developer shall construct the pipe drainage
using the designs of pipe, bedding, haunching and surrounding all as shown
on the Drawings.
2 Only one type of pipe shall be used within any individual drain length between
manholes.
6.6.2. Excavation
1 Trenches for pipes, other than those forming part of a french drain, shall be
excavated to a sufficient depth and width to enable the pipe and any specified
or agreed joint, bedding, haunching and surrounding to be accommodated.
Trenches shall be of width not exceeding the outside diameter of the pipe plus
600 mm but the width of trenches for lines of flexible pipes shall not be less
than the outside diameter of the pipe plus 300 mm.
2 Trenches generally shall be made with vertical sides and shall be adequately
supported at all times. Where trenches are excavated outside the boundary of
the highway, battered sides may be cut with the approval of the Engineer.
3 The material excavated in forming pipe drains, other than french drains, shall,
if unsuitable as defined in Clause 6.2.33 be run to spoil and replaced with
suitable material as so defined. All suitable material shall be set aside for use as
backfill. Trenches for french drains having pipes up to 150 mm in diameter
shall be excavated to a width of at least four times the nominal diameter of the
pipe; above 150 mm diameter the width shall be the diameter plus 450 mm.
129
4 Unless directed otherwise by the Engineer all surplus excavated material shall
be disposed of to a tip supplied by the Developer.
6.6.3. Bedding and Laying Pipes
1 Pipes shall be laid and jointed immediately after excavation of the trench.
2 Each pipe immediately before being laid shall be carefully brushed out and
tested for soundness. Each pipe shall be laid accurately to line and gradient so
that finished pipelines between manholes shall be straight in the horizontal
and vertical planes. The Developer shall provide, fix and maintain, at a
maximum spacing of 50 m, properly painted sight rails for the boning in of
individual pipes to the correct level. The sight rails shall be situated vertically
above or immediately adjacent to the line of pipes and there shall at no time be
less than 3 sight rails in position on each length of pipeline under construction.
Boning rods shall be made accurately to the length required and shall be
equipped with a metal shoe to rest in the pipe invert. Alternative methods,
e.g. the use of Laser beams may be approved by the Engineer.
3 Where pipes are to be laid directly onto the trench bottom the formation shall
be carefully trimmed to ensure that all pipes are firmly bedded for the full
length of their barrels, joint holes being formed in trench bottom at each pipe
socket of collar.
4 Where pipes are to be laid on Type A granular bedding material the thickness
of the granular bed shall comply with the requirements of N.B.S. Special
Reports 37 and 38 (as modified by the Working Party reports) as summarised
in United Utilities Standard Details for Sewerage Contracts.
5 Before laying the pipes, granular bedding material shall be laid and compacted
to the required depth for the full width of the trench bottom. Socket holes
shall then be formed in the bedding to ensure that pipes, when laid, shall be
firmly supported for the full length of their barrels.
6 After jointing of the pipes the bedding, or where none is specified the backfill
material, shall be brought up equally on both sides of the pipe first to the level
of the centre of the pipeline and then up to a height 300 mm above the top of
the pipe barrel. These operations shall be carried out immediately for all lines
of drain pipes except in the case of drains for foul water or any pipes jointed
with cement mortar, for which the second operation shall be carried out on
completion of testing. The bedding or backfill material, up to the level 300
mm above the top of the pipe barrel, shall be placed in layers each not more
than 150 mm thickness and shall be carefully compacted for the full width of
the trench with hand tools.
7 Where concrete bed and haunch, or surround, is to be provided, pipes shall

initially be supported on precast concrete setting blocks and shall be prevented
from lateral movement by the insertion of suitable wooden wedges.
130
8 Pipes shall be jointed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, which

shall be deemed to form part of this specification.
Pipes for french drains shall be bedded on the trench bottom but otherwise be
laid in accordance with the requirements for other drains.
6.6.4. Jointing of Pipes
1 Clay and concrete pipes shall be coupled together by means of flexible joints
made in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
2 Where non-flexible joints are permitted as an alternative, spigot and socket

joints may be caulked with tarred rope yarn and the socket completely filled
with Class 1 cement mortar, a fillet of mortar being worked around the socket
extending for a length of not less than 50 mm from the face of the socket.
3 Cast iron pipes shall be jointed with properly caulked lead wool or approved
flexible joints.
4 Corrugated metal pipe shall be jointed with connecting bands of a type

recommended by the manufacturers of the pipe. The connecting bands shall
be of the same gauge of metal as the pipes being used.
5 Pipes of synthetic materials shall be jointed in accordance with the

manufacturer’s recommendations.
6 Socketed pipes shall be laid with a space of approximately 12 mm between the

spigot and the inner end of the socket. Ogee jointed porous concrete pipes
and perforated clay pipes with rebated joints shall be dry jointed.
7 The jointing of other types of perforated pipes shall be as specified in this

Clause.
6.6.5 Concrete
1 All concrete products to utilise Sulphate Resisting Cement.
2 Where concrete protection is required to pipes concrete Class ST4 shall be

carefully placed and compacted under and around the pipes to provide a solid
bed and haunch, or surround, free from all voids to the dimensions indicated
on the approved Drawings.
3 The concrete protection shall be interrupted at a maximum distance of 5 m by
a 25 mm thick shaped insert of fibreboard placed against each pipe socket or
collar. The fibreboard shall provide a complete longitudinal break in the
concrete protection at each pipe joint.
4 Concrete pipe protection shall not be placed until the pipeline has been
inspected, tested and approved by the Engineer.
5 Concrete shall be thoroughly mixed in a mixer complying with the
131
requirements of BS 1305: 1974 for a period of not less than that recommended
by the mixer manufacturer.
6 Concrete shall be transported from the mixer, placed and thoroughly

compacted in its final position as rapidly as practicable and by methods which
will prevent segregation, re-handling should be avoided wherever possible.
Concrete, which has begun to set, or which requires the addition of water to
facilitate compaction shall be rejected.
7 See BS 5328: Part 1 1997 Guide to Specifying Concrete for further details on
Sulphate Resisting Concrete.
6.6.6 Backfilling of Trenches
1 Unless otherwise agreed with the Engineer all backfill material within the
highway shall be Granular Sub Base Type 1 all as in Clause 6.2.7.
2 Backfilling shall wherever practicable be undertaken immediately the specified

operations preceding it have been completed. The material shall be deposited
in layers each not exceeding 150 mm thickness and each compacted as
specified in Clause 6.3.3 using, unless other compacting equipment is required
or agreed, power rammers or vibrating plate compactors.
3 Except in carriageway pavements and when using Type A fill material in french
drains, backfill material shall be brought up to ground level. Where the ground
surface in the line of the trench consists of topsoil and the backfill is required to
be brought up to ground level the final layer shall be topsoil of the same
thickness as previously. Unless otherwise shown on the Drawings, Type A fill
material to french drains shall be terminated 75 mm below final level and turfed
over.
4 For trenches in carriageway pavements, backfill material shall be brought up to

formation level. The remaining reinstatement shall be undertaken to the widths
and in the materials described in the drawings.
5 Trenches for french drains shall be backfilled with Type A or Type B material of
Table B Clause 2.79 or filling material as described in the drawings.
6 The fill material shall be deposited in layers each not exceeding 225 mm loose
depth and each lightly compacted.
6.6.7. Connections to Existing Sewers and Drains
1 Where shown on the Drawings existing sewers and drains shall be properly
extended, connected and jointed to new sewers, culverts, drains or channels.
All such connections shall be made during the construction of the main sewer,
drain or other work and their positions recorded by the Developer who shall
daily hand to the Engineer a copy of the record of the connections made the
previous day. Where pipe connections are made to a brick sewer, concrete
culvert, stone built or lines channel, the pipes shall be well and tightly built into
132
the concrete, brick or masonry work and be so placed as to discharge at an

angle not greater than 60 degrees to the direction of the flow of the main
sewer, drain or channel and with the end of the pipe carefully cut to the
necessary angle. Where the connections are between pipe sewers or drains,
special connecting pipes as shown on the Drawings shall be laid true and
properly jointed.
2 Where a pipe of 300 mm diameter or larger is to be jointed to an existing brick

manhole the opening and the pipe shall be protected by the construction of
brick arch of two rings or bricks on edge.
3 Brickwork shall be built in Class M1 mortar in English bond. The joints of

brickwork where exposed shall be finished with a neat flat joint as work
proceeds. The ends of all pipes shall be neatly built into the brickwork and
finished flush with Class M1 mortar.
4 Where the depth of invert of manholes and inspection pits exceeds 1.0 m
below the finished surface of the carriageway or the adjacent ground, iron
steps as specified in BS 1247: Part 1: 1990 shall be built in at a vertical interval
of 300 mm with alternative steps in line vertically and at 225 mm centres
horizontally.
5 Where manholes and inspection chambers are constructed of concrete

sections complying with BS 5911: Part 100: 1988 the backfilling of excavations
for shallow manholes, inspection chambers and the chamber sections of deep
manholes shall be of Class ST1 concrete. The shaft sections of deep manholes
shall be surrounded with Class ST1 concrete to a minimum thickness of 150
mm and the remaining excavation backfilled as specified in Clause 6.3.3. The
backfilling around other manholes and inspection chambers shall be carried
out as specified in Clause 6.3.3. except that the backfilling of narrow
excavations where mechanical compaction is impracticable shall be carried out
in Class P ST2 concrete.
6 All manholes and inspection chambers for foul sewers and drains shall be
watertight on completion. Frames for manhole covers shall be set in cement
mortar. Two sets of keys shall be delivered to the Engineer for each pattern of
cover supplied.
7 Flexible joints shall be provided at each end of the pipes adjacent to manholes
in the case of rigidly jointed pipes whether the pipes themselves are of rigid or
flexible type.
8 Channels shall be formed in concrete finished smooth or pre-formed half circle

channels and haunched up to the manhole sides in 40 mm of granolithic
concrete.
9 Before entering or breaking into an existing sewer or drain, the Developer shall
give notice of his intention to the authority responsible for the pipeline to which
the connection is made. (Responsible Officer for Sewer Safety – United
Utilities).
133
6.6.8. Headings
1 Headings for pipes shall be excavated to a size sufficient to accommodate the

pipe and a concrete surround of 300 mm minimum thickness. Experience has
shown that 1.2 x 1.2m to be the minimum possible.
2 Headings shall be driven through from shaft to shaft and completed true to
line and level and to the required dimensions before any pipes are laid.
3 The sides of shafts and the sides and roofs of headings shall be adequately
supported and the excavations kept free of water at all times. Unless directed
by the Engineer the supports shall be left in place.
4 Bedding, laying and jointing of pipes shall be generally in accordance with

Clause 6.6.3 and 6.6.4.
5 All pipes shall be surrounded and the heading backfilled with ST1 concrete
punned solid against the sides of the roof.
6 Details of sizes of headings and the positions and dimensions of working shafts
proposed shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval before work is
commenced.
7 Unless directed by the Engineer all filling of shafts shall consist of suitable
material excluding silt and Pulverised Fuel Ash, deposited and suitably
compacted. Excavation supports are carefully removed as the filling proceeds
except where they are required by the Engineer to be left in position.
8 All surplus excavated material shall be disposed of to the Developer’s tip.
6.6.9. Manholes and Inspection Chambers
Manhole and inspection chambers shall be constructed of precast concrete sections

complying with BS 5911 Part 100: 1988 or of brickwork as outlined in the standard
details.
Foundations to manholes and inspection chambers shall be of concrete of the

quality and dimensions indicated on the standard details and shall finish flush with
the manhole sides unless the standard details indicate.
6.6.10 Gullies and Gully Connections
1 All gully chambers shall be laid on and surrounded with 150 mm thickness of
Class ST4 concrete brought up to the underside of the frame or flush with the
top surface as required.
2 Junction pipes for gullies which are laid but not immediately connected to
gullies shall be fitted with temporary earthenware stoppers or seals and the
position of all such junctions shall be clearly defined by means of stakes or
134
tracing wires properly marked and labelled.
6.6.11 Testing and Cleaning of Pipelines
1 Water or air tests shall be carried out on all foul sewers and surface water
sewers up to 750 mm diameter, with apparatus, materials and labour supplied
by the Developer as directed by and in the presence of the Engineer. The
sewers shall be tested for the full length between manholes, or in exceptional
circumstances for such lesser distances as may be approved by the Engineer.
2 Water Test: The lower end of the first pipe of the length to be tested together
with all junctions and other openings shall be closed with expanding stoppers,
and in the socket of the last pipe laid at the upper end, a quarter bend shall be
temporarily inserted with the socket pointing upwards. A length of pipe shall
then be fixed vertically from the socket of the bend such that water may stand
in the pipe to a height not less than 1 m above the soffit of the sewer at the
highest point in the length. In determining the length of sewer to be tested
care shall be taken to ensure that no pipe is subjected to a head of water
exceeding 6.0 m.
The whole length shall then be filled with water and after allowing a period of
15 minutes for absorption; water shall be added until it stands at least 1.0 m
above the soffit of the pipeline at its highest point. For half an hour no more
water shall be added, and the test shall be regarded as unsatisfactory if during
this period the water level falls by a rate greater than one litre per hour per
linear metre per metre of nominal internal diameter.
3 Air Test: A smoke-producing device (to the approval of the Engineer) shall be
inserted in the length to be tested and all open ends of pipes and junctions
shall be stoppered. Air shall then be blown or pumped into the length of
pipeline under test until a pressure equivalent to 100 mm of water is indicated
on a gauge (a glass ‘U’ tube) which has been connected to the system. The
pressure on the gauge shall be read after a period of 5 minutes and the test
shall be considered satisfactory if the pressure has not fallen to below 75 mm
of water.
Large diameter pipes shall be subject to internal examination by the Engineer.

4 On completion of the Works, or earlier if the Engineer agrees, all manholes and
drains other than French drains shall be flushed from end to end with water
and left clean and free from obstructions. All material must be removed from
the downstream manhole. Under no circumstances must it be passed to the
downstream sewer network or washed into a receiving watercourse/river.
5 French drains shall at all times be kept free of obstructions, both as regards to
the pipes and the filter materials.
6.6.12 Existing Land Drains
1 Existing land drains severed by the Works shall be located and connected into
135
new pipelines provided for the interception of surface and ground water.
Such land drains shall be cleaned out from the pipeline trench face and any
disturbed pipe re-laid to ensure a free discharge into the new pipeline. The
disused end of the intercepted land drains shall be sealed with puddled clay or
other approved materials.
Approval of United Utilities must be sought for any connection of land

drainage to a public sewer or prospectively adoptable sewers.
136
APPENDIX
137
138
Appendix
British Standards Referred to in the Specification

BS 12:1996 Specification for ordinary and rapid hardening Portland cement.
BS 65:1991 (1997) Specification for vitrified clay pipes, fittings, joints and ducts.
BS 76:1974 (1994) Specification for tars for road purposes.
BS EN 124:1994 Gully tops and manholes tops for vehicular and pedestrian areas.
BS 144:Part 1:1997 Specification for coal tar creosote for the preservation of timber.
BS 146:1996 Specification for Portland blast furnace cement.
BS 381C:1996 Specification for colours for identification, coding and special

purposes.
BS 434:1984(1997) Specification for bitumen road emulsions.
BS 437:1978 Specification for cast iron spigot and socket drain pipes and fittings.
BS 449:1969 Specification for the use of structural steel in buildings.
BS 460:1964(1981) Specification for cast iron rainwater goods.
BS 534:1990 Specification for steel pipes and specials for water and sewage.
BS 594:1992 Hot rolled asphalt for roads and other paved areas.
BS EN 598:1995 Ductile iron pipes, fittings, accessories and their joints for
sewerage applications.
BS 729:1971 (1994) Specification for hot dip galvanised coatings on iron and steel
articles.
BS 743:1970 Specification for materials for damp proof courses.
BS 812:1975 Testing aggregates.
BS 882:1992 Specification for aggregates for natural sources for concrete.
BS 890:1995 Specification for building lines.
BS 970:Part 2:1988 Specification for wrought steels for mechanical and allied
engineering purposes.
BS 1014:1975(1992) Specification for pigments for Portland cement and Portland

cement products.
139
Appendix
BS 1047:1983 Specification for blast furnace slag aggregate for use in

construction.
BS 1142:Part 2 1971 Specification for medium duty fibreboard and hardboard.
BS 1196:1989 Specification for clayware field drainpipes and junctions.
BS 1217:1997 Specification for cast stone.
BS 1243:1978 Specification for materials for cavity wall construction.
BS 1247:Part 1 1990 Specification for manhole step irons.
BS 1305:1974 Specification for batch type concrete mixers.
BS 1377:1990 Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes.
BS 1447:1998 Specification for mastic asphalt (limestone aggregate) for roads,

footways and paving in buildings.
BS 1449:1991 Specification for carbon and carbon manganese flats sheet and strip.
BS EN 1561 Founding: Grey cast irons.
BS EN 1563:1997 Specification for spheroidal graphite cast iron.
BS 1707:1970(1980) Specification for hot binder distributors for road surface dressing.
BS 1722:Part 3 1986 Specification for strained wire fences.
Part 4 1986 Specification for cleft chestnut pale fences.
Part 5 1999 Specification for closed boarded fences.
Part 7 1999 Specification for wooden post and rail fence.
BS 1851:1978(1991) Specification for titanium dioxide pigments for paints.
BS 2499:Part 2:1992 Specification for hot applied joint sealant for concrete pavements.
BS 2523: 1966(1983) Specification for lead boxed priming paints.
BS 2959:1982 Specification for continuously hot dip zinc coated and iron zinc
alloy cast steel.
BS 3136:1972(1980) Specification for cold emulsion spraying machines for roads.
BS 3262:Part 1(1995) Specification for constituent materials and mixtures for hot
applied thermoplastic road marking materials.
140
Appendix
BS 3506:1969 Specification for Unplasticised PVC pipes for industrial use.
BS 3690:Part 1 1989 Specification for bitumen for roads purposes.
BS 3698:1964(1979) Specification for calcium flembate primary paints.
BS 3882:1965 Topsoil.
BS 3921:1985(1995) Specification for clay bricks.
BS 3936 Part 1 1992 Specification for trees and shrubs.
BS 3936 Part 4 1984 Specification for nursery stock - Forest trees.
BS 4027:1996 Specification for sulphate resisting Portland cement.
BS 4043:1989 Recommendations for transplanting semi-mature trees.
BS 4190:1967 Specification for 150 metre black hexagon bolts, screws and nuts.
BS 4211:1994 Specification for ladders for permanent access to chimneys, other

high structures, silos and ruins.
BS 4254:1983 Specification for two-part polysulphide based sealant.
BS 4320:1968 Specification for metal washers for general engineering purposes.
BS 4428:1969 Recommendations for General Landscaping Operations.
BS 7613 (1994)
BS 7668 1994 Specification for weldable structural steels
BS 4449:1997 Specification for carbon steel bars for the reinforcing of concrete.
BS 4482:1985 Specification for cold reduced steel wire for the reinforcement of
concrete.
BS 4483:1998 Specification for steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete.
BS 4576:1989 Specification for unplasticised pvc rainwater goods.
BS 4660:2000 Specification for unplasticised pvc pipes and plastic fittings of

nominal size 110 and 160 for below ground gravity drainage and
sewerage.
BS 4662:1970(1983) Specification for grey iron pipes and fittings.
BS 4987 –1 2001 Coated macadam for roads and other paved areas.
141
Appendix
BS 5212:1990 Specification for cold applied joint sealant.
BS 5228 Part2:1997 Guide to noise control legislation for construction and demolition,
including road construction and maintenance.
BS 5236:1975 Recommendations for Cultivation, planting of trees in the

advanced nursery stock category.
BS 5328 : 1990 Methods for specifying concrete, including ready mixed concrete.
BS 5775 Part 0:1993

(1987) Specification for quantities, units and symbols.
BS 5837:1991 Guide for trees in relation to construction.
BS 5911 Part 100: Specification for unreinforced and reinforced pipes and fittings
1988 with flexible joints.
Part 114: 1992 Specification for porous pipes.
Part 200:1994 Specification for unreinforced and reinforced manholes and

soakaways of circular cross section.
BS 6100 Sub-section
2.4.1 : 1992 Glossary of building and civil engineering terms (Highway Engineers).
BS 6150:1991 Code of Practice for painting of buildings.
BS 6677:Part 1:1986 Specification for clay and calcium silicate pavers for flexible
(1997) pavements.
BS 6717 Part 1:1993 Specification for pre-cast concrete paving blocks.
BS 7263 Part 1:1994 Specification for precast concrete flags, kerbs, channels, edgings
and quadrants.
BS 7818:1995 Specification for pedestrian restraint systems in metal.
142
Comments/Suggestions
Comments/ Suggestions
Bolton MBC is committed to ensuring the best possible service is provided to their customers. In
order to provide an improved service it is essential that we listen to comments made by our
customers.
The Council intends to continue to up date this document on a regular basis in order to keep up
to date on current specifications, products, legislation and working practices.
It is anticipated that addenda to the guide will be issued each year for a period of 4 years to all
customers who have purchased a copy.
Every five years a new edition will be published in full, incorporating the previous years agenda
and any subsequent changes. The next edition will be available for purchase.
In order to ensure that any future document meets the requirements of our customers I would
welcome your comments/suggestions for future alterations or additions on the form below.
Name: ______________________________________
Organisation: ______________________________________
Address: ______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
Post Code: ______________________________________
Tel No: ______________________________________
Fax No: ______________________________________
E-mail: ______________________________________
Comments:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Please address all correspondence to:

Bolton MBC.
Environment Department,
Estate Development,
Engineering Projects,
The Wellsprings,
Civic Centre,
Bolton, BL1 1US.
E-mail: chris.lord@bolton.gov.uk
143

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Contents

2.0. The Standards 19

2.1. Feeder Road 21

3.0 Layout Details 45

3.1 Junctions with Distributor Roads 47

5.0 Standard Details 55

5.1 Residential Road Construction Detail 57

Comments/ Suggestions 143

i) Enable the economical creation of pleasant, safe and well maintained

iii) Ensure a quality of environment, which can efficiently and economically be

1.3. Section 220 Procedure

1.4. Section 38 Adoption Procedure

Copies Drawing Scale

Two Copies of the proposed layout plan, coloured to 1:500

Two Copies of the Street Lighting Design 1:500

Two Copies of the proposed traffic signing and road 1:500

Two Copies of typical cross sections.

Two Copies of longitudinal road sections indicating Horizontal

Two Copies of structural details.

Two Copies of typical gully connection details.

1.4.8. Upon receipt of a submission the Council will aim to:

SECTION 38 SUBMISSION SCHEDULE

Seven paper copies of typical gully construction details.

The names and addresses of owners of non-adoptable structures.

The name and address of the Developer’s Solicitor.

The registered name and address of the Developer’s surety.

The registered name and address of the Developer.

The programme dates for the stages of road works completion:

Stage 1 – completion to binder course (base course) level.

Stage 2 – completion of final surfacing.

Stage 3 – end of 12 month period of maintenance.

● All highway drainage

● All other drainage contained within the highway

● Carriageway sub-base and any supporting structures

● Carriageway binder course (base course) where appropriate

● Demarcation of sight lines and clearance of visibility splays

● Traffic Calming Features

NB It is recommended that street nameplates be erected prior to occupation of

1.4.12.2. Part 2 Certification will be issued when:

● All outstanding kerbing not completed in Part 1

● Pedestrian ways are completed

● Carriageway surface course (wearing course) is completed

● Visibility splays and verges are complete

● Street name plates are erected

● Traffic Signs and Road markings are completed

Recovery of the Council’s costs

Estimated Cost of Works Fee

Over £50,000 6% of the estimated cost of the

iii. All fees are subject to annual review.

1.4.18. Obligation of Surety

1.6. Hierachy of Roads

District Distributors, important non-principal roads, all carrying 250-750 commercial

Local Distributors, other non-principal roads. Roads carrying 75-250 commercial

Lightly trafficked roads. Roads carrying up to 75 commercial vehicles per day in

Note: A commercial vehicle is defined as a goods or public service vehicle of

1.7. Category 5 Roads Defined

Other special community and commercial development such as schools, shops,

There are three sub-categories of Category 5 roads used on new developments in

1.7.1. Category 5.1 Feeder Roads (maximum 300 dwellings)

1.7.2. Category 5.2 Collector Road

A collector road may take

1.7.3. Category 5.3 Traditional Cul-de-sac (maximum 50 dwellings)

2.1. Feeder Road (Category 5.1)