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Arise&Build

A Bi-Monthly
A Bi-Monthly Newsletter
Newsletter of
of the
the Chalcedon Foundation || September
Chalcedon Foundation® September2018
2023

MORAL INTELLIGENCE
BY MARTIN G. SELBREDE

D
uring one of our actual source for this devil’s bargain lies in
Chalcedon Podcasts man’s contempt for God’s law, as Rushdoo-
I pointed out how ny points out:
lacking our era is in moral We are taxed because of our sins; we
intelligence, dedicated as have made the state our god and our
it is to promoting every shepherd. Men prefer the state’s tax to
form of intelligence other God’s tithe; the state takes far more of
than the most important one. A situation our wealth than does God, but God
like this has deep roots as well as a long requires moral responsibility of us. We
history. prefer rather to be taxed and to whine
In 1852, Archibald Alexander, first than to tithe and be godly men.3
professor at Princeton Seminary, comment- Remarkably, men are willing to pay
ed on the source of morality in man’s being these high costs for fumigating their moral
in this way: universe with anti-god spray, and Chris-
The feeling of moral obligation which tians are often willing to help humanists
accompanies every perception of right clean house on Biblical morality.
and wrong, seems to imply, that man The shift from theology to humanistic
is under law; for what is moral obli- morality to socialistic statism is easy to
gation but a moral law? And if we are trace, and Dr. Rushdoony summarizes the
under a law there must be a lawgiver, a descent into our current hell with clarity:
moral governor, who has incorporated Matthew Arnold’s answer was one fully
the elements of his law into our very in tune with the Victorian era: morality
constitution.1 replaced theology … Most, however,
Alexander concludes his study illustrat- replaced theology with a belief in the
ing the insufficiency of reason as an aid for absoluteness of morality. Morality,
man to escape his situation: however, is an aspect of theology. God
It is evident from the slightest view of as the Creator has given a necessary
the character of man in all ages and moral order to all creation. Moral order
countries, that he has lost his primeval is an aspect of theological order, and it
integrity, that the whole race have by soon erodes without it. [In time] the
some means fallen into the dark gulf moral realm was now the social and
of sin and misery. This, reason teaches; statist realm … Morality is now socially
but how to escape from this wretched defined, not theologically.4
condition, she teaches not.2 As a result of Christian dereliction,
But arrogant humanists bristle at such humanists were able to turn morality (as
conclusions and have worked overtime to they taught it) against Biblical faith and
make human reason the means by which those who hold to it. Their toolbox now
man escapes his wretched condition. More includes virtue signaling, the pointing of
specifically, human reason as embodied in the finger (condemned in Isaiah 58:9), and
the state, and imbued with the coercive new Pharisaical standards in support of
power of the state, is held aloft as the mech- their evolving, schizophrenic conception of
anism by which man is perfected. But the truth.

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HUMANISTS WEAPONIZE MORALITY One of the absurdities of our time is the
Humanists weaponize morality against common and intense protest by moral
their opponents. The same people who relativists against laws they dislike. In
vilify Christians that defend Rahab and the spite of their polytheistic faith in many
Hebrew midwives for hiding the truth are gods and many truths, such people tend
to demand instinctively their version of
willing to censor the truth when it comes
truth imperialistically! Lacking confi-
to informed consent in medicine. This issue
dence in its inevitability, they must move
goes back much farther than the Covid
imperialistically to force their version of
blackouts, it extends back to attempts to truth onto others.9
hide methadone’s impact on male testoster-
The path to tyranny is paved with the
one levels.5 This moral schizophrenia means
rejected moral requirements set forth by the
that something higher than morality is
Creator. The central pivot point of human-
governing the discourse: the lust for power.
istic law is rejection of God’s requirement
Humanists, pietists, and moralists
that there “be no respect of persons” in
aren’t interested in hearing the Biblical
moral or legal judgments.
argument in favor of righteous conceal-
ment of the truth. Only they are allowed to For the modern state, justice is defined
conceal the truth, e.g., when forcing public by man and is expressed in humanistic
laws and regulations … This has led to
policy decisions on the populace. But the
new injustices … Injustice is corrected
Christian interested in developing his moral
by injustice. This is a consequence of the
intelligence would do well to examine
premise of humanistic justice, the satis-
the Biblical case for Rushdoony’s position faction of man’s will rather than God’s
(published in 1961 in Intellectual Schizo- word. The basic premise of God’s justice
phrenia) in articles like the one written by is no respect of persons in judgment
Rev. Peter Allison for Arise & Build.6 (Deut. 1:16-18). It is God’s justice that
must prevail, not human factors and
HUMANISM MAKES MORALITY considerations. The respect of persons,
AND FREEDOM INACCESSIBLE with the best of intentions, still leads to
The great irony is that man’s attempts to the warping of justice and the tearing of
free himself from the alleged oppression that society’s fabric, whoever does it.10
God’s moral requirements “inflict” invariably Thus, when fallen man becomes a
lead to the loss of freedom and growth of lawmaker, he seeks to protect his own
tyranny. Much of God’s law doesn’t even ultimacy, his own sin. The laws he then
stipulate any human enforcement mecha- creates have as a given factor his respect
nism, whereas all of man’s law is, in theory, of persons. They are highly protective
enforceable. As Rushdoony notes: of himself and his allies in sin. The
God makes mandatory the moral obliga- more de-Christianized his system of law
tion to care for widows, orphans, aliens, becomes, the more partisan and warped
the needy, the sick, and so on and on, it becomes. In time, moral limits are
but He does not give either church or replaced by pragmatism.11
state the power to enforce the tithe.7 Without the Biblical God, there is
God clearly did not trust men to punish no common meaning, and truth is as
a disregard for His covenant. This is a diverse as the multiverse … There is then
very important fact that tells us much no absolute good and evil, no absolute
about God’s government. Whereas men truth. Every man has thus the option
will thunder threats and kill, God keeps of choosing his own truth and his own
His silence.8 values.12
Humanistic enforcement isn’t lim- If we have a multiverse, there is then no
ited to written law, but ultimately to the common ground, and a commonality
ideological coin of the realm, launching can only be established by imperialism.
today’s cultures into the brave new world The decline of Christian thinking has
of thought crimes. The trend illustrates the seen the rise of imperialism.13
hypocrisy of the humanist claim to be the The rise of coercive, imperialistic
champion of freedom: impulses in the body politic then delivers

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the kind of world that Orwell so famously diminishes the power it possesses and
described. increases human freedom.17
Ostensibly, polytheism provides for free- What’s the catch? Men prefer to be
dom, but this means little when meaning enslaved by other men rather than to live
is denied to all things. Under polythe- under God in freedom, because freedom
ism, definition is eroded because there is entails responsibility while man prefers to
no common and universal meaning so claim victim status.
that freedom becomes meaningless. Men What God’s law offers is freedom from
then live in an Orwellian world where man. Man’s law has always been one
freedom can mean slavery, and peace can expanding claim to power over man.
mean perpetual war.14 God’s law, however, requires virtue,
whereas man’s law simply calls for moral
COERCION REPLACES THE FREEDOM THAT behavior … What churchmen fail to
BIBLICAL MORALITY PROTECTED see, the ungodly clearly recognize. God’s
Many Christians fail to see how Bib- law requires holiness whereas man’s law
lical morality keeps coercion at bay, while requires conformity.18
the erosion of Biblical morality entails an Of course, a god with clay feet will
increase in the coercive sector of society and finally start to stumble, being unable to
the activities it will target. even find its way off the stage (so to speak).
The state’s logical direction, when The bright promise of statism has darkened
non-Christian, is to become increasingly and it now finds itself outside the circle of
coercive … The more the state separates trust—deservedly so, since “cursed is the
itself from Christianity, the more it resorts man who trusts in man, who makes flesh
to coercion, and its gospel of a true world his arm” (Jer. 17:5).
order is one of slavery. The problem is
What is now developing is a growing
compounded when both church and
radical distrust of the state. Instead of
state see coercion as the solution.15
being the embodiment (or, incarnation)
As the state grows, it begins to exert of morality, more and more people see it
increasing power over the people, ultimate- as the embodiment of immorality. (This
ly becoming an earthbound god in the is to overlook man’s original sin.) At
process. any rate, man must now seek morality
When men play God, they are unable from a source other than the state. The
to regenerate any man. They cannot state has demonstrated that it is no
by their fiat will make of any man a more moral than man. Man’s problem
new creation. They must rather rely on is that he sees himself as a victim, not
compulsion, from compulsory education as a sinner, and as a result he is morally
to strict controls on every man. The compromised.19
state seeks to re-create man by means of So that those who asserted that God is
coercion.16 dead, in the sense that “God is dead to us,”
Few pulpits are pounding out the find their new god engulfed in the stench
critical message that Godly morality, when of its own death. The resulting replay of
applied by His people, will shrink the state Weekend at Bernie’s where the corpse is
back down to its proper size. The expansion trotted out to satisfy appearances is the ugly
of Christian self-government is part of this result:
process, but the key is the content of the The state’s moral agenda is dying of cyn-
morality being lived out: is it Biblical and icism and corruption. Being internally
thus tending toward freedom and smaller corrupt because of its separation from
external government, or does it help feed God, it cannot create a moral order
the Beast instead? anywhere. As the remnants of its Chris-
Given non-Christian premises other tianity recede, so too does its shrinking
than anarchism, the state will only morality.20
increase its powers because only so can You can only fly so long on autopilot
it increase its power to do good. On the if you’ve done everything in your power to
other hand, the state under God’s law defeat that autopilot.

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MORALITY THE DOMAIN OF hosts hath sent in His spirit by the former
“OUGHT” AND “SHOULD” prophets.” Not new words, but reverence
The words “ought” and “should” entail for the fixed, immutable, eternal Word of
moral judgment (whether a Biblically jus- God, is what is needed.
tified one or a moralistic façade). We need But today’s new moralists aren’t shy to
to have the moral intelligence to discern innovate. Anything old is, almost by defi-
which judgments are fraudulent. nition, in need of correction: out with the
The Scriptures certainly give us a old, in with the new and better morality.
prime example of a suspicious use of moral The accelerating rate of this process can
judgments respecting the “wasteful” use turn today’s progressives into tomorrow’s
of spikenard on the Lord Jesus Christ. oppressors overnight (as exhibited in the
Judas Iscariot issues a haranguing ques- backlash against feminists by transgender
tion against Mary’s use of the expensive apologists, one example among many of
spikenard: “Why was not this ointment this cannibalistic process consuming the
sold for three hundred pence, and given to foundations of our society). As Dr. Rush-
the poor?” (John 12:5) Outwardly, Judas doony noted, “the moral warfare underway
shows he has a heart for the poor, a heart is more deadly than nuclear war.”21 There
opposed to conspicuous consumption of won’t be peace on these matters under
spikenard. But St. John lifts the curtain on humanism either:
Judas’s hidden motives: “This he said, not Men talk of wanting peace, but they
that he cared for the poor, but because he hate it because it brings them face to face
was a thief, and had the bag, and bare what with their emptiness. To be in conflict
was put therein” (John 12:6). His loud gives them a sense of empty purpose and
protests were driven by self-enrichment at a way of evading God.22
the expense of the poor. In fact, Americans might discover that
So too today, most who claim a heart their so-called precious rights have already
for helping the poor are enriching them- been yielded to the state, as Dr. Rushdoony
selves instead. False causes outnumber noted:
legitimate ones. In Jinja, Uganda, an entire The Environmental Protection Agency
building houses rows of computer work- charges men but allows no defense, only
stations manned by young men soliciting a guilty plea.23
funds “for orphans,” not a penny of which
The deterioration of our current
ever reaches a single orphan. They have
system has increased the workload for
turned the Judas model of John 12:6 into a
organizations valiantly attempting to push
commercial enterprise, making it difficult
back against government and institutional
to find legitimate orphanages to support.
overreach, most notably the Rutherford In-
Worse yet is America’s war on poverty,
stitute24 and the Foundation for Individual
which eclipses and dwarfs the Ugandan
operation by orders of magnitude. Rights and Expression.25 What symptom-
America’s poverty-industrial complex is atic relief these organizations provide is
Judas writ large. welcome, but the root of the problem only
grows stronger.
NOT INNOVATION, BUT FIDELITY God’s unchangeable Word is therefore
TO THE RECEIVED WORD an offense to modern man’s preference for
In Zechariah 7:7, we read as follows: new man-generated revelation. The last Per-
“Should ye not hear the words which the son modern man will consult is the Ancient
Lord hath cried by the former prophets, of Days, since absolutes are anathema to
when Jerusalem was inhabited and in pros- man, who is willing to destroy everything
perity, and the cities thereof round about to protect his alleged freedom to do as
her, when men inhabited the south and the he pleases. Because men misdiagnose the
plain?” The Holy Spirit is implicated in the actual source of the oppressions of the past
transmission of the divine will to His peo- (namely, human sin), their solutions only
ple at verse 12 of the same chapter, which create more channels for new oppressions
speaks of “the words which the Lord of to flow in.

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Because of antinomianism, the erosion choice of a life-style suitable to you,
of the people’s morality has been great, power becomes also more and more im-
and no system of civil government can personal and divorced from law. Because
restore it. There must be a return to the the moral foundations, the theological
centrality of faith and morality; nothing premises, of law have been eroded, pow-
else will suffice.26 er has increasingly replaced law.33
The clear and specific nature of this The end result is that “the twenti-
obvious solution earns Dr. Rushdoony eth century has dehumanized man and
unending hatred from humanists and replaced society with the state.”34
compromised Christians alike. The reason
for this is jarring: TODAY’S MORAL CRISIS
We cannot expect our present-day WAS EXPLAINED IN 1661
church and state to be favorable to God’s A common refrain of mine is that
law, because it denies to them powers we often forget past victories over error
they claim and use.27 and then stumble back into those errors
The bottom line is we have both as if they were a new thing requiring new
secular and religious Pharisees blocking the defenses to be developed. This is no less
path to freedom. true when it comes to moral intelligence:
we have an enormous legacy behind us that
HUMANISM DEPERSONALIZES MORALITY has been essentially squandered, and which
The state always deals institutionally we must recapture and reassert. Consider
with its citizens: the personal dimen- Puritan John Owen’s powerful verdict
sion, where it exists, is not intrinsic to its against centuries of false moral theorizing.
operations. Antinomianism in the church Owen, unafraid to bash the world’s greatest
birthed this depersonalizing trend in society moral philosophers by name, does so from
at large. a position of strength, a position worth our
It is a very serious error on the part of trouble to emulate.
the antinomians to treat God’s law as The effect that syncretism (the mixing
impersonal.28 of Christianity with paganism or human-
Morality is first and last a personal fact ism) has upon moral theory is deep and
and duty.29 destructive. Owen puts us on the right
Dr. Rushdoony discussed how “a footing at the outset, pointing out the
crime reported to an agency of state sets the danger:
machinery of the law to work,”30 involving The pastures of ancient philosophy have
the “cold, impersonal operation of man’s or never lacked the snake to inhabit them.
the state’s law”31 in contrast to God’s mode Already in the ancient Church it was the
of operation. There isn’t anything wrong complaint of many that Christians tried
with method in itself, but today’s distorted to put on Christ in such a way as not
moral context creates a problem: to put off Plato. Nor can it be denied
that no one has ever twisted the gospel
…kings were eliminated and replaced
into conforming with pagan philosophy
by the mechanics of statecraft in the
without great loss of truth and harm to
form of a method of government, not in
the Church.35
itself wrong, but deadly in the context of
cultural depersonalization.32 In ethics, however, the damage
“Deadly” is a strong word. Why does wrought was even more severe:
Dr. Rushdoony use it here? Because the Truly insane are the basic theorems of
end result of this process is the expansion of pagan, philosophic “ethics.”36
impersonal power as a substitute for law. Owen provides plenty of examples,
The association of the word power with and we must but pick one and see how he
electricity enforces the separation of develops it:
power from morality. At the same time, To consider briefly some of the innu-
as morality is seen more and more, not merable ills which spring from this
as an eternally true form of thinking and ever-changing concept of “virtue” and
behavior, but as a matter of the personal “vice,” let us assume that courage is set

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up as the yardstick of virtue. Courage is a deed less than nothing. Their approach puts
good thing—in time of war. But courage moral intelligence far beyond their reach.
is not of itself virtue. If it were, it would
condemn not only the best and wisest of MORALITY AND NEUTRALITY
the gentiles, but also Christ Himself and It is at this point that Owen’s argu-
all of the holy martyrs. Such reasoning is ments and those advanced by Cornelius
like an elaborate invention, wrought out Van Til merge. By appeal solely to the
with one end in mind—to insult and natural order of things upon which to erect
destroy all religion in man. a theory of morality, the domain of special
Without “absolutes” revealed from revelation is deliberately omitted from
without by God Himself, we are left consideration. Van Til points out that this
rudderless in a sea of conflicting ideas is no benign omission:
about manners, justice, and right and Kant, as well as Socrates, is indifferent to
wrong, issuing from a multitude of what God may say about the nature of
self-opinionated thinkers … If the mind the good. But the seeming indifference
of a student is ensnared by these theories of both Socrates and Kant to what God
and speculations, he will find it a sore may say is, as a matter of fact, hostility to
task ever to be free of them.37 what God says and has said.41
Recall Judas’s complaint about not sell- Man cannot be trusted to erect a
ing the spikenard to help the poor. Notice moral theory because he is in opposition to
Owen’s assessment of this general trend and the only One who can be called Good, and
his stunning conclusion: man makes a point of leaving God in the
Nowhere is the futility of the human dumpster when he moralizes. And it is the
mind more evident than when it is essence of moral intelligence to recognize
exercised concerning “moral philosophy.” this fact and to war against man on the side
An outward shell of learning, falsely of God and His revelation of what is good
so-called, covers the wicked, thieves, and evil. To allow man to invade the moral
drunkards, the violent, and the coward. domain is to allow him to cover up his
Is this moral or virtuous, or a mere par- sin using smooth words, even intellectual
ody of these things? I have no hesitation words, to hide the actual nature of his theo-
in declaring that not one true virtue is
rizing. In his final comments on Immanuel
certainly and correctly taught in all of
Kant’s model of moral behavior, Van Til lets
the pages of Aristotle’s Nichomachean
the other shoe drop:
Ethics.38
When Kant therefore speaks of the
The key to Owen’s approach lies in
moral law as absolute, we must take
this: that he takes seriously the noetic ef- this to mean that the autonomous man
fects of sin,39 which the moral philosophers who projects it will allow no law-giver
seek to banish from consideration. They above himself. And when Kant speaks of
(in opposition to Scripture) propose to find reverence for the moral law he in the last
ethics in the natural order, presupposing analysis means reverence for man as the
man in his pre-Fall state with his mind able giver of the law.42
to extract a substantive morality from the Van Til shows how man in Kant’s
natural world. Dr. Rushdoony certainly model only “makes such laws as will
echoes John Owen’s view of how paltry the promote his covenant-breaking effort in
results have been when the world’s greatest relation to God the Creator and to Christ
intellects try to carve moral theory out the Redeemer.”43
of the fog of human autonomy, in words Warfield made just as important an
critical of Oliver Wendall Holmes: observation about the contaminating na-
The law as a distillation of human expe- ture of the Fall upon man and his approach
rience is a very shallow thing.40 to morality:
The nations are like the dust of the bal- Sinful man did not wish to be dependent
ance, and less than nothing (Isaiah 40:17). on God; guilty man was thrown into ter-
Their combined moral output, scraped ror by his sense of responsibility to Him.
together from the dust of the balance, is in- Refusing to have God in his knowledge,

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he was given over to his own reprobate In other words, true moral intelligence
mind; and developed, now, out of his will ultimately prevail in fulfillment of the
sense of dependence and obligation, not New Covenant of Jeremiah 31.
religion and morality, but religions and
1. Archibald Alexander, Outlines of Moral Science
moralities. There is an infinite variety (New York, NY: Charles Scribner & Co., 1868 edi-
of them, worked out in parallel series, tion), pp. 209-210.
reflecting much less what God is as the 2. ibid., p. 272.
author, sustainer, and governor of His 3. R. J. Rushdoony, Institutes of Biblical Law, Volume
creatures, than what these creatures had 3: The Intent of the Law (Vallecito, CA: Ross Hoss
Books/Chalcedon, [1999] 2023), p. 52.
become in their sin.44 4. ibid., p. 108.
But Warfield then leads us from this 5. https://chalcedon.edu/magazine/why-did-they-do-
low point to what God is working toward it-christian-physician-with-a-37-success-rate-for-recov-
ering-addicts-gets-shut-down-by-the-state
in time and history: the total victory of 6. https://chalcedon.edu/resources/articles/differentiat-
Biblical morality in this world. ing-between-righteous-and-deceitful-concealment
7. Rushdoony, p. 12.
THE MORAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE WORLD 8. ibid., p. 120.
Man-made moral systems reflect man’s 9. ibid., p. 123.
10. ibid., p. 121.
rebellion against God, codifying it, so his 11. ibid., p. 130.
rejection of Scripture is a logical conclusion 12. ibid., p. 122.
of his devolution, as Warfield explains it: 13. ibid., p. 122.
14. ibid., p. 123.
Sinful man, fearing God because guilty, 15. ibid., p. 136.
and hating him because corrupt, would 16. ibid., p. 141.
inevitably reject this revelation or distort 17. ibid., p. 143.
it to his own mind. It was necessary to 18. ibid., p. 154.
19. ibid., p. 164.
cure man’s sin, which had “held down
20. ibid., p. 166.
the truth in unrighteousness.” … All 21. ibid., p. 189.
this god has undertaken to do. But it 22. ibid., p. 18.
has pleased Him to accomplish it only 23. ibid., p. 27.
in the course of a process which extends 24. www.rutherford.org
25. www.thefire.org
through ages … Thus it comes about
26. Rushdoony, p. 104.
that true religion and morality is only 27. ibid., p. 2.
slowly made the possession of man. Ob- 28. ibid., p. 161.
jectively in the world in an authoritative 29. ibid., p. 166.
revelation, it is subjectively assimilated 30. ibid.
31. ibid.
by the world only as the Kingdom of 32. ibid., p. 4.
God is built up, step by step, slowly to 33. ibid., p. 144-145.
the end. We are assured, indeed, that the 34. ibid., p. 199.
leaven of truth, thus brought into the 35. John Owen, Biblical Theology (Pittsburgh, PA:
world and applied by the Spirit in a long Soli Deo Gloria Publications, 1994 translation of the
1661 Latin original by Stephen P. Westcott Ph.D.),
process, shall in the end leaven the whole p. xxxviii.
lump. Meanwhile, what is presented to 36. ibid.
observation is a conflict between the true 37. ibid., xxxix-xl.
and the false.45 38. ibid., p. 92.
39. The effects of the Fall on the mind.
But the end of the process brings vic- 40. Rushdoony, p. 25.
tory, whereby all false moralities are shaken 41. Cornelius Van Til, Christian Theistic Ethics (Phil-
and laid in ruins so that only the unshake- lipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing
Co., n.d.), preface.
able shall remain. 42. ibid., p. 248.
So we perceive a new humanity rising in 43. ibid., pp. 248-249.
the world, and by faith may see the day 44. Benjamin B. Warfield, Collected Shorter Writings,
Vol. 1, ed. John E. Meeter (Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyte-
looming on the horizon when the whole
rian and Reformed Publishing Co., 1970), p. 42.
world shall live in the full enjoyment 45. ibid., p. 43.
of the true religion, practicing in its 46. ibid., p. 44.
completeness the true morality, which
have been restored to man by God his
Savior.46

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ushdoony predicted the times in which we live which is why he Fax: (209) 736-0536
email: info@chalcedon.edu
R focused the mission of Chalcedon on the great work of Christian www.chalcedon.edu
Reconstruction. The only remedy to what we face is a return to
Christian faith, character, and obedience.
Rushdoony wrote, “The Biblical doctrine of theocracy means
the self-government of the Christian man,” (Sovereignty, p. 31) which
means the Christian most needs the resources to equip him for Biblical
self-government.
The Chalcedon Foundation is a “think-tank for the self-governing
Christian,” and our mission is to equip Christian families and churches
to apply the faith to every area of life and cultivate faithfulness to God’s
law and covenant in order that Christ’s Kingdom might increase.

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