4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 3 Domestic Electricity

3 Domestic Electricity V2Ω = IR = 0.1875ε × 2 = 0.375ε

V5Ω = V10Ω = ε – V2Ω = 0.625ε
Practice 3.1 (p.133)
By ,
1 C
W is a unit of power, others are units of P2Ω = 0.0703ε2
energy. P5Ω = 0.0781ε2
2 A P10Ω = 0.0391ε2
P = I2R  R (I constant)
7 (a) Resistance = = = 24.2 Ω
 P1 : P2 : P3 = R1 : R2 : R3
3 C (b) (i) Power = = = 1650 W
P=  (V constant)
(ii) Current = = = 8.26 A
 P1 : P2 : P3 = : :
(c) Rated current = = = 9.09 A
4 B
The answer obtained in (b)(ii) is smaller
Let R be the resistance of one bulb and ε be
than the rated current.
the e.m.f. of the battery.
8 (a) 500 W
By P = ,
(b) Current = = = 2.08 A

Pseries = = 10 W
(c) Resistance = = = 115 Ω

9 By P = I2R,
Pparallel = = 4Pseries = 4  10 = 40 W
power of 5- resistor = 0.52  5 = 1.25 W
power of 1- resistor = 0.52  1 = 0.25 W
5 B
Voltage across 2- resistor
Let R be the resistance of one bulb and ε be
= total voltage across 5- and 1- resistors
the e.m.f. of the battery.
= 0.5  (5 + 1) = 3 V
P= Voltage across 1.5-Ω resistor = 6  3 = 3 V

Total power dissipated by two bulbs By P = ,

= =
power of 2- resistor = = 4.5 W
6 B
power of 1.5- resistor = =6W
Req = = Ω
10 (a)
Appliance Power Period Energy
I2Ω = = 0.1875ε
rating of use / consumed

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4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 3 Domestic Electricity

/ kW h / kW h 13 (a) Energy consumption difference per day

Air = (0.06  0.012) × 6 = 0.288 kW h
1.5 1.0 1.5
conditioner Cost difference per day
Plasma TV 0.1 1.0 0.1 = 0.288 × 1.1 = $0.3168
Kettle 2.0 0.1 0.2 Days needed = = 114
Water
3.5 0.2 0.7 (b) Energy consumption difference per day
heater
= (0.06  0.008) × 6 = 0.312 kW h
Lamp 0.5 1.0 0.5
Cost difference per day
(b) Air conditioner
= 0.312 × 1.1 = $0.3432
(c) Total energy consumed
= 1.5 + 0.1 + 0.2 + 0.7 + 0.5 = 3 kW h Days needed = = 485
New reading
14 (a) By P = , for the same input voltage,
= 14 212 + 3 = 14 215 kW h
11 Total power = 100 × 2 = 200 W = 0.2 kW the circuit having the largest overall
Total energy = 0.2 × 3.5 = 0.7 kW h resistance has the lowest power.
Cost = 0.7 × 1.1 = $0.77 The bulbs in circuit 1 are all connected
12 (a) By P = , in series, so it has the largest resistance
and lowest power.
resistance of X = = 201.7  (b), (c)
The voltages across the bulbs are
resistance of Y = = 121  calculated as follows.
VA = VB = VC = 2 V
When connected in series to mains,
VD = VE = 3 V
total power = = 150 W VF = 6 V
If the resistance of a bulb is R, the
(b) Current drawn when connected in series
equivalent resistance of G and H is 0.5R.
= = 0.682 A
VG = VH = ×6=2V
By P = I2R,
VI = 6  2 = 4 V
power of X
= 0.6822  201.7 = 93.8 W > 60 W  V2 (R constant)
power of Y
VP
= 0.6822  121 = 56.3 W < 100 W
 F is the brightest and A, B, C, G, H
X glows brighter than when operated at
are the dimmest.
rated value.
Y glows dimmer than when operated at
Practice 3.2 (p.148)
rated value.
1 B

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4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 3 Domestic Electricity

2 B All sockets can be connected in parallel

3 B to the ring main.
The current that can flow through the fuse is 9 (a) If the live wire gets loose and touches
smaller than 10 A. the metal body of the appliance, a large
By P = VI, current will flow to the earth through the
Power of cooker < 220 × 10 = 2200 W earth wire and blow the fuse in the live
4 D wire. The appliance is prevented from
Fuse of the same fuse value should be used. becoming live.
 (1) is incorrect. (b) The appliance still works because
Damaged cables and plugs should be replaced. current only flows in the live wire and
 (3) is incorrect. the neutral wire under normal condition.
5 10 (a)

6 (a) I1 = = = 5.4545 A  5.45 A

(b) The appliance has an insulating case so
I2 = = = 2.73 A no current can flow through the case.

(b) To prevent a current larger than normal

Revision exercise 3
from flowing through the circuit
Concept traps (p.151)
7 I= = = 2.27 A 1 F
This would keep the appliance live even when
The fuse value should be slightly higher than
the switch is open, but no current would flow
the operating current, so the 3-A fuse should
through the appliance unless a complete
be used.
circuit is formed (e.g. no one touches the
8 (a)
conducting part of the appliance).
2 T
Current changes its direction alternately in an
a.c., i.e. it can flow from the live wire through
the appliance to the neutral wire and vice
(b) Any one of the following: versa.
Thinner and cheaper cables can be used
in the ring main. Multiple-choice questions (p.151)
3 B

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4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 3 Domestic Electricity

Energy used = 3 × 0.06 kW × 5 h = 0.9 kW h 8 A

Cost = 0.9 × 1.1 = $0.99 If both sockets draw a current of 15 A, it is not
4 A enough to use cables rated less than 15 A in
Let R be the resistance of one bulb. the ring main, as shown below.

P= =

Equivalent resistance of the circuit

= =R

Total power = = =P
 (1) is incorrect.
5 A If there are too many sockets, the main ring
For the microwave oven, may be overloaded.
R= = = 12.347 Ω  (3) is incorrect.
9 C
I= = = 17.8 A > 15 A Equivalent resistance of the three resistors

For the bulbs in (2), = = 2.25 Ω

R=  6 = 4840 Ω
Current through the bulb = = =2A

I= = = 0.0455 A < 15 A Voltage across the resistor network

= IR = 2 × 2.25 = 4.5 V
For the bulbs in (3), by I = ,
E.m.f. of the battery = 4.5 + 3 = 7.5 V
10 A
I=  4 = 1.82 A < 15 A
By , to boil water the fastest, P
6 A
The switch should be installed at the live wire. should be maximized and hence R should be
7 A minimized. To do so, the heating elements
Current flows through the live and neutral should be connected in parallel.
wires under normal conditions. 11 A
 (2) is incorrect. If the insulation at Y is worn out, current flows
A fault does not always result in a current from the live wire to the neutral and earth
flowing in the earth wire. For example, a fault wires through the heating element. The size of
develops when the live wire touches the the current in the live wire is equal to the
neutral wire. In this case, no current flows in operating current so the fuse would not break.
the earth wire.  (2) is incorrect.
 (3) is incorrect.

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4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 3 Domestic Electricity

If the heating element is broken, the circuit is (Lamp and power supply correctly
not complete and no current would flow drawn) 1A
through the live wire, so the fuse would not (Correct labels) 1A
break. (b) By P = , 1M
 (3) is incorrect.
12 A = 115.2 Ω
When connected in parallel, the voltage across
At 220 V,
the resistor r is constant. By , the
Power = 1M
power dissipated by r is constant.
When connected in series, the voltage across r = 420 W 1A

is given by and the power 19 (a) Apply I = . 1M

Ikettle = = 9.09 A
dissipated is .

Iiron = = 4.55 A
13 (HKCEE 2009 Paper 2 Q41)
14 (HKCEE 2009 Paper 2 Q20)
ITV = = 0.682 A
15 (HKDSE 2012 Paper 1A Q33)
16 (HKDSE 2013 Paper 1A Q31) Total current
= 9.09 + 4.55 + 0.682
Conventional questions (p.153) = 14.3 A
< 15 A 1M
17 (a) Apply I = . 1M
It is safe to do so. 1A
(i) Current through the body (b) It disconnects the circuit when the
= = 0.0022 A 1A current is too large 1A
to avoid danger due to overloading. 1A
(ii) Current through the body (c) Live wire. 1A
= = 0.22 A 1A If the circuit breaker is connected to the
neutral wire, the appliances are still at
(b) Do not touch any electrical appliances
high potential after the circuit is opened.
with wet hands. 1A
1A
18 (a)
20 (a) X: live wire; Y: neutral wire 1A
(b) As the electric potential at wire Y is
always zero, 1A
nothing will happen when it touches the
metal case. 1A
(Two-way switches) 1A

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4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 3 Domestic Electricity

(c) Wire X has a large changing potential. =

1A
A large current will flow through wires = 26.9 Ω 1A
X and Z via the metal case due to a short (b) Resistivity = 1M
circuit 1A
and the fuse would blow. 1A
=
(d) No current would flow through the metal
case as the circuit is incomplete, and the
= 1.69  10–4  m 1A
fuse would not blow. 1A
However, if someone touches the metal (c) Rated current = = = 8.18 A 1A
case, an electric shock would result. 1A
The fuse value should be slightly larger
21 (a) The switch and the fuse should be placed
than the rated current, 1A
at the live wire. 1A
so a 10-A fuse should be used. 1A
Otherwise, the lamp is still live even if
23 (a) If one bulb is broken, the circuit is not
the switch is off or the fuse blows. 1A
complete and all the bulbs go out. 1A
An electric shock may result if someone
(b) The power of the other bulbs increases.
touches the conducting part of the lamp.
1A
1A
The new bulb shares less voltage when
(b)
compared to the original one. 1A
All the other bulbs in the chain have a
larger share of voltage. 1A
Or The power of the other bulbs increases.
(Correct positions of fuse and switch) 1A
1A The equivalent resistance of all the bulbs
(c) Resistance of the lamp decreases. 1A
= = = 806.7 Ω 1M Thus, the current through the bulbs
increases. 1A
Current through the circuit 24 (a) (i) Z has a lower resistance than the
= = = 0.2975 A  0.298 A 1A others. 1A
(ii) No. 1A
The 0.5-A fuse should be used. 1A
By V = IR, as the current in the
(d) Total current = 0.2975  2 = 0.595 A
circuit increases, the voltage across
1M
one of W, X, and Y will exceed the
As the total current is larger than 0.5 A,
voltage limit before Z and the bulb
the fuse will blow. 1A
will burn out. 1A
22 (a) Resistance of coil = 1M

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4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 3 Domestic Electricity

Afterwards, the circuit is not = 1 kW  h  30 = 7.5 kW h 1M

complete and no current flows
through Z. 1A Cost = 7.5  1.1 = $8.25 1A
(b) (i) Z has a lower resistance than Y. By 26 (a) (i) Energy absorbed by water
P = I2R, the power dissipated in Z is = mcΔT 1M
smaller, 1A = 2 × 4200 × (100 – 25)
so Z glows dimmer than Y. 1A = 630 000 J 1A
(ii) Y is the brightest among them. W (ii) Energy provided by kettle
and X have the same brightness. = Pt 1M
1A = 2000 × 6 × 60
(iii) When Z is removed, the voltage = 720 000 J 1A
across Y increases and therefore Y (b) Some of the energy provided by the
glows brighter. 1A kettle is lost to the surroundings and the
The voltage across W and X stays kettle itself. 1A
the same, so their brightness does Also, some of the energy is absorbed by
not change. 1A the water as latent heat of vaporization
25 (a) The shutters of the socket holes have to to turn the water to steam. 1A
be opened by the earth pin which the (c) (i) (1) P
two-pin plug does not have. 1A (2) Q 1A
(b) A longer earth pin ensures that the earth (ii) If the kettle is connected to a 220-V
wire is connected before the live wire. supply and S is connected to P, a
1A large current will flow through the
(c) Method 1: kettle and the 20-A fuse will break.
Use a three-pin plug and connect the 1A
metal case to the earth pin. 1A If the kettle is connected to a 110-V
If a fault develops, a large current flows supply and S is connected to Q, a
between the live and earth wires and small current will flow through the
break the fuse. This prevents a large kettle. The kettle will still work, but
current from flowing through the user’s with a smaller power. 1A
body. 1A (iii) By P = ,
Method 2:
Use double insulation. 1A R1 = = = 6.05 Ω 1A
Current cannot flow through the
insulating case even if a fault develops. R1 + R2 = = = 24.2 Ω
1A
R2 = 24.2 – 6.05 = 18.2 Ω 1A
(d) Energy consumed
27 (a) Energy needed

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4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 3 Domestic Electricity

= mcΔT + mlf 1M + 1M = 1M
= 0.5(4200)(100 – 20) + 0.5(2.26 × 106)
= 1.298 × 106 J = 3.2  106 Ω m 1A + 1A
Time needed (c) (i) By , if the applied voltage
= = = 649 s 1A
is the same and an equal power is
(b) As the water is boiled away, the heater expected, the equivalent resistance
can no longer fully immerse in the water. must be the same. 1A
1A (ii) rs = = 0.0938 Ω 1A
Much energy is lost in the process. 1A
(iii) The parallel circuit would be
(c) By , if the voltage is halved, the
chosen. If one of the strips is
damaged, others still work if a
power becomes of the original. 1A
parallel circuit is used. 1A
The time needed is 4 times longer. 1A
(d) His suggestion is incorrect. 1A Physics in article (p.157)
The total resistance is doubled when the 31 (a) If the length is increased or the cross-
two heaters are in series. 1A sectional area is decreased,

By , the total power of the two by , the resistance of the wire

heaters is halved to that of a single increases. 1A

heater. 1A Hence the voltage drop due to the cable
28 (HKCEE 2010 Paper 1 Q9) increases. 1A
29 (HKDSE 2014 Paper 1B Q8) Therefore, the power output of the
speakers decreases. 1A
30 (a) (i) rp = = =6Ω 1A
(b) Copper wires have a lower resistance,
(ii) = 1M 1A
and are inexpensive. 1A
Rp = 1M (c) The equivalent resistance of the speaker
decreases if they are connected in
= 0.75 Ω 1A
parallel. 1A
(iii) For one strip,
Therefore, the cables have a larger share
P = VI = 12 × 2 = 24 W 1M
of voltage, 1A
For the heater,
and the voltage across the speakers
P = 24 × 8 = 192 W ≈ 200 W 1A
decreases.
(b) ρ= 1M

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