Book3 Ans - (ch.19-25) Second Edition

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition)
Book 3
Suggested answers to Exercise and

Reading to learn
MS Word file is available in Teaching Resource Centre:
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The overseas examination boards bear no responsibility for the suggested answers contained in
this publication. Answers for HKDSE, HKCEE and HKALE questions are not available due to
copyright restrictions.
Ch 19 Biodiversity
Exercise
Multiple-choice questions (p. 19-33)
1 A 2 D 3 A 4 D
5 B 6 A 7 D
Short questions (p. 19-34)

8 a Low light intensity / high sulphur concentration / low oxygen concentration / high
pressure / lack of food sources 1
b It has heat-stable enzymes, which allow metabolic reactions to occur at high
temperatures. /
It engages in mutualism / symbiosis so it can use the waste products of another
organism. (or other reasonable answers) 2
9 It shows how organisms are related / distinguishes between organisms / compares

organisms. /
It allows us to study the huge number of different organisms in a systematic way. /
It makes it easier to collect / store / find information about organisms. /
It makes it easier to identify organisms / find their scientific names. /
It allows predictions to be made. /
It helps us understand the evolutionary history of organisms.
(any 4) 1×4
10 HKDSE Biology Sample Paper IB Q3a, c
11 2b: E 4a: G 4b: D

5b: A 6a: C 6b: B 4
 Oxford University Press 2014

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Book 3
12 HKDSE Biology 2012 IB Q4
Structured question (p. 19-36)

13 HKDSE Biology Sample Paper IB Q5
Essay (p. 19-36)

14 Similarities:
Both are bounded by a cell membrane. /
The cell membrane is made up of phospholipids and proteins. /
Their genetic material is DNA. /
Both have ribosomes for protein synthesis.
(any 3) 1×3
Differences:
Yeast cells have a true nucleus, but bacterial cells do not. /
Yeast cells have membrane-bound organelles, but bacterial cells do not. /
Some bacterial cells have a capsule, but yeast cells do not. /
Some bacterial cells have a flagellum for locomotion, but yeast cells do not. /
The DNA in bacterial cells lies free in the cytoplasm while the DNA in yeast cells is
enclosed in the nucleus. /
The cell wall of yeast cells contains cellulose while the cell wall of bacterial cells does not.
(any 4) 1×4
Communication 3
Reading to learn (p. 19-37)

1 It allows people to study plants in a more systematic way.
(or other reasonable answers) 1
2 Ilex 1
3 Net venation 1
4 Scientific knowledge is based on and / or derived from observations of the natural world.
Ch 20 Ecosystems
Exercise
1 C 2 B 3 A 4 A
5 C 6 A 7 D

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Book 3

8 a At early stages of succession, vegetation consists mainly of low-growing species /
herbs. / There are no trees / only a few trees. /
Species X has a high rate of photosynthesis at high light intensities. /
Species X grows fastest at high light intensities. /
Species X outcompetes species Y and Z.
(any 3) 1×3
b Species X produces shades / reduces light intensity. /
Species Z grows best / has a high rate of photosynthesis at low light intensities. /
Species Z does not grow well / has a low rate of photosynthesis at high light
intensities.
(any 2) 1×2
11 HKALE Biology 2009 I Q3
12 HKDSE Biology Practice Paper 2012 IB Q5
Structured questions (p. 20-55)

13 HKCEE Biology 2010 I Q9b
Essay (p. 20-56)

17 HKALE Biology 2009 II Q5a

1 a Parasitism 1
b Competition 1
c Predation 1

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Book 3
2 Dodder may grow on other plant species, 1

leading to the death of plant species in addition to Mikania. 1
 Ch 21 Photosynthesis
Exercise
1 C 2 B 3 C 4 A
5 D 6 C 7 C 8 D
9 A

10 HKALE Biology 2011 II Q6b
11 a Light / light intensity 1

Chlorophyll / chloroplast 1
b i There is no light. / It is dark. 1
ii No chlorophyll / chloroplast is present. 1
12 a 1: inner and outer membranes / double membrane 1

2: stroma 1
3: granum 1
b i Thylakoids 1
ii Stroma 1
13 a The beaker of water prevents the boiling tube from warming up. / To maintain a
constant temperature. 1
b Allow the apparatus to equilibrate. / Leave the apparatus for a period of time. 1
Draw the oxygen collected into the calibrated capillary tube (using a syringe). /
Measure the length of the air column in the syringe. 1
The rate is the volume of oxygen produced per minute / unit time. 1
c Some oxygen is used in respiration. / Some of the oxygen dissolves in the water. /
Oxygen could escape from the apparatus. 1

14 a Untreated plants release oxygen in the light by photosynthesis. 1
Untreated plants use oxygen in the dark to carry out respiration. 1
Amitrole treated plants do not release oxygen / only use oxygen. 1

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Book 3
So they must not be able to carry out photosynthesis / they can only carry out
respiration. 1
b Amitrole treated plants have fewer thylakoids / membranes. 1
There is less chlorophyll for absorbing sunlight. 1
Amitrole treated plants have fewer ribosomes. 1
The plants produce fewer enzymes / carriers / fewer proteins for membranes. 1
16 a ATP 1
Reduced NADP / NADPH 1
b i There is a change in the amount of radioactivity of 3-C compound / 5-C
compound in the dark / at 200s. 1
The amount of radioactivity of 3-C compound rises / 5-C compound falls. 1
ii The amount of radioactivity of 3-C compound falls / 5-C compound rises when
light is restored / at 1700+ seconds. /
The amount of radioactivity of 5-C compound falls in the dark. /
The amount of radioactivity of 3-C compound / 5-C compound is constant in the
first light period.
(any 2) 1×2
c 3-C compound is converted to other substances / used in respiration. 1
Essay (p. 21-40)

17 Carbon fixation occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts. /
Carbon dioxide is accepted by 5-C compound to produce 3-C compound. /
3-C compound is then reduced to triose phosphate (3-C), which then pair up to form
glucose (6-C). /
NADP carries / supplies hydrogen to the Calvin cycle / carbon fixation stage. /
Hydrogen reduces triose phosphate / 5-C compound / carbon dioxide to glucose /
carbohydrate. /
ATP provides energy. /
Triose phosphate is used to regenerate 5-C compound. /
This process is controlled by enzymes.
(any 7) 1×7
Energy in carbohydrate / glucose /
produces cellulose / carbohydrate for cell walls. /
produces storage carbohydrate / starch. /
Major biological molecules / protein / fat / lipid / nucleic acid / nucleotides are derived /
produced / made from the intermediates of photosynthesis.
(any 2) 1×2

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Book 3
Communication 3

1 Helmont showed that water was the raw material for building up the biomass of plants. 2
2 Carbon dioxide 1
3 Water 1
4 Science is a process of ongoing inquiry. /
Scientists build on the work of other scientists. 1
 Ch 22 Respiration
Exercise
1 C 2 B 3 A 4 C
5 A 6 A 7 B 8 D

9 a To show that carbon dioxide has been removed from the air entering flask C. 1
b It turns cloudy / milky. 1
c Respiration 1
d Glucose / sugar 1
e The energy is used to make new cells / for growth / movement / reproduction. 1
10 a A: inner membrane
B: matrix 1
b A: oxidative phosphorylation
B: Krebs cycle 1
11 a i Anaerobic respiration / alcoholic fermentation in yeast 1

produces carbon dioxide. 1
ii Tube B is warmer than tube A, 1
so enzyme activity / rate of chemical reactions is higher. 1
b There is no glucose. 1
c There is no change / same as C / the balloon does not inflate. 1
12 a Cytoplasm 1
b Enzyme / ATP / ADP / NAD 1

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Book 3
c X: pyruvate 1
Y: ethanol 1
d (Arrow points out from the second box, showing carbon dioxide and water are
produced.) 1

15 a
Step Reason for step
1 Allow seeds to germinate
2 Kill seeds / set up control
3 Remove / kill surface bacteria
3
b To trap any heat produced by the seeds. 1
c To allow carbon dioxide to escape. / To allow air / oxygen to enter the flask. 1
So the seeds will not be killed / to allow gas release / to prevent explosion. 1
d The temperature of the flask containing germinating seeds increases / is higher. / The
temperature of the flask containing dead seeds decreases / is lower. 1
This is because respiration releases heat. 1
18 HKALE Biology 2008 II Q2
Essays (p. 22-40)

19 HKALE Biology 2011 II Q6a

1 Muscle glycogen is converted to glucose. 1
Glucose is then completely broken down through glycolysis, Krebs cycle and oxidative
phosphorylation to yield ATP. 1

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Book 3
2 Carbohydrate loading refers to having a diet with greatly increased amount of

carbohydrates several days before an endurance sport event. 1
The high intake of carbohydrates increases muscle glycogen levels above normal, so that
the time for depletion of muscle glycogen during endurance sport is delayed. 1
3 Muscle glycogen is converted to glucose. 1
Glucose is partly broken down to release energy by anaerobic respiration / lactic acid
fermentation. 1
Ch 23 Infectious diseases
Exercise
1 B 2 A 3 A 4 C
5 C 6 B

7 Mental health 1
Reduce stress at school by playing the piano (or other reasonable answers) 1
Social health 1
Respect the cultural differences of other people (or other reasonable answers) 1
10 a i Virus is present in body fluids. /

It can enter the body through cuts in unprotected sexual intercourse. /
Virus is present in blood. /
It can be transferred by sharing needles in intravenous drug abuse.
(any 3) 1×3
ii It may be spread via breast-feeding / placenta / contaminated blood transfusion.
1
b Viruses do not have metabolism. Antibiotics interfere with metabolism. /
Viruses do not have cell walls. Antibiotics interfere with the synthesis of cell walls. /
Viruses are inside cells. Antibiotics have to enter cells / cannot get to them. /
Viruses are not cells. Antibiotics work against cells. 2
11 HKALE Biology 2013 II Q4b

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Book 3

12 HKCEE Biology 2009 I Q6
13 a Volume / concentration of bacterial culture /

Dimensions of well (e.g. diameter / depth / area / volume) /
Volume of antibiotic added /
Volume of agar /
pH
(any 2) 1×2
b i As the concentration of antibiotic increases, the area of inhibition increases. 1
ii There are no repeats so one cannot tell if the measurements are anomalous. /
There may be experimental errors such as contamination. /
Could be anomalies:
None of the readings fits the general trend. /
e.g. Z is too high at 10 g dm–3 or Y is too low at 8 g dm–3. / Y should have no
inhibition at 0 g dm–3. / X is too high at 0.5 g dm–3. /
May not all be anomalies:
For either Y or Z, the inhibition by penicillin may still be increasing. /
e.g. Y at 6 g dm–3 or Z at 8 g dm–3 are anomalous, but for X there is no trend /
pattern in the results.
(any 4) 1×4
Essay (p. 23-28)

15 Some protists are pathogens /
and can cause diseases such as malaria. /
Malaria can be transmitted by mosquitoes. /
Malaria can be controlled by killing these insect vectors / draining ponds / the use of drugs
/ purifying water. /
Some bacteria are pathogenic /
and can cause diseases such as cholera. /
Cholera can be transmitted by water or food. /
The disease can be controlled by vaccination / antibiotics / cooking food thoroughly /
boiling water. /
Viruses / HIV can cause diseases /
such as AIDS. /
AIDS can be transmitted by sexual contact / body fluid. /
AIDS can be controlled by avoiding sexual contact / having safe sex. /
Fungi can cause diseases /
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Book 3
such as athlete’s foot. /

Athlete’s foot can be transmitted by spores / direct contact. /
It can be controlled by vaccination / antibiotics / avoiding direct contact.
(any 12) 1 × 12

1 SARS spread rapidly to the world through air travel. 1
2 It could help the development of a rapid diagnostic test for SARS. /
It could help in the development of effective treatment for SARS. /
It could help in designing measures to break the transmission link of SARS.
(any 2 or other reasonable answers) 1×2
3 Isolation of the residents in their homes would continue to expose them to the pathogen
which may have been transmitted through the sewage system. 1
 Ch 24 Non-infectious diseases and disease prevention

Exercise
1 B 2 C 3 A

4 a Uncontrolled cell division / mitosis /
produces a mass of cells / a tumour. /
The tumour cells cannot carry out normal functions. /
They all originate from a single cell. /
They are more likely to occur in areas with more cell division. /
Mutation is associated with uncontrolled cell division.
(any 3) 1×3
b Radiotherapy affects dividing cells. /
Cancer cells are more susceptible to radiation than normal cells. /
Radiotherapy damages the DNA / chromosomes. /
By decreasing the diameter of blood vessels, the cancer cells are deprived of oxygen /
glucose / nutrients. /
Respiration in the cancer cells is reduced. /
Waste products / Carbon dioxide cannot be removed from the cancer cells. /
This will stop the spread of cancer cells /
because the cancer cells are lack of energy / ATP for mitosis / DNA replication / cell
division.

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Book 3
This will kill the cancer cells.

(any 3) 1×3
6 a i Group 1: To see the normal response / non-diabetic response / as a comparison

with the diabetic response. 1
Group 3: To ensure that any difference was due to exenatide / not due to salt / as
a comparison to show the effect of exenatide on diabetes / to ensure the effect
was not psychosomatic / to see the placebo effect. 1
ii Persons of different masses will have different amounts of insulin secreted. /
Larger persons secrete more insulin. /
It provides a basis for comparisons between different persons. 1
b Exenatide increases the sensitivity of pancreatic cells to glucose. /
It increases insulin secretion by the pancreas / causes diabetics to have similar insulin
production as healthy people / non-diabetics / Group 1. /
There is more stimulation of body cells. /
More glucose is taken in from the blood. / The blood glucose level is lowered / kept at
a normal level. /
A diabetic can consume more carbohydrate / does not need a special diet / will not
develop symptoms.
(any 3) 1×3
7 a Corn oil containing plant sterols lowers the concentration of cholesterol in the blood.
1
Adding sterols alone reduces the concentration of cholesterol in the blood. 1
Corn oil without sterols leads to a higher concentration of cholesterol in the blood. /
This proves that corn oil is the substance responsible for the increased concentration
of cholesterol. 1
b Amount of margarine eaten / amount of cholesterol in the diet / genetic predisposition
/ age / gender / amount of exercise / smoking
8 a The tumour is smaller. 1

The tumour cells have not spread. 1
b If the vaccine is given to boys, women will not get HPV infection from men. 1


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Book 3
10 HKCEE Biology 2010 I Q4
11 a 21.6 / 10.1 1
= 2.14 times 1
b Radiation increases the risk of cancer. /
There is still a risk of developing cancer for non-smokers with no radon exposure. /
The risk of developing cancer doubles for smokers and non-smokers when they are
exposed to 800 Bq m–3 of radiation. /
There is a greater risk for smokers at all doses.
(any 3) 1×3
c No: 1
There is little risk for non-smokers, so it does not worth it. /
Other environmental factors have greater impact, so we should spend the money
there. /
Most people do not spend all their time at home. /
Smokers choose to smoke, so public funds are not warranted. /
Smokers should be advised to put the trap in by themselves. /
There is only one study, so we do not know if the problem is widespread. /
We do not know how many people were studied, so we might need a larger sample to
show the risk.
OR
Yes: 1
Any increase in risk affects a lot of people. 1
Lung cancer is very serious. 1
Essay (p. 24-24)


1 The diets of Asians become westernized (high in animal fats and low in dietary fibre). /
Asians are having less exercise. /
More Asians smoke or drink.
2 Screening allows detection of polyps, if any, in the colon or rectum. 1
Polyps can be removed before cancer develops. 1
3 Reduce the intake of animal fats and include more dietary fibre in the diet. /
Exercise regularly. /
Do not smoke nor drink.
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Book 3
 Ch 25 Body defence mechanisms

Exercise
1 B 2 B 3 C 4 B
5 C 6 A 7 B 8 D

9 a Active immunity 1
b i Plasma cell 1
ii Cell P recognizes the virus. /
Cell P divides to produce cell Q / plasma cells. /
Cell P divides to produce memory cells.
(any 2) 1
c Memory cells respond quickly to another / a second invasion of the pathogen. 1
d The measles virus carries different antigens to the polio virus. /
Antibodies are specific to one virus / antigen. /
The receptor on cell P / the B cell / the memory cell does not match the antigen on the
measles virus. 1
10 a i Hydrochloric acid in the stomach kills the bacteria. 1

ii Cilia sweep away the mucus trapped with dust particles and microorganisms. 1
iii Blood clots to seal the wound. 1
b White blood cells produce antibodies, 1
which help clump pathogens together / agglutination to facilitate phagocytosis of the
pathogens. 1
12 a An antigen is a substance which causes an immune response / antibody production.

1
b They have an infinite variety of shapes. 1
c i A living virus can multiply. 1
There will be a stronger primary response / more antibody production / more
memory cells produced / a longer lasting immunity. 1
ii It cannot cause / is less likely to cause the disease. / Only mild symptoms occur.
1

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Book 3
13 HKDSE Biology Sample Paper IB Q10

14 a i Antibodies are linked accurately to microbes / antigens. 1
ii Phagocytosis 1
iii Each disease-causing microbe / antigen has a different shape. 1
b Passive immunity acts faster. /
Passive immunity lasts for a short period of time. /
Antibodies are not produced by the body.
(any 2) 1×2
c Vaccination lasts throughout the winter / longer. 1
Flu could strike at any time over the winter. 1
15 a i Antibodies are produced by John’s body. 1

ii Antibody level remains high. 1
iii It takes some time for the antibody level to rise. 1
b If the shape of the antibody and the antigen of the microbe matches, 1
the antibody binds to the antigen. 1
The microbes clump together and phagocytes engulf them. / Memory cells are
formed. 1
c For: To prevent infection. 1
Against: The vaccines may have side effects. 1
d There are diseases that she has not previously been exposed to, 1
so there are no antibodies against these diseases in her body. 1
16 a P: artificial passive immunity 1

Q: artificial active immunity 1
b i Antibody is destroyed / broken down. 1
ii No antigen entered the body. /
There is no immune response. /
There are no B cells / plasma cells / memory cells. /
No antibodies are made.
(any 2) 1×2
c The increase occurs faster than in the primary response. 1
The peak of concentration is higher than that in the primary response. 1
d Antibody is specific. 1
There are always some circulating antibody molecules in the blood. 1

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Book 3
18 a An injection / oral liquid 1

which contains weakened / dead pathogens / antigens. 1
b i Antigens on the surface of pathogens 1
stimulate B cells to produce antibodies. 1
Antibodies destroy / agglutinate the pathogens. 1
The antibodies remain in the blood for some time. 1
Memory cells retain the ability to make specific antibodies. 1
Thus the body can respond to further infections before the symptoms appear. 1
ii It takes some time for antibodies to be produced. /
If a person has been infected, the antigens are already present. /
Thus white blood cells are already stimulated.
(any 2) 1×2
iii Antibodies are present in the mother’s blood from infections / immunizations
she has had. /
Antibodies can cross the placenta. /
Antibodies are active in the baby at birth. /
Memory cells cannot cross the placenta. /
The baby’s antibodies will be broken down within months. /
The presence of future antigens is needed to trigger the baby’s own immune
system.
(any 5) 1×5
c White blood cells / lymphocytes are needed to form the immune system. /
The baby is not able to produce antibodies. /
Therefore the baby is unable to destroy pathogens. /
Even normally mild infections can become fatal. /
White blood cells are formed in the bone marrow. /
Tissue matching is necessary for the donor tissue to avoid rejection. /
A successful transplant will form new active white blood cells.
(any 5) 1×5
Essays (p. 25-28)

19 The capillaries / blood vessels are damaged /
and bleeding occurs / blood flows to the wound. /
Blood platelets /
convert soluble protein fibrinogen /
into a net of insoluble fibrin. /
Blood clotting occurs /

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Book 3
and a scab is formed. /

New cells grow /
and the skin reseals / the bacteria-proof barrier is re-established. /
White blood cells / lymphocytes /
release antibodies / antitoxins /
which facilitate phagocytosis of the pathogen.
(any 8) 1×8
20 Phagocytosis:
Phagocytosis is carried out by phagocytes. /
It is a non-specific defence mechanism. /
Pathogens are engulfed into a vacuole / vesicle. /
Enzymes fuse with the vacuole / vesicle /
and the pathogens are digested by the enzymes.
(any 4) 1×4
Antibody production:
Antibodies are proteins. /
They are produced by plasma cells. /
The production is stimulated by non-self antigens. /
Antibodies are specific / match the shape of antigens. /
Antibodies cause lysis of pathogens indirectly. /
Antibodies facilitate phagocytosis by agglutination of pathogens. /
Antibodies facilitate phagocytosis by neutralizing toxins.
(any 4) 1×4
Communication 3

1 The vaccination rate fell. 1
Children were not immune to measles, mumps and rubella. 1
Children with the diseases were more likely to transmit the diseases to non-vaccinated
children. 1
2 No. 1
The sample size was too small. It increased the likelihood of the results being due to
chance. 1
Controls were not included in the study. The results may not be due to the MMR vaccine.
1
3 The results showed that the number of children diagnosed with autism continued to rise
after the MMR vaccine was stopped. 1

- 16 -

Book3 Ans - (ch.19-25) Second Edition

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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition)

Suggested answers to Exercise and

Short questions (p. 19-34)

9 It shows how organisms are related / distinguishes between organisms / compares

10 HKDSE Biology Sample Paper IB Q3a, c

11 2b: E 4a: G 4b: D

 Oxford University Press 2014

12 HKDSE Biology 2012 IB Q4

Structured question (p. 19-36)

Essay (p. 19-36)

Reading to learn (p. 19-37)

 Oxford University Press 2014

Short questions (p. 20-53)

9 HKDSE Biology 2012 IB Q6

10 HKDSE Biology 2013 IB Q5

11 HKALE Biology 2009 I Q3

12 HKDSE Biology Practice Paper 2012 IB Q5

Structured questions (p. 20-55)

14 HKALE Biology 2012 I Q5

15 HKDSE Biology Practice Paper 2012 IB Q8

16 HKDSE Biology 2013 IB Q8

Essay (p. 20-56)

Reading to learn (p. 20-57)

 Oxford University Press 2014

2 Dodder may grow on other plant species, 1

Short questions (p. 21-37)

11 a Light / light intensity 1

12 a 1: inner and outer membranes / double membrane 1

Structured questions (p. 21-39)

 Oxford University Press 2014

15 HKALE Biology 2009 I Q9

Essay (p. 21-40)

 Oxford University Press 2014

Reading to learn (p. 21-41)

Short questions (p. 22-36)

11 a i Anaerobic respiration / alcoholic fermentation in yeast 1

 Oxford University Press 2014

13 HKALE Biology 2012 I Q1

14 HKDSE Biology Practice Paper 2012 IB Q2

Structured questions (p. 22-38)

16 HKALE Biology 2009 I Q5

17 HKDSE Biology 2012 IB Q9

18 HKALE Biology 2008 II Q2

Essays (p. 22-40)

20 HKALE Biology 2010 II Q7

Reading to learn (p. 22-41)

 Oxford University Press 2014

2 Carbohydrate loading refers to having a diet with greatly increased amount of

Short questions (p. 23-26)

8 HKDSE Biology 2012 IB Q2

9 HKDSE Biology Practice Paper 2012 IB Q1

10 a i Virus is present in body fluids. /

11 HKALE Biology 2013 II Q4b

 Oxford University Press 2014

Structured questions (p. 23-27)

13 a Volume / concentration of bacterial culture /

14 HKDSE Biology Practice Paper 2012 IB Q6

Essay (p. 23-28)

such as athlete’s foot. /

Reading to learn (p. 23-29)

 Ch 24 Non-infectious diseases and disease prevention

Short questions (p. 24-21)

 Oxford University Press 2014