i

ii
Acknowledgements

I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. Ahmad Khan, Programme Manager, Regional
Programmes and Mr. Richard Garstang, National Programme Manager Pakistan Wetlands
Programme for organizing the study and providing me the opportunity to conduct it. Thanks
are also due to Mr. Abdul Rahim, Site Manager (PWP), Makran Coastal Wetlands Complex
and his staff for facilitation during our survey of the study area. I am also thankful to
Director, Zoological Survey Department, Islamabad for allowing me to conduct this study. In
addition, there are numerous people who contributed to the success of this study. This is
not possible to acknowledge their contribution individually, therefore I would like to thank
them all. In the last but not the least, I would also like to extend my gratitude to the local
communities for their cooperation in the field.

Abrar ul Hasan

i
ii
 Table of Contents

Acknowledgements..............................................................................................................i
Executive Summary ..........................................................................................................vii
1.INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................1
1.1 Sindh Coast ............................................................................................................................1
1.2 Balochistan Coast...................................................................................................................1
2.Study Area (Makran Coast)..............................................................................................2
3.Review of literature ..........................................................................................................5
4.Survey methods and Material..........................................................................................6
4.1 Survey Strategy......................................................................................................................6
4.2 Direct counts ..........................................................................................................................6
4.3 Aluminium Box Trapping......................................................................................................6
4.4 Fish Identification at Harbours/Jetties ...................................................................................6
4.5 Direct incidental sightings .....................................................................................................7
4.6 Indirect sightings....................................................................................................................7
4.7 Informal meeting with the locals ...........................................................................................7
4.8 Questionnaire with fishermen ................................................................................................7
5.Results ..............................................................................................................................9
5.1 Birds.......................................................................................................................................9
5.1.1 Linear regression and correlation coefficient ..............................................................12
5.1.2 Dominance-diversity curves ........................................................................................13
5.1.3 Diversity analysis.........................................................................................................14
5.2 MAMMALS ........................................................................................................................15
5.2.1 MARINE MAMMALS................................................................................................15
5.2.2 TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS.....................................................................................15
5.3 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS........................................................................................15
5.3.1 AQUATIC REPTILES ................................................................................................16
5.3.2 TERRESTRIAL REPTILES............................................................................................18
5.4 Amphibian............................................................................................................................19
5.5 Fish.......................................................................................................................................19
6.Socio-economic Surveys ...............................................................................................21
7.Threats ............................................................................................................................25
7.1 Ormara .................................................................................................................................25
7.2 Pasni/Astola .........................................................................................................................27
7.3 Gawadar/Jiwani....................................................................................................................28
8.Conservation measures .................................................................................................29
8.1 Short-term ............................................................................................................................29
8.2 Long term.............................................................................................................................30

iii
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations:

CBO Community Based Organization

CMS Convention on migratory species
FAO Food & Agriculture Organization
GoB Government of Balochistan
GoP Government of Pakistan
Ha Hectares
ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Km Kilometer
MCWC Makran Coastal Wetlands Complex
NRDA Natural Resource Damage Assessment
Km2 Square Kilometer
PNCS Pakistan National Conservation Strategy
PWP Pakistan Wetlands Project
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization

List of vernacular terms:

Ex-Nazim Ex-local leader elected by the public

Khada Deep sea water
Nakhuda Captain of the small boat

List of figures:

Figure (1): Map of the study area - Ormara, Kalmat, Pasni, Gawadar and Jiwani
Figure (2): A view of Astola Island from top.
Figure (3): An interview with a local fisherman at Pasni Fish Harbour.
Figure (4): Scatter plots of Number of days (x) and total number of species observed at
three localities of Balochistan coast.
Figure (5): Showing dominance diversity curves in three localities of Balochistan coast.
Figure (6): Kachh-spotted ground gecko recorded from Astola Island.
Figure (7): A female Green turtle with eggs at Astola Island.
Figure (8): Foot prints of Marsh crocodile at Basol River, Ormara.
Figure (9): Barracudas ready for auction at Pasni Fish Harbour.
Figure (10): Hairtails ready for auction at Pasni Fish Harbour.
Figure (11): Common Quail at Ormara.
Figure (12): A domesticated White Pelican in a street at Ormara.
Figure (13): A trap set for Falcons at Ormara.
Figure (14): Entangled hatchlings of Green turtle at Astola Island.

iv
List of tables:

Table (1): Number of Order, family and species of birds observed during October to
January 2007 – 08 from three localities of Balochistan coast.
Table (2): Birds families along with numbers and percentages observed from
Balochistan coast.
Table (3): List of birds (CMS Appendix I and II) recorded from the study area.
Table (4): Shannon-Weiner biodiversity index for birds at different localities of
Balochistan coast.
Table (5): Type of engine of boats at Balochistan coast.
Table (6): Average number of fishermen per trip at Balochistan coast.
Table (7): Average number of working days / week at Balochistan coast.
Table (8): Average working time/day (hours) for fishermen at Balochistan coast.
Table (9): Types of nets used by fishermen at Balochistan coast.
Table (10): Factors in selling fish at Balochistan coast.
Table (11): Opinion of fishermen about the price at Balochistan .
Table (12): Awareness of fishermen about dolphins at Balochistan coast.
Table (13): Awareness of fishermen about stranded dolphins at Balochistan coast.
Table (14): Experience of entangling dolphins by fishermen at Balochistan coast.

List of Appendix

Appendix-1 List of birds.

Appendix-II List of mammals.
Appendix-III List of reptiles
Appendix-IV List of fishes
Appendix-V Questionnaire
Appendix-VI CMS list of birds along with coordinates
Appendix-VII ToR

v
vi
Executive Summary

Pakistan has 1046 km long coastline, stretching from Sir Creek in the southeast adjacent to
Indian border to Jiwani in the west near Iranian border. The major portion of Pakistan’s
coastline about 770 km lies in Balochistan, while the rest 270 km in Sindh. The present
study was conducted on the Makran Coast in Balochistan province. For the survey, Makran
Coast was divided into three regions; Ormara, Pasni and Gawadar/Jiwani. Surveys of
these three localities were conducted in three phases and a range of widely used research
methods of direct sighting, indirect evidences, questionnaire and informal interviews were
applied to get maximum information.

A total of 122 species of birds from 41 families and 16 orders, 11 species of mammals
comprising of five families and three orders, 16 species of reptiles belonging to eight
families and four orders, one species of amphibians, 34 species of fish belonging to 13
families and two species of lobsters belonging to single family were recorded from the study
area.

In respect of birds, data collected shows a visual linear regression between days and
number of species recorded. The numerical measures of visual impression of these scatter
points shows strong strength between x and y variables (x, number of days and y total
number of bird species recorded). The value of r was the strongest at Ormara with 0.968.
All the three locations, Ormara, Pasni, Gawadar/Jiwani coast show dominance diversity
curves approaching lognormal distribution with 72, 52 and 91 number of species of birds
respectively. The Shannon–Weiner index for birds is high at Ormara (2.66) while it is lowest
at Pasni (1.99). This is mainly due to low species richness, equitability and low abundance.

Socio-economic survey was also conducted in the areas to know the problems of fishermen
and assess their knowledge about dolphins/whales. After detailed description of results,
threats to wildlife in all the three localities of the study area were pointed out and
recommendations were made accordingly.

vii
viii
1. INTRODUCTION

Pakistan has 1046 km long coastline, stretching from Sir creek in the southeast adjacent to
Indian border to Jiwani in the west near Iranian border (IUCN 2005). The major portion of
Pakistan’s coastline about 770 km lies in Balochistan, while the rest 270 km lies in Sindh. In
relation to fishing operations, Pakistan coast can be divided into two regions, (i) Balochistan
Coast and (ii) Sindh Coast. Pakistan has, within her 320 km fishing limit beyond the
continental shelf, resources of tuna, tuna like species and perch. The area offer good
opportunities for artisinal, coastal, offshore and deep sea fishing (Majid 1988). Fishing
being an important economic activity in coastal areas of Pakistan, particularly on
Balochistan coast contributes substantial earning. Export of fish and fishing products has
yielded a sum of Rs. 8.8 billion in 2002. According to 2001 census, the population of the
coastal areas of Pakistan is nearly 1.5 million and 90.5% of the coastal population lives in
rural areas. The population growth in the coastal areas is much higher (3.33% per year) as
compared to non coastal areas (IUCN 2005).

1.1 Sindh Coast

The Sindh coastal region is located between the Indian border along the Sir creek on the
east to the Hub River on the west. The Indus River pours into the Arabian Sea on the
southeast of Karachi creating Indus Delta, which is the most prominent feature of the Sindh
Coast and covers an area of about 600,000 hectares with 17 major creeks and innumerable
minor creeks, mudflats and mangrove thickets. The Indus Delta supports wetlands rich in
nature and culture and also harbours the largest cover of arid climate mangroves in the
world. About 70 km area of Sindh Coast stretching from Khudi Creek to Cape Montz, falls
within Karachi. Scenic and famous marine turtle beaches like Paradise, Hawks Bay,
Western Backwaters and Sandspit are special features of this coastline.

1.2 Balochistan Coast

The coastal belt of Balochistan is about 770 km long and lies to the west of Karachi. It
extends from Lasbela near Karachi to Jiwani (Makran coast) at the Iranian borders
(UNESCO 1994). There are a few indentions in the coastline which can be classified as
following (IUCN 2005):

A) Embayed Coast:

Khalifa Coast, Gadani Bay, Bayal Ras Malan, Ormara East and West Bays, Pasni Bay,
Gawadar East and West Bays, Bay at Ras Gunz and Gawatar bay.

B) Tide lagoons

Miani Hor at Sonmiani Bay and Kalmat Khor.

C) Mouths of seasonal rivers

Hub River, Porali River, Basol River, Hingol River, Shadi Kaur and Dhast River.

The indentions in this coastline are potential sites for harbour development and they
provide some shelters to the small fishing crafts from high waves. The big coastal
settlements like Ormara, Pasni, Gawadar, Gunz are located in these heavens. There are

1
only three small pockets of mangroves along the Balochistan coastline covering a total area
of about 18,350 acres (Saifullah and Rasool 2002).

2. Study Area (Makran Coast)

The western part of Balochistan province from the Hingol River westward to the
international borders at Jiwani is the 600 km long Makran (or Gawadar) Coast.
Administratively, the region includes Gawadar and Lasbela districts and covers an area of
55,000 km². It borders Iran in the west, Kalat in the north and Arabian sea in the south
(Arshad et al). The area receives a low precipitation, 150 mm/per annum and the soils are
highly saline. Due to hyper saline condition and low precipitation, the coast is entirely
deserted. Four small urban centers, Ormara, Pasni, Gawadar and Jiwani (Figure1) account
for more than half of the coastal population estimated at 400,000 (GoB and IUCN 2000).

The local fishermen communities have four major ethnic groups including; the Makrani, the
Zikri Baloch, the Sunni Baloch and the Bengalis. These groups are further subdivided into
principal local tribes namely Dagarzai, Anagarian, Goga, Hangarzai, Kalwai, Maad Baloch,
Kashani, Kutligan, Omari, Chalmarzai, Jalalzai, Kalmati, Jadgal, Kapari, Shey, Sheikh and
Sangor.

The Makran Coast has lagged in economic development and suffers a general lack of
industrial infrastructure (UNESCO 1994). There are no major municipalities except rapidly
growing Gawadar, Ormara, Pasni and Jiwani being some big urban settlements, have no
reliable energy transmission, water distribution and transportation system. Village
inhabitants utilize coastal resources for subsistence and shelters, as they have done for
hundreds of years, with little or no value added commodities of local origin. Pakistan’s
marine fisheries, with a predominant contribution from waters off Balochistan, as much as
70% according to some estimates, have progressed steadily.

The coast is drained by the seasonal rivers of Hingol, Basol, Shadi Kaur and Dasht. The
mountains are composed of bare rocky limestone or conglomerate and except in some
upper highlands, have no vegetation. The coastline is subject to wave attack during south
west monsoons, when near seashore wave height is over 3.5 meters. The coastline faces
considerable erosion. On the coastal Balochistan water erosion is several times higher
than wind erosion (PNCS 1992). Owing to the shortage of promontories and sheltered
areas, most of the littoral material is lost to the sea. The Makran Coast is also a subduction
zone. Here the Indian Ocean Plate moves northward under the continental crest (Harms et
al. 1984). Spectacular mud volcanoes have been build in several areas along the Makran
Coast when gas charged water escapes to the surface in the several areas along the
Makran Coast. The Makran Coast is one of the most seismically active regions in Pakistan.
Some 25 km south of Pasni is the Astola Island with an area of 5000 hectares. The major
portion of the Island comprises of small mountains which are about 200 meters above the
sea level (Khurshid et al. 1995). Hard and soft coral communities have been reported in the
area.

2
Figure 1: Map of study area-Ormara, Kalmat, Pasni, Gawadar, Jiwani

3
Figure (1): Map of study area- Ormara, Kalmat, Pasni, Gawadar, Jiwan

The distribution of mangroves along Makran Coast is restricted to two geographical

locations, namely Kalmat Khor and Gawatar Bay. At present the dominant species in most
areas is Avicennia marina. Amongst the dense growth of Avicennia are localized patches
of Ceriops tagal, Aegiceros corniculatum and Rhizophora mucronata. Large numbers of
green turtles are known to visit the beaches of the study area for nesting. Olive ridley
turtles also visit this coast, although their numbers are lower than the green turtles. The
most important turtle beaches are at Ormara (Taak), Astola (off Pasni) and Jiwani (Daran).
Marine turtles nest throughout the year along the Makran Coast, with peak activity in the
months of October to December for green turtles and July to August for Olive ridley turtles.

Figure(2) A view of Astola Island from top

4
3. Review of literature

The following are some of the research papers/research articles/reports/books which

directly deals with the fauna, flora and geology of the study area. Preliminary compendium
of coastal and marine protected areas in Pakistan (IUCN 2005), International Workshop on
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) (UNESCO 1994), Makran Coastal Wetlands
Complex – a preliminary biological assessment (Arshad et al 2002), The Makran coast of
Pakistan: its stratigraphy and Hydrocarbon potential (Harms et al. 1984), Fishing crafts and
gears (Hussain and Amir 2006), Marine Fisheries in Pakistan (Majid 1988), Marine Snakes
of Pakistan (Rehman et al. 1988), Mangroves of Miani Hor lagoon on the north Arabian Sea
coast of Pakistan (Saifullah and Rasool 2002), Studies on the distribution, population
dynamics and status of the vertebrate mangrove fauna of Balochistan coast (Ahmed et al.
1997), Avifauna of the mangroves of Balochistan coast (Ghalib and Hasnain 1997), The
Birds of Pakistan, Vol. 1 and 2 (Roberts 1991-92), The mammals of Pakistan (Roberts 1997)
and Amphibians and Reptiles of Pakistan. (Khan 2006). The literature which indirectly
deals with the study is: Socio-economic study in two areas on the coast of Sindh, Pakistan
(Hasan et al. 2001), Effects of Katra and Bhoola fishing nets in the Indus Delta of Sindh
(Ahmad and Hasan 1997), The birds of Sindh mangroves (Hasan 1994), Biodiversity of bird
fauna in mangrove areas of Sindh (Hasan 1996), Small scale fishery of mangrove swamps
of Sindh coast (Hasan and Ahmad 2000), Some observations on the status of Birds and
Fishes in the Norris Wetland, Badin, Sindh (Jived and Hasan 2004), Natural resource
damage assessment study (NRDA) (Jived and Hasan 2004), Seasonal avifauna diversity of
Korangi-Phitti mangrove swamps, Indus Delta, Pakistan (Hasan 2005), a revised checklist
of reptiles of Pakistan (Rehman and Iffat 1997) and Statistics principles and methods,
revised printing (Jhonson and Bhattacharyya 1987).

5
4. Survey methods and Material
4.1 Survey Strategy

For the survey, Makran Coast was divided into three regions; Ormara, Pasni and
Gawadar/Jiwani. The division of Makran Coast into three regions was made on the basis of
the importance of these three sites as Ormara is famous for Basol River and Taak turtle
nesting site; Pasni is famous for Astola Island while Gawadar/Jiwani is famous for Gawater
Bay, Dhast River and Daran turtle nesting site. Survey of these three localities was
conducted in three phases. During first phase, area around Ormara was surveyed in
October 2007 while survey for the second phase was taken in November 2007 in the
vicinity of Pasni and Astola Island. The third and the final phase was conducted in
December/January 2007/08 in the areas of Gawadar and Jiwani. The objective to divide
the study in three phases was to complete the pattern of migration in birds.

4.2 Direct counts

It is one of the most widely used methods for determining species diversity and abundance.
This is done by taking randomly selected points and recording number of each species.
During the survey, birds, mammals, reptiles and fish were identified in the field using the
professional experience and identification skills, the animals’ habitat and its ecology and
reconfirmed with the help of field guides. Counting the number of animals precisely in the
field was made possible with the use of binoculars and spotting scope. Direct count survey
and counting of birds and animals is useful in open coasts and oceans. In the open areas,
targeted animals are easy to observe, identify and count.

In order to estimate bird species diversity richness and abundance, surveys of hot spots
(identified by locals) were carried out in all the three localities of Makran Coastal Wetlands
Complex. This was done by taking random points at different places within hot spots.

In order to identify species richness of reptiles, surveys were carried out in hilly cum sandy
areas with xerophatic plantation, harbours and Jetties. Terrestrial snakes, lizards and
agamas were recorded from hilly cum sandy areas along the coastline while marine snakes
were recorded from harbours and jetties. One species of frog was recorded from a place
nearby coastline.

4.3 Aluminium Box Trapping

Small mammals were sampled using small, folding locally made aluminum box traps.
Traps of this type are suitable to capture small rodents and other mammals of similar size,
they were baited with combination of rolled oats, peanut butter and honey. Twenty traps
were set within cover or shaded locations at each sampled site and then left overnight for
early morning examination. The species of small mammals were identified and number of
individual animals of each species counted before releasing them where they were caught
(trapped).

4.4 Fish Identification at Harbours/Jetties

Fishes of the study area were identified at harbours/Jetties at the time of auction.
Photographs of fishes were also taken for further identification.

6
4.5 Direct incidental sightings

In addition to the above data, incidental direct sighting of birds, large mammals, reptiles
were also recorded. Other information recorded includes numbers, date, time, latitude and
longitude.

4.6 Indirect sightings

During the survey period in all the three localities of Makran Coastal Wetlands Complex,
remains of dead birds, dolphins, marine turtles were found in the study areas. Photographs
were taken and specimens were examined for further investigation. Measurements of
these specimens were taken to know the actual size of the animal. In addition to this,
coordinates using Global Positioning System (GPS – Garmin E-trex) were recorded to show
the occurrence and distribution of the species in question. This will further help in mapping
the biodiversity of the area. Footprints of reptilian fauna particularly the saw-scaled viper
and some of the lizards were also recorded from the study area.

4.7 Informal meeting with the locals

The purpose of this information is to collect additional evidence of different species of the
study areas. Dialogues with the local community other than the fishermen were held to
know status of wildlife and major social problems of the area. It is noted in informal
meetings that some of the local persons have remarkable knowledge about wildlife of the
area and recognize several species of birds with Balochi names. These meetings were
held with the community members during boat and vehicle surveys and informal meetings
with various other members of the community i.e. fisheries staff, vehicle drivers, PWP local
employees, ex -Nazim and some of the officials and shopkeepers.

4.8 Questionnaire with fishermen

Questionnaire survey with fishermen were conducted in three localities, Ormara, Pasni and
Gawadar/Jiwani of Makran Coastal Wetlands Complex. A total of 30 fishermen were
interviewed. The respondents were selected at random. The objective being to interview
only the fishermen directly related to fishing. Thus both captains (Nakhuda) and crew
members were interviewed. Interviews were taken mainly at Ormara, Pasni, Kalmat Hor,
Jiwani, Gawadar and Sur Bundar. The objective of the survey was to collect information
about fishermen of the area and their knowledge about dolphins/whales.

7
Figure (3): An interview with a local fisherman at Pasni Fish Harbour
8
5. Results
5.1 Birds

During the first phase of surveys in October, 2007 recorded 72 species of birds comprising
of 31 families and 15 orders (Table 1) from the vicinity of Ormara. In the second phase of
the surveys, conducted in November, 2007 in Pasni including Astola Island, recorded 52
species of birds comprising of 20 families and 10 orders. During the third and the final
phase of the surveys conducted in December 2007- January 2008 in Gawadar/Jiwani.
recorded 91 species of birds comprising of 38 families and 14 orders.

Table (1): Number of Order, family and species of birds observed during October
to January 2007 – 08 from three localities of Makran Coast.

_____________________________________________________

Taxa Ormara Pasni Gawadar/Jiwani

_____________________________________________________

Order 15 10 14

Family 31 20 38

Species 72 52 91

_____________________________________________________

During the assessment, recorded a total of 122 bird species from the three localities of
Makran Coast that belong to 16 orders and 41 families. The Charadriformes group emerged
as a major group with seven families and 38 species followed by Passeriformes with 14
families and 35 species. Accipitridiformes and Falconiformes also emerged as significant
group with 13 species altogether (Appendix I).

Table (2) describes number of birds against each family along with percentages observed
from three localities of Balochistan Coast. A total of 41 families of birds were recorded from
three localities of Balochistan Coast. From the vicinity of Ormara 30 families were recorded.
Out of 30 families recorded, the family of Laridae (gulls and terns) was 57% of the total
number of birds observed from Ormara. The other important families which were recorded
from Ormara are Haematopodidae, Charadridae and Pelecanidae with 8.616%, 7.497%
and 4.621% of birds respectively. From the vicinity of Pasni (Astola), 20 families were
recorded. Out of 20 families, the family of Laridae, Haemaotopodidae and
Phalacrocoracidae were the dominant with 80%, 6% and 4.5% of birds respectively. The
highest number of families (38) were recorded from Gawadar/Jiwani. The dominant
families in this locality were Ralidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Laridae and Anatidae with 38.5%,
20.77%, 19% and 6.8% of birds respectively.

9
Table (2): Birds families along with numbers and percentages observed from Balochistan coast

Family Ormara Pasni Gawadar/Jiwani

No.of birds % No.of birds % No.of birds %

Podicipedidae 8 0.088 0 0% 305 0.777

Pelecanidae 421 4.621 302 1.454 686 1.748
Sulidae 0 0 2 0.009 0 0
Phalacrocoracidae 1 0.01 926 4.458 8150 20.77
Ardeidae 68 0.746 87 0.418 52 0.132
Threskiornithidae 10 0.109 0 0 13 0.033
Phoenicopteridae 33 0.362 12 0.057 682 1.738
Anatidae 61 0.669 2 0.009 2683 6.837
Accipitridae 80 0.878 4 0.019 14 0.035
Pandionidae 9 0.098 2 0.009 11 0.028
Falconidae 3 0.032 1 0.004 2 0.005
Phasianidae 100 1.097 0 0 10 0.012
Ralidae 112 1.229 0 0 15110 38.507
Haematopodidae 785 8.616 1266 6.095 854 2.176
Dromadidae 0 0 0 0 5 0.012
Recurvirostridae 80 0.878 0 0 9 0.022
Burhinidae 0 0 0 0 1 0.002
Charadridae 683 7.497 855 4.116 245 0.624
Scolopacidae 472 5.181 576 2.773 412 1.049
Laridae 5194 57.014 16648 80.04 7508 19.006
Columbidae 6 0.065 3 0.0144 65 0.165
Strigidae 1 0.01 0 0 0 0
Caprimulgidae 1 0.01 0 0 0 0
Cuculidae 0 0 0 0 1 0.002
Alcedinidae 3 0.032 0 0 6 0.015
Meropidae 11 0.12 15 0.072 12 0.03
Coracidae 2 0.021 12 0.057 3 0.007
Allaudidae 311 3.413 32 0.154 15 0.038
Hirundinidae 525 5.762 0 0 947 2.413
Motacillidae 3 0.032 0 0 36 0.091
Pycnonotidae 3 0.032 0 0 10 0.025
Laniidae 6 0.065 6 0.028 3 0.007
Turdidae 3 0.032 2 0.009 7 0.017
Timalidae 0 0 0 0 18 0.045
Sylvidae 10 0.109 0 0 6 0.015
Nectariniidae 0 0 0 0 2 0.005
Emberizidae 0 0 0 0 550 1.401
Ploceidae 0 0 0 0 232 0.591
Sturnidae 0 0 0 0 46 0.117
Dicruridae 0 0 0 0 5 0.012
Corvidae 105 1.152 16 0.077 523 1.332
9110 20769 39239

10
During surveys, several migratory species of birds were recorded from the study areas
which come under two CMS appendices, list migratory species that would benefit from
conservation undertaken by Range States. The following are two lists of birds which were
recorded from Makran Coast during present surveys. The first list describes birds which
come under Appendix I of CMS while the second list describes bird species of Appendix II
of CMS. (Appendix I- lists migratory species that are endangered while Appendix- II
describes migratory birds which have unfavourable status in Range States but not declared
endangered as yet).

Table (3): List of birds (CMS Appendix I and II) recorded from the study area

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
List I List II
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species Locality Species Locality
Dalmatian pelecan Gawadar/ While spoonbill Ormara/
Pelecanus crispus Jiwani Platalea leucorodia major Gawadar/Jiwani

White pelecan Ormara/Pasni/ Greater flamingo Ormara/Pasni/

Pelecanus onocrotalus Gawadar/Jiwani Phoenicopterus rubber Gawadar/Jiwani

Lesser kestrel Gawadar/Jiwani Common shelduck Ormara/Pasni

Falco naumanni Tadorna tadorna Gawadar/Jiwani
Common teal Gawadar/Jiwani
Anas crecca crecca
Mallard Gawadar/Jiwani
Anas platyrhynchos
Gadwall Gawadar/Jiwani
Anas strepera
Wigeon Gawadar/Jiwani
Anas Penelope
Common shoveller Ormara/
Anas clypeata Gawadar/Jiwani
European pochard Ormara/
Aythya ferina Gawadar/Jiwani
Garganey Ormara
Haematopus ostralegus ostralegus

Sparrow hawk Gawadar/Jiwani

Accipiter badius

Imperial eagle Pasni/

Aquila heliaca Gawadar/Jiwani

Osprey Ormara/Pasni/
Pandionhaliaetus haliaetus Gawadar/Jiwani

Saker falcon Ormara

Falco cherrug cherrug

Common european kestrel Ormara/Pasni/

11
 F. tinnunculus tinnunculus Gawadar/Jiwani

Lesser kestrel Jiwani/Gawadar

F. naumanni

Common quail Ormara

Coturnix coturnix

Crab plover Gawadar/Jiwani

Dormas ardeola

Indian little ringed plover Ormara/

Charadrius dubius jerdoni Gawadar/Jiwani

Sooty gull Ormara/Pasni/

Larus hemprichii Gawadar/Jiwani

Slender-billed gull Ormara/Pasni/

L. genei Gawadar/Jiwani

Caspian tern Ormara/Pasni/

Hydroprogne caspia caspia Gawadar/Jiwani

Sandwich tern Ormara/Pasni/

Thalasseus sandvicensis Gawadar/Jiwani

Bluecheeked bee eater Gawadar/Jiwani

Merops superciliosus

Sind little green bee-easter Ormara/Pasni/

Merops orientalis beludschicus Gawadar/Jiwani

Graceful prina Gawadar/Jiwani

Prina gracilis

Desert warbler Ormara/

Sylvia nana Gawadar/Jiwani

The coordinates of the above described species are given as Appendix VI.

5.1.1 Linear regression and correlation coefficient

The relation between number of days (x) and total number of bird species observed (y)
provides a linear impression. In the data obtained from three localities of Makran Coastal
Wetlands Complex (MCWC), the points appeared on the scatter diagram show straight
relation. The numerical measure of linear impression of these points (r) shows strong
strength between x and y variables (Number of days and total number of bird species). The
regression line was drawn on the actual data shows linear relation (Figure 4). The value of r
was the strongest at Ormara with 0.968, while for the other two localities Pasni and
Gawadar/Jiwani, the values were calculated as 0.913 and 0.898 respectively. This shows
again strong relationship between these two variables at Pasni and Gawadar/Jiwani.

12
 Orm ara Coastal Wetlands Pasni Coastal Wetlands

90 60

80 50
70
Number of Species

40
60
50 30

40 20
30
10
20
10 0
0 2 4 6
0
0 5 10 Number of days
Num ber of days

Gawadar/Jiwani Coastal Wetlands

120
Number of species

100
80
60
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8
Number of days
`

Figure (4): Species line drawn with number of days (x) and total number of
species with linear regression, observed at three localities of Makran
Coast.

5.1.2 Dominance-diversity curves

According to Deshmukh (1986), the number of species in a community (species richness) is

not adequate to describe diversity equally important is the relative abundance of each
population. Diversity is greater where equitability is higher; that is where populations are
similar to one another in abundance rather some very common and others very rare. Figure
5 shows dominance diversity curves for the three localities of the MCWC. On the X- axis
are bird species in sequence, starting from abundant to rare, while on the Y- axis are the
relative abundance on log scale. All the three localities, Ormara, Pasni and Gawadar/Jiwani
show dominance diversity curves approaching log-normal distribution with 72, 52 and 91
numbers of species respectively. This show, all the three sites of Makran Coast have good
diversity in relation to avian fauna. The sampling months for Ormara, Pasni,
Gawadar/Jiwani were October, November and December/January respectively. It is
observed that the species richness was highest at Gawadar/Jiwani with 91 sample species
while lowest species richness was recorded at Pasni. The reason might be less habitat
diversity as no seasonal freshwater lagoons for fresh water bird species were found at
13
Pasni while at Ormara, Basol River provides an excellent habitat for some of the freshwater
bird species and Marsh crocodiles. Similarly, at Gawadar/Jiwani freshwater lagoons in
Dhast River provide excellent habitat for freshwater bird species and Marsh crocodiles.

Figure (5): Showing dominance diversity curves in three localities of Makran

Coast.

5.1.3 Diversity analysis

Several indices have been devised to combine both species richness and relative
abundance into a single statistic. The most commonly used is the Shannon-Wiener index
(H), which is devised from information theory and is calculated as (Jhonson and
Bhattacharyya 1987):
H = - ∑ Pi ln Pi
Where
Pi is proportional abundance
lnPi is natural logarithm of proportional abundance
Table (4): Shannon-Weiner biodiversity index for birds at different
localities of Makran Coast.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Locality Abundance Shannon-Weiner (H)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ormara 9110 2.66
Pasni 20769 1.99
Gawadar/Jiwani 39239 2.30
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

14
The Shannon-Weiner index for birds is high at Ormara (2.66) while is lowest at Pasni (1.99).
This is mainly due to low species richness and equitability at Pasni. According to
Deshmukh (1986) diversity not only depends upon species richness but equally important is
the relative abundance of each population in a community. Diversity is greater where
equitability is higher. At Pasni 80% of the total population belong to the family of gulls and
terns which produces a negative effect on equitability. Similar is the case with bird
community at Gawadar/Jiwani where higher numbers in some of the families (Rallidae,
Phalacrocoracidae, and Laridae) produce negative effect on equitability, while species
richness at Gawadar/Jiwani is highest with 91 species.

5.2 MAMMALS

During the survey of three localities of MCWC, 11 species of mammals comprising of five
families and three orders were recorded (Appendix II). Out of 11 recorded species, 10
species of mammals were observed from land while only one species of marine mammals,
Hump-back dolphin (Sousa chinensis) was recorded from marine waters. The presence of
this species in the vicinity of Gawadar/Jiwani waters is so common that the direct sighting of
this species was possible two times during beach surveys of Gawadar/Jiwani while a single
sighting was possible from Pasni waters. Among the terrestrial species, seven species of
rodents and three species of carnivores were observed/recorded from Makran Coast
(Appendix II). The coordinates of direct sighting are given in Appendix II.

5.2.1 MARINE MAMMALS

A single species of marine mammal was recorded from the study area. A total of 18 Hump-
back dolphin (Sousa chinensis) were sighted at Pasni and Gawadar/Jiwani areas of MCWC
in three sightings. The first sighting was at Pasni on the way to Astola Island, where 10
Humpback dolphins were recorded at Khoi Ku (Pasni). The other two sightings were at
Gawadar on the way to Jiwani. The first sighting was near Matka Post where two dolphins
were observed from beach while during second sighting six dolphins were observed near
Peshukan (Gawadar).

5.2.2 TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS

During the survey of three localities of Balochistan Coast, 10 species of terrestrial mammals
were recorded from the study area. Out of 10 species, seven species belong to order
Rodentia and three species come under order Carnivora. The species of rodents are:
Northern palm squirrel (Funumbulus pennantii), Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica),
Roof rat (Rattus rattus), House mouse (Mus musculus), Balochistan gerbil (Gerbillus nanus ,
Indian gerbil (Tatera indica) and Indian desert grid (Meriones hurrianae). Three recorded
carnivore species are: Asiatic jackal (Canis aureus), Common red fox (Vulpus vulpus) and
Indian grey mongoose (Herpestes edwardsi).

5.3 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS

From the MCWC 16 species of reptiles and one species of amphibian were recorded from
the study area. The 16 species of reptiles are from eight families and four orders. The 16
species of reptiles include one species of marine turtle, one species of Crocodile, four
species of Agama, two species of Lacerta, two species of Gecko, one species of
Sandswimmer, five species of snakes (including one sub-species) and one species of Toad
(amphibian).

15
 Figure (6): Kachh-Spotted ground gecko recorded from Astola Island

5.3.1 AQUATIC REPTILES

‰ Marine turtles

According to FAO species identification sheets (1984), five species of marine turtle are
reported from Indian Ocean (area 51) but only two species 1) Chelonia mydas (Green turtle)
and Lepidochelys olivacea (Olive ridley turtle) regularly nest on beaches of Pakistan.
During present surveys in three localities of MCWC, only one species of Chelonia mydas
was sighted in all the three localities in three different months (October, November and
December) of the year. The intensity of nesting at Astola Island in the month of November
was recorded very high where more than 25 female of Pacific green sea turtle (Chelonia
mydas) were counted on a ½ kilometer stretch of western side of Astola. In addition to
western side of Astola, several nesting female turtles of the same species were also sighted
on southeastern side of Astola Island. The other two sides, Taak (Ormara) and Daran
(Jiwani) where surveys were conducted in October and December are equally important
sites for turtle nesting. In both the places, species of turtle was identified as Chelonia
mydas (Pacific green sea turtle).

16
 Figure (7): A female green turtle during egg lying at Astola Island

‰ Marine Snakes

Out of 14 species of marine snakes reported from Pakistan waters, three species were
sighted at Ormara Jetty during present surveys. The species are: Annulated sea snake
(Hydrophis cyanocinctus), Yellow sea snake (Hydrophis spiralis), Pelagic sea snake
(Pelamis platurus).

‰ Crocodiles

One species of Marsh crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) was recorded from two visited
reservoirs at Dhast River (Gawadar) and one Reservoir at Basol River (Ormara). Footprints
of several crocodiles in both the localities were observed along muddy banks. This indirect
evidence confirms the presence of crocodiles in Dhast and Basol Rivers. At Dhast, two
local grazziers confirmed their presence and sighting of two crocodiles in one of the
reservoirs at least two days back. They pointed out the place where they had seen
footprints of crocodiles which were later confirmed by the team.

Mr. Yaqoob, a resident of Zarin Bog (Dhast area) and an employee of PWP, pointed out
several small reservoirs in Dhast River, where quite good number of Marsh crocodile exists.
According to him, the following are some of the ponds which have quite good number of
Marsh Crocodiles:

Bashir-e Guarm 12
Lodi-e-Ab 21
Culmeri Sunt 17
Shum-e-Ab 05
Regathani Bat 07
Rahi-e-Bat/Bogy-e-Bat 08 – 10
Chati Gadop 02
17
Mr. Yaqoob further pointed out that there are still several reservoirs where the number of
crocodiles yet to be explored.

Figure (8): Foot prints of Marsh Crocodile at Basol River, Ormara

5.3.2 TERRESTRIAL REPTILES

From the study area 11 species of terrestrial reptiles and one toad were recorded from the
study area. Out of 11 species of reptiles, four species of Agama include: Yellow speckled
toad agama (Phrynacephalus luteoguttatus) observed from Gawadar area, Common tree
lizard (Calotes versicolor) observed from Awaran (Pasni) and Jiwani Hor area. Agama agilis
(Trapelus agilis pakistanensis) observed from Basol and Dabban areas of Ormara and
Ocellate ground agama (Trapelus megalonyx) observed from Dabban area of Pasni. Two
species of geckos, Yellow tail sand gecko (Crossobamon orientalis) and Kachh-spotted
ground gecko (Cyrtopodion kachhense kachhense) were observed from two different
localities of Pasni. Kachh-spotted ground gecko was observed from Astola while Yellow
tailed sand gecko was observed from Awaran. Two species of lizards, Blue- tail sand lizard
(Acanthodactylus cantoris) and Rugnose spectacled lacerta (Ophisops jerdonii) were
recorded from the study area. Blue tail sand lizard was observed in all the three localities of
Makran while Rugnose spectackled lacerta was observed from Dabban (Pasni) and
Gawadar area. One species of viper snake, Saw- scale viper (Achis carinatus carinatus)
and its sub-species Astola saw-scaled viper or Dark-blotched saw-scale viper (Achis
carinatus astolae) was also recorded from the study area. Saw-scaled viper was observed
from Thalkar (Ormara) and Juddi (Pasni), while Dark-bloched saw-scaled viper was
confirmed from Astola Island. Its presence from Gawadar/Jiwani was not confirmed due to
hibernation period.

18
5.4 Amphibian

One species of toad, Indus valley toad (Bufo stomaticus) was observed from Thalkar
(Ormara) and Jiwani Hor. At Thalkar (Ormara), 8 specimens were observed while at Jiwani
Hor only single specimen was observed.

5.5 Fish

During present surveys of three localities of MCWC, 34 species of fish comprising of 13

families and two species of lobsters belonging to single family were recorded (Appendix IV).
At Ormara and Astola (Pasni) two species of lobsters were identified as Mud spiny lobster
(Panulirus polyphasgus) and Scalloped spiny lobster (Panulirus homarus). These lobsters
have a potential export market. Lobsters are kept alive in the triangular wooden boxes and
transported to Karachi by road or by boat for onward export to foreign countries. These
alive lobstes have more export values than the frozen lobsters. At Pasni Harbour,
barracuda was the major landing group. Two species of barracuda were identified as
Chevron

Figure (9): Barracudas ready for auction at Pasni Fish Harbour

At Gawadar Harbour, croakers (scianids) were the major landing group, while the other
important groups were hairtails and white pomfrets. On the west coast of Gawadar there
were bulk landings of sardines. The species was identified as Sardinella longiceps.

19
Figure (10): Hairtails ready for auction at Pasni Fish Harbour

20
6. Socio-economic Surveys

In all the three localities of Makran, 100% of the boats were found with engines. According
to Khan (1986), 32.7% of the boats have inboard engines while during present study
33.33% of boats were found with inboard engines. The present study on Balochistan Coast
and Khan’s study on Sindh coast are on the same line.

Table (5): Type of Engine of boats in MCWC

Type of Engine Number of Engines %

Outboard 23 76.67
Inboard 7 33.33
Total 30 100

The numbers of fishermen differ from one boat category to the other, Table (6). The
maximum, 20 persons are carried by large sized boats while minimum of three with average
three and a half were recorded from small boats. The numbers of fishermen in large and
small boats are similar with Hasan et al (2001) who reported 23 and 5-6 persons in large
and small boats, respectively. However findings of the current study suggest 10 persons in
the medium sized boats, which is inconsistent with the 39 persons of the study by Hasan et
al (2001). This difference might be due to Halla fishery. On Sindh Coast medium sized
boats are engaged in catching of sardines for poultry feed while such boats were not seen
by the survey team at Makran Coast.

Table (6): Average number of fishermen per trip in MCWC

Boat categor Average n Minimum Maximum
Small 3.5 13 3 4
Medium 7 13 5 10
Large 11.5 4 7 20

The average working days per week for fishermen in the small boats are more than the
fishermen working in medium and large sized boats (Table 7). The fishermen of small boats
work almost 6 days a week and take rest on Friday while fishermen working in medium and
large sized boats work 5 days a week on average. Study by Hasan et al (2001) on the
Sondh Coast shows less working days in small and medium sized boats than that of the
current study. Study by Hasan et al (2001) shows 3.9 and 4.4 days per week, while the
current study shows 6 and 5.6 days per week respectively. The difference in results might
be due to two different fishing areas.

Table (7): Average number of working days/ week in MCWC

Boat category Average n Minimum Maximum
Small 6 13 5 6
Medium 5.6 13 3 6
Large 5 4 3 6

21
The average working time for fishermen working in small boats is more than the other two
categories of boats. The minimum average working time 7.8 hours was recorded for large
boats. The fishermen working in small and medium boats give more time (Table 8).

Table (8): Average working time/day (hours) for fishermen in MCWC

Boat category Average n Minimum Maximum
Small 11.69 13 8 18
Medium 10.5 13 6 24
Large 7.8 4 6 12

Plastic nets were found 60% operational. Plastic nets are used for target fishing. They have
different mesh sizes in accordance with the kind of fish for which they have designed. They
are surrounding gill nets. During present study, the target groups for most of the time were
mackerels, ribbon fish and croakers (Table 9).

Table (9): Types of nets used by fishermen at Balochistan coast

Types of nets Number of nets %
Plastic nets 18 60.00
Plastic nets + Hand line 1 3.33
Hand line 6 20.00
Hand line +Trawl net 1 3.33
Trawl net 1 3.33
Drift net + Long line 1 3.33
Hand line +Thukri 1 3.33
Long line + hand line 1 3.33
30 100

Nearly all fishermen sell their commodity in the fish harbour market. The main factors which
motivated them were payment in time and advance. The transport and good price are not
significant factors in selling their commodity. The result of the present study is in line with
Hasan et al (2001). Their results show payment in time and advance two major factors in
selling their commodity to harbour market (Table 10).

Table (10): Factors in selling fish in MCWC

Factors Number of answers %
Payment in Time 10 33.33
Advance 10 33.33
Payment in time +Advance 7 23.33
Payment in Time + Good Price 2 6.66
Payment in Time + Transport 1 3.33
30 100

22
Majority of the fishermen were found unsatisfied with the price of their fish. About 30% of
the fishermen were found satisfied with the price. They claim that the money they are
receiving by selling their commodity is not enough to cope up their daily expenses (Table
11).

Table (11): Opinion of fishermen about the price in MCWC

Opinion Number of answers %
Satisfied with the price 9 30

Not satisfied with the price 21 70

30 100

About 97% of fishermen were found familiar with dolphins and whales. They recognize
some of their kinds and have local names for them. gokin for Humpbacked dolphin, humb
for Bottle-nosed dolphin, tabi for Black finless porpoise, and leerh for whale. The fishermen
of the study area see dolphins and whales quite often. The fishermen who fish in shallow
water were found familiar with dolphins only while fishermen who fish in deeper water
(Khada) were familiar with both dolphins and whales (Table 12).

Table (12): Awareness of fishermen about dolphins in MCWC

Awareness Number of answers %
Familiar with dolphin 29 96.66

Not familiar with dolphins 1 3.33

30 100

Similarly, the majority (87%) of fishermen were familiar with stranded dolphins and whales.
Only 13% were found unfamiliar with stranded cetaceans. According to them in most of the
cases the cause of death was fishing net (Table 13). In reply to another question 57% of the
fishermen had the experience of entangling dolphins in their fishing nets. Majority of them
further elaborated that they try to release them alive. Only respondent said that he has cut
fluke (tail) of an entangled dolphin for decoration and good luck (Table 14).

Table (13): Awareness of fishermen about stranded dolphins in MCWC

Awareness Number of answers %
Have seen stranded dolphins 26 86.66

Not seen 4 13.33

30 100

This shows that the fishermen of MCWC are true lovers of wildlife and take a lot of care of
them (Table 14).

23
Table (14): Experience of entangling dolphins by fishermen in MCWC
Experience Number of answers %
Entangle dolphin 17 56.66
Not entangle dolphi 13 43.33
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30 100

24
7. Threats
7.1 Ormara

i) Illegal hunting/poaching of some of the birds take place at Ormara. Hunters capture a
large number of common quails through net traps during their migration season from
August to September. The poachers install net traps in vertical position and flush flocks
of common quail in the direction of the net. In this way hunters trap hundreds of live
quails.They sell captured common quails in the local market.

Figure (11): Common quail at Ormara

ii) At Ormara, falcons are trapped through a different technique. A poacher remain
hidden in a small hideout for hours and try to attract falcons by using a small bird of
prey species usually European kestrel or dove as a bait fixed with thin rope and a small
net. In normal condition, net remain close. By pulling the rope, the net open and the
prey and predator both get trapped. There are some confirmed reports that each year,
hunters trap several of the valuable species of falcons that are smuggled to the Middle
East.

iii) Some members of the local community of Ormara capture Pelecans, Flamingoes and
other important birds for domestication. The purpose for domestication seems
aesthetic. The survey team observed some of the birds in streets of Ormara. The birds
were not shy at all with humans or vehicles.

25
 Figure (12): A domesticated white Pelican in a street at Ormara

iv) Some of the bird hunting incidents were also witnessed by the members of survey
team. The survey team found used cartages at Ormara Jetti and Baldra River. The
local people confirmed that illegal shooting in some of the hot spots take place every
year.

v) Taak, an important turtle beach was found unsaved for turtle hatchlings and gravid
females. There are some reports (personal communications) of attacking of dogs on
turtle hatchling and gravid females. The survey team observed dogs at a very potential
site of Taak turtle beach.

vi) The survey team also visited one of reservoir at Basol River. There were clear
footprints of Marsh crocodile. At one place, along the bank of reservoir, there were
footprints of young crocodile. This was later reconfirmed by the locals of the area. The
local people of the area pointed out that sometimes crocodiles attack their domestic
animals (e.g. sheep and goats) and produce negative impact on their subsistence
livings. Therefore, the locals try to kill them to save their domestic animals. During
survey of Dasht River (another hot spot for Marsh crocodile), survey team heard about
killing of a crocodile by the local people to save their domestic animals.

26
 Figure (13): A trap set for Falcons at Ormara

7.2 Pasni/Astola

i) The introduction of domestic cats in mid-sixties on the Astola Island by some

fishermen for the control of small rodents created threat to the important wildlife of
the Astola Island. By the introduction of domesticated cats, the population of small
rodents no more exists in the area. The introduction is an artificial attempt to disturb
the ecology of this area. During survey, the domesticated cats were found
throughout the Island. It is reported that three decades ago, the fishermen of the
area used to collect eggs of birds from the Astola Island (Personal communication
with the local fishermen at Island). During the present survey, no sign of breeding of
birds was observed by the members of the team. The disappearance of breeding
from the vicinity of Island might be the cause of this artificial attempt to control
rodents.

ii) During surveys, it was noticed that some fishermen with good diving skills try to
break live coral pieces for selling in market for decoration in aquariums. One of the
local of Astola Island told the survey team that these fishermen are seen in
lobster/shrimp harvesting time and break corals as a part time job. The intensity of
exact damage to coral ecosystem is not known but at the time of the survey 40-50
boats with such fishermen were present in the vicinity of the Island. This attempt may
disturb this newly discovered ecosystem.

iii) There were several dead hatchlings entangled in the pieces of nylon nets, spread all
over the beach on Astola Island. In this way, nylon nets are posing a severe threat to
green turtles.

27
iv) The nylon nets are also a threat to nesting female turtles, as these offer resistance
during the nesting process. Most of the times, these nylon nets are a problem to
nesting females turtles during the pet formation for egg laying. This may create a
situation, when female turtles abandon nesting and return to sea. In such an event,
the survey team rescued a female nesting turtle which was entangled in a net during
her pet formation. There are two potential sources of pieces of nylon nets on the
Astola Island. One is the ocean currents that bring nylon nets cut during fishing in the
open sea and deposits those here, while the other resource is, when fishermen cut
their nets during repair and discard these on beaches.

v) There are some reports of poaching of green turtles for the treatment of paralysis.
The quacks use blood of turtles for the treatment of paralysis.

Figure (14): Entangled hatchlings of Green Turtle at Astola Island

7.3 Gawadar/Jiwani

i) Daran Conservation Society, a community based organization (CBO) is running a

small project for the protection and conservation of marine turtles at Daran (Jiwani)
turtle beach. At present, CBO is badly facing the problem of funding for proper
conservation and management. This grave situation, if continues, may produce
severe threat to turtle eggs and their hatchlings. These beaches like other turtles
beaches of Makran Coast need proper attention against predators (stray dogs, gulls
and terns).

ii) The area of Jiwani was found to be highly affected by hunting of birds by influential
people, which is again a very serious threat to wildlife.

iii) On the beaches of Gawadar and Jiwani, carcasses of marine turtles, dolphins and
porpoises are usually found. There are some confirm reports that these precious
animals die due to entangling in fishermen’s nets.

28
8. Conservation measures
8.1 Short-term

There is an urgent need to protect turtle beaches at Ormara, Pasni and Jiwani. At Taak
(Ormara), and Daran (Jiwani), it is observed that marine turtles are exposed to poaching
and harassment by humans, and destruction by predators such stray dogs, gulls and terns.
To protect nesting ecology of marine turtles, it is recommended that a conservation and
management programme may be initiated on the following proposed actions:

‰ Collect turtle eggs, place them in protective enclosures and release the hatchlings into
the sea.

‰ Determine the kinds of species, general behaviour, food, ecology, biology, migratory
patterns breeding and life cycles of marine turtles.

‰ Educate the nearby villages at Taak (Ormara) about the importance of turtles through
community based workshops.

‰ Encourage the villagers at Taak (Ormara) for establishing a small CBO like Daran
Conservation Society at Jiwani for the conservation of turtles.

‰ There is an urgent need to enhance the management skills and resources of the CBO
working on marine turtles at Daran. They need more protective enclosures for proper
conservation of marine turtles and education for proper management. At Astola (off
Pasni coast) management measures for the conservation of marine turtles are
proposed in different way.

‰ A severe threat to marine turtles is pieces of plastic nets which harm female turtles
and hatchlings. There is an urgent need to clean up beaches of Astola and get rid off
debris by burying it under sand at some suitable place on the Astola Island at daily
basis to protect turtles. There is also an urgent need to appoint a local for the
protection of coral reefs.

‰ There is also an urgent need to educate fishermen who establish temporary huts at
Astola about the importance of marine turtles. They should also be educated about
the serious consequences and losses to biodiversity by the introduction of domestic
cats in this ecosystem.

‰ The fishermen are also being taught about the importance of cleaning beaches and
proper disposal of the remains after repairing their nylon nets.

Several species of migratory birds visit these localities of MCWC and form the major avian
diversity in the region. Their illegal hunting and poaching for trade or domestication should
be stopped immediately. It is proposed that the relevant departments should help in
protecting the important avifauna which needs protection under CMS Appendix I and II.

Pakistan Wetlands Programme (PWP) has recruited a local person based at Zarin Bog
(Dasht) for the estimation of marsh crocodiles in River Dasht. There is a need to increase
the work of the appointee. In addition to his work (population estimation), he may develop
liaison with the local communities for the protection and conservation of this species on the
long term basis as there are some confirmed reports of killing of crocodiles in Dhast River.

29
A similar type of programme for the estimation and conservation of marsh crocodiles may
be initiated at River Basol. The local person for this work may be appointed from Patari
Village (near Basol).

There is an urgent need to establish crocodile rearing farm at one of the rivers of Makran
coast. The Dhast River may be a better place for this purpose. For this, a local person may
be deputed to get training from Sindh or Iran.

Since the introduction of domestic cats, the breeding of some of the gulls and terns has
wiped out from Astola Island. There is an urgent need to revive this magnificent habitat, not
only for birds and marine turtles but also for newly discovered coral reefs. To revive this
habitat, it is recommended that domestic cats should be shifted to Pasni and there should
be a close watch to stop their re-introduction into Astola Island. Coordination of various
departments like Fisheries, forest, wildlife, local administration, Irrigation, Coast Guards and
Deep Sea Port authorities should be facilitated through PWP.

8.2 Long term

Protection of existing mangrove forests and mangrove afforestation programme along with
mangrove forests at Gawatar Bay (Jiwani) and Kalmat Hor (Kalmat) must be enhanced.

Education programmes for fishermen in three localities of the study area to enhance their
ability to use Turtle Exclusion Device (TED), releasing turtle or dolphin alive if it get
entangled in nets.

Construction of Dams at MCWC to supply drinking water to local population is proposed as

a top priority.

If the EIA of projects, Gawadar Deep Sea Port and Coastal Highway have been carried out
then it is recommended that monitoring and management part of the EIA must be followed
to make the projects environmentally sound. Otherwise Environmental Assessment or
Environmental Audit is strongly recommended.

30
References

Ahmad, M. F., Ghalib, S. A., Hasan, A. and Hasnain, S. A. 1997. Studies on the distribution,
population dynamics and status of the vertebrate mangrove fauna of Balochistan coast.
Zoological Survey Department, Government of Pakistan. pp. 68.

Ahmad, M. F. and Hasan, A. 1997. Effects of Katra and Bhoola fishing nets in the Indus
Delta of Sindh, Pakistan. Rec. Zool. Sur. of Pak. XIII: (1): 1-17.

Arshad, M, Ali, Z. Mahmood H and Muzaffar M. 2002. Makran Coastal Wetland Complex.
A preliminary biological assessment. World Wide Fund for Nature – Pakistan. pp. 45.

Deshmukh, I. 1986. Ecology and Tropical Biology. Blackwell Scientific Publications. pp. 387.

Ghalib, S. A., Hasain, S. A. 1997. Avifauna of the mangroves of Balochistan coast. In: (eds.
Mufti, S. A., Woods, C. A., Hasan, S. A.) Proceeding of Biodiversity of Pakistan. Pakistan
Museum of Natural History, Islamabad, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville:
423 – 428.

Government of Balochistan and IUCN 2002. Balochistan Conservation Strategy. IUCN

Pakistan and Government of Balochistan.

Hasan, A. Borgstram, R. and Kazmi, Q. B. 2001. Socio-economic study in two areas on the
coast of Sindh, Pakistan. Pak. J. Marine Sciences, 10(1): 35 – 42.

Hasan, A. 1994. The birds of Sindh mangroves. Rec. Zool. Sur. of Pak. XII: 98-105.

Hasan, A. (1996). Biodiversity of bird fauna in mangrove areas of Sindh. In: (Kazim, Q. B.
ed.) Proceedings of Coastal aquaculture. UNESCO, Marine Reference Collection and
Resource Centre, University of Karachi, 21 – 26.

Hasan, A., Ahmad, S. I. 2000. Small scale fishery of mangrove swamps of Sindh coast,
Pakistan. Proc. Pakistan Cong. Zool. 20:. 17 – 21.

Hasan, A. and Jived, H. I. 2004. Some observations on the status of Birds and Fishes in the
Nurruri Wetland, Badin, Sindh. Rec. Zool. Sur. of Pak. 15: 16 – 21.

Hasan, A. 2005. Seasonal Avi-fauna Diversity of Korangi-Phitti Mangrove Swamps, Indus

Delta, Pakistan. Proceedings of the National Workshop on Biodiversity, Ministry of
Environment, Government of Pakistan. 60 – 67.

Harms, J. C., Carppel, H. N. and Francis, D. C. 1984. The Makran Coast of Pakistan: It’s
Stratigraphy and Hydrocarbon Potential. In: (Haq, B. U., Milliman, J. D., ets.).
Proceedings of Marine Geology and Oceanography of Arabian Sea and Coastal Pakistan.
National Institute of Oceanography. pp. 1-26.

Hussain, S. M. and Amir, S. A. 2006. Fishing Crafts & Gears in operation along the coast
of Pakistan, Higher Education Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan. pp. 112.

IUCN (2005). Preliminary Compendium of Coastal and Marine Protected Areas in Pakistan.
Sindh Programme Office, IUCN – The World Conservation Union. pp. 44.

31
Jived, H. I. and Hasan, A. 2004. Natural Resource Damage Assessment Study (NRDA),
Zoological Survey Department, Karachi (Unpublished Report). Pp.36.

Jhonson, R. and Bhattacharyya, G. 1987. Statistics principles and methods revised printing.
Jhon Willey and Sons Inc. New York.

Khan, M. S. 2006. Amphibians and Reptiles of Pakistan. Krieger Publishing Company,

Krieger Drive, Florida.

Khurshid, S. N., Azam, M. M., Hasnain, S. A., Rasool, F. 1995. Astola Island, a potential
site for Marine National Park. W.W.F. (P). Unpublished report. pp. 9.

Majid, A. (1988). Marine Fisheries in Pakistan. In: (Thompson, M. F., Tirmizi, M. N. eds.)
Proceedings of Marine Sciences of Arabian Sea. American Institute of Biological
Sciences, Washington, D. C. pp. 247 – 254.

PNCS 1992. The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy. IUCN Pakistan and
Government of Pakistan.

Rehman, H. and Iffat, F. 1997. A revised checklist of reptiles of Pakistan. Rec. Zool. Sur. of
Pak: XIII: 63 – 70.

Rehman, H., Iffat, F. and Perveen, Z. 1988. Marine Snakes of Pakistan. In: (Thompson, M.
F., Tirmizi, M. N. eds.) Proceedings of Marine Sciences of Arabian Sea. American
Institute of Biological Sciences, Washington, D. C. pp. 229 – 242.

Roberts, T. J. 1991. The Birds of Pakistan. Volume 1. Oxford University Press, Karachi.
pp.598.

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617.

Roberts, T. J. 1997. The Mammals of Pakistan. Oxford University Press, Karachi. pp. 525.

Saifullah, M. S. and Rasool, F. 2002. Mangroves of Miani Hor Lagoon on the north Arabian
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Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Workshop Report No. 114. pp.35.

32
 Appendix I.I
List of birds observed three localities of Balochistan coast
# Order Family Scientific Name Common Omara Pasni Gawadar Status
Name /Jiwani
1 1.Tachybapts Little Grebe 8 - 302 Resident
Podicipediformes

ruficollis
Podicipedidae

2.Podiceps Blacknecked - - 3 Winter Visiter

nigricollis Grebe

2 3.Pelecanus White Pelican 421 320 621 Winter Visiter

Pelecanidae

onocrotalus

4.Pelecanus Dalmatian - - 65 Winter Visiter

crispus Pelican
Pelecaniformes

5.Suladacty Bluefaced - 2 - Winter Visiter

Sulidae

lata Bobby

6.Phalacrocrax Large 1 926 8150 Winter Visiter

Phalacrocoracidae

carbo cormorant

3 7.Arde acinerea Grey Heron 23 17 15 Winter Visiter

8.Ardeola grayii Indian Pond - 10 3 Resident
Heron
Ardeidae

9.Egretta alba Large Egret 2 9 7 Winter Visiter

10.E. garzetta Little Egret 9 21 19 Resident

Ciconiiformes

11.E. gularis Indian Reef 34 30 8 Resident

Heron
12.Platalea White 10 13 Winter Visiter
leucorodia Spoonbill &
Threskiornithidae

Resident

33
4 13.Phoenicop Greater 33 12 682 Winter Visiter
Phoenicopteriformes

terus ruber Flamingo

Phoenicopteridae

5 14.Tadorna Common 2 Winter Visiter

tadorna Shelduck

15.Anas Common 35 1005 Winter Visiter

crecca Teal
crecca
16.Anas Mallard 2 Winter Visiter
Anseriformes

Platyrhyncho
Anatidae

s
17.Anas Gadwall 5 Winter Visiter
strepera
18.Anas Wigeon 500 Winter Visiter
penelope
19.A. Garganey or 2 206 Passage Migrant
querquedula Blue-winged
Teal
20.A. Common 2 165 Winter Visiter
clypeata Shoveller
21.Aythya European 22 800 Winter Visiter
ferina Pochard
6 22.Milvus Black Pariah 4 2 - Resident
migrans Kite

23.Accipiter Sparrow - - 1 Resident

badius Hawk
Accipitriformes

24.Buteo Longlegged 2 - 1 Winter Visiter

Accipitridae

rufinus Buzzard
25.Aquila Imperial - 1 1 Winter Visiter
heliaca Eagle
26.A. rapax Tawany - - 1 Resident
Eagle
27.Aquila Steppe Eagle - 1 2 Winter Visiter
nipalensis
28.A. clanga Greater - - 1 Winter Visiter
Spotted
Eagle

34
 242.Esacus
9.Neophron Great
Egyptian 7-1 - 1- Resident

Burhinidae
Thicknee
Vulture or
Accipitridae
recurvirostris
percnopterus
Stone Plover
Accipitriformes

30.Circus Marsh Harrier 3 - 7 Winter Visiter

aeruginosus
43.Vanellus Redwattled - 4 15 Resident
31. Pandion Osprey 9 2 11 Winter Visiter
Lapwing
Pandionidae

indicus
haliaetus

7 32. Falco
44.Pluvialis SGrey
aker Plover
Falcon 1
60 - - Winter Visiter
Charadriidae

cherrug
squatarola
45.P. Golden 1 - - Winter Visiter
Falconiformes

apricaria Plover
Falconidae

46.Charadriu Little Ringed 301 - 102 Resident

s 33.
dubius
F. Plover
Kestrel 2 1 1 Winter Visiter
47.C.
tinnunculus Kentish 321 845 128 Summer
&
alexandriunu Plover breeding
Resident
34s. F. Lesser - - 1 visitor/Winter
Winter Visiter
naumanni Kestrel Visitor/passage
&
Rmigrant
esident
8 48.C.
35. Great
See See -- 6- 1-0 Winter Visiter
Resident
leschenaultii Sandplover
Galliformes

Phasianidae

Ammoperdix Partridge
g49.Limosa
riseogularis Blacktailed 20 - 9 Winter Visiter
limosa Godwit
50.L. Bartailed 21 4 - Winter Visiter
lapponica
36.Cotumix CGodwit
ommon 100 - - Migratory/
51.Numenius
cotumix Whimbrel
Quail 11 1 30 Passage Migrant
9 phaeopus
37.Gallinus Indian 1 - - Resident
Gruiformes

52.N. arquata
chloropus Curlew
Moorhen 65 345 234 Winter Visiter
Rallidae

53.Tringa
38.Fulica atra CDusky
ommon -
111 4- -
15110 Winter Visiter
erythropus Redshank
Coot
54.Tringa Marsh - 2 - Winter Visiter
stagnatilis Sandpiper
10 39.H55T.
aematop Oy stercatche
Greenshank 785
- 1266
16 854
- Winter
Winter Visiter
Visiter
Haematopodidae

r or Sea-Pie
Scolopacidae

usnebularia
ostralegus
56.Xenus Terek - - 2 Winter Visiter
cinereus Sandpiper
Charadriiformes

57.Tringa Common Winter Visiter

totanus Redshank
58.Actitis Common Winter Visiter
hypoleucos
40.Dormas Sandpiper
Crab Plover - - 5 Migrant
Common Winter Visiter
Dromadidae

59.Gallinago
ardeola
gallinago Fantail Snipe
60.Calidris Great Knot Winter Visiter
tenuirostris
61.C. alba Sanderling Winter Visiter
62.C. minuta Little Stint Winter Visiter
41.Himantop Blackwinged 80 - 9 Resident
Broadbilled Winter Visiter
Charadriiformes

63.Limicola
Recurvirostridae

us Stilt
Sandpiper
Charadriiformes

falcinellus
himantopus
64.Phliomach Ruff Winter Visiter
us pugnax
Laridae 65.Larus Sooty Gull Summer Visitor
hemprichii
66.L. Herring Gull Winter Visiter
argentatus
67.L. fuscus Lesser Winter Visiter
Blackbacked
Gull
35
 87.Coracias
68.L. Indian
Great
Roller Resident
Winter Visiter

Coraciidae
benghalensis
ichthyaetus Blackheaded
Gull
69.L. Blackheaded Winter Visiter
ridibundus Gull
70.L. genei Slender-billed Resident
16 88.Ammoma Desert Finch-
Gull Resident
nes deserti
71.Gelochelid lark ed
Gull-bill Winter Visiter
on nilotica Tern
72.Sterna Caspian Tern Winter Visiter
caspia
73.Sterna Little Tern Resident
Passeriformes

albifrons
Hoopoe Lark Resident
Alaudidae

789.Alaemon
4.S. hirundo Common Resident
alaudipes Tern
90.Calandrell
75.Sterna SHume's
andwich Winter Visiter
Migratory
a acutirostris
sandvicensis Short-toed
Tern
76.Anous CoLark
mmon Summer Visitor
91.Ammoma
stolidus Bar-tailed
Noddy Winter Visiter
11 nes cincturus
77.Columba BluLark
e Rock Resident
Indian Resident
Columbiformes

92.Galeria
livia Pigeon
Columbidae

cristata
78.Streptopel Crested
IndianLark Resident
ia93.Alauda
decaocto Small Sky
Collared Resident
gulgula Lark
Dove
79.S. Indian Resident
senegalensis Laughing
Dove
12 80.Asio Short-eared Winter Visiter
Strigiformes

flammeus Owl
Strigidae

13 81.Caprimulg Sykes Resident

Caprimulgiformes

us Nightjar
Caprimulgidae

mahrattensis

14 82.Eudynamy Indian Koel Resident

Cuculiformes

s scolopacea
Cuculidae

15 83.Alcedo Indian Resident

Alecedinidae

attis Common
Blue
Kingfisher
Coraciiformes

84.Halcyon Whitebreaste Resident

smyrensis d Kingfisher

85.Merops Bluecheeked Summer

superciliosus Bee eater Breeding Visitor/
Meropidae

Passage Migrant
86.Merops Sind Little Resident
orientalis Green Bee-
eater

36
 94.Riparia Indian Sand Resident

Hirundinidae
paludicola Martin
95.Ptyonopro Plae Crag Resident
gne fuligula Martin
96.Hirundo Common Resident
rustica Swallow
97.Motacilla Yellow Passage Migrant
flava Wagtail
98.M. alba Indian Pied Winter Visiter
Motacillidae

Wagtail
99.Anthus Tawny Pipit Winter Visiter
campestris
100.A. similis Longbilled Resident
pipit or Brown
Rock Pipit
101.Pycnonot White Resident
Pycnonotidae

us Cheeked
leucogenys Bulbul

102.Lanius Bay-backed Passage Migrant

vittatus Shrike
Laniidae
Passeriformes

103.Lanius Indian Great Resident

excubitor Grey Shrike
104.L. Isabelline Resident
isabellinus Shrike
105.Phoenicu Black Winter Visiter
rus ochruros Redstart or
Indian
Redstart
106.Erithacus Bluethroat Winter Visiter
svecicus
107.Sexicola Pied Bush-
Turdidae

caprata chat
108.Oenanth Isabelline Winter Visiter
e isabellina Wheatear
109.O. picta Pied Winter Visiter
Wheatear
110.Oenanth Desert Winter Visiter
e deserti Wheatear
111.O. Hooded Resident
monacha Wheatear
112.Turdoide Common Resident
Timaliidae

s caudatus Babbler

37
 113.Prina Graceful Resident

Sylviidae
gracilis Prina
114.Sylvia Desert Winter Visiter
nana Warbler

115.Nectarini Puple Resident

Nectariniidae

a asiatica Sunbird

116.Emporia House Resident

Emberizidae

etiolate Bunting

117.Passer House Resident

Ploceidae

domesticus Sparrow
Passeriformes

118.Ploceus Indian Baya Resident

philippinus Weaver
119.Acridoth Indian Resident
Sturnidae

eres tristis Common

Mynah

120.Dicrurus Black Drongo Resident

Dicruridae

macrocercus

121.Corvus House Crow Resident

Corvidae

splendens
122.C. Brown- Resident
ruficollis necked
Raven

38
 Appendix II
List of mammals observed from three localities of Balochistan coast

# Order Family Species Co-ordinates Omara Pasni Gawadar/Jiwani

1 Canidae 1.Canusaureus N: 2505914 - - Jiwani/ Hor
(Asiatic jackal) E: 06146420
Carnivora

2. Vulpus vulpus N: 2535368 - - Dhast

(Common Red Fox) E: 06206716
Herpestidae 3.Herpestesedward N: 2521460 - - Akra Dam
si E: 06216841
(Indian Grey
Mongoose)
2 Sciuridae 4. Funambulus N: 2518746 Gish - -
pennantii E: 06437167 Tree
(Northern palm
squirrel)

Hystricidae 5. Hystrix cristatus N: 2513207 - Awaran -

(Indian crested E: 06328645
porcupine) N: 2502702 - Jiwani
E: 06144145 /Rest house
N: 2528282 - Sajji Dam
E: 06200322
Muridae 6. Rattus rattus N: 2518746 Gish - -
(Roof rat) E: 06437167 Tree
7. Mus musculus N: 2518746 Gish - -
Rodentia

(House mouse) E: 06437167 Tree

8. Gerbillus nanus N: 2512900 Omara - -
(Balochistan gerbil) E: 06438559
N: 2513207 - Awaran -
E: 06328645
N: 2511523 - - Shahbi
E: 06204465 /Gawadar
N: 2502702 - - Jiwani
E: 06144145 /Rest house
9. Tatera indica N: 2512900 Omara - -
(Indian gerbil) E: 06438559
N: 2513207 - Awaran -
E: 06328645
N: 2511523 - - Shahbi
E: 06204465 /Gawadar

39
 10. Meriones N: 2528276 - - Dhast
hurrianae E: 06200321
(Indian desert gird) N: 2502706 - - Jiwani
E: 06144145 /Rest
house
Delphinidae 11. Sousa N: 2513267 - Kohi ku -
chinensis E: 0633226
(Humpback
dolphin)
Cetacea

N: 2513191 - - Gawadar
E: 06211584

N: 2511414 - - Gawadar
E: 06204258

40
 Appendix III

List of reptiles recorded from three localities of Balochistan coast

# Order Family Species Co-ordinates Omara Pasni Gawadar/Jiwani
1 Cheloniidae 1.Chelonia mydas N: 2616119 Taak - -
(Green turtle) E: 06430171 beach
Chelonia

N: 25072237 - Astola -
E: 06349742
N: 2501826 - - Daran Beach
E: 06149009
2 Crocodylidae 2. Crocodylus N: 2529783 Basol - -
Crocodilia

palustris E: 06423958 River

(Marsh crocodile N: 2538860 - - Dasht River
0r Magar machh) E: 06209268
N: 2539058 - - Dasht River
E: 06213391
3 Agamidae 3. Phrynocephlus N: 2511523 Gawadar
luteoguttatus E: 06204465
(Yellow
speckledtoed
agama)
4. Calotes N: 2513207 - Awaran -
versicolor E: 06328645
(Common tree N: 2507129 - - Jiwani Hor
Lizard) E: 06146371
5. Trapelus agilis N: 2529783 Basol - -
pakistanensis E: 06423958
(Trapelus agilis) N: 2512900 Dabban - -
E: 06438559
6. Trapelus N: 2512900 Dabban - -
Squamata

megalonyx E: 06438559
(Ground agma)
Scincidae 7. Ophiomors N: 2513207 - Awaran -
tridactylus E:06328645
( 3-toed Sand- N: 2516283 - Chur -
Swimmer) E: 06319555 Bundar
N: 2511523 - - Gawadar
E: 06204465
Gekkonidae 8. Crossobamon N: 2513207 - Awaran -
orientalis E: 06328645
(Yellow tail sand
gecko)

9. Cyrtopodion N: 2507201 - Astola -

kachhense E: 06349786
kachhense
( Kachh-Spoted
ground gecko)

41
 Lacertidae 10.Acanthodactylus N: 2517530 Thalkar - -
cantoris E: 06431581
( Blue tail sand N: 2513207 - Awaran -
Squamata

lizard) E: 06328645
N: 2511523 - - Gawadar
E: 06204465
11. Ophisops N: 2512900 Dabban - -
jerdonii E: 06438559
( Rugose N: 2511523 - - Gawadar
Spectacled Laceta) E: 0620465
4 Viperidae 12. Achis carinatus N: 2517530 Thalkar - -
carinatus E: 06431581
(Saw-scale viper) N: 2513500 - Juddi -
E: 06330381
13. Achis carinatus N: 2507201 - Astola -
astolae E: 06349786
(Dark-blotched
saw-scale viper)
Hydrophiidae 14. Hydrophis N: 2512374 Jetti - -
cyanocinctus E: 06438185
Ophidia

(Annulated sea
snake)
15. Hydophis N: 2512374 Jetti - -
spiralis E: 06438185
(Yellow sea snake)
16. Pelamis N: 2512374 Jetti - -
platurus E: 06438185
(Pelagic sea snake)
Bufonidae 17. Bufo stomaticus N: 2517786 Thalkar - -
(Indus vally toed) E: 06435267
N: 2507129 - - Jiwani Hor
E: 06146371

42
 Appendix IV.I
List of birds of CMS Species of Appendix 1 and II along with Co-ordinates
# Category Bird name Co-ordinates Omara Pasni Gawadar/Jiwani
1 Dalmatian N: 2507885 E: 06145434 - - Jiwani/ Hor
pelican N: 2515488 E: 06228460 - - Sur Bundar
White Pelican N: 2514127 E: 06328983 - Juddi -
N: 2515780 E: 06328983 - Pasni -
Harbour
CMS1

N: 2516539 E: 06328110 - Cheer Hor -

N: 2512887 E: 06206881 - - Matka Post
N: 2512956 E: 06207890 - - Pushkan
N: 2512975 E: 06207760 - - Near Pushkan
N: 2512282 E: 06205326 - - Near Pushkan
Lesser Kestrel N: 2502702 E: 06144145 - - Near Rest House
Jiwani
2 Dalmatian N: 2507885 E: 06145434 - - Jiwani/ Hor
Pelican
White Spoonbill N: 2519562 E: 06447650 Balra River - -
N: 2507088 E: 06146768 - - Jiwani/ Hor
N: 2507101 E: 06146369 Jiwani/ Hor
N: 2507090 E: 06146494 Jiwani/ Hor
Greater Flamingo N: 2523438 E: 06343532 - NearBukshi -
Hotel
N: 2514127 E: 06328983 - Juddi -
N: 2507088 E: 06146768 - - Jiwani/ Hor
N: 2512887 E: 06206881 - - Matka Post
N: 2511523 E: 06204465 - - Shahbi
N: 2507090 E: 06146494 - - Jiwani Hor
N: 2537991 E: 06213391 - - Chatti Dam Dasht
N: 2512956 E: 06207892 - - Pushkan
N: 2512975 E: 06207760 - - Near Pushkan
N: 2512282 E: 06205326 - - Near Pushkan
Common N: 2524077 E: 06349645 - Bukshi Hotel -
CMS II

Shelduck Kalmat
Common Teal N: 2517530 E: 06431581 Omara - -
Mallard N: 2529847 E: 06159004 - - Sajji Dam
Wigeon N: 2529847 E: 06159004 - - Sajji Dam
Garganey N: 2520376 E: 06423867 Ormara - -
N: 2529847 E: 06159004 - - Sajji Dam
Common N: 2529847 E: 06159004 - - Sajji Dam
Shoveler
Common N: 252984 E: 06159004 - - Sajji Dam
Pochard
Sparrow Hawk N: 2532757 E: 06213391 - - Dasht

Imperial Eagle N: 2537991 E: 06213391 - - Dasht

N: 2523044 E: 06358396 - - Kalmat
Osprey N: 2519562 E: 06447650 Balra River - -
N: 2523438 E: 06343532 - Bukshi Hotel -
N: 2512956 E: 06207890 - - Pushkan
Saker Falcon N: 2530029 E: 06423086 - - Basol River
Common N: 2520556 E:064437119 Ormara - -
European Kestrel

43
# Category Bird name Co-ordinates Omara Pasni Gawadar/Jiwani
Lesser Kestrel N: 2502702 E: 06144145 - - Near Rest House
Jiwani
Common Quail N: 2514099 E: 6436614 Ormara West - -
Bay
N: 2522027 E: 06401382 Kalmat - -
Crab Plover N: 2507088 E: 06146768 - - Jiwani Hor
Indian Little N: 2519539 E: 06447817 Baldu - -
Ringed Plover N: 2514127 E: 06328983 - Juddi -
N: 2515488 E: 06228460 - - Sur Bundar
Sooty Gull N: 2515847 E: 06429331 Thalkar - -
N: 2522805 E: 06402680 - Kalmat -
Beach
N: 2512666 E: 06215017 - - Gawadar Camp
CMS II

Slender-billed N: 2517786 E: 06435267 Thalkar - -

Gull N: 2516539 E: 06328110 - Cheer Hor -
N: 2512956 E: 06207890 - - Pushkan
Caspian Tern N: 2514099 E: 06436614 Ormara West - -
Bay
N: 2516539 E: 06328110 - Cheer Hor -
N: 2511523 E: 06204465 - - Shahabi
Sandwich Tern N: 2515416 E: 06428427 Thalk - -
N: 2513500 E: 0633381 - Juddi -
N: 2506630 E: 06158578 - - Pushkan
Bluecheeked Bee N: 2502702 E: 06430614 - - Jiwani Rest
eater House
Graceful Prina N: 2535368 E: 06206716 - - Dhast
Desert Warbler N: 2514099 E: 06430614 Ormara - -
N: 2520297 E: 06156626 - - Dasht

44
 Appendix V

Questionnaire for fishermen

Name: ______________________________________________________

Area: ______________________________________________________

Date: ______________________________________________________

Ethnic group: 1) Makrani, 2) Zikri Baloch, 3) Baloch, 4) Other

Local tribe: ______________________________________________________

Q.1: Do you have your own boat? YES / NO

Q.2: If yes, how many days you use your boat for fishing in a week?

Q.3: If No, how many days you work in others boat in a week?

Q.4: How much time you spent for fishing?

Q.5: How much is the weight of your catch (Approximately)?

Q.6: What is the size of the boat? 01) Big, 02) Medium, 03) Small

Q.7: Did your boat have engine? 01) YES, 02) NO

Q.8: If yes, what type of engine it has?

Q.9: How many persons can be accommodated in the boat?

Q.10: What type of net you use? ______________________________________

Q.11: Mostly what kind of fish you catch these days?______________________

Q.12: Which area do you cover (Fishing ground)?

Backwater / Inshore creek / Offshore

Q.13: Where do you sell it? Market / Households / Middleman

Q.14: Why do you sell it, either in market, household or middleman?

01) Transport problem, 02) Payment in time, 03) Other problem (specify)

Q.15: Are you satisfied with the price? 01) YES, 02) NO

Q.16: If not, what may be the suitable price? i) Double ii) triple, etc.

Q.17: Type of income? (This question is relevant where fisherman has no boat):

01) Wages in the form of money

02) Wages in the form of fishes
45
 03) Both money and fishes
04) Wages in any other form

Q.18: Do you know about Dolphin/Whale? YES / NO

Q.19: What kind of Dolphin/Whale you have seen?

Q.20: When you have seen Dolphin/Whale?

Before a) 1 month, b) 3 months, c) 6 months, d) 1 year, e) 2-3 years,
f) 10 years

Q.21: What was its activity? a) feeding b) swimming c) stranded d) other entangled in net.

Q.22: If seen stranded Dolphin/Whale, what was the reason of its death?
a) fishing net, b) big vessel, c) others

Q.23: Do you have any experience of entangling Dolphin in your net? YES / NO

Q.24: If yes, what was your reaction or experience, explain?

46
 Appendix VII

Terms of Reference

A Project Objective
Pakistan Wetlands Programme aims at conserving wetlands ecosystems in Pakistan. The
project is being implemented by WWF-Pakistan in partnership with the Ministry of
Environment and funding from UNDP (GEF), Royal Netherlands Embassy, and WWF-
International. The project aims creating enabling environment at national level and
developing model management plans for selected wetlands from the four wetland
eco-regions of the country.

B Purpose of this consultancy

The Pakistan Wetlands Programme will be conducting research studies in its Makran
Coastal Wetlands Complex that covers the area between Basol and Dasht Rivers in
Balochistan. There are several biodiversity hotspots along the Makran Coast that remained
unnoticed. The PWP commissions this research study to investigate the key biodiversity
hostposts in the MCWC with investigations of major threats and knowing remedial
measures.The study will be conducted under output 7.3 of the programme.

C Key activities
i) Collect secondary data on biodiversity of the Makran Coastal Wetlands Complex
(MCWC), which is the area Basol and Dasht Rivers;
ii) Identify biodiversity hotspots in the MCWC and conduct field investigations of the
identified areas;
iii) Assess population status of various endangered species including but not limited to
marine turtles, marsh crocodile, Dalmatian pelican, reptiles and marine fish;
iv) Conduct threats analysis to make an assessment of the threats to the ecology of the
MCWC and various endangered species there;
v) Identify various stakeholders in and around the identified biodiversity hotspots;
vi) Collect spatial data of the biodiversity hotspots, endangered species, and stakeholders
using Global Positioning Systems receivers to provide data for generation of GIS maps;

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