4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 3 Domestic Electricity

3 Domestic Electricity V2Ω = IR = 0.1875ε × 2 = 0.375ε

V5Ω = V10Ω = ε – V2Ω = 0.625ε
Practice 3.1 (p.133)
By ,
1 C
W is a unit of power, others are units of P2Ω = 0.0703ε2
energy. P5Ω = 0.0781ε2
2 A P10Ω = 0.0391ε2
P = I2R  R (I constant)
7 (a) Resistance = = = 24.2 Ω
 P1 : P2 : P3 = R1 : R2 : R3
3 C (b) (i) Power = = = 1650 W
P=  (V constant)
(ii) Current = = = 8.26 A
 P1 : P2 : P3 = : :
(c) Rated current = = = 9.09 A
4 B
The answer obtained in (b)(ii) is smaller
Let R be the resistance of one bulb and ε be
than the rated current.
the e.m.f. of the battery.
8 (a) 500 W
By P = ,
(b) Current = = = 2.08 A

Pseries = = 10 W
(c) Resistance = = = 115 Ω

9 By P = I2R,
Pparallel = = 4Pseries = 4  10 = 40 W
power of 5- resistor = 0.52  5 = 1.25 W
power of 1- resistor = 0.52  1 = 0.25 W
5 B
Voltage across 2- resistor
Let R be the resistance of one bulb and ε be
= total voltage across 5- and 1- resistors
the e.m.f. of the battery.
= 0.5  (5 + 1) = 3 V
P= Voltage across 1.5-Ω resistor = 6  3 = 3 V

Total power dissipated by two bulbs By P = ,

= =
power of 2- resistor = = 4.5 W
6 B
power of 1.5- resistor = =6W
Req = = Ω
10 (a)
Appliance Power Period Energy
I2Ω = = 0.1875ε
rating of use / consumed

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4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 3 Domestic Electricity

/ kW h / kW h 13 (a) Energy consumption difference per day

Air = (0.06  0.012) × 6 = 0.288 kW h
1.5 1.0 1.5
conditioner Cost difference per day
Plasma TV 0.1 1.0 0.1 = 0.288 × 1.1 = $0.3168
Kettle 2.0 0.1 0.2 Days needed = = 114
Water
3.5 0.2 0.7 (b) Energy consumption difference per day
heater
= (0.06  0.008) × 6 = 0.312 kW h
Lamp 0.5 1.0 0.5
Cost difference per day
(b) Air conditioner
= 0.312 × 1.1 = $0.3432
(c) Total energy consumed
= 1.5 + 0.1 + 0.2 + 0.7 + 0.5 = 3 kW h Days needed = = 485
New reading
14 (a) By P = , for the same input voltage,
= 14 212 + 3 = 14 215 kW h
11 Total power = 100 × 2 = 200 W = 0.2 kW the circuit having the largest overall
Total energy = 0.2 × 3.5 = 0.7 kW h resistance has the lowest power.
Cost = 0.7 × 1.1 = $0.77 The bulbs in circuit 1 are all connected
12 (a) By P = , in series, so it has the largest resistance
and lowest power.
resistance of X = = 201.7  (b), (c)
The voltages across the bulbs are
resistance of Y = = 121  calculated as follows.
VA = VB = VC = 2 V
When connected in series to mains,
VD = VE = 3 V
total power = = 150 W VF = 6 V
If the resistance of a bulb is R, the
(b) Current drawn when connected in series
equivalent resistance of G and H is 0.5R.
= = 0.682 A
VG = VH = ×6=2V
By P = I2R,
VI = 6  2 = 4 V
power of X
= 0.6822  201.7 = 93.8 W > 60 W  V2 (R constant)
power of Y
VP
= 0.6822  121 = 56.3 W < 100 W
 F is the brightest and A, B, C, G, H
X glows brighter than when operated at
are the dimmest.
rated value.
Y glows dimmer than when operated at
Practice 3.2 (p.148)
rated value.
1 B

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4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 3 Domestic Electricity

2 B All sockets can be connected in parallel

3 B to the ring main.
The current that can flow through the fuse is 9 (a) If the live wire gets loose and touches
smaller than 10 A. the metal body of the appliance, a large
By P = VI, current will flow to the earth through the
Power of cooker < 220 × 10 = 2200 W earth wire and blow the fuse in the live
4 D wire. The appliance is prevented from
Fuse of the same fuse value should be used. becoming live.
 (1) is incorrect. (b) The appliance still works because
Damaged cables and plugs should be replaced. current only flows in the live wire and
 (3) is incorrect. the neutral wire under normal condition.
5 10 (a)

6 (a) I1 = = = 5.4545 A  5.45 A

(b) The appliance has an insulating case so
I2 = = = 2.73 A no current can flow through the case.

(b) To prevent a current larger than normal

Revision exercise 3
from flowing through the circuit
Concept traps (p.151)
7 I= = = 2.27 A 1 F
This would keep the appliance live even when
The fuse value should be slightly higher than
the switch is open, but no current would flow
the operating current, so the 3-A fuse should
through the appliance unless a complete
be used.
circuit is formed (e.g. no one touches the
8 (a)
conducting part of the appliance).
2 T
Current changes its direction alternately in an
a.c., i.e. it can flow from the live wire through
the appliance to the neutral wire and vice
(b) Any one of the following: versa.
Thinner and cheaper cables can be used
in the ring main. Multiple-choice questions (p.151)
3 B

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Energy used = 3 × 0.06 kW × 5 h = 0.9 kW h 8 A

Cost = 0.9 × 1.1 = $0.99 If both sockets draw a current of 15 A, it is not
4 A enough to use cables rated less than 15 A in
Let R be the resistance of one bulb. the ring main, as shown below.

P= =

Equivalent resistance of the circuit

= =R

Total power = = =P
 (1) is incorrect.
5 A If there are too many sockets, the main ring
For the microwave oven, may be overloaded.
R= = = 12.347 Ω  (3) is incorrect.
9 C
I= = = 17.8 A > 15 A Equivalent resistance of the three resistors

For the bulbs in (2), = = 2.25 Ω

R=  6 = 4840 Ω
Current through the bulb = = =2A

I= = = 0.0455 A < 15 A Voltage across the resistor network

= IR = 2 × 2.25 = 4.5 V
For the bulbs in (3), by I = ,
E.m.f. of the battery = 4.5 + 3 = 7.5 V
10 A
I=  4 = 1.82 A < 15 A
By , to boil water the fastest, P
6 A
The switch should be installed at the live wire. should be maximized and hence R should be
7 A minimized. To do so, the heating elements
Current flows through the live and neutral should be connected in parallel.
wires under normal conditions. 11 A
 (2) is incorrect. If the insulation at Y is worn out, current flows
A fault does not always result in a current from the live wire to the neutral and earth
flowing in the earth wire. For example, a fault wires through the heating element. The size of
develops when the live wire touches the the current in the live wire is equal to the
neutral wire. In this case, no current flows in operating current so the fuse would not break.
the earth wire.  (2) is incorrect.
 (3) is incorrect.

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If the heating element is broken, the circuit is (Lamp and power supply correctly
not complete and no current would flow drawn) 1A
through the live wire, so the fuse would not (Correct labels) 1A
break. (b) By P = , 1M
 (3) is incorrect.
12 A = 115.2 Ω
When connected in parallel, the voltage across
At 220 V,
the resistor r is constant. By , the
Power = 1M
power dissipated by r is constant.
When connected in series, the voltage across r = 420 W 1A

is given by and the power 19 (a) Apply I = . 1M

Ikettle = = 9.09 A
dissipated is .

Iiron = = 4.55 A
13 (HKCEE 2009 Paper 2 Q41)
14 (HKCEE 2009 Paper 2 Q20) ITV = = 0.682 A
15 (HKDSE 2012 Paper 1A Q33)
16 (HKDSE 2013 Paper 1A Q31) Total current
= 9.09 + 4.55 + 0.682
Conventional questions (p.153) = 14.3 A
< 15 A 1M
17 (a) Apply I = . 1M
It is safe to do so. 1A
(i) Current through the body (b) It disconnects the circuit when the
= = 0.0022 A 1A current is too large 1A
to avoid danger due to overloading. 1A
(ii) Current through the body (c) Live wire. 1A
= = 0.22 A 1A If the circuit breaker is connected to the
neutral wire, the appliances are still at
(b) Do not touch any electrical appliances
high potential after the circuit is opened.
with wet hands. 1A
1A
18 (a)
20 (a) X: live wire; Y: neutral wire 1A
(b) As the electric potential at wire Y is
always zero, 1A
nothing will happen when it touches the
metal case. 1A
(Two-way switches) 1A

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4 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 3 Domestic Electricity

(c) Wire X has a large changing potential. 22 (a) Resistance of coil = 1M

1A
A large current will flow through wires =
X and Z via the metal case due to a short
circuit 1A = 26.9 Ω 1A
and the fuse would blow. 1A (b) Resistivity = 1M
(d) No current would flow through the metal
=
case as the circuit is incomplete, and the
fuse would not blow. 1A
However, if someone touches the metal
case, an electric shock would result. 1A
= 1.69  10–4  m 1A
21 (a) The switch and the fuse should be placed
at the live wire. 1A (c) Rated current = = = 8.18 A
Otherwise, the lamp is still live even if
1A
the switch is off or the fuse blows. 1A
The fuse value should be slightly larger
An electric shock may result if someone
than the rated current, 1A
touches the conducting part of the lamp.
so a 10-A fuse should be used. 1A
1A
23 (a) If one bulb is broken, the circuit is not
(b)
complete and all the bulbs go out. 1A
(b) The power of the other bulbs increases.
1A
The new bulb shares less voltage when
(Correct positions of fuse and switch) compared to the original one. 1A
1A All the other bulbs in the chain have a
(c) Resistance of the lamp larger share of voltage. 1A
Or The power of the other bulbs increases.
= = = 806.7 Ω 1M
1A
Current through the circuit The equivalent resistance of all the bulbs
= = = 0.2975 A  0.298 A decreases. 1A
Thus, the current through the bulbs
1A increases. 1A
The 0.5-A fuse should be used. 1A 24 (a) (i) Z has a lower resistance than the
(d) Total current = 0.2975  2 = 0.595 A others. 1A
1M (ii) No. 1A
As the total current is larger than 0.5 A, By V = IR, as the current in the
the fuse will blow. 1A circuit increases, the voltage across

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one of W, X, and Y will exceed the Current cannot flow through the
voltage limit before Z and the bulb insulating case even if a fault develops.
will burn out. 1A 1A
Afterwards, the circuit is not (d) Energy consumed
complete and no current flows = 1 kW  h  30 = 7.5 kW h 1M
through Z. 1A
(b) (i) Z has a lower resistance than Y. By Cost = 7.5  1.1 = $8.25 1A
P = I2R, the power dissipated in Z is 26 (a) (i) Energy absorbed by water
smaller, 1A = mcΔT 1M
so Z glows dimmer than Y. 1A = 2 × 4200 × (100 – 25)
(ii) Y is the brightest among them. W = 630 000 J 1A
and X have the same brightness. (ii) Energy provided by kettle
1A = Pt 1M
(iii) When Z is removed, the voltage = 2000 × 6 × 60
across Y increases and therefore Y = 720 000 J 1A
glows brighter. 1A (b) Some of the energy provided by the
The voltage across W and X stays kettle is lost to the surroundings and the
the same, so their brightness does kettle itself. 1A
not change. 1A Also, some of the energy is absorbed by
25 (a) The shutters of the socket holes have to the water as latent heat of vaporization
be opened by the earth pin which the to turn the water to steam. 1A
two-pin plug does not have. 1A (c) (i) (1) P
(b) A longer earth pin ensures that the earth (2) Q 1A
wire is connected before the live wire. (ii) If the kettle is connected to a 220-V
1A supply and S is connected to P, a
(c) Method 1: large current will flow through the
Use a three-pin plug and connect the kettle and the 20-A fuse will break.
metal case to the earth pin. 1A 1A
If a fault develops, a large current flows If the kettle is connected to a 110-V
between the live and earth wires and supply and S is connected to Q, a
break the fuse. This prevents a large small current will flow through the
current from flowing through the user’s kettle. The kettle will still work, but
body. 1A with a smaller power. 1A
Method 2: (iii) By P = ,
Use double insulation. 1A
R1 = = = 6.05 Ω 1A

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R1 + R2 = = = 24.2 Ω For the heater,

P = 24 × 8 = 192 W ≈ 200 W 1A
R2 = 24.2 – 6.05 = 18.2 Ω 1A
(b) ρ= 1M
27 (a) Energy needed
= mcΔT + mlf 1M + 1M = 1M
= 0.5(4200)(100 – 20) + 0.5(2.26 × 10 ) 6

= 1.298 × 106 J = 3.2  106 Ω m 1A + 1A

Time needed (c) (i) By , if the applied
= = = 649 s 1A
voltage is the same and an equal
(b) As the water is boiled away, the heater power is expected, the equivalent
can no longer fully immerse in the water. resistance must be the same. 1A
1A (ii) rs = = 0.0938 Ω 1A
Much energy is lost in the process. 1A
(iii) The parallel circuit would be
(c) By , if the voltage is halved, chosen. If one of the strips is
damaged, others still work if a
the power becomes of the original.
parallel circuit is used. 1A
1A
The time needed is 4 times longer. 1A Physics in article (p.157)
(d) His suggestion is incorrect. 1A 31 (a) If the length is increased or the cross-
The total resistance is doubled when the sectional area is decreased,
two heaters are in series. 1A by , the resistance of the wire
By , the total power of the two
increases. 1A
heaters is halved to that of a single Hence the voltage drop due to the cable
heater. 1A increases. 1A
28 (HKCEE 2010 Paper 1 Q9) Therefore, the power output of the
29 (HKDSE 2014 Paper 1B Q8) speakers decreases. 1A
(b) Copper wires have a lower resistance,
30 (a) (i) rp = = =6Ω 1A
1A

(ii) = 1M and are inexpensive. 1A

(c) The equivalent resistance of the speaker
Rp = 1M decreases if they are connected in
parallel. 1A
= 0.75 Ω 1A Therefore, the cables have a larger share
(iii) For one strip, of voltage, 1A
P = VI = 12 × 2 = 24 W 1M

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and the voltage across the speakers

decreases.

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