Internal Assessment

Finding the Optimal Tilt Angle of a Solar Panel

Introduction
Ever since I was young, I have been deeply interested in sustainability as I learned more about the
importance of preserving the environment. Whenever I had free time, I would read new articles that
discussed pressing environmental issues, watch documentaries about sustainable practices, and
engage in eco-friendly activities. One of the biggest concerns as climate change has escalated in
recent years is the overreliance on finite fossil fuels in the world. Most often, the recommended
switch is to resolve the issue with solar panels.

Solar panels are “a renewable and infinite energy source that creates no harmful greenhouse gas
emissions” ("How Does"). They can be easily installed to a surface exposed to sunlight, collecting
energy throughout the day to power different objects. While it still has its own caveats, for example,
not being able to generate electricity at night, energy is completely renewable and does not have the
adverse effects towards the environment compared to fossil fuels.

As my school is quickly turning towards more sustainable measures in order to promote

sustainability, I thought that this would be the perfect opportunity to install many more solar panels
all around the exterior of the school, especially since the facilities are not used at night and therefore
do not require energy. However, with the location of the school, it is difficult to place solar panels in
a surface that can capture much sunlight. After doing more research, I learned that solar panels can
be placed at an angle perpendicular to the sun to maximize the energy collected from sunlight to
maximize efficiency and energy production. While it might be too expensive to install solar panels
that track the sun as it moves throughout the day, I was curious on what the optimal angle would be
to set up a solar panel that can collect the most amount of energy throughout a day, and is also viable
for any day of the year, regardless of the season. Thus, this internal assessment will investigate the
optimum angle to place a solar panel.

Background information
The position of all objects in the sky can be explained using the “Horizontal Coordinate System”. The
horizontal coordinate system utilizes the Azimuth angle and Altitude angle to provide the general
direction to find a celestial object.
The azimuth is the “cardinal direction” of an object. It is “the horizontal angle the object makes with a
reference direction”, usually using true north as the reference point (Bikos). On the other hand, the
altitude is “the angle that the object makes with the horizon” (Bikos). The maximum angle is 90°, when
the object is directly above the original point (known as the zenith), and the minimum angle is -90°,
when the object is directly below the original point (Bikos).

Figure 1: Illustration of azimuth angle, altitude angle, and zenith angle (Bikos)

Directly above the observer is the zenith. This zenith creates a perpendicular angle with the ground that
consists of two angles, the altitude and the zenith angle. The zenith angle is the angle between the Sun
and the zenith.

Rationale
I chose to investigate this topic as this topic provides an answer to a real world problem that is
increasingly prevalent. Additionally, as mentioned above, my school is quickly turning towards more
environmentally sustainable measure, and because solar panels are so effective in generating clean
energy, I can use the results of this investigation to offer suggestions to the school to take new measures
to collect cleaner energy. This means that the results of this investigation can add necessary effective
changes to the school.

Aim and Approach

The aim of this investigation is to understand how the optimum angle to place a solar panel changes
throughout the day, and what that optimum angle is to place a solar panel depending on its position on
Earth based on its latitude. Therefore, my model relates the position of the sun, to its zenith and altitude
angles, from 6:00AM to 6:00PM on June 6, 2023, as it was recorded as one of the hottest days in Hong
Kong.

As it would be very difficult to gather primary data as I would have to have my own solar panel and
constantly adjust it, I resorted to using an equation I found online to model the zenith angle and how it
changes, as well as using secondary data online to check my information to make sure it is accurate.

For the investigation, I will use the assumption that the solar panels will be built in Hong Kong, with the
coordinates 22.2836° N, 114.1979° E. Additionally, I will assume that sunrise is at 6:00AM while
sundown is at 6:00PM, so that I do not have to take into account when the sun is below the Earth and
when the solar panels will not generate any energy.

I will first use the equation I found online to calculate the zenith angle for 6:00AM on June 6, 2023.
Using this specific time, I can find the Julien day of the year it is, and find the solar declination angle,
and solar noon. All of this information is pivotal in determining the zenith angle, which slowly changes
as time passes. Once that value is found for 6:00AM, I can simply switch one number in the equation to
alter the time I am analysing, and find the zenith angle at another time. This is then repeated until I reach
6:00PM, at which the sun should have hopefully set and the Zenith angle will be above 90 degrees. In
order to find the optimum tilt angle at any time, I can find the Zenith angle at that time, subtract 90 by it
to find the azimuth angle, and that is angle that will prop up a solar panel so that it is perpendicular to the
suns rays.

Zenith Angle Formula

−1
The equation of the zenith angle can be noted by ψ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑠𝑖𝑛ϕ 𝑠𝑖𝑛δ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ϕ 𝑐𝑜𝑠δ 𝑐𝑜𝑠[15(𝑡 − 𝑡0)]) ,

where ψ is the zenith angle, ϕ is the latitude of the “placed” solar panel, δ is the solar declination angle,
t is the time, and 𝑡0 is the solar noon ("How to Calculate"). While the time and latitude can easily be

plugged in, the other values are still unknown and need to be solved.
Finding the solar declination angle
The solar declination angle refers to “the angle between the line joining the centers of the Sun and the
Earth and its projection on the equatorial plane.” (ResearchGate). The solar declination angle can be
found using this equation
−1
δ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (0. 39785 𝑠𝑖𝑛[278. 97 + 0. 9856𝐽 + 1. 9165 𝑠𝑖𝑛(356. 6 + 0. 9856𝐽)]) ("How to
Calculate")
where J is the Julian day. As I am looking at June 3, 2023, June 3 is the 154th calendar day, meaning that
J = 154. I can now plug this back into the solar declination angle equation, and solve to find the solar
declination angle on June 3, 2023.

−1
δ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (0. 39785 𝑠𝑖𝑛[278. 97 + 0. 9856(154) + 1. 9165 𝑠𝑖𝑛(356. 6 + 0. 9856(154))])

I can first expand the brackets on the righthand side of the equation, then slowly work add all values
within the sine function, before finding its value.

−1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (0. 39785 𝑠𝑖𝑛[278. 97 + 151. 7824 + 1. 9165 𝑠𝑖𝑛(356. 6 + 151. 7824)])

−1
=𝑠𝑖𝑛 (0. 39785 𝑠𝑖𝑛[278. 97 + 151. 7824 + 1. 9165 𝑠𝑖𝑛(508. 3824)])

−1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (0. 39785 𝑠𝑖𝑛[278. 97 + 151. 7824 + 1. 004720359])

−1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (0. 39785 𝑠𝑖𝑛(431. 7571204))

−1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (0. 39785 × 0. 9497380369)

−1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (0. 377853278) = 22. 20077299° ≈ 22. 2°

Now that I have found this angle, as well as plugging in the latitude of 22.2836°, I can plug it back into
the original equation, which now looks like this:

−1
ψ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑠𝑖𝑛(22. 2836) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(22. 2) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(22. 2836) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(22. 2) 𝑐𝑜𝑠[15(𝑡 − 𝑡0)])
Calculating Solar noon
The next step is to now find the solar noon, or 𝑡0. Solar noon can be calculated using the equation

𝑡0 = 12 − 𝐿𝐶 − 𝐸𝑇, where LC refers to longitudinal correction and ET refers to the equation of time

("How to Calculate"). Longitudinal correction is “is the correction required to local apparent time
(L.A.T.) to translate it to the L.A.T. for the central meridian for that time zone.” (Sabanski), and the
equation of time is the difference between the time measured by the sun and the time measured on our
clocks (Jones).

Calculating the equation of time

The equation of time can be written using this equation:

−104.7 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑓)+596.2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑓)+4.3 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑓)−12.7 𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝑓)−429.3 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑓)−2.0 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑓)+19.3 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑓)

𝐸𝑇 = 3600

In the equation, f refers to the value 279. 575 + 0. 98565𝐽, where J is the Julian day, as mentioned
earlier. This means that the equation of time is the same throughout an entire day, but changes slightly
when the day changes. As mentioned above, J = 154. I can use that information to find the equation of
time for June 3, 2023.

Plugging this information into the 𝑓 = 279. 575 + 0. 98565𝐽, I get

𝑓 = 279. 575 + 0. 98565(154) = 431. 3651.

Plugging this value of f into the equation of time equation, I can now solve for ET.

−104.7 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑓)+596.2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑓)+4.3 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑓)−12.7 𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝑓)−429.3 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑓)−2.0 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑓)+19.3 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑓)

𝐸𝑇 = 3600

−104.7 𝑠𝑖𝑛(431.3651)+596.2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2(431.3651))+4.3 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3(431.3651))−12.7 𝑠𝑖𝑛(4(431.3651))−429.3 𝑐𝑜𝑠(431.3651)−2.0 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2(431.3651))+19.3 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3(431.3651))

𝐸𝑇 = 3600

When I expand each bracket within a sine function, I get:

−104.7 𝑠𝑖𝑛(431.3651)+596.2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(862.7302)+4.3 𝑠𝑖𝑛(1294.0953)−12.7 𝑠𝑖𝑛(1725.4604)−429.3 𝑐𝑜𝑠(431.3651)−2.0 𝑐𝑜𝑠(862.7302)+19.3 𝑐𝑜𝑠(1294.0953)

= 3600

I can then use a GDC to find the value of every number and set up the equation, as shown:

−104.7 (0.9475739497)+596.2 (0.6055690304)+4.3 (−0.5605710665)−12.7(−0.9638149249)−429.3(0.3195365547)−2.0 (−0.7957927804)+19.3(−0.8281063213)

= 3600
By expanding the brackets, summating the entire numerator and dividing it by 3600, I get

−99.21099253+361.0402559−2.410455586+12.24044955−137.1770429+1.591585561−15.982452
= 3600

120.091348
= 3600
= 0. 0333587078 ≈ 0. 033

Calculating the longitudinal correction

To calculate the longitudinal correction, for every degree east of the standard meridian, the longitudinal
1
correction increases by 15
("How to Calculate"). As the longitude of the positioned solar panel is

114.1979° East, and the standard meridian is at 120° East, the difference between the two is
120 − 114. 1979 = 5. 8021 degrees east. This means that the longitudinal correction is
1
5. 8021 * 15
= 0. 3868066.

Finding the Solar noon

Now that I have the values for both the longitudinal correction and the equation of time, I can use the
original solar noon equation mentioned above to find the solar noon.

𝑡0 = 12 − 𝐿𝐶 − 𝐸𝑇

Plugging in 𝐿𝐶 = 0. 3868066 and 𝐸𝑇 = 0. 0333587078, I get

𝑡0 = 12 − 0. 3868066 − 0. 0333587078 = 11. 57983463

Calculating Zenith Angle

As I have found the solar declination angle and the solar noon, and I have the latitude of the object, I can
now find the Zenith angle of the sun according to a specific time.

As mentioned earlier, I am assuming sunrise to be around 6am. This means that time 𝑡 in the equation
can equal 6. Plugging all our values back into the original equation, I get:

−1
ψ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑠𝑖𝑛ϕ 𝑠𝑖𝑛δ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ϕ 𝑐𝑜𝑠δ 𝑐𝑜𝑠[15(𝑡 − 𝑡0)])
 −1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑠𝑖𝑛(22. 2836) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2. 20077299) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(22. 2836) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2. 20077299) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(15(6 − 11. 57983463)))

Expanding the cosine function on the right side of the equation, I get

−1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑠𝑖𝑛(22. 2836) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2. 20077299) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(22. 2836) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2. 20077299) 𝑐𝑜𝑠[− 83. 69751945])

I can then find the value of each sine and cosine function, then substitute those values back into the
equation

−1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ((0. 3791913175) * (0. 0384012904) + (0. 9253182937) * (0. 9992623984) * (0. 1097773433)

−1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (0. 0145614359 + 0. 1015040592)

I can now add these two decimals together, then do the inverse cosine to find the zenith angle at that
given point.

−1
ψ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (0. 1160654951)

ψ = 83. 33491502 ≈ 83. 3°

This calculated value shows that the zenith angle of the Sun at 6:00AM on June 3rd, 2023 is roughly
83.3°.

Data Collection

Now that a value for 6:00AM has been calculated, I can repeat the same process for every hour until
6:00PM on the same day. I created a google spreadsheet that has 3 columns: time, zenith angle, and
altitude angle (90 − 𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒). I pasted the formula for the zenith angle into google spreadsheets,
then recorded the value of the zenith angle at 6:00AM, then repeated the process until I got the data for
6:00PM, changing the time 𝑡 in the equation by increasing by 1 until it reached 18. When that is
completed, I can plot time vs zenith angle and altitude angle on Desmos to see the relationship between
the two and create an equation for both of them.
Figure 2: Data table with the hour, zenith angle (degrees) and altitude angle (degrees)

As the data shows, the zenith angle stayed below 90° from sunrise to sunset, which makes sense as if the
angle is above 90° it is below the earth, meaning that the sun has already set. The calculation shows that
at 6:00PM, the sun has already set, so I can disregard that data point later when finding the optimal
angle.

Modelling Zenith Angles

From the data table, it is clear that as the time increases throughout the day, the zenith angle decreases as
the sun tends towards the Zenith, but after 11:00AM, the sun goes past the zenith and slowly goes further
away from it, causing the zenith angle to increase. When the data is plotted onto Desmos, this is how the
data looks:
Figure 3: Data of time (hours) vs. zenith angle (degrees)

1. Linear Equation
When I am looking at the first few angles, it seems to have followed two linear equations. I can split this
into a piecewise function to model the change in zenith angle over time. Using the datapoint at 𝑥 = 6
and 𝑥 = 11, I can find an equation to find the linear equation.
21.8−83.3
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 11−6
=− 12. 3

𝑦 =− 12. 3𝑥 + 𝑏

Substituting (11, 21.8) into the equation, I get:

21. 8 =− 12. 3(11) + 𝑏

𝑏 = 157. 1

Therefore the linear equation is 𝑦 =− 12. 3𝑥 + 157. 1, with the domain 6≤𝑥≤11. However, plugging
this equation back into Desmos, I see that the “line of best fit” does not seem to be linear, as it does not
touch majority of the data points. Therefore, I can rule out the possibility of using a linear function to
model this equation.
Figure 4: Data of zenith angle with a potential linear line of best fit

2. Quadratic Equation
Since the linear function did not seem to work too effectively, I could try using a quadratic function
instead to model the change in zenith angle with respect to time. I believe a quadratic equation could
work as the data seems to have a slight curve and also seems to contain a vertex and is concave upwards,
2
similar to a quadratic equation. As a quadratic equation follows the equation 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, I
thought of using my TI-84 to plot all data points then find a line of best fit, however, it does not allow
me to do that. To find this equation, I instead used the simultaneous equation solver and put in 3 different
datapoints - the two extremes and the point closest to the vertex. After putting each value in to the TI-84
app, I got: 𝑎 = 2. 03667, 𝑏 = − 47. 0433, 𝑐 = 292. 24, meaning that the equation that models
these datapoints are:
3 2
𝑦 = 2. 03667𝑥 − 47. 0433𝑥 + 292. 24

Plotting this equation back into the original data and adding a domain from 6≤𝑥≤17, I can see that my
generated equation is more accurate than the linear function, however clearly did not go through many
datapoints. Therefore, I can also rule out the possibility of using a quadratic function to model the zenith
angle.
Figure 5: Data of zenith angle with potential quadratic line of best fit

3. Cubic Function
While a quadratic function did not work because many datapoints in the middle did not follow its shape,
a cubic function could potentially work as a positive cubic function has a local minimum that has a
similar shape to a quadratic function. Additionally, when putting it into the TI-84 simultaneous equation
solver, I can add an extra datapoint, potentially making it more accurate. As a cubic equation follows the
3 2
equation 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑. I first thought of using my TI-84 to put all 12 datapoints into the
PolySmlt Solver app, but it only allows a maximum of 10 equations. I then created equations for the 4
earliest datapoints. However, while it gives an equation that passes through those datapoints, it does not
pass through the rest of the data. Then, I put 4 datapoints that span across the entire range of 12
datapoints. I used the datapoints at time 6:00AM, 10:00AM, 12:00PM, and 5:00PM. After putting each
value in to the TI-84 app, I got:
𝑎 = 0. 0897619048, 𝑏 = − 1. 105, 𝑐 = − 13. 1133, 𝑑 = 182. 3714286, meaning that the
equation that models the data is:
3 2
𝑦 = 0. 0897619048𝑥 − 1. 105𝑥 − 13. 1133𝑥 + 182. 3714286

However, when plotting this equation on Desmos, the data also does not seem to follow a few of the
datapoints. Therefore, I can also rule out the possibility of modelling the data using a cubic function.
Figure 6: Data of zenith angle with potential cubic line of best fit

4. Trigonometric Function
Upon looking at the data again, I realized the function could be trigonometric. This is because sine and
cosine graphs have similar u-shapes that could model the data. Additionally, the data for the zenith angle
was found using an elaborate equation, where the numbers were inside an inverse cosine function. This
means that the data could potentially model a sinusoidal wave. A trigonometric function follows the
equation 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑏(𝑥 + 𝑐)) + 𝑑, where a refers to the amplitude, b is the period, c is the horizontal
shift and d is the vertical shift.

To find the value of 𝑎, it is half of the vertical distance from the datapoint with the lowest y-value and
the datapoint with the highest y-value. In this case, the datapoint with the lowest y-value is (12, 21.0),
and the datapoint with the highest y-value is (6, 83.3). This means that the amplitude is:
21−83.3
𝑎= 2
=− 31. 15

2π
To find the value of b, it can be found using 𝑏
which equals the wavelength. Rearranging the equation
2π
to λ
will give the value of b. In my data, the length of a wavelength can be found by the horizontal
distance between the two furthest points, which is 17 − 6 = 11. Plugging this into the equation, the
value of b is
2π
𝑏= 11
= 0. 5711986643

The value of c can be found by finding the distance the closest point of zero amplitude is from the center.
The midline can be found by 83. 3 − 31. 15 = 52. 155. The closest point at 𝑦 = 52. 155 is 8.04 units
from the center, but this has to be divided by the value of b as 0. 5711986643𝑐 = 8. 04, so
𝑐 = 14. 07566317.

Finally, the value of d can be found by the vertical distance the midline is from 0. In this case, the value
of d is 52.155.

This means that the final equation can be modelled by

𝑦 =− 31. 15 𝑠𝑖𝑛(0. 5711986643(𝑥 + 14. 07566317)) + 52. 155

However, when plotting this equation back with the rest of my data, it still did not fully follow the
function. While I was initially confused on why it was not a good line of best fit, I realized that it was
due to the limited dataset used. As more datapoints are added, it changes the overall shape and follows a
sinusoidal function more closely. However, I could not add more datapoints as it would mean the zenith
angle would be greater than 90, which is incorrect as that implies the Sun is below the earth (meaning
the sun is not out).

When using Desmos to create its own line of best fit for a sinusoidal function based on the data inputted,
the equation is

𝑦 = 34. 3625 𝑠𝑖𝑛(0. 43828(𝑥 − 0. 829357)) + 56. 115

When matching this back to my data, it was a much closer fit and went through basically all data points.
As this is a lot more accurate and accurately models my function, this is the equation I will use to model
the zenith angle.
Figure 7 (left) and 8 (right): Left is created trigonometric function with the data, right is the trigonometric function created by

Desmos with the data

Modelling Altitude Angles

As I proved in the previous section that the zenith angles can be modelled using a trigonometric
function, and that 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 90 − 𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒, I can use a similar function to find a
function that models the altitude angles.

Figure 9: Data of altitude angle with respect to time

As shown from figure 9, the altitude angle is very similar to the zenith angle, but instead the datapoints
are concave downwards instead of upwards. Regardless, Desmos can be used to create a function to best
model this data.

By inputting 𝑦1~ 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑏(𝑥1 + 𝑐)) + 𝑑 into Desmos, it creates a function for me that models this data.

According to Desmos, the values are:

𝑎 = 34. 3625
𝑏 = 0. 43828
𝑐 = 6. 33865
𝑑 = 33. 885

This means that the equation provided by desmos is:

𝑦 = 34. 3625 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (0. 43828(𝑥 + 6. 33865)) + 33. 885

By adding a domain and showing the graph, it is clear that the sinusoidal function models the data. This
is what the line of best fit looks like with the datapoints plotted as well:

Figure 10: Data of altitude angle with the trigonometric line of best fit
Conclusion
From the first calculation section of the IA, I was able to find the zenith angle of the sun compared to a
specific location at a specific time. The next section of the IA repeated the same steps to find the zenith
angle and altitude angle throughout the day from sunrise to sunset, before modelling the data and finding
equations that would accurately model the data. The zenith angle can be represented by
𝑦 = 34. 3625 𝑠𝑖𝑛(0. 43828(𝑥 − 0. 829357)) + 56. 115, and the altitude angle can be represented by
𝑦 = 34. 3625 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (0. 43828(𝑥 + 6. 33865)) + 33. 885.

From this information, it shows how the optimal tilt angle of a solar panel from 6:00AM to 6:00PM. The
optimal tilt angle should follow the zenith angle - in the morning, the tilt of the solar panel should be
highest, to be facing the horizon as the sun rises from the Earth. As the sun makes its way towards the
zenith, the zenith angle decreases along with the optimal tilt angle, as it continues to follow the sun
throughout the sky. However, at around 11:00AM to 12:00PM, the Sun goes past the zenith, and the
zenith angle starts to increase again. However, this solar panel has to now tilt the other way, increasing
its angle until it faces the opposite horizon as the Earth sets.

However, if a solar panel were to install a mechanism that allows its optimal angle to change throughout
the day, it would be very costly, as it needs to be installed on all solar panels and the cost of technology
will be very high, burdening the school budget allocated to work towards sustainability. However, there
can be a simple attachment that allows the optimal angle to change, and a member of staff can easily
change the angle at a few specific times of the day in order to capture more sunlight and generate more
energy. This can be done during 3 times so that it does not require too much time and effort but also
helps generate a large amount of energy - during 8:00AM, 12:00PM, and 3:00PM.

Evaluation
While the mathematics was checked carefully and is quite accurate, it is still based on a few assumptions
and therefore is not fully accurate. For example, this information is most accurate for June 3, 2023, but is
still under the assumption that sunrise is at 6:00AM and sunset is at 6:00PM, meaning that the accurate
value of sunrise and sunset is not used. Additionally, the sunpath is not constant everyday, meaning that
on other days, the optimal tilt angle will not be the same, and sometimes a seasonal change could have a
large effect on the optimal tilt angle.

This investigation can be further extended in different directions. For example, I can redo this
investigation but also take into account the azimuth angle as that changes every second too. Additionally,
for an even further extension, I could try to find the optimal tilt angle while also taking into account axial
tilt, to make the conclusions in this investigation even more accurate.
 Works Cited

Bikos, Konstantin. "Altitude and Azimuth: The Horizontal Coordinate System." Time and Date,

www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/horizontal-coordinate-system.html. Accessed 2 Nov. 2023.

"How Does Solar Power Work?" NationalGrid,

www.nationalgrid.com/stories/energy-explained/how-does-solar-power-work#. Accessed 2 Nov.

2023.

"How to Calculate the Angle of the Sun (Solar Zenith Angle) - a Chalk Talk by METER." YouTube,

METER Group, 8 June 2023, www.youtube.com/watch?v=bRC8tlHl91Q. Accessed 2 Nov. 2023.

Jones, Graham. "What Is the Equation of Time." Time and Date,

www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/equation-of-time.html. Accessed 2 Nov. 2023.

ResearchGate.

www.researchgate.net/figure/Solar-declination-angle-Solar-declination-can-also-be-defined-as-th

e-angle-between-the_fig1_310621648. Accessed 2 Nov. 2023.

Sabanski, Carl. "Longitude Correction." The Sundial Primer,

www.mysundial.ca/tsp/longitude_correction.html. Accessed 2 Nov. 2023.