INTRODUCTIONS

The study of bending loads is complicated by the fact that

the loading effects vary from section to section of the beam
These loading effects take the form of a shearing force and a
bending moment sometimes referred as shear and moment
This chapter is concerned with the variation in shear and
bending moment in beams subjected to various combinations
of loadings under different conditions of support particularly
the determination of the maximum values of shear and
moment
INTRODUCTIONS

Statically Determinate Beams

INTRODUCTIONS

Statically Indeterminate Beams

SHEAR AND MOMENT
The figure below shows a simple beam that carries a
concentrated load P and is held in equilibrium by the
reactions R
and R For the time being neglect the mass of
the beam itself and consider only the effect of the load P
SHEAR AND MOMENT
The definition of shearing force %also called vertical shear or
just shear& may be expressed mathematically as
V ( %S Fy&L
The subscript L emphasizing that the vertical summation
includes only the external loads acting on the beam segment
to the left of the section being considered
The resisting shear Vr set up by the fibers in any section is
always equal but oppositely directed to the shearing force V
In computing V upward acting forces or loads are
considered as positive
SHEAR AND MOMENT
The definition of shearing force %also called vertical shear or
just shear& may be expressed mathematically as
V ( %S Fy&L
The subscript L emphasizing that the vertical summation
includes only the external loads acting on the beam segment
to the left of the section being considered
The resisting shear Vr set up by the fibers in any section is
always equal but oppositely directed to the shearing force V
In computing V upward acting forces or loads are
considered as positive
SHEAR AND MOMENT

For complete equilibrium of the free+body diagram the

summation of moments must also balance
SHEAR AND MOMENT
Definition of Bending Moment
Bending moment is the summation of moments about the
centroidal axis of any selected section of all the loads acting
either to the left or to the right side of the section and is
expressed mathematically as
M ( %SM&L ( %SM&R
The subscript L indicating that the bending moment is
computed in terms of the loads acting to the left of the
section and the subscript R referring to the loads to the right
of the section
SHEAR AND MOMENT
Sign of Bending Moment
To many engineers bending moment is positive if it
produces bending of the beam concave upward It is prefer
to use an equivalent convention which states that upward
acting external forces cause positive bending moments with
respect to any section downward forces cause negative
bending moments
SHEAR AND MOMENT
The definition of shearing force and bending moment may be
summarized mathematically as
V ( %SFy&L
M ( %SM&L ( %SM&R
In which positive effects are produced by upward forces and
negative effects by downward forces This rule of sign will be
used exclusively hereafter and it will be further extended to
give a positive sign to any quantity or expression in which
such adjectives as “up” or “above” are used and vice versa
for negative signs
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Shear and moment diagrams are merely the graphical
visualization of the shear and moment equations plotted on
V+x and M+x axes usually located below the loading
diagram

Point of zero shear / point of maximum moment

Point of inflection / point where the beam changes its shape

from concave up to concave down or vice versa0 point of
zero moment
Write shear and moment equations for the beam loaded as
shown and sketch the shear and moment diagrams
Write the shear and moment equations for the cantilever
beam carrying the uniformly varying load and concentrated
load as shown Also sketch the shear and moment
diagrams
Write shear and moment equations for the beams in the
following problems In each problem let x be the distance
measured from the left end of the beam Also draw the
shear and moment diagrams specifying values at all change
of loading positions and at all points of zero shear Neglect
the mass of the beam in each problem
For the beam loaded as shown4
For the beam loaded as shown4
For the beam loaded as shown4
RELATIONS AMONG LOAD# SHEAR AND MOMENT

V / V
( DV ( %Area&load

M / M
( DM ( %Area&shear
Using the principle discussed sketch the shear and moment
diagrams for the beam loaded as shown computing the
values at all change of loading points and the maximum
shear and moment
Without writing the shear and moment equations sketch
shear and moment diagrams for the beam and compute
values at all change of loading points and the values of
maximum shear and maximum moment
Without writing the shear and moment equations draw shear
and moment diagrams for the beam in the following
problems Give numerical values at all change of loading
positions and at all points of zero shear
For the beam loaded as shown4
For the beam loaded as shown4
For the beam loaded as shown4
For the beam loaded as shown4
MOVING LOADS
GENERAL RULE4 The bending moment under a particular
load is a maximum when the center of the beam is midway
between that load and the resultant of all loads on the span
The maximum shearing force occurs at and is equal to the
maximum reaction
A truck with axle loads of 89 kN and :9 kN on a wheel base
of ;m rolls across a <9+m span Compute the maximum
bending moment and the maximum shearing force
A truck and trailer combination crossing a <>+m span has
axle loads of <9 >9 and ?9 kN separated respectively by
distances of ? and ; m Compute the maximum moment and
maximum shear developed in the span