2021 English For Buisness and Economics

Fac ulty of lnternational Relations -
\бЕ
NEW ENGLISH
AND ECONOMICS
STUDENT'S ВООК
~:
е r. а giu .•ё.,_.. U n i v е r s i t у о f Е с о n о m i с s а n d В u s i n е ss
_ \
·.•
·it
mea m of authors
1
Prague Univer sity of Econo mics and Business
NEW ENGLISH
FOR BUSINESS
AND ECONOMICS
STUDENT'S ВООК
Team of autho rs
2021
е
OECO NOM ICA
Nakladate lstv1 VSE
ТаЫе o f contents
вооКМАР I RE AD ING \ LISTENING \ LANGUAGE

Unit 1
Presentations
Skill: Ma kin g an eff ect ive pre
pages 7-2 0 sen tati on
Unit 2 2025 mil len nia ls,

мanagement р.32 Crisis ma nag em ent ,
р.31
CountaЫe and
and Mo tiv ati on
uncountaЫe nouns,
Pages 21- 48 r----------1 р.35
An inte rvie w ab ou t
mo tiva tion , р. 41
Unit 3
Developing
an Ar gu me nt
~ · ~.!<ill: Bu_ildin g an arg um ent , sup por ting
an d drawil')_g а con clu sio n it wit h evidence
Pages 49 -57 1
Un it4 Ho fste de' s cul tur al

Cross-cultural А jou rna list talk ing
dim en sio ns, р. 60 Mo dal verbs, р. 65
Communication ab ou t cultural
Pages 59 -72 stereotypes, р. 67
1
Unit 5 , (,
Email Wr itin g , · : ..· ?.ki!I: yY
riting for ma l and info rm al bus
Pages 73 -86 : !~ ,r· •. , ,~ iness emails
Unitб Lif tin g the cur tain

Recruitment An inte rvie w Clauses of con tra st,
on the hir ing ab ou t typ es of job
and Em plo ym en t р. 104
process, р. 88 interviews, р. 94
Pages 87- 108
Six thi ng s the y
do n't tel1 you
ab ou t cre atin g job s
for you ng peo ple ,
р. 101
Unit 7
Debate Sk ill~Le~ rni ng and pra ctls ing
Pages' 109 120- ,. deb atin g skills
Unit 8
Vir al ma rke tin g, д discussion ab ou t \nd ire ct questions,
Marketing me tho ds in ma rke t
р. 122 р. 131
and Branding research, р. 126
Pages 121 -14 4
Profiles of thr ee Passive voice, р. 138
fam ous glo bal
brands, р. 137
Continued оп page 4
-----------------------
ТаЫе of contents
Continued from page З
ВООКМАР I READING I LISTENING I LANGUAGE

Unit9 Stocks and bonds, Conditionals - Types
Banking р. 158 1 and 2, р. 151
and Financial
products Conditionals - Types
Pages 145-164 3 and mixed, р. 154
Unit 10 Fiscal and monetary А dialogue about lnfinitive or gerund,

Government policies, р. 167 various types р. 177
and Taxation of taxes, р. 174
Pages 165-184 Make or do, р. 181
Unit 11
Reports and Graphs Skill: Writing а short business report
Pages 185 _202 Describlng graphs
Unit 12 What is international An interview about Reported speech,

lnternational Trade trade? р. 205 protectionism,.p. 208 р. 210
and Globalisation
Pages 203-220
Additional Material
Pages 221 _ lnput for role plays and pair work
230
Tense Revision
Pages 231-235 " Revision of t~e us·eof tens~s in 'English
Numbers .
How to say and ~rit~;ПUn;!beг·s
Pages 237- 240
References
Pages 241-242
теаm of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Student's Book,
Preface
№W English for Business and Econom

ics is а 'tailored' course for the stu
University of Economics and Bus dents of the Prague
iness and other students who are
careers in business, economics and preparing to pursue their
related areas. The material is bas
analysis research carried ou t Ьу the ed on the results of needs
authors among the university gra
employers in 2015 (puЬlished in duates and their major
ERIES Journal, 2017 Vol 10. No 1).
eight of which cover business rela lt contains twelve units,
ted topics and four aim to introdu
necessary for effective communic ce and practise skills
ation wit h colleagues and busine
which sets out to involve learners ss partners. The course,
active\y in the process of develo
comblnes traditional methods of ping their language skills,
language teaching wit h а more
encouraging students to express communicative approach
their own ideas concerning the cou
offer а full range of exercises foc rsebook topics. AII units
using on the four main skills (rea
and speaking) necessary for suc ding, listening, wri ting
cessfu\ language acquisition.
Level: upper-intermediate (В2 acc

ording to CEFR)
The course a\so offers these add

itional features:
• glossary of the key economic
terms wit h their Czech equivalen
of units ts at the end
• on -lin e pra ctic e bo ok com pri
sin g inte rac tive version of the
course bo ok
exercises (in the course boo k
marked wit h g.) and add itio nal exercises
for fur the r practice
Units 1-6 :
https://insis.vse.cz/eknihovna/slo
zky_objekty.pl?slozka=92;zobraz
opora;lang=cz it=1849;typ=
Unlts 7-1 2:
https://i nsis.vse .cz/ekn ihovna/slo
zky_objekty.pl ?slozka=92;zobra
zit=2031 ;typ =
opora;lang=cz
• on-line Grammar Guide wit h the
ory and interactive exercises for
the students
of the Prague University of Eco
nomics and Business
• tense revision
• saying and wri ting numbers in
English
• а separate Teacher's Book wit h а .. .
СО, audio scripts and add1tюnal ma
ter1al
Preface
Acknowledgments
We would like to record our thanks to а/1 of those who have helped us to prepare
this material, especially with regard to our colleagues from the English department. We
have really appreciated their comments, suggestions and last but not least their moral
support and encouragement. We are also indebted to those colleagues who participated in
the recordings of the interviews and lectures.
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Student's Book.
Presentations
I INFO вох
А presentati~n is а prepared talk about а particular subject. А presentation may Ье а less
formal three-minute report to colleagues in а meeting or а more formal 45-minute
speech to а large group of people you have never met before. А presentation may Ье
given to train people, to stimulate interest in а subject, to provoke discussion, to gain
support, or simply to give information. For any presentation there are some skills that
will help you to perform effectively.
INTRODUCTION: CONCLUSION:
MAIN BODY:
Saying what you are Saying what you
Saying it
going to say have said
• Greeting / welcome • Signposting

• Signalling the end
• lntroducing yourself • Developing the
• Summarising
• lntroducing the topic topic
• lnviting questions
• Explaining the • Focusing attention
purpose of the • Referring to visuals
presentation • Asking for
• Saying why the topic contributions
is relevant
• Going over the
structure
1 LEAD-IN
1) Why do people give presentations?
2) Have you ever given or participated in а presentation?
• What were you presenting and to whom?

• Were you successful?
• Did anything go wrong?
3) The following pictures show the most common mistakes people make when giving
presentations. Can you describe what the mistakes are?
1. Presentatlons
ТЕХТ ТЕХТ ТЕХТ ТЕХТ ТЕХТ
• Powerpoint starts. Text text text text
text. Usten to me. Don 't read this.
This is for me. Not foryou. Don 't read
ahead. 1already told you. Text text ,
text. Don 't sleep. Usten to me. Don t
read this. Text text text. You should Ье
listening to me, not reading this. Ok,
one more text.
а. L- --- --- ---
d. L__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
с.
v====v
✓~,,
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е.
Q¼ f.
AnaJysis ofТwo -Layer Scheme

о
• Uae 100· • ofvlrtulJ Ьсmе8 means we are not
limited to а lp8neApprozimatioa to the oripaal
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Ьоаеs act U а 'CODUDOD ~ •
'• Virtaal
• Still eaforce lpUlfty ou VВ. to contro1 nmtlme
c:ost and LD8 uup - Ьш k еаа Ье 100· •
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h. ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
4) What do you think а presentation should look like?

5) What is the basic structure of а presentation? How many parts does it have?
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Student's вооk,
in the following situations7 Discuss
1) How wou ld the pres enta tion style diffe r
in pairs/small groups:
А sales representative presenting а prod uct to а pote

ntial customer.
1.
at а conference.
2. Ап academic presenting his/her research proje ct
Ап engi neer from R&D presenting ап idea for а
new hi-tech prod uct to senior
З.
management.
region at а sales team meeting.
4. А salesperson presenting the latest figures for their
Ап HR direc tor presenting а new strategy at а
mee ting for HR managers from
5.
20 diffe rent subsidiaries.
а class of other students attending
6. А unive rsity stud ent presenting his/her paper to
the same course.
Factors to take into account:

,.
Audience Purpose Туре of situation
known vs. unkn own to inform more formal vs. less formal
specialist vs. non-specialist to persuade
small vs. large grou p to motivate
take into account whe ther it requires

2) When prep arin g а pres enta tion, you have to
а MORE FORMAL or LESS FORMAL STYL
E. Decide whe ther the follo wing phrases
into two columns):
are mor e form al or less form al (sort them out
1'11 start with ... Then 1'11 talk а little Ьit Having discussed ... l'd like to move
1. 7.
оп to ...
abou t ... 1'11 finish with ...
Well, we've looked at ... Now, let's talk 8. Hello everyone. l'm ...
2.
abou t ...
9. Let's start/begin Ьу looking at ...

3. The focus of today's presentation is ...
10. То summarise ...

4. The first poin t l'd like to focus оп is ...
11. l'm here today to talk to you about ...

5. То recap .. .
Firstly, 1'11 ••• Following that 1'11 •••
Good morn ing/a ftern oon/ even ing. Му 12.
6. Finally, 1'11 .••
name is ...
.
-~ .. Less formal style с,
More form al style ."

j
-
1. Presentations
3) ln what ways do the more formal and less formal styles dlffer?
4) g Now let us have а look at some words whlch are frequently used when
presentlng. Read the words ln the Ьох and match them with their synony1115
below. Some of them can Ье matched with more than one synonym:
purpose begin turn to theme summarise finish cometo
outline represent sum up next last ly lookat topic
1. overview
2. finally
3. aim
4. conclude
5. moveto
6. show
7. recap
8. focus оп
9. then
10. subject
11 . start
5) J:.. Use some of the words fromtedexercise 4 and complete the sentences below.
with more words:
Some sentences сап Ье comple
The _ _ _ of this presentation is to give you а(п) ___ of our company

and its
1.
products.
Firstly, l'd like to _ __ you а timeline of our company so you сап see how
we 've
2.
developed over the years.
3. Then 1'11 our market and how it is changing.
4. After that 1'11 our next point - our brand new product.
5. Finally, 1will how we сап adapt our products to fit our customers' needs.
6. Just to the main points again: 1began Ьу telling you а little about ... .
7. ОК, l'd like to Ьу saying that it was а great pleasure presenting to you today.
8. The of my presentation is the system of English language courses at VSE.
9. This graph our sales last year.
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Student's Book.
6) g Match the less formal verbs I n the Ьох
wfth the more formal verbs below.
Then flnd the approp rlate endlng for each sentence:
break into carry out show set up buy
look into рау move speed up use
We are plannin g to ...
More formal verb Less formal verb Endlng

.
1. estaЫish а. our interest in the project.
the proЫem in more

2. conduct ь.
detail.
3. investigate с. new markets in Asia.
the develop ment of our

4. accelerate d.
new product.
5. penetrate е. new supplies soon.
our product ion to

6. utilise f.
Bangladesh.
аnew subsidiary in
7. remunerate g.
Madrid.
8. demonstrate h. more market research.
our staff according to their

9. purchase i.
performance.
10. relocate j. the latest technolo gy.
7) What equipm ent might people use when giving а presentation? What are some
of the advantages and disadvantages of using these things?
8) Do you think the following advice is useful? Why/not?
1. lt is а good idea to use both а PowerPoint presentation and а flipchar t.

2. Always use а light background for your slides.
3. You must never put complet e sentences оп your slides.
4. Use а lot of pictures to liven up the presentation.
5. Put the structure of your presentation оп the second slide.
1. Presentatlons
9) What are some common mlstakes people make when using PowerPoint
presentatlons?
10) Match the followlng words wlth the plctures:
а. picture/ image с. flow chart е. plan g, pie chart i. diagram

-
ь. tаЫе d. bar chart f. photog raph h. line graph j. map
-
-
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
-
ss ""
"Ш!
[
'~~ - D - Ю Mark•t res,arch
1 Eiporter ArtlcJe
---
10
11%-
:
, -,
•
-
~ 1О ... 7
[ Product development ]
:~ --
Australia
Canada
wooJ
---
о "2' timЬcr
11% 22%
✓ ~~<.// 1 Product launch
1 о Egypt conon
""
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Pronun ciation and the way you use stress (i.e. emphasis), rhythm and
intonat ion during
your presentation are very importa nt. They сап help you hold the attentio
n of the audience
and commu nicate your message. ln fact, studies show that mistakes
in pronun ciation
cause more commu nication breakdowns than mistakes in gramm ar or
vocabulary.
lt is importa nt to place the word stress correctly because otherwi se the

word might become
incomprehensiЬle or its meaning сап Ье changed.
11) Where is the main stress in the followi ng words?

presentation, present (= to give а presentation), present (= not absent)
, presenter,
objective, report, purpose, summarise, recap, represent, recommend, recomm
endation
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness 11nd Economlcs. Student's Book,
Note: L?ng words someti"}es ~ave тоге than опе stress. The primary stress (main stress) is
symbol,sed Ьу а sma/1 vert,cal /те at the top and the secondary stress is symbolised Ьу а sma/1
vertical /ine at the bottom. /pr';),11AI1si'e1J:m/
English is а stressed-timed language, which means that not all syllaЫes аге pronounced
with the same force. ln speech, some words and some syllaЫes are more prominent than
others. Grammatical words such as articles and auxiliary verbs are often reduced and stress
is placed оп the content words (i.e. nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs).
12) Stressing certain words сап also change the meaning of а sentence, i.e. put
emphasis on different ihformation. Decide how the meaning of the following
sentences changes when the speaker changes the stress:
1. The French will never agree to that.

13) Now read the following sentences. Stress the right words to convey the following
meaning:
1. We need to come up with а new strategy. (а plan is important)

2. We need to come up with а new strategy. (not someone else)
3. We need to come up with а new strategy. (it is necessary)
4. We need to come up with а new strategy. (the old one doesn't work)
1 PRESENTATION STRUCTURE
~\\
ri 1
ld the presentatlon go,
1. Presentatlons
1) Sele_ct one of the follow lng topics that you will use throug hout the unit
to practise
the 1ndivld ual parts of а presen tatlon:
,. your hometo wn 2.
а place you visited and would
recomm end
-
3. your very ftrst/pa rt-time/ summe r job 4. а compa ny you would like to work for
5. your studies 6. а produc t/servic e you know well
а thing you really like/is importa nt

7. 8. а person you admire
foryou
9. your favouri te sport 10. а charity you suppor t

,,. your hobble s 12. а place you would like to live in
2) The introdu ction should include the follow ing steps. How would you order
them?
Think of some useful phrase s for each step:
1. saying why the topic is relevan t to your audien ce

2. explain ing the purpos e of the presen tation
3. welcom ing the audien ce
4. going over the structu re of the presen tation
5. introdu cing the topic
6. introdu cing yourse lf
3) g Divide these phrase s into the correc t catego ries in the tаЫе below:
Today's topic is of particul ar interest

1. 2. lt's а pleasure to welcom e you today.
to those of you/tho se of us who ...
3. Whatl'd liketo presen ttoyout odayis ... Му talk is especia lly relevan t to those
4.
ofuswh o ...
5. Let me introdu ce myself. l'm ... from ... The subject /topic of my
6.
present ation is ...
7. l've divided my talk into ... parts/sections. 8. The aim of my present ation is to .. .
-
First of all, let me
9. 10. Then 1' 11 talk а little about . ..
thank you all for coming here today.
-
l'd liketo update you on/info rm you l'm the key accoun t manage r
11. 12.
about ... herean d I am responsiЬlefor ...
For those of you who don't know me,
-
13. l'm happy/d elighted so many ofyou
my nameis ... 14.
could make it today.
-
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Student's Book,
ln my presentation I would like to
15. What I want to show you is ... 16.
report on ...
Mytop ic is /will Ье very important

17. First, l'd like to ... 18.
foryou because ...
Welcoming Explalning the Sayin gwhy Golng

lntroducing lntroducing overt he
the purpose of the the topic
yourself the topic structure
audience presentatiori is relevant
4) g Comp lete the phrases used in the introd uctio n with

the words and phrases
not go in any of the gaps:
from the Ьох. There are two words or phrases that do
particular interest like to talk update aim presentation
let show you welcome espec ially relevant finally
first divide d for those of you sum up present

_..
ar with the ERASMUS

1. The _ _ _ of my prese ntatio n isto make you famili
mics and Business.
progr amme for students of the Prague University of Econo
2. lt'sa pleas ureto _ _ _ you here today.
3. l've _ _ _ my talk into four parts.
study ing at the Faculty
4. _ _ _ те introd uce myself. l'm Katka Nova and I am
of lntern ationa l Relations.
to study abroad.
5. Today's topic is of _ _ _ to those of you who would like
6. _ _ _ of all, letme thank you allfor comin g heretoday.
7. Theto picof my _ _ _ isstud ying abroad.
8. Му talk is _ _ _ to those of us who want to join
the ERASMUS programme.
9. _ _ _ whod on'tkn owme , myna meis Katka Nova.
d.
10. First, l ' d _ _ _ about the advantages of study ing abroa
ing abroad.
11. What I want to _ _ _ is how you can benef it from study
mme.
12. What l'd liketo _ _ _ toyou today isthe ERASMUS progra
any.
13. _ _ _ , 1'11 give you some useful tips for studying in Germ
5) J:;i Divide the statements from the previous exercise into these categories:
Sayingwhy Going over
Welcoming lntroducing Explaining
lntroducing theto pic is the
the theto pic the purpose
yourself r•leva nt structure
audience
1. Presentations
6) ~ Match the sentence halves and the
n put them into an order in which they
should appear ln the openlng of а presen
tatlon:
1. Тhethemeof а. on the importance of recycling. -

2. Let me start Ьу ь. into four parts. -
3. 1hope this presentation с.
introducing myself. Му name is Elizabeth
Darcy.
-
4.
Good morning everybody.Thank you
for d.
will еnаЫе you to see the benefits -
of recycling.
5. 1have divided my presentation
е. my talk is recycling. -
6. 1will Ье reporting
f. coming to my talk today.
-
7) Work in groups and practise an ope

ning of а presentation using the top
chose earlier. Make sure you say at leas ic you
t 6 of the phrases that have been discuss
ed.
Although every student has to supp\y the

content of the main body themselves, ther
phrases that сап help to hold the audienc e are some
e's attention.
8) '1 Divide the following phrases into the correct categories:

1.
1will now answer any questions you
may have. 2. As you сап see оп this next slide, ...
3. То put it simply, ... 1would like to draw your attention

4.
to this point ...
5. 1think it's fair to say ... 6. lt should Ье emphasised ...
This leads us to our next point,
7. 8.
which is .. . дrе there any questions so far?
1' d like to highlight two things
9.
оп this slide/ chart/ diagram 10. Most people would argue that
. ...
Having looked at ... let's now think
11. 12. What is interesting оп this slide
about ... is ...
13. Му own view on this is ... 14. Let me explain with а specific exam
ple.
15. Earlier I mentioned .. . 16. lf you have any questions, .. .
Team of authors: New Engllsh for

Buslness and Economlcs. Student's вооk
,
Slgnpostlng Developlng Focuslng Referrlng Asklngfor
а toplc to vlsuals contrlbutions
phrases that these are mini- signalllng describlng asking
say where signposts within to the audience taЫes, graphs, questlons
you are going а topic; they to рау extra diagrams, etc. helps to create
in terms say whatyou attention interest
ofthe main are going to talk and makes the
topics of your about next presentation
talk more interactive
9) J:;i. Some letters are missing in some words in these phrases. Сап you complete
them?
1. The data here sh __ s that our country is the best at recycling in Europe.
2. Let's examine this in m_r_ d ____ 1.
3. lt must Ье r___ m ____d that recycling doesn't include only plastic and paper.
4. Let's t_k_ а 1__ k at the next point, which is the list of items we сап recycle.
5. М ____ g оп now to our next point, which is the technology of recycling plastic
bottles.
6. Some people cl __ m that recycling helps the environment but others argue that
it is а business just like апу other.
7. 1would like to s___ ss that recycling has more advantages than disadvantages.
8. The first point 1'd like to t __ п your а ____t __ п to is the importance of recycling.
9. Does апуопе have апу с ______ s?
10. lf you look at this bar с ___t, you сап see how many people recycle in our country.
10) g Now add the phrases from exerclse 9 to the tаЫе ln exercise 8.
11) g Put the words in these phrases lnto the correct order:
1. slide / is / What /оп/ is ... / interesting / this

2. which / our/ leads / to / This / is ... / next / us/ point,
3. far / questions / Аге/ апу/ so / there /?
4. lt / emphasised .. . / Ье / should
5. that .. . / people / Most / argue / would
6. next / you / see / slide, ... /As /оп/ сап/ this
7. me / Let / with / concrete / explain / а / example.
8. will / have. /answer / апу / 1/ questions / you / now / may
9. this / attention / would / to / draw / like / your / to / point ... / 1
10. like / to / highlight / l'd / this / things / diagram / two / оп
1. Presentatlons
\ CONCLUSION \
12) How would you end your presentatio n?
13) g Complete the missing words. Put one word into each gap:
Signalling the end Summarisin g lnviting questions
Right, that brings me Just __ summarise

1. nearly __ the end 5. Would anyone like
the main points again, 9.
to ask __ questions?
of my presentation . ...
Right, 1think __ lf anyone has any

2. Tosum __ (then), we
covers everything. 6. 10. questions 1'11 Ье happy
talked about ...
to answer - -
Okay, that ends __ 1' d like to run __ my 1am ready __ take апу
3. 7. 11.
talk. main points again, ... questions now.
That's а\11 wanted Before I finish, let me lf you have апу

4. 8. go __ the key issues 12. questions, 1'11 do my
to say __ now.
again. _ _ to answer them.
14) g Signalling the end: match the sentence halves:
1. l'm now approaching а. l'd like to .. .
2. Well, this brings me ь. highlight опе key issue.
3. That covers just about с. everything I wanted to say about ...
4. ОК, 1think that's everything d. to the end of my talk today.
5. As а final point, е. the end of my presentation.
6. Finally, l'd like to f. 1wanted to say about ...
15) g Summarisin g: put the words into the right order to create sentences:
1. \'d / conclusion / again .. . / stress / ln / li ke / to

2. \'d / through / points / main / like / to / again .. . / run / my
3. talk .. . / summarise / points / my / of / Just / main / the / to
4. again. / Before / let / over / go / key / issues / the / me / finish / 1
5. up / sum / So / have / 1/ talked / areas. / about / to / main / three
6. range ... / product / looked / up / at /То/ first / then / sum / the / we
Tea m of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economics. Student's Book.
16) g lnv!ting questions: complete the sentences below with the following
express1ons:
/ike to ask for а few q uestlons pleased to answer

take any questions answer any questlons my best to answer
And now, if you have any questions, 1'11 Ье

1.
- - - - them.
2. Now, if anyone has any questions, 1'11 do them.
з. Would anyone _ _ _ _ _ any questions?
4. l'm ready to _ _ _ _ _ now.
5. Wejust have time _ _ _ __
6. And now 1'11 Ье happy to _ _ _ _ _ you may have.
17) How would you react to the following proЫems during the question time?
1. You didn't hear the question (the person speaks too quietly or there is noise in
the room).
2. You didn't quite understand the question (you are not quite sure what
the questioner means).
3. You don't know the answer to that question.
4. lt's а difficult question and you need to think about it.
5. The questioner puts а strong argument against your point of view.
6. The question isn't relevant to the topic and time is running out.
18) g Match these possiЫe reactions to the situations above:
а. That's an interesting question. Let me think ...

Ь. Sorry. Are you asking about ... ?
с. Sorry. 1 don't think we have time to go into that. Perhaps we can discuss it later.
d. l'm not sure about that but I can find out for you.
е. That's а good point. However, ...
f. Sorry, 1didn't catch that. Сап you repeat the question please?
g. Hmm, that's а good question. l don't have the information to answer that question
right now, but l'd Ье happy to find out and get back to you later.
h. That's а very good point. l'm glad you asked me that. Now let те think ...
i. 1 don't think we have enough time to go into that right now, but 1'11 Ье happy
to speak to you one-on-one after the presentation if you would like.
j. l'm sorry, 1didn't quite catch that. Could you say that again?
k. Sorry, сап you explain that again?
1. That's an interesting point, but / do think I have shown that . , .
------------------------
1. Presentations
you st arted earlier
actise the conclusion of the presentation
in groups and pr
19) work st 5 ph rases that have been
discussed.
in this un it. Use at lea
wing diagram:
e the whole presentation using the follo
20) Now practis
CONCLUSION:
INTRODUCTION: MAINBODY: Saying what you
Saying what you are Saying it have said
going to say
• Greeting / welcome • Signposting • Signa//ing th e en d

• lntroducing yourself • Developing th e • Summarising
• lntroducing the topic topic
• lnviting qu es tio ns
• Explaining the • Focusing attention
purpose of the • Referring to visuals
presentation • Asking for
• Saying why the topic contributions
is relevant
• Going over the
structure
Team of autho .
rs. New Engl/sh for BusJn ess and Econ
ornJcs. Student's В 00 ,
k
Management
and Motivation
1 LEAD-IN
1) Do you think that anyone can learn to Ье а good manager?
2) Do you think it is importan t to attend а business course in order to learn how to manage
аcompany?
З) What sort of qualities do good managers have?
4) Have you had а job (perhaps а summer job or а part-time job)?
• How did you like your manager? What was his/her managem ent style?
• Did you have to manage anybody? What were your responsibllities?
5) How can managers motivate their subordinates to work hard?
Тhе person who supervlses Тhе person who wrote

the person who supervfses the draft pollcy pldellnes
Тheworker on how to supervfse the people
theworker
who supervfse the worker
~ ~ - t
у~ р ~ pc;;;:sl
И!,::)---.... о ~ )..:> ~ )..:>~
~ а (~(~" f( ~
'---;_-~....J...
the worker
/ /i
The person who supervfses
/
the person who supervfses
the person who supervfses
theworker
2. Management and Motivation

1 INFO ВОХ
SOME EXAMPLES OF ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
participate in
decision- elected Ьу and
making responsiЫe to
shareholders
give advice but (consists of major
do not make shareholders and
decisions about management)
howthe Chlef Executlve Offlcer (US)
company is run or
Managlng Dlrector (UK)
PlantA ,- -M;rЬt -~
1
r-;~,::--,:-
\ Research 1 , , 1 Promotlons
_i _:
д-;.~;rtl~ini
J
' 1 '\
( -~in~n;l;j- ""'t ,----
1
Plant В 1 1 ---"",
Northem Southem _________ _,•: j Accountlnc ,:
Lmanagement
1 \ }
PlantC Reglon Reglon L,,------•
TOP-LEVEL MANAGERS (ТОР LINE MANAGERS)
1
tnclude executlves (= s~nlor managers), such as:
Tltles common ln the USA: Iltles common ln the uк:

• СЕО = Chief Executive Offlce r • Managing Direct or
• CFO = Chief Financial Office r • Flnancial Direct or
• СОО = Chief Opera ting Office r/ • Marke ting Direct or

Chief Operations Office r • Operations Direct or
• СМО = Chief Marke ting Office r • Human Resources Direct or
• President • IT Direct or
Vice President (VP) of Finance
• Vice President (VP) of Operations
• Vice President (VP) of Marke ting
•
make sure that major
They set the overall directi on of the whole company and
d in the day-to-day
organisational objectives are achieved. They are not involve
the perfor mance of
activities of the compa ny but are ultima tely responsiЬle for
the organisation as а whole.
'
MIDDLE-LEVEL MANAGERS
Can include ·heads of major units, such as:

Manager, Depar tment
Regional Manager, Area Manager, Division Manager, Branch
Manager, Plant Manager.
level managers. They
They serve as intermediaries between top managers and lower-
manag ement Ьу setting
are responsiЫe for executing the goals estaЬlished Ьу the top
to coordinate
objectives for their departments or other business units. They need
do their job effectively.
various groups and llalse wlth other managers in order to
а small or а very large
Depending on the size of the company, they may supervise just
group of employees.
LOWER-LEVEL MANAGERS (FIRST LINE MANAGERS)
lnclude supervisors, such as:

er, Store Manager.
Shift Supervisor, Section Leader, Crew Leader, Foreman, Office Manag
are directl y responsiЬle
They supervise the performance of those employees who
with the workforce
for producing company's goods or services. They work most closely
to ensure that individual employees are meeting their performance
goals. They are usually
responsiЫe for assignlng tasks to employees, guiding
and supervlsing employees
ty of produc tion.
during their day-to-day activities, ensuring the quality and quanti
2. Management and Motlvatlon

1) g Look at the following 11st of tasks and declde whlch management level they
are typlcal of:
1. They work closely with the workforce.

2. They have to liaise with other managers at the same level and at higher and lower
levels.
З. They are responsiЫe for executing the overall goals of the company.
4. They check whether major organisational objectives have been met.
5. They make decisions about the overall direction of the company.
6. They set objectives for their departments.
7. They are not involved in the day-to-day running of the company.
8. They assign tasks to individual employees and supervise their day-to-day work.
9. They ensure that employees are meeting their performance goals.
Top-level management Middle-level management Lower-level management
2) q You are going to listen to ten people talking about their jobs. Decide who
is speaking in each case:
Personal Area Manager/

Accountant Foreman Regional Production
Assistant Manager
Manager
Marketing Financial Chairman
СЕО HR Manager
Manager Manager of the Board
а. f.
ь. g.
с. h.
d. i.
е. j.
3) Read the following article in which the Sales and Marketing Manager talks
to а new junior manager, John Brown, about hls role in the company. Complete
the sentences using the words from the Ьох. The words in bold should help you:
responsf Ыe worklng founded takes
responsiЬle report liaises looks
working report coordinates charge
John, you are going to Ье 1._ _ _ _ _ _ with Daniel, our Art Director, and Anna, who's
our PR Officer, but you're going to 2._ _ _ _ _ _ directly to me. We don't have an HR
department yet, so Rachel, our Office Manager, 3.,_ _ _ _ _ _ care of personnel.
She also 4 .._ _ _ _ _ _ after finance, and she has two accountants 5 •._ _ _ _ __
under her. As you рrоЬаЫу know, this company was б ..______ Ьу Monica
Green, our СЕО, and Thomas Newton, who's now СОО. As well as Rachel and myself,
there are three other departmental heads who all 7._ _ _ _ _ _ to Thomas. Vivienne
is in 8. of IT and Technical Support. There is а web developer and two
support engineers directly 9 .. _ _ _ _ _ _ to her. Our blggest department here
is R&D. There are six research scientists in the lab, plus Raj who 10._ _ _ _ _ _ our
development programmes. Не 11 ..______ with me in Marketing and with our
Programme Manager, Timothy Woodhams. Timothy is 12 ..______ for building
our product package.
4) Work in small groups. Each of you is going to describe а job position from the info
Ьох or the exercises above without telling the others which position it is. The other
students should guess the name of the posltion. Try to use the expressions from
the exercises above (e.g. to Ье responsiЫe for, to liaise with, etc.) to describe
the person's responsibllities.

Wh at 15 the dlff ere nce bet we en lea der 5hi
p and ma nag em ent 7 Tom Pet er5 , an Arn
eric
e5, onc e 5а1"d : 'М ana gem en t.15 а Ь out arra
wrl ter оп bu51ne55 ma nag em ent pra ctlc
and tell lng . Lea der 5hl p 15 abo ut nur tur ngi in
ing and enh anc ing .' ln а wel l-fu ncti
org anl 5at lon , lea der 5hl p and ma nag em oni l\g
ent will wo rk in tan dem .
ng
5) J:;i. Look at the following 5ta tem ent 5 and try to dec ide wh ich of the
wit h lead er5 hip /lea der 5 and whi ch are m are con nec ted
con nec ted wit h ma nag em ent /ma nag ers
:
а. ofte n focus оп
Ь. are peo ple like
st~\ЦfChill, c.a ppe al d. is abo ut keeping
tev~·Joьs,
or to peo ple 's hea rts the org ani sati
resources Richard Branson fun ctio nin g
. h! com e up with
crea tive solu tion s
which involve hl
levels of
ima gin atio n
k. are ofte n
•fqrt.Ьletaktng 1. app eal
risks to peo ple 's hea as
Lea der shlp /Lea der s ..

Man age men t/M ana ger s
6) ln pai rs or sma ll gro ups , disc uss the foll

owing que stio ns:
• Сап you thin k of any exa mpl es

of fam ous lead ers or managers? Wh
at do you kno w
abo ut thes e peo ple?
• Wo uld you pre fer to Ье а lead er or
а man age r? Why?
Team of authors: New Eng llsh for Bu$1

ness and Econ omlc s. Stud ent's Boo k,
wlth man age men t/lea ders hlp
7) g ln the grld belo w, flnd 10 wor ds con nec ted
es. They сап Ье hldd en horl zont ally ,
qua lltle s or man age men t/lea ders hlp styl
vertlcally or dlag ona lly:
Е в L н Е м F w u Е D А w V
L н у к А z о т х с н z N с
с N с N F R N R н z Е Е I с
н D L о w u D н N N 6 т м н
А т А w с R к w z 5 Е А 6 R
Е с L х у н р о 6 о N D 6
R
I 5 о Е L т R L R R I Е u w
о м D L Q R Е 5 R к Q в F
5
м с р 6 z I N А А z А ·I в А
А I Е Е L Е о с Q т р z N н
А т А м · о т I V А т I N 6
т
I в Е в с о N F I D Е N т z
с L N L у F R I Е N D L у w
V с F м р м т F в н
в Е т Е
t the expr essi ons you foun d mea n:

8) ln pairs, try to exp lain ln you r own wor ds wha
le, is ready to talk to them and help them

Example: А friendly person is nice to othe r peop
if they need it.

9) " Now match the following qualities with their defi
nitions:
1. creative а. аЫе to convince people to do things
behaving in а conftdent, determined way that

2. flexlЫe ь. makes р~
respect and оЬеу you
3.
4. driven
authoritative с.
d.
adapting easily to new situations
аЫе to talk easily to other реор\е

---
5. persuasive е. trying extremely hard to achieve what you wan
t -
6. communicative f. using imagination to come up with new ideas -
7. competent g.
thinking about what other реор\е need or wan
t and trying -
to helpthem
8. confident h. having а lot of energy and/or determination -
9. energetic knowing your job perfectly, as well as the work
i. of your
subordinates
10. sociaЫe having а natural abllity to attract and interest peop

j. le
and make them admire you
11. charismatic k. friendly and enjoying the company of othe
r people
12. caring 1. certain that you have the abllity to deal with а situation
successfully
10) " Change. the form of the words in capital letters

to fit the sentences. First
decide what type of word is needed (e.g. noun, verb
, adjective, adverЬ):
1. Steve Jobs had great __ __. CHARISMATIC
2. Our first priority is to maintain the customer'
s __ __ in our product.
CONFIDENT
3. The СЕО was fired for being __ __ to mana
ge the company. СОМРЕТЕNТ
4. Peter Drucker is а leading __ __ on managem
ent. AUTHORITATIVE
5. The deci sion was __ __ to our staff last Sept
ember. COMMUNICATIVE
6. The roads are slippery, so drive with __ __
. CARING
7. Не enjoys the __ __ of other peop
le. SOCIABLE
8. lt had taken а great deal of __ __ to get them
to accept our deal. PERSUASIVE
9. Our employees expect __ __ in the work
place. FLEXIBLE
10. Не was а great manager, hardworking
and driven, but almost completely
__ __. FRIENDLY
11. Brian has got tremendous __ __. DRIVEN
12. 1don't have the __ __ to deal with
this proЫem right now. ENERGETIC
1з . As an IT specialist, she had to constantly update
her knowledge in order to maintain
her professional __ __. COMPETENT
14. Companies need to encourage __ __ and
innovation . CREATIVE
15. The company is trying to more people to buy its shares. PERSUASIVE
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and

Economlcs. Student's Book,
--
11 ) g Complete the follow ing tаЫе, which contains some more words
connected
has been done
with manag ement qualiti es/ma nagem ent styles. The first llne
for you as an examp le:
- Verb Noun
Adjectlve
(posltlve)
Adjectlve
(negatlve)
Adverb
~
decision decisive indecisive decisively

decide
inspirin g/
inspirational
access
responsiЫy
ххх
- efficien t
ххх
ххх logic
ххх
fair
ххх tact
12) g Compl ete the sentences with suitaЫe words from the tаЫе above:
1. Thejud ge has а record of _ _ _ and non-discrimination.
time.
2. She is а very _ _ _ _ secretary, always fulfilling her tasks well and on
3. 1hope this success will _ _ _ _ you to greater efforts.
4. Despite her high position, she is very _ _ _ _ _ and easy to talk to.
ies could
5. No final _ _ __ has been taken, but it seems likely that the two compan
merge in the near future.
6. lt would Ье _ _ _ _ _ not to turn up for work withou t at least calling.
7. David's promot ion means more money but also more _ _ _ __
8. lt was very _ _ _ _ of him to ask about his colleague's divorce.
9. Our _ _ _ _ use of resources costs us а consideraЫe amoun t of money.
1о. l'm sorry to Ье so _ _ _ _ , but can I let you know tomorrow?
Не tried to think _ _ _ _ _ and come up with the best solution
.
11.
12. lt is ___ __ to assume you can do the work of three people.
13. This law is aimed at preven ting _ _ _ __ compe tition.
and therefore
14. The new produc tion process could bring increased _ ___ _
cost-savings.
15. Не tried to think of a(n) _ _ _ _ _ way of telling the manager the truth.
most import ant for:

13) Which of the qualiti es from exercises 7-12 do you think are the
•а leader •
а produc tion manag er
•а СЕО •
an IT specialist
•а CFO •
а shift superv isor
•an HR manag er •
а compa ny spokesperson
Why?
Are there any other qualiti es that you consider lmport ant?
2 Management and Motivati on

·
~
14) J;i There are many tasks which managers need to
accomplish L
~
the following list and match each task with its definition: • Оо~
ilt
1. plannlng trying to predict what will happen in the future

а.
and preparing the company for it
2. organlsing evaluating the results, measuring performance, c h e ~

ь.
whether targets have Ьееп met 1
ng
being ап inspiration for the staff, showing them

3. leading с.
the direction in which the company should go -------
4. motivating d. recruiting the right реор/е for the job ---
5. staffing transferring part of the power and responsibllity for cert~
е.
tasks to subordinates
coaching -
6. and developing deciding who should do what, how resources should Ье
f.
people allocated, etc.
7. forecasting showing people how things should Ье approached, giving

g.
them opportunities for professional development
exchanging information and trying to reach an agreement

8. controlling h. with staff as we/1 as with other companies, suppliers
and customers
communica ting deciding which activities need to Ье accomplished, when

9. i.
and negotiating and how in order to achieve the organisation's goals
10. delegating j. trying to get the best out of the employees
15) ln pairs/small groups, discuss the following questions:
• Which three tasks do you think are the most important ones? Why?
• What would Ье the consequences if the tasks were not done properly?
1 LISTENING
1) g You are going to hear an lntervlew with Susanna Clarke about crisis
management. Before you listen, check your understandlng of some words from
the recordlng Ьу matchlng up the words and deflnltlons:
lace sth
1. а. а substance that is сараЫе of causing illness or death
with sth (v)
2. stand Ьу sb (v) ь. а drug or а medicine for relieving pain and lowering fever
to interfere (with something) in order to cause damage

з. poison (n) с.
or make unauthorised changes
to support or remain loyal to (someone), typically in а time

4. painkiller (n) d.
ofneed
to add an ingredien t to somethin g (usually negative) (e.g.

5. launch (v) е.
а drink with sleeping pills)
tamper to introduce (а new product or puЬlication) to the puЬlic

6. f.
with sth (v) for the first time
7. recall sth (v) g. to order the return of products made Ьу а company
2) Q Now listen and choose the best option:
1. Susanna Clarke
а. works in the management of Johnson & Johnson.
Ь. works as а consultant.
с. was directly involved with Tylenol marketing .
d. used to work in the management of Johnson and Johnson.
2. The story is about

а. giving money to the seven victims to compensate for the damage.
Ь. dealing with seven dissatisfied customers.
с. seven people being poisoned after using а drug.
d. seven people dying after taking an overdose.
3. The bottles wlth the medlcine were laced with cyanide

а. in the productio n plant.
Ь. during transport ation to retail outlets.
с. after they were displayed in shops.
d. after they were bought Ьу customers.
4. Johnson & Johnson

а. called all regular customers to warn them.
Ь. asked everyone who bought Tylenol to return it.
с. asked all customers to Ье extra careful when using Tylenol.
d. ordered customers to throw away any Tylenol they had bought recently.

lost sales to the value of
s. Due to the crisls, the company
а nearly 100 blllion dollars.
. . ately З 1О million dollars.
ь. approx1m
с. nearly 100 million do/lars.
s.
d. more than 100 million dollar
1 ·t was be fore the FBI did.

6. Johnson & Johnson
o the cu pr1 . .
in~es~1gatюns.
found out wh
~: helped the police wlth the
g.
,_nc~~e~~ould take so lon
с. were widely criticised f~r the
est1ga ,о
did not expect that the ,nv
d.
k . g of the product
7. Johnson & Johnаson
new safer рас ag1n
.
а. developed
money back.
Ь succeeded in getting all the mers.
lenol bu t /ost many custo
. managed to reintroduce Ty ff.
с. id о ·
d. said that the crisis really pa
IREADING
:
nnials and do the tasks below
1) Read the article about mille
2025 millennials 1 make up 75%

ge ne rat ion bo rn be tw ee n 1980 and 2000) wi/
Ву 2025 millennials (th
e
ge ne ral ize too much,
po pu lat ion . Wh ile it is im po rta nt no t to
of the world's worki ng sig nif ica ntl y
s ch ara cte ris tics an d mo tiv ati on tha t dif fer
posses
millennials as а whole do lac e. То ge t the be st fro m
the ir millennial
in reg ard s to the wo rkp
from earlier generations d adapt the ir ma na ge me
nt sty le accordingly.
st un de rst an d thi s an
employees, managers mu t also an op po rtu nit y.
wo rkf orc e pre sen ts no t оп/у а challenge, bu
Millennial's arriva/ in the lin es to help
ke the mo st of it. Неге are nin e gu ide
y: let's ma
Millennials are here to sta es to the pa rtic ula r tra its of
the millennial
ma na ge me nt po lici
ad ap t yo ur organization's
generation :
rning and development.
1. Provide opportunities for lea ,
ne w ski/1s. For example
lp the m ide nti fy op po rtu nit ies to de ve /op
Managers mu st he dif fer t
en
ial s' att en tio n Ьу fre qu en tly assigning ne w an d
llenn
managers сап maintain mi e company. Mo st im po rta
ntl y, millennials
siti on s wit hin the sam
projects or temporary po the vid eo ga me ge ne rat
ion .
is, aft er а/1,
want to Ье аЫе to "le ve l up ": thi s
nal and professional life.

2. Offer а balance between perso
rke rs ex pe ct f/e xib llit y
rs, tod ay 's co ns tan tly co nn ec ted yo un g wo
Expert multita ske schedule:
rk. Th ey do no t wa nt to Ье tie d to an eig ht- ho ur off ice
and autonomy in the ir wo vated vie w of in- pe rso
n col/aboration,
vio us ge ne rat ion s' ele
they do no t share pre ey J·ust care about
rk ses sio ns wi thi n the confines of an off ice . Th
or of marathon wo
results.
Student's Boo k,
th ors: New English for Business and Economlcs.
Team of au
з. Мопеу isn't everything.
., .
lt is not that millennials do not understand the value 0 f money; it sJust not their primary
• Wh h 1 • ..
motivatюn. at t еу va ue most 1s the attractiveness of th е wor k.1tse lf, mob1l1ty (both
• 1 dь • network
geograph1ca an ethween a~s1gn~ents), the oppor tunity to meet people and
and а relaxed atmos p ere. M1llen nials greatl y appreciate oppo rt un1·t·1es to d emonstrate'
ь· · •
• 1 d
their potent1a ап сара 1l1t1es to their bosses _ for еха mp 1е, •rnv,ta • . . •
tюns to Jorn
. w,·th t .
а management comm1ttee or to atten d an inform al event ор execut,ves.
4, Make way for more movement.

d
lf millennials canno t ident ify а clear purpo se to their work , do not 5 ее eve 1opme nt
.. . .
oppor~un1t1es w1th1n the ~omp_any,_ have ~ hard time balan
cing work and personal life,
will look for an exit. То retain
or don t have а good relatюnsh1p w1th the1r superiors, they
r conversations (once а year
them, it is there fore advisaЫe to plan more frequ ent caree
the unit head.
is no longe r enoug h) and have personal exit interviews with
s. Ве mentors, not bosses.

ures of authority. Managers
Millennials infam ously lack respect for tradit ional struct
role models or flexing their
should take care to avoid settin g themselves up as
throu gh their professional
autho rity. They shoul d earn the respe ct of millennials
some innate sense of respect
prestige and the consistency of their actions, not throug h
for the estaЬlished hierarchy or obedience of authority.
6. Create а strong company culture.

strong culture and values that
Millennial employees are attrac ted to companies with а
culture is not consistent, they
are in line with their own ideals and lifestyle. lf the company
will stay with the organization.
will quickly notice and seriously reconsider wheth er they
7. Recognize their need for recognition.

for others ' approval. They
One of this gener ation' s most distin ctive features is the need
they not only expec t from
are one step short of being "addic ted" to recognition, which
work is ап impor tant part
their superiors, but also (and especially) from their peers. Their
. lt's anoth er tool to convey
of the daily life that they so brazenly share on social media
the image they want to proje ct of themselves.
8. Take the good with the bad.

natural abllity to build images
Their inclination to puЬlicly prom ote themselves, and their
experiences, has made them
and stories from their own personal and professional life
а powerful vehicle for marke ting and communication.
For better and for worse, of course.
focus groups, take them to job
lnclude them in emplo yer brand ing activities or internal
fairs, or make them spokespersons for the company оп social
media, for example.
9. Don't disconnect the digital natives.

ook, Twitte r and lnstagram
Junior millennials are very adept at techn ology . Faceb th
should not hinder e ~se
are а dai/y part of their life - and work, as well. Companies
advantage of it to help bшld
of technology and social media. /п fact, they should take
inverse m~ntoring programs
competencies across the entire organ izatio n. For example,
ological skills.
could help older employees learn from millen nials' techn
(adapted from Forbes, September 8, 2016, Ьу Guido 5tein, IESE Business School)
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
2· Management and Motivation
- - --
:
)~~~~-~M:at:c:h~t:h:e;a~d;je;c;tl;v=e~
1) distinctive
-n~o~u~~;,;
2) pro fess1·onal 3) tem
. porary
1 ;,;;;;;;~;,;;-i~~~~;-~::==~
n collocations f rom th e article:
а) multitaskers Ь) experienc
d) culture е) feature
e с) vie w
f) structures
4) videogame 5 ) ех Pert 6) primary
) ·tio h) career conversations
7)traditional 8) strong
9) frequent 9 posi ns
i) generation j) mo tiv ati
10) e\evated on
3) g Match the verb-noun colloca

tio ns from th e article:
1) earn а) characteristics
2) value Ь) to puЬlic pro mo tio n
3) demonstrate с) the respect

4) possess
d) managerial strategies
5) identify
е) the ir po ten tia l
6) balance
f) employees
7) incline
g) а purpose of the wo rk /
op po rtu nit y
8) assign
h) mo bll ity
9)retain
i) new projects
10) adapt
j) personal and professiona
l life
4) J:i Use some of the collocations above to complete

th e fo llo wi ng se nt en ce s:
1. The recommended way to
_ _ _ _ _ is to respond
them in the incentive proces to the ir fee db ac k an d enga
s. ge
2. Leaders need to
and prioritise their growth. Ьу demonstrating tha t the
y va\ue employees
3. Ale rt managers will _ _ _

_ _ in response to changin
as well as to the strength of g ma rke t co nd itio ns and for
worker resistance. ms
4. ln а ne w job position you sh
ould use every op po rtu nit
qualities and capabllities. y to _ _ _ _ _ , multitas
king
5. Being аЫе to _ _ _ _ _ life can he

vulneraЫe to bu rno ut. lp you become mo re pro
du cti ve and less
Team of authors: New Engllsh

for Business and 5=,.,,. .. _ _ , - -
·
S) g Divide the following recommendations into th
f 11 .
h'
ose w 1ch managers should
and shoul not о ow w en superv1sing millennlals:
d h
а) assign them to different projects

Ь) give them enough opportunities to meet new people
с) motivate them Ьу extra bonuses
d) make them respect the hierarchical structure of the organisation

е) set up clear working timetaЫes
f) give them approval
g) invite them to an informal Ьirthday party for t he СЕО
h) organise appraisal meetings once а year
i) provide good interpersonal relationships
j) prohiblt the usage of social media at work
SHOULD SHOULDNOT
r
6) ln pairs or small groups discuss those 9 pieces of advice suggested in the article
and decide whether you agree they could work or not. Then create your own piece
of advice.
IGRAMMAR - COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE

NOUNS
Prague University of Economics and Business' students only: more in Grammar Guide Chapter 23
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------.. -----------------------------------... --------------------------------
1) J:i Decide whether the following nouns are countaЫe or uncountaЫe.

research teamwork advice knowledge project
1,
,, employee indecisiveness recruitment network creatlvlty
,,,1', person survey information

ь
t eam leader
·,
2
· Management and Motlvation
UncountaЫe nouns
CountaЫe nouns
2) g Now complete the following rules about using countaЫe and uncountaЫe
nouns in English. ln each sentence, fill in the words:
CountaЫe UncountaЫe CountaЫe and uncountaЫe
1. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ nouns have а singular and а plural form.

2. ______ ___ nouns have only опе form (they do not have а singular and
а plural form).
3. - - - - - - - - - nouns сап Ье used with numbers.

4. - - - - - - - - - nouns cannot Ье used with numbers.
(а/ап).
5. - - - - - - - - - nouns сап Ье used with the indefinite article
6. - - - - - - - - - nouns сап Ье used with the definite article (the) .
7. nouns сап Ье used without any article, but _ _ _ nouns only
in plural.
8. ______ ___ nouns сап Ье used with тапу, few, а few.
9. - - - - - - - - - nouns сап Ье used with much, litt/e, а little.
3) g, Some words сап Ье both countaЫe and uncountaЫe, depending оп

the context. ln the following sentences, choose the best option: а/ an / -:
1. She is an experienced manager and knows very well how to run а/ - business.
2. Нег company does а/ - business with many foreign firms.
3. Му brother works for an / - international company specialising in sports shoes.
4. James is usually а/ - good company but last night he was sad and didn't talk much.
5. There is а/ - fierce competition between the three leading lnternet providers.
6. We organised а/ - competition to find а designer for our new headquarters.
7. Have you ever heard а/- live performance of Dvorak's symphony From the New World?
8. Не was fired for а/ - poor performance.
9. Му career gradually improved as а/ - time went Ьу.
1О. Did you have а/ - good time at the office party?
t'5 вооk,
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Studen
countaЫe nouns:
• have а singula~ and а plural form: team/teams
• . numbers: опе team , thr ее teams
can Ье used wrth
• can Ье use wrth а/ап: Our success /ies in w k'
d
• can Ье used without any article but only in°' ~пg,~ogether as? tеат_.
1
• can Ье used with few/a few/many: There :Ге;: · Teams ~re т_ fashюn.
are not тапу teams in this сотрапу. w teams т th1s company./There
uncountaЫe nouns:
• have only one form: creativity

cannot Ье used hwith numbers and counted directl У ь ut can ь е counted usrng •
• · .
expressюns ~uc as а р1есе of, а Ыt of, an item of, а bottle of k"I f .
'а
10 0
Try to use а btt of creativity. , etc"
• can Ье used without any article or with some·· Ourcompa пу encourages creat1V1ty./
1А1 ''d /'k
пе 1 е our етр1oyees to show some creativity.
· ·
• can Ье use~ ~ith little/a little/much: Try to use а little creativity./He hasn't shown
much creat1V1ty.
CountaЫe and uncountaЫe nouns:

• can Ье used with the
• can Ье used with possessives: e.g. ту, your, his, her, its, our, their, John's
• can Ье used with some/any/no
• can Ье used with а lot of/lots of/plenty of
More examples of uncountaЫe nouns:

• Materials and substances: water, air, oi/, sugar, coffee, steel, electricity
• Abstract ideas: life, freedom, time, health, progress
• Activities: work, travel, sleep, exercise, research, footba/1, camping
• Human qualities and feelings: honesty, patience, courage, sadness, hope, anger
• Other: accommodation, advice, baggage, cash, cutlery, employment, equipment,
furniture, homework, information, knowledge, litter, luggage, macaroni, machinery,
топеу, news, nonsense, рау, permission, research, rubblsh, spaghetti, traffic, weather
Some nouns сап Ье both countaЫe and uncountaЫe:

• general vs. specific meaning
experience U = knowledge or skill (in general) gained Ьу doing а job or activity,
being in different situations, etc.: / have some experience in fashion design.
/п today's job market experience is the key to career success.
experience С= something specific that happens to you or something you do:
Му internship at Google was ап unforgettaЬ/e experience. Не has Ьееп through
а /ot of bad experiences.
business U = buying and selling goods or services: We do business
with а number of French companies. David decided to go into business as а tax
advisor.
business с= company: The сатрапу began as а sma/1 family business. The tax
changes wi/1 affect mostly the owners of sma/1 businesses.
noise U = general quality: Noise is а kind of pollution. .
noise С= а specific occurrence: / could hear а strange no1se.
• substance/material vs. а single item/object:
chicken U = meat: Would уои /ike some ch~cken? . 1
chicken С = whole blrd: Не ate а whole ch1cken Ьу himself.
glass U material: The whole house was таdе of g/ass.
---- ---- ---- ---- ---- --

2
· Management and Motivation
continued from page з1 Ь ke а g/ass this тоrning
de; tha t mixes WI'th wa ter to create it:
s С== object: / ro drink or the pow
91as - dark ьrown ,
coffee U - t апу coffee? 'd /'k two
наvе уои go coffees, p/ease.
of cof f ее: / 1 е
coffee С== а cup .
Ь . tern ls very hardworkmg.
ular or plural ver : s -> singular ve rb··.The ,пs are very 1
Slng • Singular countaЫe по~~> plural ver hardwor k'n

, g. \
b: The ,nter7s very important in our
• Plural countaЫe noun . gular verb: co,:ripany. \
Teamwork as/es Ыlliards, econom
• UncountaЫe nouns -> s1ns end in -s (e.g . new ,cs, etc.)
• Some uncountaЫe noun s, те. th~t our сот рапу has made
d with а singular ver Ь·. The good news ,s
i
but are use r·t

а healthy pro,, · Ь sed wit h eith er а singular
• Some singular nouns (collective по uns) сап е u ·t
her we thin k of the gro up as o_ne
or а plural verb, depending оп whet un1
or as individual members (e.g. staff,
ement сотрапу, comm,ttee, gover-
тапаg ge~ent has decided to implem
nment, audience, family, team, etc.): The
а new incentive scheme. The тап
аgете
;~:Ve not agreed оп what to do yet.
ent
4) g. Read the following article and fill in the gaps with the follow
will need to use some words more ing words (you
than once):
а an my much many
l'm 1. __ _ sales executive for а com
pany which makes 2. _ _ _ furn
important part of 4•.__ _ work is itur e. 3._ __
5 . _ _ _ travel. 1spend 6._ _ _
or driving every month, which сап mak hours on the plane
e it quite hard to get 7 .._ _ _ exe
about 8. rcise. 1 do care
health though, and try to go joggin
g whenever \ have 9 . _ _ _ time
When I am hungry, 1 usually buy 1О. .
__ _ fruit to eat rather than 11._
l love 12. __ _ job even though I don _ _ can dy bar.
't spend 13._ _ _ time wit h my
family.
5) J:i Find and correct the mistakes in these sentences (some senten
1. Do you see this material? lt is an unb ces are correct):
reakaЬ\e glass.
2. Thi~ is а beautiful wine glass. Where
did you get it?
3. C~a,re runs business which designs com
pany websites.
4. lt s not good for business when interes
t rates are too high.
5. Уо~ s~ould m~et Mark- he's had very interesting
6. А l1fe 1s compl1cated sometimes. life.
7
. We have little customers in Poland
8. 1stil\ have much more emails
to w;ite.
9. ~е iave me an advice which was really useful
1о. е ought new equipments for the offi
11. ~ur leg~I expenses is too high. .
12.
се.
1m afra1d the news isn't ood
13. Before you write the re 9 t . Our fac .
tory w1II have to Ье closed.
14. The money are in а saf:.or 'try to get
as many informations as possiЬle.
15. Have you finished all your homew
k?
or .
Team of authors· Ne Е
· w nglish for Business and Econom k
lcs. Stu dent's 800 •
Motivation
We thin k it motivates our employees.
le in their job.
1) Look at the list of factors which migh t motiv ate peop
s (which motiv ate you most)
Which of them motiv ate you? Choose the top five factor
numb er them based on their
and the botto m five factor s (which motiv ate you least) and
impor tance .
top five and botto m five

2) Compare your choices in pairs/small groups. Explain your
choices to the other students in your group .
es, etc.).
Adequate remuneration (salary, wage, commissions, bonus
Job security.
sufficient breaks, etc.).
Good worki ng condi tions (enough space, light, equipment,
gues.
Good worki ng relations with your superior and your collea
Respect and recog nition for the work you have done.
Chance for prom otion .
Having interesting and challenging work.
Having responsibllity, being involved in decision-making.
2. Management and Motiva tion

Believing in what the organisation does.
Feeling that your job is important and makes а difference.
Opportunity for self-development.

------
Having а clearly defined job description. ----
Having а lot of freedom. --
Long holidays/vacations. -
Bonuses for good performance.
-
-
Sanctions for poor performance.
Contact with other people.
Not having to work too hard.
Being assessed regularly.
Having employee benefits (= perks) such as subsidised lunches, vouchers for а gym,
аcompany moblle phone, etc.
3) Which of these factors do you think would motivate the following employees:
• а senior manager
• а department manager
• а production-line worker
• а creative designer
• а secretary
• а cleaner
d t's вооk•
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economics. Stu en
1LISTENING
1) g You. are golng
f
to hear an interview with а prof
. . essor
•
о
f .
8 us1ness Stud1es about
the subJect о mot1vat1on.
.
Before you listen, check your un d erstand1ng .
of some
words from the record1ng Ьу matching up the words а d
n еd fi , •
n1t1ons:
~
commitment а.
1. to fill something (or someone) with emotion or quality
to sleepwalk ь. the act of praising or rewarding someone for something they

2. have done
to infuse с.
the hard work and loyalty that someone gives
з.
to an organisation, activity, etc.
bonus d. to say that you agree with something but do nothing

4. to support it
perk working very hard at what you do because you care а lot about
5. е.
it
6. resilient f. having а good and friendly relationship with your colleagues
аЫе to become strong, happy or successful again after

7. рау lip service g.
а difficult situation or event
to walk or do something while being asleep, i.e. not

8. dedicated h.
concentrating fully on what you are doing
9. collegial i. the enjoyment of spending time with other people
10. profound j. to cause or influence something
an advantage or extra thing which you are given for doing

11. companionship k.
your job (e.g. travelling, а company car, а spacious office)
12. recognition 1. having а strong influence or effect
an amount of money given to an employee in addition to their

13. to drive m.
salary as а reward for working well
2) q Listen to the first part of the recording and decide whether the following
statements are true or false:
1. Employee engagement means forming close personal relationships at your workplace

which help you achieve better results.
2. Engaged employees work hard because they want to earn а lot of money.
3. ln the United States, most employees are engaged.
4. Employees who are not engaged do not spend much time at work.
5. Actively disengaged employees can cause harm to the company.
2
· Management and Motivatlon
3) Q Llsten to the second part of the recordlng and complete the sente
wlth the words from the recordlng: l"lces
1. Leaders are searching for _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to the proЫem of employee engagern

erit
2. The three most important things employees need are ·
------- and ~
з. Employees need to have а sense of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in order to Ье focused cre t·
, а ive
and resilient.
4. Even employees who are _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in their jobs like knowing that their Work
contributes to good causes.
5. А U.K. study showed that employee _ _ _ _ _ _ _ depends on social factors
such as companionship and recognition, rather than high salaries.
6. Employees might not Ье аЫе to take advantage of wellness programmes because
of their intense work _ _ _ _ _ __
7. Managers should _ _ _ _ _ _ _ their staffto get enough sleep.
8. Leaders should try to maintain а _ _ _ _ _ _ _ touch in the workplace.
1 LANGUAGE FOCUS
4) g Put ONE word into each gap to complete the text:
Many leaders 1._ _ _ looking for solutions 2·._ _ _ the proЫem of low employee
engagement. Some turn 3 .._ _ _ bonuses and material perks 4._ _ _ as games
rooms or free food S._ _ _ the hopes of making employees happier. However, research
suggests 6._ _ _ these efforts, while appreciated, 7 ._ _ _ not address more effective
drivers of long-term well-being and motivation. lnstead, leaders should 8._ _ _ mindful
about giving 9 •._ _ _ employees three things: inspiration, kindness 1 О •._ _ _ self-care.
5) J;i Complete the text with suitaЫe words from the Ьох. Five words are redundant:
1
selfishly sleepwalk profoundly companionship commitment
dedicated bonuses selflessly inspire perks
Leaders, too, сап Ье great sources of inspiration to employees. Studies reveal that when
they act 1._ _ _ _ _ _ _~ proving they саге more about the group than themselves,
workers are more trusting, cooperative, 2._ _ __ _ __ ~ loyal and collegial.
Bosses who show they are fair and kind also 3._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ greater commitment,
and productivity. Kind leaders do small things to show they саге about their staff as people,
not just employees. People are 4._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ social creatures, which is рrоЬаЫУ
the reason why 5._ _ _ _ _ _ __ and recognition have been found to Ье more
important than even high salaries in promoting employee loyalty, according to а U.K. study,
1SPEAKING - ROLE PLAY
-
proЫem:
You are а manager in а production plant where staff morale seems to Ье low at the moment. You
have carried out а survey among the employees, which supports this.
~rvey results:
Му attltude to work Reasons I am not satlsfied ln my Job.

23% Рау is too low. 10%
1enjoy coming to work.
1don't mind coming to work. 27% Job is too routine. 35%
1don't like coming to work. 26% Job is too difficult. 10%
1hate coming to work. 24% Hours are too long. 15%
Nobody is interested in my 15%

opinion.
No reward for good performanc e. 15%
You are meeting with other managers to discuss the proЫem and come up with ап action plan
which would help to improve staff morale. Read your role and then discuss the situation together.
Agenda for the meeting:

1. Survey results (discuss the survey results and the reasons for low staff morale)
2. lmproving staff morale (discuss the different ways in which staff morale could Ье
improved)
3. Action plan (agree оп an action plan including 3-4 steps that will Ье taken in order
to improve staff morale)
Manager 1: Go to page 226

2
· Management and Motlvation
1 SPEAKING - TOPICS FOR PRESENTATIONS
Theories of motivatio n and managem ent styles:
1. Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of needs

2. Douglas McGregor: Theory Х and У
3. Frederick Herzberg: Hygiene factors and motivator s
4. Frederick Winslow Taylor: Sc/entific managem ent
S. Elton Мауо: The Hawthorn e effect and Human relations movemen t
6. Managem ent Ьу objectives
7. Managem ent Ьу walking about
IGLO SSAR Y
Tenn Definition Translatio n
а departme nt responsiЫe
Accounti ng uctarna
for recording the company's financial
departme nt (n)
transactio ns
а person responsiЬle
Area manager (n) for the company's operations oЫastni manazer
in а certain агеа
governing body of an incorporat ed

firm. lts members (directors) are
elected normally Ьу the stockholde rs spravni rada,
Board of Directors of the firm (generally at an annual
(n) predstave nstvo
general meeting or AGM)
to govern the firm and look after
the stockholde rs' interests
money added to someone's wages, premie, odmena

Bonus (n) especially as а reward for good work
а person responsiЬle for а local office

Branch manager (n) manazer pobocky
of а large company (e.g. а bank)
the person with the most authority

СЕО (n) in а large company (esp. AmE); vykonny reditel,
Managing Director someone who is in charge of а large generalni reditel
Director General company or organisati on (BrE)
CFO (n) the person responsiЫe for

VP of Finance the financial managem ent financni reditel
Financial Director of а company
(Financia l Manager)
Continued оп page
45
Continued from page 44
,.-
Definition Translatlon
Term
- а system in an organisa tion Ьу which
Chain of command decisions are made and passed from retezec veleni, system
(n)
people at the top of the organisation subordinace
to people lower down
someon e who is in charge

chairman (n) of а meeting or directs the work predseda, predsedajfci
of а committ ee or an organisation
- the person responsiЬle for
смо (n) marketin g, i.e. finding out what
ур of Marketing the customers want (market
мarketing Director research) and providin g it to them marketin govy reditel
(Marketing (the right product, for the right price,
Manager) at the right place, using the right
promoti on)
an extra amount of money that

is paid to а person or organisation
according to the value of the goods provize
Commission (n) they have sold or the services they
have provide d (typical e.g. for real
estate agents)
СОО (n)
VP of Operations the person responsiЬle for how the
Operations Director compan y is run оп а day-to-day basis provozn i reditel
(Operations
Manager)
а person responsiЫe for а group vedouci skupiny /tymu/
Crew leader (n) of people who work togethe r stabu
(e.g. on а plane, ship, etc.)
а person responsiЬle for one part

Department of а compan y that deals with manazer oddelen i
manager (n) а particula r area of work (e.g.
marketin g, human resources, etc.)
а person responsiЫe for one division,

Division manager i.e. one (usually large) separate part manazer divize
(n)
of а compan y
(Executive) director someone who controls or manages (vykonny) reditel

(n) а compan y
Finance а departm ent responsiЫe financni oddelen i

department (n) for managin g а compan y's money
Foreman (n) someone in charge of а group mistr, vedouci dilny

of workers, e.g. in а factory
2
· Management and Mot ivation
Ttrm Definltlon Tr1nsl1tlon

а department responsiЬle for
Human Resources
(HR) department (n)
Personnel
recruitment of new staff, training and
development of existing employees,
performance appraisals, rewarding
personalni oddeleni
-----
department oddelenr lidskych zdroju
(managing the рау and benefits
systems) and dismissal of employees
Job description (n) an official list of the work and respon- . , -..:..
...__
pop1s prace (soupis
sibllities that you have in your job
-
pracovnfch povinnosti)
the practice of regularly changing
the person who does а particular job;
Job rotation (n) this means that one person switches
rotace pracovniku
between doing different tasks
for the same employer
Job security (n) not being in danger of losing your

jistota zamestnani (jistota
job pracovniho mista)
1. the act of organising and
coordinating the activities of
Management (n) а business in order to achieve 1. rizeni
defined objectives 2. management, vedeni
2. а group of people who run and firmy
control а business or organisation
а department responsiЬle for
Marketing finding
out what customers want, using that
department (n) information to design products and marketingove oddeleni
services and selling them effectively
the level of confidence and positive
Morale (n) feelings that people have, especially
people who work together, who moralka, nalada (tymu)
belong to the same team, etc.
one of the directors of а company
Non-executive who gives advice, but who does
director (n) reditel s poradnf funkci, bez
not make decisions about how
vykonne pravomoci
the company is run
а person who is responsiЬle
Office manager (n) for the organisation of the work
vedoucf kancelare
in an office
Рау (n) the money that you earn Ьу working

plat
.
Performance а meeting between an employe

e
appraisal and а manager to discuss the quality hodnoceni vykonu (prace
Performance revlew of the employee's work, and
areas zamestnance)
(n) for future progress
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Busl

ness 1nd Economlcs. Stu den t's вооk,
Continued from poge 46
Term Definltlon
Perks (perquisites) {n) Translation
Employee benefits thing~ that you get legally from your с.
fringe benefits work ,n addition to your рау, such as

goods, meals, or the use of а саг zamestnanecke vyhody
Personal assistant someone who works for one person
(n) (often а senior manager) and helps
them do their job osobnf asistent(ka)
Personnel (n)
Staff the people who work for а company
Employees or an organisation personal, zamestnanci
the head of а factory or other place

Plant manager {n) where goods are manufactured
or resources such as energy manazer zavodu
are produced
the person who has the highest

President {n) position in а company
prezident, predseda
or organisation (esp. AmE)
а department responsiЫe
Production for turning inputs (e.g. raw
department materials, components) into outputs
Operations {n) vyrobn f oddelenf
(e.g. finished products) smoothly
and efficiently
а system in which employees

Profit sharing (n) receive а share of the net profits podfl na zisku
of the business
а move to а more important

Promotion {n) job or position in а company povysenf
or organisation
а manager responsiЫe
Regional manager for coordinating the company's

{n) operations in а certain region regionalnf manazer
(the size of the region can vary from
а single county to multiple countries)
an amount of money that is paid

Remuneration (n) to somebody for the work they have odmena, odmenovanf
done
Research & а department respo~siЫe . .

for discovering solutюns to ex1st1ng
development (R&D) vyzkum а vyvoj
proЫems or creating new
department (n)
or improved products
money that you receive as payment

Salary {n) from the organisation you work for, (staly) plat
usually paid to you every month
(typical of white collar workers)
Contmued оп р о gе48
2. Management and Motlvation

Term Defi nltlo n

~
. Tran slatl on
Sales depa rtme nt

(n)
аdepa rtme nt that sells а company's
prod ucts
odde leni prod eje,
obch odnr odde leni ----
Sanctlon (n)
а form of puni shm ent that can Ье
used if someone disobeys а rule
or law or does not do their job well
sankce, post ih ---
Secretary (n)
someone who works in an offic e
typin g letters, keeping records,
answering telep hone calls, arran ging sekretaf(ka)
-
meetings
Section lead er (n) аperson responsiЫe for one part

vedo uci sekce/oddeleni
-
of an organisation
а person responsiЬle for а grou p -

Shif t supervisor (n) of workers who work at а parti cula r vedo uci sme ny
time
аclub where its members can
Social club (n) go to spend time , talk, drink , etc. spolecensky klub
with othe r members
аperson responsiЬle for а store, i.e.
Store man ager (n) аplace where peop le buy thing s
vedo uci prodejny/skladu
or а place where thing s are kept
Subo rdin ate (n) someone who has а lowe r posi tion
and less auth ority than you podr fzen y
Superior (n) someone who has а high er rank

or posit ion than you nadf rzen y
а person who is in charge of а grou p

Supervisor (n) of peop le or an area of work and who
makes sure that the work is done vedo uci, dohl ed
correctly and according to the rules
Team build ing (n) the process of getti ng
Teambuilding employees to work toge ther well
budo vani /utva feni tymu
and com mun icate effec tivel y
-
mon ey you earn that is paid
Wage (n) according to the num ber of hour s
days, or weeks that you work (typi cal mzd a
for Ыuе collar workers)
Workforce (n)
Labour force ?11 the people who work
in а parti cula r indu stry or com pany
prac ujki, zamestnanci ,
(vsichni zamestnanci dane
-
firmy /odv etvO
Team 0 f th
au ors: New Engllsh for Busin ess and Econ omlc s. Stude t's вооk•
n
Developing
an Argument
IINFO вох
What is an argument?
Making an argum ent means expressing а point of view on а subject
and supporting
it with evidence. ln other words, an argum ent is а part of а debate,
or а debate is
made up of а set of arguments and counterarguments. Arguments
are the proof
needed to have the debate, or to discuss the opposing points of view.
Arguments
are claims backed Ьу reasons that are supported Ьу evidence. Argume
nts must Ье
constructed logically in order to sound persuasive and they must follow the
given structure:
Developing an arg um ent

МАР
3·
Developing an Argument
argument:
truct а compe 111 ng
Flve ways to cons
1. Кеер lt slmple.
Кеер your argument conclse.
our assumptlons clear. .
2. Make У d hat 15 an assumpt1on.
Decide what is а fact an w
rgument on solld foundatlons.
3. Base your а t Ье solid to Ье а success.
Your argument mus
ders / llsteners will believe.
4. Use evldence your rea .
Use evidence to sway them to your s1de.
s. Avold generallsatlon, Ье speciflc,

Кеер your point factual, not general.
Support your reasons Ьу using:

• сommon Sense: th .1ngs that you believe everybody knows and are generally accepted.
• Expert Opinion: the opinions of experts - this comes from research.
• Statistics: numbers - this also comes from research.
1 LEAD IN
1) ln your future career, you will рrоЬаЫу face many situations in which you will
need to persuade an individual, а team of peers, supervisors or subordinates
that your idea or your solution is the right one. Look at the following tips for
formulating / constructing an argument. Decide which of them are appropriate
and which are inappropriate.
а) Your points must Ье relevant to the topic.

Ь) Have а clear standpoint - always make sure your audience knows what your opinion is.
с) Make sure you understand the other side's position.
d) Do not make your argument clear until you make а conclusion .
е) То strengthen your view, provide supporting arguments and evidence.
f) Present lots of complicated statistics and give many different examples of why your
opinion is valid .
g) lnclude your personal views and do not remain objective.
h) Present the reasons supporting your argument in а logical sequence so that it is easy to
follow.
i) Avoid generalisations and Ье specific.
j} Agree with other people's opinions.
k) Attack а speaker rather than an idea.
1) When referring to other people's opinions, you сап contrast them with you r own.
m) lnterrupt other debaters as this сап suggest that your argument is very strong.
d nt's sook•
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. St u е
n) use insults to make your partner's argument weaker.
о) Never reformulate your argument, do not give your audience а chance to hear it one
more time.
р) summarise your main point at the end of your argument.
q) Don't use notes and visual aids.
21 То make your argumentation convincing, you need to use valid reasons which
means that your reasons should:
logically support the idea

• Ье specific and state the idea clearly
• Ье convincing to а majority of people
• Ье backed up Ьу statistics, research, etc.
•
Look at the following arguments with three reasons given. One reason is а valid
reason according to the above-mentioned criteria while the other two are not
valid ones.
Choose the one that is valid and explain why the others are not:
1. Smoking must Ье banned in all puЬlic places because ...

а) it is bad.
Ь) second-hand smoke is harmful to non-smokers.
с) it gives people bad breath and makes teeth yellow.
2. lt is better to Ье married than to Ье single because ...

а) the cost of living is cheaper.
Ь) married people are healthier.
с) married people have certain rights when it comes to health and property issues.
3. People should Ье encouraged not to have children because ...

а) looking after children is time- and energy-consuming.
Ь) if the number of people continues to rise, there won 't Ье enough resources left to
feed them.
с) the children might turn out bad when they grow up.
Now, create your own statement with 3 reasons where only one will Ье а valid one.
Test your partners to see whether you came up with good examples.
З. Developing an Argument
3) What is wrong with these claims? Find the best counterarguments.
1. Bed is the most dangerous place in the home: over 90% of реор\е die in bed.
2. Crimes are re\ated to the number of police in an area: the more police there are
,the
more crimes there are.
3. Smoking increases your chance of dying.
4) ln order to build а persuasive argument, you need to present strong reaso

and evldence whlch dlrectly address the inltial question. Decide which reaso/s
.
strong and which is weak and Just1'fу your op1n1on:
. . IS
1. Should university-level education Ье free to а\\ students?

а) No, too much education can lead to over-qualification, and therefore
unemployment.
Ь) No, research has shown that students that are not required to рау tuition learn
less during their degree.
2. Shou\d employees allow all staff the option of flexi-time working hours?
а) Yes, giving staff greater flexibllity will improve their work-life balance, and
therefore their productivity.
Ь) Yes, organisations that value their staff are on average more productive and
show lower staff turnover.
З. Should а\\ members of the European Union join the Eurozone and adopt the euro?
а) Yes, the function of the European Union is to form а single currency union.
Ь) Yes, greater economic unity between countries improves foreign relations
between those member countries, which in turn makes each country stronger.
4. Should governments Ье engaging in space exploration research?
а) No, the money spent on these programmes could Ье used to increase funding
for education and healthcare, which would lead to increasing the quality of life
for а country's people.
Ь) No, countries have collectively spent trillions of dollars on space exploration
research already.
5. Should governments Ье engaging in space exploration research?
а) Yes, space exploration has led to numerous discoveries.
Ь) Yes, the findings of these space exploration research and development
programmes have been successfully applied to industry, boosting the
economy of the host country.
6. Should banks and financial institutions Ье oЬligated to engage in socia\ly-responsiЬle
investing?
а) No, focusing on social responsibllity detracts from the aim of making money,
which is the most important endeavour for banks, and leads to а decrease in
revenue and profit.
Ь) No, over-regulation in the financial sector \eads to decreased opportunities
and therefore lower profits.
(Adapted from AssessmentDay Ltd., Critica/ Thinking Free Test -Analysing Arguments, onfine)
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Stu d ent's sook,
Linking words and other connecting devlces help us carry over from one sentence
to another, from one paragraph to another, ln а way that allows the reader to better
understand our ideas. They help us estaЫish our ldeas expllcltly. Linkers make it
easy for us to compare, contrast, lllustrate, deflne, and summarlse our thoughts and
develop coherent paragraphs.
ADDITION EMPHASIS ORDER COMPARISON
as well as especially first/firstly like

furthermore certainly second/secondly equally
in addition to in particular finally similarly
not only - but (also) above all previously in the same way
also before/after as if
moreover next as ... as
-
CAUSEand
CONTRAST ILLUSTRATION SUMMARY
EFFECТ
however such as therefore briefly

otherwise for example thus to conclude
in spite of as an example dueto to summarise
оп the other hand illustrated Ьу as a ·result altogether
whereas for instance because in short
unless in the case of in conclusion
5) g Practise using linking words in the followlng sentences:
1. lt is widely thought that there has been substantial damage to specific US industries
_ _ _ _ _ competition with China.
2. They _____ prepared the most persuaslve arguments _ _ _ _ _ used the
best statistic data.
З. When we consider the East Asia region _ _ _ _ _ the deficit has remained
basically the same.
4. lt is true that increased migration сап cause social proЫems. _ _ _ _ _ migrants
are prepared to do work that natives will not do.
5. А lot of workers lost their jobs _ __ _ _ downsizing _ _ _ _ _ others were
promoted to higher positions.
6. Let me _ _ _ _ _ explain both aspects of this proЫem.
7. The project had to Ье abandoned _ _ _ _ _ а lack of government funding.
8. The situation in rural areas is worrying.
9. _ _ _ __, my colleague will summarise all suggestions made.
10. The shop offers cheap products; _ _ _ ___, the purchase is safe and quick.
3 Developlng an Argument
·
6) g Match the Jnformal expresslons ln the
middle column with their for rtia1
equlvalents:
Formal
lnform1I
Form1I
however
and
as
-----
but
consequently
-----
furthermore
----
since
therefore
so
because
nevertheless
moreover ----
Choose а phrase from the Ьох to com
plete each sentence below. Several
7) g one solution uses all the words in an
answers are possiЫe each time, but
appropriate way.
Оп the one hand ... but оп the other

At first ... but in the end
At the time ... but in retrospect
Оп paper... but in reality
Оп the surface ...but deep down
nt situation
Under normal circumstances ... but in the curre
ln the short term ... but in the long term
__ __ __ the price is quite

1. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the quality is good, __
high.
_ _ __ __ __ she knew what
2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ she was quiet and shy,
she wanted and was determined to get it.
looks like it should Ье а great success,
3. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Hong Kong Disneyland
to adapt the Disney formula to such
__ __ __ __ it will Ье а challenge
а different culture.
very difficult, _ _ _ _ _ __
4. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1found ту МВА course
enjoy it.
1got used to the workload and started to really
presence in the market and increase
5. - - - - - - - we need to estaЫish our
_ profitabllity will of course Ье
the visibllity of the brand, _ _ _ _ _ _
the number one objective.
1just don't
6. - - - - - -- 1would agree with you, __ __ __ __
th ink we сап afford to take any risks. let's put your suggestion оп hold and discu
ss
it again in six months.

7. ту job at 28 and invest time
- - - - - - - it was difficult to leave
best career move I ever
ап d money in an МВА , - - - - - - - - it was the
made.
omlcs. Student's вооk,

Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Econ
1 LISTENING
With your partner, discuss the followin g questions:
• Would you like to wear а school uniform? Why /Why not?

• Do you find school uniforms smart?
8 Can school uniforms bring respect and а sense of belonging?
• Should Czech secondary schools introduce the wearing of school uniforms?
1) Work in groups and create reasons supporting the following argument:

"School uniforms are good for students."
Support each reason with examples and/or evidence.
l51 reason:
Example / evidence :
2nd reason:
Example / evidence:
3rd reason:
2) W Watch а sample persuasive speech (https://www.youtube.com/watch7v=

LmdrLG7TBM0) and complet e the following tаЫе with the supporting reasons
mentioned.
1st reason:
2nd reason:
3rd reason:
Example / evidence:
Compare your argumen ts with those used in the listening. Which are more
persuasive and stronger7
З. Developing an Argument
~
3) Now, lmaglne that you should argue against school uniforms. w~
you thlnk of? Use examples or evldence to Justlfy them: easoris с"~
1'1 reason:
Example / evidence: ~
2nd reaSOn:
-----
---
-------
Example / evidence:
3 rd reason:
Example / evidence:
-
4) W Watch another sample persuasive speech (https://www.youtube.com/watch? =
N9zR7-zVkgY&t=9s) and complete the following tаЫе with the reasons mentione~.
1s1 reason:
Example / evidence:
2nd reaSOП :
Example / evidence:
Compare your arguments with those used in the listenlng. Which are more
persuasive and stronger?
5) J:i Read а sample student speech on this toplc and complete the text with
appropriate linking words:
-
m) moreover
а) furthermore d) not only g) besides j) for instance
---
Ь)
с)
secondly
therefore
е) what is more
f) first of all
h) but
i) also
k) in conclusion
1) for example
n) finally
---
о) as а result
, sook•
tudents
Economlcs, S
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and
should argue agalnst
3) Now, imaglne that yo:ples or evidence to school u n i f o r m s ~
you think of7 Use еха jus tify them: reasol\s с~
~
l5 1 reason:
Example / evidence:
2nd reason:
Example / evidence:
3rd reason:
Example / evidence:
4) 0 Watch another sample persuasive speech

(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v::
N9zR7-zVkgY&t=9s) and complete the
following tаЫе with the reasons mention
ed,
l51 reason:
Example / evidence:
2nd reaSOП:
Example / evidence:
Com pare you r arg um ent s wit h tho se

use d in the list enln g. Which are mor
pers uas ive and stro nge r? e
5) g Read а sample student speech on this

toplc and complete the text with
appropriate linking words:
а) furthermore d) not only g) besides j) for instance m) moreover

Ь) secondly е) what is more h) but k) in conclusion n) fina\ly
-
с) therefore f) first of а\\ i) also
----
\) for example о) as а result
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness

and Economlcs, Stu d en t's вооk,
·,es and gentlemen,
La d . .
Today I stand 1n front of you to express my v1ews for the motlon of the given topic for
debate. l am convinced that the uniform is an essential part of school education.
School
uniforms сап help distinguish students from other people, make them feel equal,
and
make them proud of thelr school.
1, - - - - -
2, _ _ _ _ school uniforms help students Ье distinct from other
people. lt сап Ье
identified who are students or not at school and even outside school if they are
wearing
uniforms. 3. - - - - ~ students who are wearing uniforms сап Ье helped
Ьу many
people. 4, _ _ _ __, they are offered discounts and other benefits when shopkee
pers
see them wearing uniforms. 5. _ _ _ __, school uniforms are useful for
students
ьecause they help distinguish them from other persons.
6•_ _ ___, school uniforms make students feel equal. When they are required to wear
uniforms, one cannot recognise who is rich or who is poor. 7. _ _ _ _ _ of
this, they
are given equal opportunities. 8. _ _ _ _ uniforms help poor students
_J
feel more
comfortaЫe in building relationships with other students. They сап
more easily develop
friendships and they сап focus оп their studies.
9, _ _ ___, school uniforms also make students feel proud of

their school.
1о. _____, if there is а sports tournament, and they are asked to connec
t or
compete with students from other schools, wearing school uniforms helps
them feel
more confident and they make а greater effort to demonstrate their school
is good.
11. _ _ _ __, students wearing uniforms often feel proud when people outside
school
recognise them.
12. _ _ _ __, uniforms do 13. _ _ _ _ make students distinct from other

people,
14. also make them feel equal to other students. 15. _ _ _ __, they сап
Ье proud of their current school. Therefore, my opinion is that school
uniforms are one of
the most crucial parts of а school.
6) Choose one of the topics below and create your arguments For/Ag
ainst. Use the
recommended structure:
• Groupwork is а beneficial activity in the classroom .

• The Czech educational system kills creativity in children .
• The hierarchical structure of organisations works best.
• Money is the best motivator.
• People in open-plan offices perform better.
• Cultural stereotypes should Ье questioned .
• Changing job positions frequently improves your skills.
• Online questionnaires bring the most precise amount of data in field research .
• The more а brand spends on advertising, the higher profits it has.
З, Developlng an Argument
V
Cross-cu ltu ra 1
Communication
IINFO ВОХ
Cross-cultural communication seeks to understand how people from different countries and
cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them. Cross-cultural communication
has ьесоmе strategically important to companies due to the growth of global business,
technology and the lnternet. Understanding cross-cultural communication is important for any
company that has а dlverse workforce or plans on conducting global business. Different
cultures and cultural backgrounds bring with them obstacles, challenges and difficulties.
Cross-cultural differences manifest in general areas such as in customs, behaviour, etiquette,
norms, values, and non-verbal communication. Understanding and appreciating
intercultural differences promotes clearer communication, breaks down barriers, builds trust,
strengthens relationships, and yields tangiЬle results in terms of business success.
INTERN ATIONA L ARRIVA LS yl Personal s

lnvasi
ls she going to take
,__......--=my card soon?
00 ~/4.j ~ О
\ 11(r1 /
~L ]
ILEAD-IN
l) То what extent is the culture of your country similar to those of neighbouring countries?
Do they have very different attitudes towards work, hierarchy, team work, gender roles, etc.?
4· Cros 1
s-cu tural Communicatlon
2) Multinational companies can either attempt to use similar mana.gement methods in
.
foreign subsidiaries or adapt thelr methods to the loca1cu 1ture in h а 11 the·
еас country or cont· 1r
Which procedure do you think is more efficient and why? Discuss the adva inent.
and disadvantages of both. ntage
s
1 READING
1) Rнd the 1rtlcle about Hofstede's Cultural Dlmensions and do the tasks below s
words ln the 1rtlcle are in bold because they will Ье practised later: • Olt\e
ln today's globalised world we inevitaЬly find ourselves working with people from different
cultural backgrounds. This is exciting, but it can also Ье frustrating and filled with uncertainty,
as one misunderstanding could have а negative effect on months of work. Therefore
it is essential to understand cultural differences. Such understanding will help ordinar;
employees to communicate and negotiate with, and entertain their foreign colleagues much
better. Also, managers will find it easier to motivate their subordinates, structure projects
as well as set objectives and decide how to achieve them.
The Dutch professor Geert Hofstede conducted а study about cultural differences and
how they influence the workplace. His research, performed in the 1970s, was based on а large
database of employees' values collected Ьу IBM, and it covers 74 countries and regions.
The outcome of his extensive research is а model of four cultural dimensions and these are:
1. Power Distance lndex (PDI): Large versus small power distance

2. lndividualism lndex (IDV): lndividualism versus collectivism
3. Uncertainty Avoidance lndex (UAI): Uncertainty avoidance versus uncertainty
acceptance
4. Masculinity lndex (MAS): Masculinity versus Femininity
Each country is scored оп а scale of О to 100 for each dimension .

Now, let us have а closer look at each dimension .
1. Power Distance lndex (PDI): Large versus small power distance
This dimension refers to the degree of inequality that exists and also is accepted, between people
with and without power.
ln countries which score high in PDI, such as Malaysia, Mexico and China, people
accept an unequal, hierarchical distribution of power, they understand 'their place' in
the system. This means that people have а high regard for authority and they prefer
hierarchical bureaucracies and strong leaders. ln such cultures, subordinates are not given
important work and expect clear guidance from above. дlso, the relationship between
the boss and subordinate is rarely close.
ln countries which score low in PDI, like Austria, lsrael and Denmark, power is shared
and is widely dlspersed, and society members do not accept situations where power
is distributed unequally. People tend to favour personal responsibllity and autonomy. Superiors
. Stu dent's вооk,

Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Econom1cs.
. ates with respect and do not pull rank. Also, Ыаmе for potential proЫems is either
ьоrdin
неаt su ver/ often accepted Ьу t hе super1or
. d . . .
ue to 1t be1ng the1r responsibllity to manage.
shared or
·d alism lndex (IDV): lndlvlduallsm versus collectlvlsm
1nd\v1 u
z,
·оп refers to the strength of the ties that people have to others within their
. dimens1
jhlS
co111111u~i~dy.ualistic countries (those that score high on the scale), for example, the United States,
1nd1v1 d the uк, ех h"b"t
. 1 1 wea k .1nt erpersona 1connect1.on among those who are not part
дustr: :: .~:mi\y.' неге, people take less ~esponsibllity for the actions and outcomes of others.
1
of аthe
с contrary, personal goals and ach1evements are not only strived for there but it is also
on tаЫе to pursue th~m at the expense of others. Also, free will is very highly, valued.
ассеР the other hand, 1n places such as Venezuela, South Korea and Thailand, which score
onthe scale and are therefore collectivist societies, personal needs are less important
~ onh group's or family's needs. People are supposed to Ье loyal to the group to which
than t е
theY belong, and, 1n · h
е:с ange,
th
1 1
-~-f
1
·11 d f
;о~р w1 е en dht he1r
. · .
1nterests. The group 1tself .
1s usually
larger, and people _t~ е respdons
1 У ~rdone ab~~t er s wellbeing. ~onformity is expected
1
and perceived pos1t1ve у an ru 1es prov1 е sta 1l1ty, order and obed1ence.
3, uncertainty Avoidance lndex (UAI): Uncertainty avoidance versus uncertainty

acceptance
Uncertainty avoidance deals with а society's tolerance for uncertainty and amblguity.
ln countries which score high on the UAI scale, such as Greece, Portugal and Belgium, people
try to avoid amblguous situations whenever possiЫe, because they see uncertainty as а threat.
They are governed Ьу rules and order, and it is quite difficult to introduce new ideas and concepts
there. There is а strong tendency to make life as predictaЫe and controllaЫe as possiЫe.
ln contrast, in Singapore, Jamaica and Denmark, countries with low UAI scores, people
enjoy novel events, value differences, are more relaxed and open to new things. They have
very few rules and are encouraged to discover their own truth. They are happy to change
jobs and embrace innovations and diversity.
4. Masculinity lndex (MAS): Masculinlty versus femininity
This dimension shows whether а society prefers achievement and heroism (generally seen
as masculine attributes) or whether it more values cooperation, modesty and caring for
the weak (generally seen as feminine attributes).
Masculine societies like Japan, Hungary and ltaly value traditional male qualities
such as competitiveness and the acquisition of wealth. The emotional gender roles
are distinct. lt means that men should Ье assertlve, tough and are expected to provide
for the family, whereas women should Ье focused on the quality of life. Also, in these
societies, professionals often 'live to work', meaning longer work hours and shorter holidays.
. On the contrary, feminine societies such as Sweden, Norway and the Netherlands have
high regard for relationship building and quality of life. The gender roles in these societies
overlap, so you see women and men working together equally across many professions.
Men are allowed to Ье sensitive and women сап work hard for professional success. ln these
1
societies professionals 'work to 1ive', meaning longer holidays and f\exiЬle working hours.
~ad_
apted from: http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_66.htm, https:!/h i.hof5tede-
ns,ghts.com/national-culture)
Cross-cu\t
ura\ Communlcation
1 LANGUAGE FOCUS
Man agin g peo ple is diffi cult eno ugh whe
n eve rybo dy shares а com mon с
ever yone know s wha t is 'righ t' and wha t 1
is cons ider ed ' inap prop riate · and ·unaccep
is ·wro ng·, wha t is ·acc epte d beha viou r~ :ure
О.е.
taЫe '). Whe n peo ple in team s have d~1 What
cultu ral back grou nds, or the man age r·s
bac kgro und diffe rs from the team·s, that 1
serious m isun ders tand ings arise . i sf;rerit
Rec ruiti ng, sett ing targ ets, traln ing, app heri
rais ing and rew ardi ng are som e of th
in the process of man agin g peo ple that man
The follo wing exercises show the nee
age rs have to take . е steps
d to take cult ural diffe renc es into а
and to custom1.se а man age r •s app roac h to .
manag1n g реор 1е acco rd 1ng
"
to the cultu reccourit
h
are ope ratin g in.
t еу
1) Read the extr act and com plet e the gaps

with words from the tаЫе below:
diffe rent iatio n opin ions back grou nd acco unti ng done
-
attit ude insis t on argu men ts dive rsity estaЬlish
-
acco unt mat ch fit
-
atte ntio n with out
whil e avoi d mad e dem onst rate area
Cultural 1. _ _ _ _ needs to Ье taken

into 2. _ _ _ _ already in recruiting. Wha
defin es 'а goo d candidate'? ln lndiv idua listic t
societies, goo d candidates are people who
are outs poke n and express strong 3. _ _
__ . ln Collectivist societies, goo d candidate
are peo ple who are relatively mod est and s
who 4. _ _ __ they are 'well-connected'.
ln Mas culin e societies, peo ple who express self-
confidence and have а ,can- do, 5. _ __
whereas in Feminine societies goo d candidate
s are peop le who are mod est, who 6. _ __
'stan ding out' and who ask intel ligen t ques
tions 7. _ __ _ appe arin g too critical. You
сап quic kly see that if the recruiter com
es from а diffe rent 8 . _ _ _ _ than the cand
is com ing from, blg mistakes сап Ье 9. _ idate
__ _ Ьу fore goin g excellent candidates who
do not 1 о. __ __ the cultu rally Ыased expe
ctations of the recruiter.
Link wha t you kno w abo ut lndi v/du alist

ic, Collectlvist, Mas cul/ ne and Feminine
societies to the info rma tion from the extr
act to just ify the emp loye e requirements
in diffe rent cultures. Sum the info rma tion
up for you r partners.
Team of auth ors: New Engllsh for Busl ness and d nt's вооk•
Econ omlcs. Stu •
d the extract and complete the gaps with the corr t
2) иеа d а preposltion: ее preposltlons. One gap does
r,ot r,ee
's consider training. 1. __ societies 2. high Power . t

Le t d h . - 0 1s апсе, learning happ
ry much centre 3. __ t е 1nstructor. Pupils tend . ens
ve . 4• - partlc1pate less s
debate avoid challeng1ng 6. __ the lnstructor, and expect the t •-
I
w t~ do things. 7. - - the other hand, 8. - socleties 9 ns ,ructor to tel1 them
h0 • h ld ь . · - ow Power Dlstance
rning exper1ences s ou е more 1nteractive and learner-ce t . . . '
1
еа d' h n ric, 10• st1mu\at1ng
dе b ates and case stu 1es. Т е expectations around training са d -
. . , reer eve1opment and talent
nagement d1ffer 1mmensely 11. __ cultures. 12. еха ..
ma . - mp 1е, 13 • __ Coffect1V1st
atin-Amer1can) cuftures people expect 14. exchange
(L
. - 15 • - - th e1r .
1oyaty
1 а boss
to behave l1ke the father (or mother) 16. __ the family: taking care • th
А · (f d' . 17 - em.So,what
happens when an mer,can п IVlduafistic society) company tries to implement its global
ta\ent management, programme 18, - - Guatemala, exactly the same way as it is done
in Chicago? lt won t happen smoothly, and it might actually backfire and cause а \ot
19• _ people leave the company, having the exact opposite effect 20. what was
originally intended. --
Link what you know about high Power Distance cultures, low Power Distance cultures,
/ndividualistic and Collectivist societies to the information from the extrad to justify
the training expectations in different cultures. Sum the information up for your
partners.
З) Read the extract and complete each gap with one word.
When considering appraisal, we 1. _ _ _ rea\ise that most of the existing management

\iterature is 2. _ _ _ written in the US and in the UK, а product of the cu\tures of these two
countries. As а result of their low Power Distance and in comblnation with high individuafism
3. ___ promote the idea of providing frank, direct feedback, as 'the right way'
of improving performance 4. _ _ _ on the planet. 5. _ _ _ notion fails to acknowledge
that in Coffectivist cultures with high Power Distance (which are present in many 6. _ __
countries in the world) such procedures are seen as disgraceful and disrespectful. 7. _ __
examp\e of the difficulty in appraisal is that in Anglo-Saxon cultures appraisa\ is done
8. _ _ _ checking if employees reached 9. _ _ _ fixed targets. The focus is therefore
on output. \n the Netherlands and ln Scandinavia (Feminine cuftures), on the other
10. _ __, not output, 11. _ _ _ outcome tends to Ье measured. lt is much more
common that the manager takes 12. _ _ _ account what has been achieved and not
necessarily what has been set 13. _ _ _ а target beforehand.
Link what you know about low Power Distance cultures, high Power Distance
cu/tures, lndividuallstic, Collectivist and Feminine societies to the information from
the extract to Justify the ways of glving feedback in different cultures. Summarise
the lnformation for your partners.
4
· Cross-cultural Communlcatlon
sente
f the words ln cap ital lett ers to flt the nces.
erb).
th ~ed (e.g. nou n, ver b, adje ctiv e, adv
4) Read the extr act and change rde form
First, decide wha t typ e of wo /s nee
Power distance inde x

ion - 57 Points
(RELATIVE) high score on this dim ens
t peo ple acc ept а cert . ·
.
The Cze ch Rep uЫi c has а 1
• ARC HY) society. This mea ns thah a1n
·t • 2 (HIER whi ch nee ds по furt er 3. __ __ (JUSTIFY) .
This means 1 1s а • - -- d
. h" h bod y has а place ап ting inhe ren t4. __ __ (EQUAL),centralisati
orde r 1n w 1с eve ry· atio n is seen as re
flec on
Ь t O ld wha t to do and the idea l bos s is а benevo le
Hierarchy in an organis nt
is popular, sub ordi nate s exp ect to е
autocrat.
lndividualism inde x
f 58 is ап 5 _ _ _(INDIVIDUAL ) soc iety. This means
k . h. h .
Th Czech RepuЬlic with а score о for а loos ely- knit social fram e~~ r 1n w 1с 1n~i_viduals
•
е .15 . 6 ' (PREFER)
edia te fam1l1es only . ln lndrv1dualist
there а highto •take
- - - f t h emselves and thei r imm
о
саге
(GUILТY) and а 8. _ _ _(LOSE) of self-
cted esteem
are ехре '
·eties offence causes 7. - - - -(RELATE) is а con trac t bas ed оп mut ual adva.ntage,
soci 9 - Ь d
the employer/employee • - - E) are sup pos ed to Ье ase оп mer1t only,
. . _ (PRO MOT decisions
h1r1ng and 10. _ _
viduals.
management is the management of indi
the sentences.
of the words in capital lett ers to fit
5) Read the extract and change the form
ded (noun or adje ctiv e).
first decide wha t type of word is nee
Masculinity index
ln these
ion and is thus а Mas culi ne soc iety.
Тhе Czech RepuЬlic scores 57 оп this dim ens _ _ (DECIDE)
managers are exp ecte d to Ье 1. _ _
countries people "live in order to work': com peti tion
hasis is оп 3. __ __ (EQUAL),
and 2. _ _ _(ASSERTION), the emp
lved Ьу figh ting the m out.
and performance and conflicts are reso
Unc erta inty avoidance index

for avoiding
ens ion and thu s has а high pref eren ce
The Czech RepuЬlic scores 74 оп this dim ce mai ntai n rigid
Ыting high Unc erta inty Avo idan
4. _ _ _(CERTAIN). Countries exhi 6. _ __
codes of beli ef and beh avio ur and are
5. __ __ (TOLERANCE-negative) of
ideas. ln thes e cult ures , the re is ап
7. _ __
(ORTHODOXY-negative) beh avio ur and peo ple have
s never seem to wor k), time is mon ey,
(EMOTION) need for rules (even if the rule _ (PUNCTUAL)
, 8. _ _ _ (PRECISE) and 9. _ _
ап inne r urge to Ье busy and wor k hard
sted, 10. _ _ _ _ (SECURE) is ап imp
orta nt element
are the norm, inno vati on тау Ье resi
in indi vidu al mot ivat ion.
hofstede-insights.com)
Exercises 1-5 аге based оп the Hofstede
's mod el (adapted from
lnes s and Economlcs. Student's вооk,

Team of auth ors: New Engllsh for Bus
1GRAMMAR - MODAL VERBS FOR ADVICE,
pOSSIBILITY AND NECESSITY
LOO k a
t the sen ten ces in italics fro m
the art icle ab ou t cultural dim
the qu est ion s bel ow : ens ion s and an sw er
А. /п countries with а low PDI, уои

сап expect that реор/е wi/1 wa
in ап informal manner. nt to get to know уои
в. /п countries with а high PDI, уои
should show respect and obedien
theladder. ce to those higher ир
с. Уои ought to remember that
in societies with а high PDI уои mig
for ans
wers. ht need to go to the top
о. /п countries with а low
PDI, уои have to involve others in
Е. /п societies with а high PDI, уои decision making.
must give clear and explicit dire
withyou. ctions to those working
1. Which modal verb means
that something is.generally pos
2. Which modal verb means siЬle?
that something is possiЬle, alth
з. Which two modal verbs mean 'it ough not very likely?
is а good idea '? 1s there any differe
4. Which two modal verbs exp nce between them?
ress an oЬligation? 1s there any
s. What is the negative form of each modal differe nce between them?
verЫ 1s there any difference
negative forms of must and hav between the
e to? What are their positive and
б. What are the positive and negativ negative past forms?
e past forms of might and should
7. What other modal verb exp ?
resses oЬligation? What are its neg
8. What other modal verbs exp ative and past forms?
ress possibllity and speculation?
What are their past forms?
- .' ·-·· / -
• ' •• - ! ~·
~~, ,:~
h . r1 - r~
J
r; ,~
(_ <.. с_
r: \~
(_ <.. с_
'
UK ТНAILAND
Relaxed Rude
FRA NCE
Dell cacy
~~ ~ ~
CHI NA
Dell cacy
MEX ICO
Dell cacy
---------------
4
- - - - -- ----i
· Cross-cultural Communlcation
... .. .
The sentences ь е Iо
w glve some useful advice оп business eti
1) R lte them uslng sultaЫe mo dа I ver Ь s: qu,щ
~
in different cultures. ewr
. to arrlve on time to meetlngs in Canada, as Canadians are extren,

Example: Му а dv1ce 1s . d е 1у
You should arrlve оп time to meetmgs /n Сапа а.
punc tua I. -
1. ln Japan, where bus \ness cards are held in very high regard, it is necessary to Pass th ern
out using both hands. . .
2. When doing business in Japan, it is а good tdea to have your bus,ness card Printed
both in your language and Japanese. .
3. Chewing gum in Singapore is il\egal, so you are not all~wed to do ,t. .
4. Тhere is а general possiЫlity of offending your bus,ness partner ,n Japan Ьу not
bringing а present when you first meet. .. . . .
s. Тhere is а slight chance that you will Ье asked to JOtn your F1nn1sh bus1ness Partner
in а sauna if your negotiation is going well.
6. lt is not а good idea to use your left hand for eating, shaking hands and passing
documents in Middle Eastern countries.
7. When doing business in Brazil, it is possiЬle that you will experience а lot of physical
contact while talking to your Brazilian counterparts.
8. lt isn 't necessary to give tips in restaurants in Japan and Korea.
9. \f you want your business to succeed internationally, it is necessary to become familiar
with cultural differences.
2) " Complete the sentences below with а suitaЫe form of should, тау, could,
cou/dn't, can't and must + the verb in brackets.
Example: Му Canadian business partner looked rather upset. 1 _ _ (arrive)

so late
for the meeting. Му Canadian business partner looked rather upset. 1shouldn 't have arrived
so late for the meeting.
1. We didn 't receive your deposit for the flat we are going to rent you. You _ _ (send)
it to the wrong bank account.
2. Our boss _ _ (leave) on the business trip yet. 1 have just bumped into her in
the corridor.
3. The conditions of my new work contract aren 't as good as \'d hoped. \f \ had been
more assertive 1_ _ (negotiate) better ones.
4. Му Brazilian colleague, who was always very chatty and friendly, has
become quite
distant. l _ _ (offend) him somehow.
5. Having Spanish lessons only once а week, 1feel \'m not making much progr ess.1-
(join) а more intensive course.
6. '\ can't find the flash drive with my presentation.' 'You _ _ (leave) it at home.
Do you remember putting it in your briefcase before you \eft this morning?'
7. You _ _ (attend) the conference on cross-cultural communication \ast mon th ·
lt was рrоЬаЫу the most interesting and useful conference \'ve been to this year.
8. Our German business partners seemed put out after the meeting. \ рrоЬаЫу -
(tel1) so many jokes during my presentations.
1111
pEдKING - PRACTISING PRESENT AND PAST
111 ioDAL VERBS
. airs For each of the sltuations below use past and present fo f d Ь
••, rk 1n Р · h h . rms о mo а I ver s
rrO culate what went wrong, ow t е s1tuatlon should have been dealt with correctl
to spe ossiЫe consequence of the mlstake. У
a11d, the р
1. You w~rk ~or а . European car compa_n~ and it has just launched а new advertising
campaign 1n Ta1wan (а rather collect1v1st and masculine country). The advert shows
а young female manager, leaving work early in the afternoon, driving а new саг
from work to а shopping mall and then home, where her husband is welcoming her
with dinner ready on the tаЫе. However, your sales in Taiwan are not picking up. What
wentwrong?
2. Your company has just opened its subsidiary in the Netherlands (а rather feminine
society with а low PDI). AII your managers are male and they have set up various rules
for running the office, including quite а lot of overtime. Your managers also refuse
to socialise with their subordinates. The Dutch employees they have hired are not very
satisfied. What went wrong?
з. Your company is about to give а business presentation introducing your brand new
device in Belgium (а country with а high UAI). The presentation is very brief and your
presenters would like the Belgians to start using the device to see how great it is.
The Belgians are very reluctant. What went wrong?
4. You are from the Philippines (а country with а high PDI) and have been working
for some time in New Zealand (а country with а low PDI). Although you love your job,
you are finding it more and more difficult to perform well as your supervisor is not
keen on giving you precise instructions and wants you to take more initiative. Не also
keeps inviting you for а drink after work. You are not very happy. What went wrong?
ISPEAKING
1. Hofstede's work has been widely applied to international management and is still
the main part of many corporate intercultural training programmes. However, the model
is also increasingly criticised. Why do you think that is?
2. Go to https://www.hofstede-insights.com/product/compare-countries/ where you
can find the scores of the four dimensions for your country. Do you agree with them?
3. Go to https://www.hofstede-insights.com/product/compare-countries/, compare
your chosen country with your own and summarise how you might need to change
your attitudes and behaviour when working there.
1LISTENING
11 Answer the two questions below in small groups:
• Can you explain the word stereotype? k lt f the
• .
Wh .1ch characteristics do you typ1cally • t е with the wor cu ure о
assoc1a
7
following nationalities: the Mexicans, the Frenc h, th е Gе rmans ' Eastern Europeans.
4. Cross-c lt 1
u ura Communicatlon
- --- ---====:,-:~~
2) g у
ou
stereotypes cof
f some words
.
are go1ng to hear а
ncerning work. е
.
O
. t talking about а survey of popular <ultu,•1
Journalis
8 f re you 1
h"
i·sten , check your understand•
"
. . .
the recording Ьу matc in 9 up the words and def1n1t1ons:
1 ,,g
о rom
а.
very difficult and unpleasant
1. contradict (v)
ь.
•
to become invo 1ve d in and absorbed Ьу something -------
2. hammock (n)
chore (n) с.
50 meone w о as
. d"ff
h
h the same job as another
but 1n а I eren t country or ап
. t"
organ1sa юn
person ---
з.
~
harsh (adj) d. having knowledge of something

4.
ап unp 1easan t or boring task that must Ье done regularly
-
5. anticipate (v) е.
а type о f ь е d made from а net or some

. material, with ropes
6. counterpart (n) f. at each end that are used to hang it between two trees,
posts, etc.
-
get caught up to say that something that somebody else has said
7. g.
(in something) is wrong
8. awareness (n) h. to expect something and prepare for it
3) Q Now listen to the recording and answer the following questions:

1. Who conducted the survey?
2. What exactly were the people who participated in it asked?
3. Why were the results interesting?
4. What did it reveal about the following: the Mexicans, the French, the Germans
and people from Eastern Europe?
5. Do stereotypes change when people relocate?
6. Why, according to the speaker, should we dispute stereotypes?
7. Аге stereotypes helpful in any way?
8. What does the speaker suggest you should do to estaЫish а working relationship
with your foreign colleagues, subordinates or superiors? What benefits should
it bring?
г--= Те а m of authors: N,,. .. , i::- _ , • •

NGUAGEFOCUS
.А~, t·tJe nouns all appeared in the listenlng. ln each Ьох, cross out the verb
• тhese . h h
NOT Ье used w1t t е noun.
1 \'/hich СА N
___ -;:;----,---:::-.:;----т------------------,
think anticipate influence

challenge make
accept
- дSSUMPTIONS
question control
_ _ BEHAVIOUR
change
pass оп improve given

provide
obtain support
_ _ CIRCUMSTANCES
tel1 check change face
contradict support
break down
_ _ STEREOTYPES
conform to do
)W, choose five of the verb-noun partnerships and use them in sentences. Then choose
1other five partnerships and explain them to your partner.
PEAKING
1. Do you know stereotypes about your own country? То what extent do you agree
or disagree with them?
2. How far do you agree that it is possiЫe to sum up national characteristics in а few
words? 1s there usually some (or а lot of) truth in such stereotypes? Or, оп the other
hand, do you find such stereotyping dangerous?
3. Have you ever been in а situation where stereotypes helped you?
4.
Have you ever been in а situation which supported or contradicted stereotypes you
had about а particular culture?
5.
Do you usually control your behaviour when you are abroad so as not to support
stereotypes foreigners
might have about people in your country?
б.
Look at page 225 and read about а mini-workshop in cross-cultural management.
Cross-cult
ural Communlcatlon
1 SPEAKING - ROLE PLAY
You are working on an international project with partners from two
other countries. The ,
is not running smoothly and the relationships within the project
group are becomingPraJect
that it is more and more dlfficult to work together. А meetlng has been
50 called for the W~rse
leaders from each country to discuss the most proЫematic points
(deadlines; meetings•PraJect
from the meetings; hierarchy} and try to sort them out. , rep0,
ts
Student А: look at page 221
Student В: look at page 224
Student С: look at page 230
1 SPEAKING - TOPICS FOR PRESENTATIONS

,. Choose а country where you would like to work and live. Presen
t how you might ne
to change your attitude and behaviour in order to work successfully
there. ed
2. Present the advantages and disadvantages of managing/working
in а multicultural
team.
3. Cross-cultural trainings - their pros and cons.
4. Stereotypes - а friend or an enemy?
IGLOSSARY
',.
Tenn Definition Translation
Assumption (n) а belief or feeling that something predpoklad, domnёnka
is true or that something will happen,
although there is no proof
Collectivist emphasising the collective rather than kolektivisticky, podrizujfcl se

(adj) individual action or identity kolektivu
Cross-cultural differences that arise when people rozdlly/odlisnosti mezi

differences (n) from difference cultures work and live kulturami
together
Cross-cultural competences that refer dovednosti, ktere nam

skills (n) to the knowledge and motivation that pomohou spravne se chovat
еnаЫе individuals to adapt effectively а resit situace, ktere mohou
in cross-cultural environments vzniknout stretem mezi
ruznymi kulturami
-
Cross-cultural training that will teach employees trenink dovednostf, ktere

training (n) to adapt effectively in cross- nam pomohou spravne se
cultural environments chovat а resit situace, ktere
mohou vzniknout stretem
mezi rozlisnymi kulturami _
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Stu d t's вооk,
en
d (гот page 70
[ofltiflUe
Definition
fer111 Translatlon
_____-:- unders tandin g of the differences
cultural kulturni povedomi
гeness (n) betwe en oneself and people from other
awa countries or other backgrounds
L-----:- а set of preferences that distinguish one

cultural kulturn i dimenze (urovne)
dirnensions (n) countr y from anothe r
L-- - а workp lace that is composed

Diverse rozmanite pracoviste (kde
workplace (n) of employees with varyin g
characteristics includ ing religious spolupracuji lide pochazejici
z odlisnych kulturnich
and politic al beliefs, gender, ethnicity,
zazemi)
education, socioeconomic background,
sexual orient ation and geogra phic
-
locatio n
Etiquette (n) the formal rules of correct or polite

etiketa, pravidla chovani
behav iour in society or among
memb ers of а particu lar profession
Feminine (adj) having the qualities or appearance

majici zenske rysy chovani
considered to Ье typica l of women;
а osobnosti
conne cted with wome n
lndividualistic follow ing the belief that individ ual

individualisticky, samostatny,
(adj) people in society should have the right jednotlivy, osoblty
to make their own decisions, etc., rather
than Ье contro lled Ьу the govern ment
or any other institu tion
Masculine (adj) having the qualities or appearance majici muzske rysy chovani
considered to Ье typica l of men; аosobnosti
conne cted with or like men
Negotiate (v) to try to reach an agreem ent Ьу formal vyjednavat

discussion
Non-verbal comm unicat ion which includes nonverЬalni komunikace

com- gestures, facial expressions, and body
munication (n) positions (know n collect ively as 'body
language'), as well as unspoken
..._ unders tandin gs
Stereotype (n) а fixed idea or image that many people stereotyp; jednotvarny,
have of а particu lar type of person ustaleny, navykly vzorec
or thing, but which is often not true chovani а mysleni
in reality
4. Cross-cu\t 1
ura Communlcation
Email Writing
11NFO ВОХ . ..
three main sty les of ema1I wr1t1ng. Formal emalls
тher~ /r~al/neutral emalls are used with people you do not kno are similar to letters.
sem•·. or lt to know if the email nee w very wel
ds to Ье formal or semi-formal. lt l. Sometimes
who writes to you. lnformal emalls а good idea
it is diffi~e email style of the person is
to соРУ dence and often used betwe are all personal
c~rresponopening of the email, run en colleague
s in companies. The differences start
through the whole text and end wit
w f t~e0 wing tаЫе tells you how to beg
1th h the closing.
The
0v1e 0
° in
y u can use а comma after the ope and finish the email, although the styles often
r , ~ a p ~ - - - - - - - - - -ning.
------------------
----'
а . - ~
Forma1 Semi-formal
....- lnformal ..
Greetlng Dear Sir or Madam Dear Elisabeth '
,.....- Hi Betty
Dear Mr/Ms Smith DearThomas
,.... HelloTom
,--
opening 1am writing to enquire
(examples) about ... Thank you for your email ... Норе
- you're well.
Please let me know

Closing l look forward to hearing
(examples) if you need more 1hope to talk
information . from you soon. soon.
1hope to hear from you soon.
'
Closing
salutation Yours faithfully, Best regards, Love,
,, Yours sincerely, Best wishes, Take care,
Кind regards, Thank you, Thanks,
Sincerely, Yours truly, Yours,
1LEAD-IN
1)
Are there any differences betwe f
en а or~ a I and inform al em in your own
ou wouldailfln
language? With а partner discus d between
s what differen~e Jr faculty
5
formal correspondence, e.g. an and an informal
message, e.g. an email to а sch email to e dean ~h У difference~ in English?
th 0
oolmate. What are е
5
· Ema11 Wrlt ing
2) Study the followlng rules for wrltlng emalls. ln palrs, decide whlch ones sh
obeyed and whlch not: oцidb
~
'
,,
YEs
-~
No
1. Ве concise and to the point. Avoid long emails.
-~
2. Try to reply to emails (especially business ones) within 2 hours.
-----
3. Write in CAPITALS - it's easier to read.
-----
4.
Leave the message thread in your email to save the recipient time
and frustration looking for earlier messages. -----
5.
6.
Proofread your email before you send it.
Don't use underlining - it looks like а hyperlink to а website.

--
Don't use abbreviations and emoticons - the recipient might not -
7.
know what they mean.
8. Don't request read receipts - this will annoy your recipient.
9. Don't bother completing the subject line - nobody reads it anyway.
10. Divide the text into paragraphs and use а reader-friend ly layout.
1 PHRASES AND VOCABULARY

1) Look at the following sentences and answer the questlons:
1. Which phrase is an informal request for information 1

а) 1would really appreciate it if you could send me а сору Ьу email attachment.
Ь) Could you p/ease send me а сору Ьу email attachment?
с) Send it to me Ьу attachment, сап you?
2. Which phrase is an informal apology?
а) 1would just like to apologise for forgetting your Ьirthday.
Ь) Нарру Ьirthday for Friday. Sorry, 1totally forgot.
с) l'm really sorry I forgot your Ьirthday.
3. Which phrase is for giving instructions in а formal way?

а) The first step would Ье to make а plan.
Ь) Now make а plan.
с) First you need to make а plan.
4. Which phrase expresses formal enthusiasm?

а) 1would just like to say how pleased I am for you.
Ь) That's fantastic! Congratu/ations!
с) You're so lucky.
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Stu d ent's вооk,
~ p r e s s e s thanks ln an lnformal wayl
Which ph~; like to express my sincerest gratltude.
S, а) 1wouk but you shouldn'Vneedn 't have bothered.
Than s, 1 d
Ь) k you l'm much оЬ lge .
с) тмn .
ase 1s for expresslng а preference ln а formal way?
h
6, Whiclhd~n~t want to do that.
а) ld гather not do that.
Ь) Iwou
'm not doing that.
с) l
g r,1atch the more formal verbs wlth thelr informal/neutral counterparts:

21 j
lnformal/neutral
,,,- моrе tormal " .. '
1,...-
l..--
,.
2. ~0Ьtain
-----
~
inform
а.
ь.
move
get
l..-- с. get in touch/give а call

require
з.
L---
~ . d. need
inquire/enquire
1---
4.
5. preserve
- е. protect
-
--
i.-- f. tel1
6. release
g. keep
7. reside
Moreformal lnformal/neutral
"' -
~
8. retain h. ask
9. contact i. live
10. apologise j. Ье sorry
11. relocate k. free
12. regret 1. say sorry
3) g Now use the verbs from the prevlous exerclse ln the followlng sentences.
Consider the style of the whole sentence (sometlmes you may need to change
the verb form):
1· Have the factory employees been _ _ _ _ about all the changes the acquisition
would bring?
2· 1am pleased to _ _ _ _ you that you have won first prize in this month's
competition.
3
· You should really _ _ _ _ to her for what you said.
4
· Should you any assistance, please do not hesitate to contact us.
s. lf you
- - - - help, just give me а call.
s. е
rnail Writing
Under the constitution, the provinces - - - - - all the powers not delegateN
6.
to the federal government. ч
7. Were , _ _ _ __ to our new house this weekend, so we'/1 Ье very busy.

_ _ its operations abroad to lower costs.
8. Th ecompany is thinking about _ _ _
9 _ Just because he doesn't
for or want your help doesn't mean he d
oesn•t
need it.
your application has Ьееп rejected due t
1о. We _ _ _ _ _ to inform you that
the insufficient information provided. о
4) g Reduce the informality of the followlng sentences Ьу replacing the italicised

part in each sentence with а more formal one:
1. Тhе reaction of the Managing Director was sort of negative.

2. The economic outlook for the business is pretty bad.
З. The future of funding is sti/1 ир in the air.
4. Тhе results were а lot better than I expected.
5. We apologise for апу tгоиЬ/е caused.
6. The reconstructio n had to Ье postponed because of bad weather conditions.
5) g Match the more formal adjectives and adverbs with their informal/neutral
counterpart s and put them in the tаЫе:
Adjectives:
wrong whole inexpensive complete

,_
enough incorrect clear in charge

;,,
responsiЬ/e transparent cheap sufficient
More formal adjectives lnformal/ne utral adjectives

,
t 's вооk,
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Stud en
principally next at first
ftnally therefore lmmedtatety
malnly ln the end subsequently
,..
моrе formal adverbs lnformal/neutral adverbs
L-----
---
L--
L---
'-
61
g Use the words/phrases from the previous exercise in the following sentences
with respect to their style:
1. We have been provided with _ _ _ _ information; therefore we cannot give you
а precise quote.
2. Have you made _ _ _ _ copies?
з. AII _ _ _ _ she lost her temper.
4. 1would recommend that you should contact the person _ _ _ _ for designing
the entire project.
5. And _ __ _, 1would like to thank you on behalf of our firm for your contribution
to this exhibltion.
6. Last year we participated in а campaign to make official documents more _ _ __
7. 1was surprised that the people in my class were _ __ _ foreigners.
8. Thank you for answering our questions _ _ __
9- lmagine, they left the au pair _ _ _ _ of the children for а week.
lO. We rejected your offer _ _ _ _ due to the cost.

11 · We are afraid these reasons are not _ _ _ _ to justify your decision.
I INFO вох
Phrasal verbs are often considered rather informal and it 1s
recommended that th
should Ье avoided in formal and academic writing. However,
the majority are in f еу
neutral and there are some that are positively formal and would
Ье appropriate in f ач
or academic writing. orrna1
Here are some of them:

Scientists have corried out experiments/tests/research оп ... = condu
cted
The new motorway brought about huge change ... = caused
The discovery соте about Ьу chance ... = happened
Extremely cold weather accounted for the rise in fuel consumption
... = explained
John Fields put forward the theory that ... = proposed, suggested
As Green points out ... = emphasises
So to conclude, don't rule out phrasal verbs in formal writing,

as there are many which
can contribute to an authoritative style and сап Ье helpful in avoidi
ng repetition but Ье
carefu\ which ones you use.
7) ~ ln the following sentences replace the italicised phrasal verbs with their non-
phrasal verbs counterparts: .
1. Expenditure оп global advertising has gone ир dramatically in the

past decade.
2. The implementation of а more efficient computer system
often cuts down
оп unnecessary waste within businesses.
3. Outsourcing will not completely get rid of the prohlem of costly

overheads within
companies.
4. This issue was brought ир during the meeting.
5. Accountants have long been looking into ways of reducing corporate
taxation.
6. Consultants are often hired to соте ир with recommendations that
are feasihle in both
the long and short term to address company prohlems.
7. The company's profit figures have been going ир and down for two
years.
8. The process should Ье done again until the desired results are achiev
ed.
9. Proposals to increase working hours have Ьееп met with considerahle
resistance from
employees.
1О. Researchers looked at the ways stress builds ир around а fault.
11. lncentive schemes are often set ир in companies to improve emplo
yee morale.
12. The meeting had to Ье put off due to illness.
13. lt has been agreed that another meeting would have to Ье set
ир to solve the proЫem-
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Stud t's вооk,
en
~RA - - - - - - -- - - -
t-1 SES FOR DIFFERENT SITUATIONS
•rN вUSINESS WRITING
ln the gaps wlt h the phrases sug
8) fill I d informal style: ges ted . Bear ln mlnd th
forma an е differences between
thls is to
wlth regard to
thankyou
,. 1am writing __ __ _ the com
plaint you made on 29 February.
_ _ _ _ _ for your email
2 of 29 February concerning the
conference in Brussels.
_ _ _ _ _ invite you to join
3 us for а picnic on 20 Мау.
4_ _ _ _ _ for your email, it was wonderfu\

/great to hear from you.
get back let me know appreciate clean up

s. Could you please __ __ _
if you can attend the fair/if you
for а meeting on 12 December? are avai\aЫe
б. \ would __ __ _ it if you cou
\d send me а brochure/if you cou
ld reply within two
days.
7. Would you mind coming early to
help me _ _ _ _ the place?
8. Сап you __ __ _ to me asa
p? (as soon as possiЫe)
are wil\ing to can 't make regret should you

how about needa hand
~
to inform need ,.
9. We _ _ _ _ you that the sho

w has been cancelled due to bad
weather conditions.
1О. We _ _ _ _ arrange
another meeting with the СЕО.
11 . , any further information/assistanc
e, do not hesitate to contact us.
l 2. l'm sorry, but \ __ __
_ it tomorrow.
13.
- - - - if I come and help
you out?
l4. Do you __ __ _ with mo
ving the furniture?
s. Еtт1а\\ Wr\t\ng
regre t to say express my dlssatlsfactlon was unha ppy
15. 1am writin g to _ _ _ _ _ wlth your servlc

es.
16. _ _ _ _ _ that I was not comp letely satisfied wlth
the room you provided t
17. _ _ _ _ _ say that you're late wlth the payments. or Us
·
18. _ _ _ _ _ with the expla natio n you gave us.
to
compensate
won 't
happ en l'm sorry acce pt our
apolo gies
for any
incon venie nce
for
thetrouыe
- -
19. We woul d like to apolo gise _ _ _ _ _ cause
d.
20. Please _ _ _ _ _ for the delay.
21. Please let us know what we сап do _ _ _ _ _ you

for the dama ge caused ..
22. l'm sorry _ _ _ _ _ 1caused.
23. 1prom ise it _ _ _ _ _ again.
24. _ _ _ _ _ for being late.
find attac hed sorry attac hed 1am afrai d foryo ur

send ing
consideration
25. 1am attac hing my CV _ _ _ __

26. Please _ _ _ _ _ the file you requested.
27. _ _ _ _ _ 1cann ot open the file you have sent me.

28. l'm _ _ _ _ _ you the holid ay phot os.
29. - - - - - ~ but I can't open it. Сап you send it

again in anot her form at?
30. _ __ _ _ are the mate rials you want ed.
Team of autho rs: New Engllsh for Busln ess and Economlcs S dent's вооk,
. tu
~ M A IL S
-
Read th
е four emails below and answer the questlons:
1)
. h email is from:
WhiC
а. ustomer service department?
ас
8 а
senior col\eague.7
а junior col\eague 7.
00 а customer?
1. мr вrown,
oear
•ting with regard to а phone pro
1a111wr1 Ыem. You may remember me we me
conference in Bristol, an d I Ье 1iev• t t Ь .
e you were tel\ing me about hav , а а usiness
sam e mo del. Un fort ing а similar proЬ\em
h
with t е . una tely , 1have dropped my mobl\e and the
. . scre .
was
1 wondering if you cou~d g1ve me any a~v1ce on getting it repaire en 1s crac kе d.
apprec iate any help you m1ght Ье аЫе to g1ve d. l wo uld very much
me.
Yours sincerely,
Thomas Swift
2.
Dear Sir or Madam,
1am writing to enquire about hav

ing а computer repaired. The mo
which I bought 26 months ago and del is НР ProBook 6550
therefore is unfortunately no lon
The screen is working bu t it has no ger under guarantee.
sound.
1would Ье very grateful if you cou
\d give me the address of an aut
in Liverpool. Thank you for your hel horised repair centre
p.
Yours faithfully,
J. Wilson
3.
HiTom,
Thanks for your mail. Sorry to hea

r about your phone. Mine was
а new ane! TryThompsons's in the new sho а write-off - had to get
pping mall, they're usually good.
Cheers
Норе this helps.
1
Peter
P.s. Of со
for d . urse I remember you. Giv
e me а ring next time you ,re in
•
а r1nk! town an d we'\I go out
S. Е
l'l'\ail 'Nriting
4.
Oear Miss Wilson,
Re your email of 2nd January: your com

puter 1s in fact covered Ьу а three-year
guarantee. Slmply send lt back ln lts origlnal packag
ing and we wil\ rep ~anufactц ,
it asap. Oon't hesitate to get back to
me lf you need any more informatio a1r or
10~rs
n. exchal'\g
е
Regards,
Paul Blake
P.S. Аге you Ьу any chance the Jen

ny Wilson I met at Liverpool Bus·ine
the school year 02/03? ss Sch0
01 11)
Ь. Which two emails are formal and whi

ch two аге neutral/informal?
00 Formal
ОО Neutral/lnformal
с. Find expressions in the four emails to

complete the tаЫе. Work in pairs.
~
Formal
Neutral/lnformal -
Greeting
Opening
Requesting
Closing
Closing
salutation
2) Read the next four emails:
а. Which two writers have change

00 d style? Why?
Ь. Find and correct the two inconsistencies
of style in each email.
Team of authors: New English for Business 1 Student's вооk,

and Econom cs,
~---т=---- 7.
Dear Mlss Wllson,
5. мг Blake,
реэr email of З rd January. 1 am 1 am wrltlng wlth reference to the repair
1.эr,kS for yourmistaken me for my cousln, of your НР ProBook. Our Llverpool repair
,,, u halle
afrэid уо ded Liverpool Busi.ness Sс hоо 1 centre ls open from 9am to 6pm from Monday
whO atten am very pleased to learn that to Saturday. l've attached а leaflet with
. 2002. 1 still under guarantee.
111 rnputer 15 the details and а map. Норе thls helps.
пе со h . .
I no longer have t е orI91na 1
~nfort~nate:~, think it would Ье preferaЫe Yours sincerely,
1
р эсkэ9 111 9•
. directly to your repair centre
Paul Blake
if I dе 1111er itС uld you possiЫy let me know
work. 0
after in9 hours? P.S. Please accept my apologies for confusing
the open
you with your cousin.
cheers,
nyWilson__ __ __ __ __ _t--
-- --
~
-- -- -- -- -- -- ... .J
8.
6.
Hi peter, Tom,
or your email. 1 wasn't sure if you'd Re next Friday. lt will Ье great to see you.
ТhЭ11 kS f
er me - there were so many people Actually, my wife will Ье away on business
rernem b .
nference last year. 1w1II actually Ье that week, so I need to Ье at home to look
at t hе Co
in town next Friday so perhaps we could after the kids. 1 was wondering if you
have that drink? 1 would Ье very grateful would mind coming over to our place?
·t ou could let me know if you are free The weather's great so we could have
1 у .
around 5.30? Look1ng forward to seeI.ng you. а barbecue in the garden. l've
attached
а map - get back to me if it's not clear
.
Tom
Yours sincerely,
Р.5. would like to express my gratitude
1
for your help with the phone. l'm having Peter

itfixed in the shop you recommended.
3) g. Look at the following formal email and complete it with correct prepositions:
То: jsmith@smithsolutions.com
From: tmcaden@jonesofficesolutions.com
Subject: Meeting about new internet service prov

ider 1/9/2017
Dear Мг Smith,
1
have been researching our choices 1. internet providers 2._ _ the paS t week,
and I wanted to update you , my progress. We have two options: CaЬleTV.c
3 om
and Southwest.com. Both offer business plans,
and I will go 4 . _ the pricing of each
Plan s. _ the meeting ,_ _ Tuesday.
6 Both 1 . _ the options I listed have
S. Е
111ail Writing
offerings as well. 1 called your personal
comparaЫe speed ап d dat~d usa~ehave апу ьuslness offerings. They prima ~rovider
0
GoGo Satellite, but they di " . . talk 9. _ _ _ Joe and Susan in IT r, У foctj'
id serv1ce. 1 wi 11 1о
в . ___ ~es en t ,"al internet
their opinions. 1 will also send 11.___ meeting r;:-----..._
s
these opt1ons and ~et d" Mr Morris 1 з ..___ operations. lf you have any q quests
12 •.___ everyone, 1пс 1u 1ng · Uestio
eting, please let me know. l"ls
prior 14._ __ me
Yours sincerely,
Тina Turner
Administrative Assistant
Smith Solutions
http://www.smithsolutions.com
4
) g Put ONE word into each gap to complete the following email. Sometin,es
there are more options:
Dear Мг Bond,
Тhank you 1 .._ _ _ _ _ _ your email 2.,_ _ _ _ _ _ November 20th 2016.1 apologise
for not 3. sooner but I was away 4. а business trip last week.
We appreciate your offer very much. We 5._ _ _ _ _ do agree that doing business
together would Ье extremely beneficial for both sides. However, there are а few points
we are not sure about. 1 б •._ _ _ _ _ getting together for lunch sometime next week
to discuss our opinions. Monday or Wednesday would 7 .._ _ _ _ _ те best.
Please find 8 .._ _ _ _ _ _ _ our proposal regarding our further cooperation. l have been
9. to negotiate оп 1О •._ _ _ _ _ of our company. lf you have any doubts,
do not 11. to contact me.
1look forward to 12.._ _ _ _ _ from you soon.
Yours 13.._ _ _ ___,
James Cooper
Marketing Manager
5) Read the following email from one friend to another:
Hi Jane,
Sorry I wasn't аЫе to get to your housewarming party /ast Saturday. 1 was really looking
forward t~ it ~~d
I was ready to /eave the house when ту
aunt from Scotland arrive~
for а surprrse v1s1t!! She was оп/у in town for the опе evening before she went to my brother
house so I had to stay with her. l'm really sorry.
ou ьut your line was busy both times I rang. Then I was out .
ed to call ~d 't have the chance to ring again. w 1th my aunt
1trl and dI n
·пtown
i derstand. 1 know you wanted to get me to meet that girl Ju1· h
u un . Ь м , 1е, w о works
k0 pe У0 ell next t1me may е.I У even 1ng was really boring •,t th t k
l 1
1
u Oh W ' ·· • а ma es you feel
wit'1 уо .
ьetter.
anY
ou soon,
see Y
мark
oW read а similar but more formal email. FIII each gap with one of the formal
N sions you see below. ln each gap write the letter that correspond s to
,xpres
the correct phrase.
1hope this will Ье possiЫe at the next availaЫe opportunity

а. Later, 1was otherwise engaged
~- I look forward to hearing from you soon.
1hope you сап understand my difficulties
d.
е.
introduce me to Ms Р h oenix
f. was busy
g. 1hope the dinner went well for all concerned.
h. а relative arrived unexpectedl y
i. Dear Ms Jones
j. Sincerely
k. 1regret not being аЫе
1.__,
2._ _ to get to your business dinner last Saturday. 1was really /ooking forward to it and
1was ready to leave the house when 3 .._ _ . She was only in town for the one evening
before she went to my brother's house so I had to stay with her. 4._ _ .
1tried to reach you Ьу phone twice, but unfortunatel
y both times your line 5._ _ when
1called. 6,_and
did not have the chance to phone again.
7
10,
-
· - 1know you wanted to 8._ _ from HR. 9._ _ .
11,___,
MarkStone
Erna11 Writlng
1LISTENING
1) q Llsten to а phone conversatlon and
complete the notes.
Exhibltion dates: ,. _ _ _ _ _ _
__
Price range: 2. _ __ _ _ _ _
_
Position of the stand: 3. _ _ _ _ _
_ __
Price:4. _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Discount: 5. _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Deposit: how much б. _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ when: 7. _ _ _ _ _ _
__
Whole payment: Ьу 8. _ _ _ _ _
_ __
Contact person: 9. _ _ _ _ _ _
__
Phone number: 10. _ _ _ _ _ _
__
2) Write а formal email to the head of

the Marketing Department to info
the details of the exhibltion and ano rm him аЬ
ther email (informal) to your colleag
who works for the Marketing Dep ue Lощ
artment as well and is in charge
the exhibltion. of organi;cy,
•ng
3) А friend of yours has written
to you complaining about the hot
received during their holiday in el and services the
Egypt. As her formal English is not
she is asking you for help. Can you very
help her write а formal email of com 900
J
the travel agency they went with? plaint t~
Hi Jane,
l've just come back from the holiday

in Egypt I was looking forward to so muc
would never believe how horriЫe it h. You
was. The hotel in the brochure look
but when we arrived we found out that ed wonderful
it was а photo of а hotel across the road
was supposed to Ье S0m from the coa . The hotel
st. lt was definitely more than that and
blg busy road we had to cross to get to there was that
the beach. lt was like playing Russian rou
day. Our hotel was very old and shabby. lette every
lt was quite clean but the tiles in the bath
broken and the air conditioning was out room were
of order. lt's just not what you expect in
hotel. But the worst was to come, brea а three-star
kfast was served in а night club - very
(there was а disco there till about 6 dark and dirty
in the morning) with flashing lights and
lt actually seemed the disco was still goin loud music.
g on when we were having breakfast. We
going there after two days and ate out stopped
of the hotel.
We tried complaining to the delegate
but in vain. She said no other hotel was
and we should have read the contrac availaЫe
t, it was all in it. Well, \ checked the con
got back and obviously there was noth trac t whe n we
ing there.
But I must say, except for the hotel we
really enjoyed our holiday. We spent m0st
the days outside anyway and just slep of
t in the hotel (if you can call it that).
\ hope you enjoy your holiday next wee
k. Give me а ring when you get back.
Love,
Christine
lness and Economlcs. Stu dе nt's вооk ,

Team of authors: New Engllsh for Bus
Recruitment
and Employment
11NFo_вo_x_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _---,
·tment refers to the overall process of attracting, selecting and appointing suitaЫe
Recru• · · w1'th'1n an organ1sa
didates for а job pos1tюn · t·юn, e1t
· her permanent or tempora
ry, part-
c~n r full-time, unpaid positions, such as voluntary roles or training programmes. lt сап
t1me 0 ,
undertaken Ьу а company s own Personnel Department - HR (Human Resources),
ье utsourced to а recruitment agency or headhunters. Firstly the job is advertised
~r t~e media, candidates are asked to provide а curriculum vitae/CV (BrE) or resume (AmE)
in d ,overing letter to give information about their qualifications, experience and skills.
~~en the responses are sorted, а shortlist of the best qualified candidates is drawn up and
the candidates are interviewed. Unsuccessful applicants receive rejection letters,
and those who succeed are hired and put оп the payroll.
ILEAD-IN
The IKEA Job lnterv iew
6. Recrultment and Employment

fOJlowing statements:
rder to get the experience I need.
Express your opinlon оп
th e . •
1) •t d'd 't 1/ke 1t 1n о
1I 1 / rea//y enjoy.
• /'d take а job even· rdernto do something
° kage was tempting enough.
• /'d take а рау cu t in · n country ·tI th е pac
а new more interesting one.
• /'d relocate to а forei·gь to take а сhan се оп
d оп а temporary basis.
8 /'d give up а stea У JO th0 h lt was оп/у
• /'d accept а top Job even ug t actly what I wanted.
• l'd keep changing Jobs untll I go ех
1 READING h cruitment process and put the

paragraphs 1
1) :t
Read an artlcle about :n~elast par
agraphs are in the right places, the
ds in the article are in bold becaus
e they
other~
wifl Ь
the correct order. The fir е
have been jumЫed up. Some wor
practlsed later:
арр/у for а job 7·

t exac t/y goes оп behind the scenes when you d d
Do you ever won der whа pan y an even epartment,
1
/e the recruitm ent proc ess varies acco rdin g to indust_ry, com
Whi
тапу r~ce1ves an_ ~ffer.
the end resu/t is the same: One person out of occasюnally hmng managers), w11/ firstly
.
urces personne/, (and · d · h on-site
2 Gener•a у, hud'd man reso time and cut costs assoc1at e w1t
.interv1ew tes ove r the phone .to save
'' сап I а 1О minutes to an hour or more. Norm
al/y,
visits. Тhese ca/1s /ast from anywhere between that
e sure ~andid~tes und_ers~and ~he job and
the purpose of the phone interview i_s to ma_k g any furth er.
doesn t, there s по point 1n goin
it lines up with their sa/ary expectatюns. lf 1t ground
3 Phone interviews тау Ье used to get
deeper information about а candidate's back
оп their
Candidates also тау Ье eva/uated
to help determine if the person is suitaЫe.
omer-service company тау look to see
communication ski/1s. For examp/e, а cust
phone.
if applicants сап estaЫish rapport over the - or both -
4 Тhе next step is often to request
human resources staff, hiring managers
ely
those whose skills and work histories clos
to narrow down the number of app/icants to ema il
ch the job desc ription. /f they are unsu re, they might contact applicants Ьу
mat по
typically have а list of candidates, usually
or phone to /earn more. ln the end, they wi/1 list
applications соте in, it is possiЫe that the
more than 20, to interview. However, as new d, which
wi/1 grow, especially if several of those
initially selected fail to pass the next roun
is usual/y а phone interview.
5 Ир to six applicants are typically granted first-round inte
rviews per vacancy, which involve
half go
meeting with two company consultants
for about 40 minutes each. Of these, about
tings,
d intervie ws with up to four company partners. During the mee
оп t~ seco nd-roun plus
ry, career goals and other relevant topics,
cand,dates are asked about their work histo
they are expected to participate in role-pla
ying exercises.
w the executive level Ьу using а team of recr
uiters
б
Many employers start fi/ling vacancies belo
out applications that fail to meet а
d
job's basic
a~ resources pers onn e/ to wee
g candidates who are а clear miss.
or h~m
qua/,fic~t,~ns. They shou/d оп/у Ье removin °
t
7 How th1s 1s done the tim е I·t tа kes, and the number of applicants selected to go on I d
' emp оуе
the next step varies' but th ere are some patterns. Some screeners (people
Team of auth ors: New Eng/lsh for Bus

lness and Economlcs. Student's sook,
j
eone is suitaЬ\e for а job) eyeball ever
о ,11eck if s~7or certain keywords among applicatlonsyUss:Ьa~lsshlo
t tners searcb description. Likewise, there are n that comes in Whil
screeners. wh У t еу are З-s words ~ho е
ofro111 tne jo d those who ignore them
. ns an .
. о conslder cover letters ln thse~
-.,a1uat1° once interv1ews are completed hlrin e,r
е t nrrn 5,
At 11'\os а ues who have met t hе fi nallsts to get ' 9 managers
their op\nions on w111 get together
6 w\th colle 9 nd, it's still the hlrlng man
ager's call. They tr t who should get an offer.
вut in the eho is enthusiastic about the role.
"'eone w у O make sure that they pick
5011•
(odopted from The Wo/1 Street Journa/, January
26 20
' 1О, Ьу Sarah Needleman)
READING COMPREНENSION
1
, 111 ра1·rs discuss the
•1 .
to ье а c\ear m1ss
meaning of the seven phrases (in bold) from
th .
е art1cle:
1
· to eyeball something
2
· to line up with something
з. to weed out something
4.
5. submission
6. to estaЫish rapport
7. the hiring manager's call
31
Answer the fo\lowing questions:
1. Who is usual\y rejected during the ftrst round of screening
2. What is the main objective of phone
applications?
interviews?
3. \nto which steps is the face-to-face inte
rviewing process divided in the artic\e? Describe
each stage in more detail.
4) Choose the correct option:

1. Recruiters use keywords
а) to find out during the pho
ne interview whether the applicants have the
qualities. right
Ь) to e\iminate applicants not
really looking for the position advertised.
с) when looking for qualities
which fit the job description.
2. А shortlist
а) comprises а\1 of those who app
lied for the job position.
Ь) contains all those selected for the
job interview.
с) is narrowed down Ьу those who appl
y for the job position after the first round.
3· А tele
phone interview
а) is commonly used to find out some mor
e details about the candidate.
Ь) serves as а replacement for the interview
.
с) leads to an agreement on salary expecta
4 tions.
· The lnterview
а)
is usual\y organised in three rounds.
Ь)
~s exc\usive\y run Ьу company partners.
с) 15 targeted at finding
the best candidate.
6, R
ecruitrnen
t and Employment
5) Put the stages of а typlcal recrul
tment process ln the right order
and the last steps are correct): (the .
first
1. try to discover why the person \eav
\ng your company has resigned
2. follow up the references of candld
ates who seem suitaЬ\e
з. make the ftnal selection and put the
best candidate on the payroll
4. hire an employment agency/a hea
dhu g ftrm
s. examine possiЬ\e modiftcation and thentin possibllity of joining two posts
6. try to ftnd an internal candidate
7. invite the shortlisted candidates for
an interview
8. receive applications, curricula vita
e/resumes and covering letters
9. make а preliminary selection and
а shortlist
1О. examine the job description
11. advertise the vacancy
12. write to а\\ other candidates to info
rm them that they have been unsuccessf
u\
1 LANGUAGE FOCUS
6) "M at ch the verbs and nouns
to form the partnerships from
the article:
1
,. 1
fШ
а. applicants
2. puЬ\ish
ь. on the payroll
3. conduct
с. in role-playing
4. put somebody
d. rapport
5. search for
е. а vacancy
6. narrow down
f. evidence
7. match
g. keywords
8. lookfor
h. an interview
9. participate
i. а position
10. estaЬ\ish
1 1 j. an ad
Now make sentences using five
of th ese par
tnerships.
Team of authors· New Е

·
Student ,5 вооk ,
ng 11 sh for Buslness and Economlcs.
~ ( o w l n g wo
.. 1ate rd partnershlps lnto Cze h·
5
-rr••· с .
itment agency
rec ru
acceptance letters
1.
~ complete the text with

suitaЫe words from the Ьох
81 :
- interview job description job vacancies

- references shortlisted curriculum vitae
application
- application form employment agencies

applicant
apply candidate
Many people looking for wo

rk read the 1.
advertised in newspapers
Ьу companies and 2. _
_ _ _ _. lf you find а
suitaЫe job position you
з. can
for the job. You become a(n)
4 . _ _ _ _ _ or a(n) 5._
_ _ _ _.
You write a(n) 6 . _ _ _ ___
, or fill in the company's 7
.._ _ _ __, and send it,
along with your 8.,_ _ _ _
_ and а covering letter. You
should also give the names
of at least two people who
areprepared to write 9 . _ _
_ _ _ for you. lf your
qualiftcations and abllities match
the 1О •._ _ _ __, you mig
ht Ье 11.,_ _ _ __,
i.e. selected to attend a(n) 12 ._
_ _ __
б, R
ecruttme
nt and Employment
- - ---~~~ th verb which
Q~~~~~~~o:x~c~r~o~ss~o~u~t::e_::_~:т::------~~---
~) ln еас '
CA
NNOT Ье used with the noun:
approach select retire

handle screen
0 perate
AN APPtlCA№f
- ASITUATION -
experience evaluate reject
deal with
implement
attend hire
carryout
fire
conduct
AN EMPLOYEE
AN INTERVIEW
recruit appoint
hold
leave
fix accept
take
offer
meet
А DEADLINE AJOB
miss regulate ' applyfor

set
10) g Complete the sentences with the correct prepositions:
1. 1am thinking of applying _ _ _ _ the position of team leader.

2. She cannot Ье accountaЫe commitments she hasn't made.
3. The latest recruit graduated university only last year.
4. Sergio has been assigned _ _ _ _ this branch since Paula left.
5. Не is accountaЬle _ _ _ _ the head of the department.
6. Jill worked _ _ _ _ а blg international company, where she was responsiЫe
for dealing _ _ _ _ complaints from customers.
7. The deputy manager was authorised to negotiate _ _ _ _ behalf - - -
the company.
~
) "co rnp lete the tаЫе below with the correct forms of the words:
11
Noun (concept
and agent) Adjectlve Ntgatlve
verb ,;-. adJtctlye 1:. ; A~~•rb
~
- < .·
requ1r ххх
__ ,;-- - qualification
ххх
~
advert1s ххх
se\ection
-----
___ __-: -
арр\у
notif icati on
ххх
ххх
---- -
L- --'
recrш
't
accept
specification
ххх ххх
description ххх
1 "U se some of the expressions above in the follo

12 wing sentences:
1. We are \ooking for a(n) _ _ _ _ accountan
t.
2. The contract clearly who can operate the machinery.
з. HR manager is responsiЬ\e for
at al\ levels.
4. There are attempts to attract new
to the nursing profession.
5. We will do our best to meet your _ _ _
_
6. We are currently _ _ _ _ for а new sales
manager.
7. How \ong does it take to for this position?
8. You will have to Ье about which information to include in the repo
rt.
9. You should receive of our decision next week.
1О. Please confirm your of this offer in writing.
ISPEAKING
Groupwork:
You have just met some people who would like to
work in your country. What advice
can you give them about current job prospects and
how to go about findlng а JоЬ7
Тhе followlng headlngs may help you:
• availabl\ity of jobs geog raph ically

• emp\oyment sources (newspapers, agencies,
etc.)
• part- time /full- time work
• Ыuе col\ar/white collar jobs
• seasonal work
Recrultm ent
and Employment
1 LISTEN
п
ING
о an lntervieW w
,1th Professor Black from Lancaster Uni"
ersit~
1) ~, Llsten t I
g questlons:
and answer the follow n
d Ьу Professor Black?
ь · rules sugge5te
1. What are the ~s1c. of а traditlonal interview?
2. What is the ma1n a1mt d in the case interview?
What aЫlitles are tes е h vioural interview based оп?
З. What 1s the philosophy of the Ье ,:
4. What is meant Ьу а 'success story .
5.
2) Q Durlng the second listening comp1еte the following sentences with the right
expressions:
you сап come across in job
1. lt could Ье useful for overcoming t hе - - - - - -
interviews. about them.

2. lf there are any failures in your pa 5t, Ье - - - - - -
3. lf it seems this means just а job to you, you wi/1 not Ье - - - - - -

to a(n) _ _ _ _ _ _ about your
4. AII questions in the traditional interview /еа d
aЫlity to do the job.
5. Тhе question "How would colleagues descr1·ье you7" . gives you а chance
to _____ _ yourself from other candidates.
6. ln case interviews the scenario is _ _ _ _ _ _ according to а real management

or business proЫem.
7. ln the case interview you demonstrate a{n) _ _ __ _ _ process that is both
analytical and creative.
8. When answering questions in behavioural interview, you provide _ _ _ _ __
on the specific situations.
9. You should prepare a(n) _ _ _ ___ story emphasising the qualities that
the company is looking for.
1о. When descriЫng the specific situation, you should Ье objective and avoid
____ __ anyone.
3) Look at more examples of some typical interview questions. Work in pairs and put
them under the corresponding type of interview in the tаЫе below:
1. How do your colleagues describe you?
2. Have you been in а situation when you did not have enough work to do?
3. Tell about а time that you disagreed with а rule or approach.
4. Where do you see yourself in five years'time?
5. Your nephew runs а lemonade stand. Yesterday was Monday and it was open from
2pm - 5pm, and he sold only 2 cups. What should he do differently tomorrow?
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness •nd Economlcs. student's вооk,
е of work environment do you prefer?
wnattYP
6, Ь ut а time when you had to work closely with
'Т lk а о
1 а different from yours. someone wh
ose personality was
· verY "h а su bd
uld you deal wIt or lnate who ls under &
ноw wo
periarming?
s. ell
aьout а time when you had too many things t d
l'l'le
1 . ritise your t1me. • 0 о and
9. you
tO prlO Were required
would you approach an opportunity to buy а business? А
10. но~ ue what criteria would you use to evaluate whethe t ssum,.ng money
an ,ss , was not
r о purchase it?
nal lntervlew Case lntervlew

frldlt1о Behavloural lntervlew
dlvide the following qualities tested commonly in .

•1 ln ра 1r5 ponding type of interview: Ь
Jo 1
the corres ntervlews under
abllity to analyse
1.
reasons for applying
2.
з.
future expectations
abllity to handle relationships
4.
s. work experience
6. reasons for leaving а previous job
7. abllity to ask adequate additional questions
s. competence to suggest the right solution
9. abllity to handle tricky situations
10. capabllity to work under pressure
Traditional interview Case lnterview Behavloural interview
5) Work in pairs. As an interviewer, choose one

question from column А and ask
your partner. On page 222 you сап find recommendation
s about how а successful
applicant for а job position should and should not
respond. When finished,
provide your partner with feedback. Then change roles
and your colleague can
choose а question from column В. Suggested answers are
on page 230:
• What is you .
r greatest accompl1shm ent7 • Tell me about yourself.
• Wheredo
, you see yourself in five years?·
Doyou ha • Why do you want to work for us?
(at the е ve any questions for me? Describe а difficult work situatio~
nd of the interview) • you experienced and what you d1d
to overcome it.
Recrщtrnent а
nd Employment
6) g Wrlte one word ln each gap to complete the questlons you m i g h ~
at а Job lntervlew : ctsk,c1
1. What challenges you looklng in а position?

2. What you like your previous jоЬ?
з. Why you decide to change your jоЬ?
4. Howlong you in your present jоЬ?
5. What you passionate ?
6. What your amЫtions the future?
7. What your job consist ?
8. How you describe the speed which you work?
9. When you first attracted accounting?
10. Where you like to Ье ten years ' time?
7) J;i When assessing qualities of applicants, recru!ters us_e the following adjectives.
Create antonyms (words with opposite mean1ng) w1th the help of negativ,
prefixes:
- --
responsiЫe reliaЬle
- "·
decisive communic ative ,. "
•-
..
sensitive
л , -:.,, ;,,:,..
,,
,~,_~ ,_'
.
/oyal·
•.
..
rational • А ski II ed/skillfu 1
- ·- -
creative
. '
supportive
8) Role play:
You are about to take part in а series of mini interviews. ln groups of three one student
is an interview er and the other two are applicants. The interview er should prepare
а list of qualities crucial for а specific position (suggested positions: IMAX screen
cleaner, chocolate tester, librarian, bartender ) and questions to ask the applicants
or choose some of those suggested below. When the position is agreed in the group,
the applicants think about what to say in the interview , what their qualifications, skills
and characteristics are. Finally, the interview er should decide which applicant ls more
suitaЫe. After each interview , the roles rotate.
1. Where do you see yourself in five years'time ?

2. How do you соре with people who feel angry about your success?
3. How do you motivate people to do their best?
4. What are your weaknesses?
5. Сап you give ап example of а situation you found stressful, and how you coped
with the stress?
6. Give an example of а goal you reached and tell how you achieved it.
7. Give an example of а goal you did not meet and how you handled it.
d nt's вооk,
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. stu е
- - - -- - - - - -
-
turn
w,t'S your ked , дs the interview comes
) is "Do to а c\ose, o
9 N° rnaY ье as е que you have any que$tion ne of the fin
a\ questio
yoU to have so sti ons s1 " You ns
m d or unen - fai\ing to ask any at th r interviewer wi\\ expec
yoU rn unprepa g aged. Decid is t
bre a e which of th moment cou\d make y
see \d not е sked Ьу the interview e fo\\owing q
uestions sho
ou
orshou ee and exp\a u\d
in why:
th d
o s is company о.
7
1. Whа td muech trave\ is expe d7
2· 1-1ow ·on а possiЬi\it cte .
1s re\ocat, . Ь y?
3· when can \ ta
lf \ get the )О ke time off fo
4. rospects for g r а va
v,Jha ta re th eР rowth and pro cation?
5. v,Jhat is th mpany's man motion?
6. e с о a gem ent sty\e?
. tthejob?
7· o(а,d Ige
\1 \ change my schedu\e if I get .
8, the }ОЬ?
б. l\ecrultment
and Employment
...
Employment
11NFO ВОХ
---:-:-~~~---- -------
10yment is а relationship between two parties, usually based on а contract one
Е~Р the employer and the other being the employee. - '
ьe1ng
unemployment occurs when а person who is actively searching for employment

is unaЫe to find work. The most frequen~ly cited measure of unemployment is
the unemployment rate. There are three pr1mary categories of unemployment that
are typically discussed. Structural unemployment is associated with the mismatch
between jobs and workers due to the lack of applicaЫe skills. frictional unemployment
can Ье seen as а transactional cost of trying to find а new job. Unemployment that
is attributed to economic contractions is called cyclical unemployment. Seasonal
unemployment occurs when people are unemployed at particular times of the year when
demand for labour is lower than usual.
ILEAD-IN
1) What types of unemployment are connected with the following situations:
1. Highly skilled glassЫowers have been permanently laid off Ьу the invention of
bottle-making machines.
2. А college student resigned from his fast-food restaurant job to get ready to find
а job in his field after graduation.
3. 2,000 people were made redundant when the uranium mine in Jachymov was
closed.
4. During the 2008 crisis, home builders stopped constructing new homes
and as many as 2 million construction workers lost their jobs.
S. l left my job two weeks ago after an argument with my boss. 1am sure I can find
something better and hopefully even better paid.
б. James works as а ride operator for one of the fun park's water rides, а roller coaster
that takes guests through water slides to cool down during the warm summer
Weather. However, it closes down at the end of September.
б. Recrultm
ent and Employment
2) g Study the words referrlng to gettlng and loslng а job Ьу matching th,l'tt
wlth thelr expl•n•tlons:
you tel1 your employer that you are going to 1

1. lf you hlre someone, а.
the company after а certain period of time. eave
you clalm, at the court of law, that they d i s ~

lf you fir• somebody, ь. you for no legal reason. ed
2.
3.
lf you m•ke somebody
redund•nt,
с. you employ them. ------
is money pald to workers when they are made----
4. lf you recrult people, d. redundant. lt serves as а kind of compensation.
lf you headhunt you dismiss them from their job, usually becaus;-
5. е.
someone for а Job, of something wrong they did.
~
lf you hand in (or give f. he or she fires them.

6. ln/give) your notice,
lf а company gives you find new, qualified реор/е to work

7. g. in а company.
someone notice,
lf ап employer sacks you dismiss them from their job for economic
8. (or gives the sack to) h.
reasons.
someone,
they te/1 an employee that they are going to lose

9. Redundancy рау i.
their job after а certain period of time.
lf you take legal action you try to find people with the right skills
10. against your employer j. and experience for а particular senior job, and try
for unfair dismissal, to persuade them to leave their present job.
3) J;i. Use the expressions in bold from the prevlous exerclse to complete
the following sentences:
1. Не was given the _____ because he kept arriving late.

2. Dismiss те and 1'/1 take you to court for _ _ _ _ _ as l've done nothing to deserve
this.
3. Тhе redundant workers were given 26 weeks' _ _ _ _ _ in compensation for losing
their jobs.
4. We have to give her two months' _ _ _ _ _ that we are letting her go.
5. We _ _ _ _ _ him on а six month contract.
6. They are closing down the factory and making 500 people _ _ _ _ _ .
th
7. She handed in her _ _ _ _ _ this morning and is leaving at the end of the mon ·
8. The company only gave me three days' notice that I was being made _ _ __
9. Не gave two weeks, _ _ _ _ _ but they told him he could leave straight away.
1О. /t's difficu/t to _ _ _ _ _ people because our рау is so low.
's вооk•
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Student
~ ь·
the following ver s 1n two columns accordlng
t th
1..,1de
4) 0 о е agent:
make redu ndan t
step down
\ау off
resign downslze
disrniss quit
sack
fire
Employer
Employee
1'1. complete the gaps with the appropriate form of the

S) . word EMPLOY:
1. The rate in the Czech RepuЬ\ic stagnated \ast year.
2. 1have been unsuccessfully looki ng for
for the \ast five weeks.
з. Му father has been for near\y а year and the financia\ situation of our
family is gettin g worse.
4. How many new _ _ _ _ _ has your firm _ _
_ _ recently?
s. lf you are а good _ _ _ _ _ your workers wil\
Ье loya\ and devoted.
б. You have а\\ the skills to Ье an easily _ _ _ _
person.
7. You will have to _ _ _ _ а\\ your skil\s to succe
ed.
8. ln case you find it diffic ult to get on with other
people, the best thing you can
do is to become self-_ _ __
9. lf you lack foreign languages and computer
skills you are totally _ _ __
nowadays.
1о. Every _ _ _ _ of the company is entitled
to а 10% discount.
11. \n an area of high _ _ __ реор\е are desp
erate to find jobs.
12. Emphasising this in your CV migh t improve your
_ _ __
IREADING
1) Read the article abou t yout h unem ploy men t
and do the exercise below:
ТНЕУ DON '
Youth unem ploy men t is inevitaЫe h me to accept

Contrary to the conc ern over high yout h unem ploym
ent figures, we ave со
not inevitaЫe. . h' h Now we see
that relatively high unem ploy men t is natur al, if
1
extraordinaryfigures of unem ploym ent in the deve

. е
n the 1950s and 60s 2% unem ploym ent was 0 ft n seen as be1ng 19 •
orldandelsewhere.Thedifference
i th · loping w t· full employment
апd 0 ften came close to achieving this. ln the last few deca des ·tI h become а much \ower
s at 1n the 50s and 60s most governments put an phasis on crea 1ng '
em
as
6
· Recruit
rnent and Employment
1
ion has
llcy lnstead controlling inflatazi/ for examp/e run/oa/. We ha~
Br
Ьесоmе ~ /
priority in governmen po me~ts in So~th Africa and r11:

ate а /ow gr ow th, low employm~nt re~~g econor
serving to cre
seen this with t~e. g; ;t~ : s со те to Ье accepted as norma/·
me. /n lt!ariy 1
air s ha
policies ~о conta,n .'" th ' ~a te of aff
develop,ng countr1es 1s t~e proЫem
1
er 1I omlc pollcy won't _so~~e
iЬ at,on. оп. contro//ing 1nn
on
Тhе neol ipp ro ac h to ec
reg u/a tio n, and pr,or1t1s
. at; 1
2 . fit ekin g /og ic, de . cieties · ТL 011,
With 1ts pro -se ate un em p/o ym en t т ca p1ta/1st so. •,,е у011
. . •t Ь/е tendency to cre .. h ex,sting staff.· ,., 119
there 1s an 1nev1 аsuffer because it is easier to stop hmng t dan tofi fire ,rena~
.k to so r~t w~ need to change ou
;
are more lI е Iу ntr o_ l is all_t~ at m att ers an
face the mev,taЬ/e trend
ary co
Ьееn believing that inflation po/ JC 1es , yo u са п towards
ht eco no m1 c
attitude. lf you have the rig .
rn
high youth unemployment. jobs, policies need to /ower mterest rates, extend gove rne11t 1
То create more meaningfu/ tra
. . fl
,n, ng or young реорIе.
ras tru ctu re an d su pp or t I
investment in puЬ /ic inf
rts
s need to Ье left to the expe
3 Job creation doesn't alway en as the du ty of the experts. / wou/d quest
ion Who
r po lic y is se
Often job creation and /abou Ье еп ru nning po/icy and advising po
/icymakers
tho se wh o ha ve
these experts are. lfthey are en t so far ha s Ьееп quite pathetic. Of co
urse we neec1
un em plo ym
then their record оп youth sig n policy, but when it come
s to understanding
ple me nt an d de
technical expertise to im aningfu/ jobs
na me ly the em ph asis оп creating more me
the Ыg picture corre ctl y,
s need to Ье decided Ьу
the general puЬ/ic.
rke rs rig hts , su ch iss ue
and protecting wo
ry
Тhе employment fig
ures don't tell the whole sto At the moment
4
in та пу de ve lop ing co untries are misleading.
Тhе employment fig
ures important jobs
ye d yo un g pe op le are ac tual/y engaged in very un
many so-ca/led emplo thi s for yo urs e/f wh en you approach а crossroad
You сап see
in the grey economy sectors. su rro un de d Ьу young реор/е an
d children who try
your ca r is
in а developing country and it's а glo rifi ed for m of begging. Job creation nee
ds
plo ym en t,
to se/1 you things. Тhis isn't em
an ing fu/ work.
to Ье about creating me
sult in more employment
5 More education doesn't re ati on to yo un g реор/е wi/1 help them to
find
ing mo re ed uc
There is а naive view that giv typ es of ed uc ation availaЬ/e aren't useful for
young
Of ten the
employment. This is а myth.
cific labour markets.
people's emp/oyabllity in spe ed to invest not оп/у in forma
l education
ve lop ed co un trie s ne n't
оп the job. Companies wo
less economically de
ou gh а spe cif ic ins titu te or
r thr
but a/so in ski/1s training eithe e so go ve rnm en ts need to provide the incen
tive.
ini tia tiv
necessarily do th!s оп their
ow n r than just
ou t de ve lop ing sp ec ific training policies rathe
They _n~ed ~о t~,nk harde r ab this then they
gu ely de fin ed ed uc ati on po/icies. /f they don't do ·
comb1~1ng 1t w,~h va ec on omies where qua/i'fied engIneers r,ve tax,s.
d•
to co nt,nu e to ha ve
are go,ng
t Ье feft to the individual
6 Entrepreneurship should no ре ор /е oft en k h .
su mm
.
g
is im po rta nt bu t е t е huge m1 sta ke of as
Entrepreneurship en Th . . ma h h t Ьу
it is an individua/ deavou r. е rectpe ,s often to let рео РIе dо w atever t еу wan
d th es.
deregu/ating the economy, /en ertm 50hr:'1e finance апd they wi/1 take care of themselv ·
Governments need t~ sup ро t 15 Ьу providing good tn, · ~rastructure, educatron,
d . ly create
investing in science and resear ' an creatrng mechanisms for реор/е to co/lective
ch
organisations.
м . . ,,
(adaptedfrom ТheGuard , 28 ау, 2074' bv
ian Ha-J,ооп Chang, а Cambridge econom1st1
~
h for В
Team of authors: New Eng/fs us/ness and Econom/cs
. Student's Sook,
)
/
REдDtNG COMPREHENSION
•
ci,oos
еth• right option:
21 DurinQ the 50s and 60s
1, а) the unemployment rates became
аm h
Ь) governments successfully ma
naged а uc lower 1 •
full е
с) the low employment regime was асс Pr or1ty for governments.
The emphasis on making profit е te mployment po\icy.
Р d as а norm.
2. а) led to deregulation in the capitalist е
. . .
Ь) cause_d а mass1ve d1s conom
m1ssal of existing staff. y.
с) contr1buted to the growth in une
mployment.
The unemployment figures
3
· а) exclude the grey economy.
Ь) take into ~ccount young people
emplo
с) show stra1ghtforwardly how alarmin yed in the
gly hi h h grey economy sector.
The author believes that giving more
4. ld . edu cati on tg t е number of the unemp\oyed is.
а) cou 1mprove t he1r .
chances to succeed inоfiyou ng реор\е
d' .
Ь) does not solve the proЫem of n
unemploym t 1ngaJob·
с) should improve the level of formal educati
~~- among young people.
З) oecide whether the following

sta tements are true or false:
1 The level of inflation has become
· · · 1 1 а higher priority in governm t
2. Job creatю .
n 1s с ose у assoc1a . .•
. ted w1th the necessity to reduceen·,ntро1юеs recently.
government sp~nd1ng and set up а trai t rates, 1nc
• rease
ning system for the young eres
з. The labour ро\1су sh_ould Ье unemp loyed.
run Ьу experts in order to create mea
and protect workers' r1ghts. nin fu\ ·оьs
9 J
4. The grey economy sector helps cre
ate well paid job opportunities for young
people.
ISPEAKING
Group work - choose one of the new
s extracts below and prepare а comment on it:
1. Youth unemployment should really Ье
seen as а national and international secu
issue. There are all kinds of issues rity
that occur when the infrastructure to
employment breaks down. We can see create
that around the world, including in the
unemployment brings with it delinquen U.S.A.,
cy, gangs, drugs and violence. lt needs
seen as а security issue, but as it is abo to Ье
ut multi-generational poverty, it is also а
rights issue. human
2. We need to find а way to bridge the
skills and labour market mismatch. And
education systems need to go further fin~lly,
than just providing basic skills and also
transferaЫe skills. pro v,de
З. lf а young person needs help to get read
y for the world of work, it is better to prov 'd
that help than hand out benefits. , е
4· The overall unemployment rate can . to youth
Ье misleading when ,t comes
unemployment The headline number .
• does not account for th05e who have ghive
1ooking for а job
altogether because the opportun,·t·,es re 50 few Those w о hnave up
а ·
б. Recru\tm
ent and Employment
&erred to as 'mlsslng workers: There are abo
given up are оftе n re 1' ut 1 milll on у0
• k nder 25 years old - and lf they were lnc1u d е d, t h
m1ss1ng wor ers - u е unemploy ul"\9
rate for young people fn the US wou ld Ье c/os
er to 16.2 %. Гl"\el"\t
You can lmagine someone graduatlng /nto
5. а weak economy and not being аЬ1
to change jobs. So someone who graduate
d ln 2007 has seen seven y_ears of а Wea~
/aЬour market, and they are not аЫе to obta ln
prom otio n in thei r careers. Sil"\ce
the recession, реор/е who wanted to
qult thel r Job for bett er ones cou/d l"\ot
do so because those jobs were not availaЬ/e.
1 GRAMMAR - CLAUSES OF CONTRAST

·,;;~9-~~-lj~i~;~i~-~ii~~~~-;-,~~-~~d-B~~
---·-·------ ------- -----·------·· ----·----------·---- --- --j~;~~-,-stu.dents only: more in Grammar Guid~·ё·h·~-~t~·;·i"з"
-----·--------- ··---
Clauses of cont rast beg in with eith er the

coo rdin atin g con junc tion but or а sub
con junc tion s though, alth oug h, eve ord inat in;
n tho ugh , however, whi le, whereas,
of, despite. The y pres ent а situ atio n in spite
whic h is une xpe cted or surp risin g in
the info rma tion in the mai n clause. view of
Although/(even) though
Alth oug h
Even thou gh he had eno ugh mon ey, he refused to buy а new car.
OR
Не refused to buy а new car alth oug h

(even) thou gh he had eno ugh mon ey.
Although/(even) tho ugh subject verb
ln spite of/despite
Oespite а/1 his mon ey,

/п spite of he refu sed to buy а new car.
1
hav ing eno ugh mon ey,
OR
Не refu sed to buy а new car despite all his mon ey.
in spite of
hav ing eno ugh mon ey.
Des plte /in splt e of

+ nou n,
+ ver b + lng.
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Busl ness

and Economlcs. Student's вооk,
Example:
n't sleep
1,ould
а) despite being tired.
Ь) in spite of being tired.
с) although I was tired.
d) even thou gh I was tired.
е) despite the fact that I was tired . (formal)
f) in spite of the fact that I was tired.
Although
to contrast two opposite meanings (positive
We use although (even though or though)
results.
and negative) and it always gives unexpected
example:
d result)
Although / studied а// night. l failed the test. (unexpecte
. (unexpected result)
Even though the weather was cold, / went swimming
Whereas or While
site facts. lt doesn't matter if it has а negative
We use whereas or while to contrast two oppo
or positive meaning.
Example:
in Australia it is usual/y the coldest
/п Britain the hottest month of the уеаг is July, whereas/while
опе.
1 PRA<:пc-e.J
1) Choose the correct option:
1. Henry went out
а) despite he was not feeling well.
Ь) even thou gh he was not feeling well.
2. Му sister got the job
а) although she did not expect to.
Ь) in spite of she did not expect to.
3. 1intend to go for а walk this morning
а) although raining.
Ь) despite the rain.
4. The train left оп time
em.
а) despite there had been а technical proЫ
em.
Ь) although there had been а technical proЫ
5. She does not play the piano professionally
а) in spite of her talent.
Ь) although her talent.
б. Recruitment and Employment

2) Joln th es e sentenc es uslng t h• words ln br ac ke ts. You may ne ed t
d glven ln brackets so h
on • or even а few w ords to th e wor t at lt reads со O i!lct""
but do not change th • or de r of th • se nt en ce s: rrect\~
,
t а pr om oti on. (despite
1 He's very compe tе nt· Не never 9 O )
• 1 bu ou t of mo ne y. (a lth oug h)
2. Тhеу had а arge dg et Тhеу ran
З. Computing capaЫllty ha . d Тhе physical size о f h
t е equ1. pment has dim
s increase . in• h
(whereas) is ed.
h Our pr od uc t failed.
4. We carr1'ed
°
ut ma rket researc • (in spite of)
ny was extreme1У successful. lt had cash flo w pr oblems.
5. Тhе со~ра nt the remises. Тhе pre (although)
6. We decided _to ~е d mises we re ex tre me ly .
7 Our agent d1dn t un ers Р d the ma rke t. Не was а local ma n.
expens1ve. (despite)
· tan (although)
8 We spent over f.1 m on d rtising Brand awareness 'd , . . .
· а ve . d1 n t 1mprove. (,n
Тh sp1te of)
9. моrе people own
compu ter s е nu mb er of co mp ut er ma nu f
· acturers has gone dow
(while) n.
10. Users experience diffic
ulties wi th compatiЫli
on this proЫem. (even
ty. А lo t of mo ne y ha
though) s been spent
3) g Complete th e following
short te xt on th e co m pu
suitaЫe conjunctlon te r so ftw ar e market Ьу
s (whereas, whlle, ev en using
th ou gh , al th ou gh , in sp
ite of, despite):
1.._ _ _ _ _ there are
millions of different so
ftware pr og ra ms avai
managed to become int laЫe, on ly а few
ernationally successfu
l. The be st be co me sta
follow, bu t the originals ndards wh ich others
do no t always benefit
fro m this. 2._ _ _ _
competitive, it is domi _ th e industry is very
nated Ьу а few blg pro
ducers. Ma ny of th es
with the leading comp e are closely connected
uter manufacturers, 3.
_ _ _ _ _ th er e ar
e also ma ny independe
ones. Also, producing ne nt
w software is no t nece
ssarily expensive, 4 •._
in computer hardware _ _ _ _ innovation
certainly involve mass s
ive costs .
1 SPEAKING - TOPICS FOR PRESE

NTATIONS
l. Give ten ~iec~s of advic
well for а Job 1nterview. e an applicant fo r а jo b po sit ion sh ou ld
fo llo w to Ье prepared
2. Give а report on the de
Republ' d . v I
ic е op me nt an d changes
uring 1ast five уе
з R а с in un em pl oy m en t rat
es in th e Czec
h
· eport on the possiЫlities rs. om me nt on th eir causes
such opportunities? of fi d' •
n ing а Job abroad. Ar ·
in9
e th er e an y or ga nis at
ion s arrang

Economlcs. Student 's вооk •
· ngllsh for Business and
j/flf. F
~------
• G~
oss
----- ARY
Definitlon
Translation
~
cyc11,a~oyment (n)
unemployment resulting from fluctu t'
in economic activity а ions cyklicka
~
nezamestnanost
ng le er (n) а letter containing extra information th t
С
\ler• send with а CV/resume а you pruvodni/
о er letter motivacnf dopis
~ unemployment caused Ьу new entrants t th
· nal job market and people who have left thei~ . ~ docasna
frlct1op1oyment (n) to look for and find other jobs Jo 5
u11ern nezamestnanost
v-- а third-party recruiter who works on behalf
of an emp~oyer and seeks out candidates
нeadhunter (n) for execut1ve and professional positions on th . lovec mozku
behalf eir
~force(n) all people of working age, both employed
--
workforce and unemployed - pracovnf sfla
to contract out а business process to another zadavat

outsource (v) party subdodavatelske
-Payroll (n)
а list of all financial records of salaries for an
employee, wages, bonuses and deductions
zakazky
vyplatnf listina
а move to а more senior position in а company

Promotion (n) or organisation, decided upon povysenf
Ьу the employee's superiors
the overall process of attracting, selecting

Recruitment (n) and appointing suitaЫe candidates for jobs nabor, prijf manf
within an organisation pracovnfch sil
Recruitment
agency (n) а business that finds employers or employees personalnf
Employment for those seeking them agentura
agency
Redundancy money paid to workers when they are made
рау (n)
odstupne
redundant
а list of candidates for а job, prize, award,
Shortlist (n) political position, etc., that has been reduced uzsf seznam
- from а longer list of candidates
Structural unemployment resulting from changes in strukturalnf

unemployment (n) the economy itself nezamestnanost
г---
Unemployment the percentage of people in the labour for 7e mfra

rate (n) who cannot find employment but are look1ng nezamestnanosti
r--- for it
Vacancy (n) volne mfsto
а job position that is availaЫe to Ье filled
б, RecrUitm
ent and Employment
~ - - -- - - -- -
De bate
1NfO воХ
• . metho
tin9 ,s а
оеЬа d and tlmed exchange
,ture
d of discussing and analysing iss
of arg um en ts be
д
ues. formal d
tw
ь .
е а1е is an organlsed
een two teams • d' 'd
5trll а .
l), also called а statement or moOr 1n 1v1 uals. Each'
b ate haS toplc (often .
controvers1a
ti ~ d .
de k opposing s1des of the top . .
111 s ta е 1c, e1ther affirmative (for) als on. 1wo ebat1ng
tea d .• o called
tlv
nega e (against) also са 11 е oppos1t1on and aim to persu pro ..
or . their arguments on . ade oth tpos1t1on
or ье\1еvе а top1c. ers о accept
тhere ar е many kinds of debate. Typica\ real-world de
. . . bates may Ье found in а court of
. ment during а pres1d law
а par 1,а ' ent 1al cam pa1 gn, etc. The purpose is often to ,
вut debate is also used in cla
. dec ide а future
ssrooms as an educationa\ exe
p\an .
purpos е is edu cational training. There are a\so debating com
rcise where the primary
petitions and tournaments
Th~ ar e multiple formats а debate can follow. This ·
is а basic debate structure·
.
, д topic is chosen for each
debate.
1 Teams are provided with time to
prepare.
, Each team is allocated а per
iod of time they are allowed to spe
ak for.
, The teams take turns speaki
ng for and against the topic, pre
and rebut (attack) the argument sent their arguments
s raised Ьу the other team and def
end their own.
, The debate is then judged
and the winner is announced.
ILEAD-\N
1) Discuss these questions in pa
irs:
1. How is an argument different fro
m а discussion?
2. What did you last discuss (at sch
ool)? What did you last argue abo
З. Have you ever had to put forwa ut?
rd an argument about someth'ing 7
·
4. Have you ever taken part in а deb
S· ate?
ln а classroom debate you will h h' h u
sometimes Ье as kе d to take а position wit w \С уо
do not personally agree. Did you , n1
have to dе fen d an opi. nion that wasn t your ow .
lf so, was it easy? Did it make you
re-evaluate your own views 7.
7
· Debate
2) ь
What are the eneflt 5
of debatlng for students7 What skllls do they
~
1 ear11 f
debatlng7 ro,.,..
3) Look at the followlng nlne steps that wlll Ье taken once the topic of the d
has been declded and place them ln 8 loglcal 0rd er: •bat,
1. Bulld arguments = develop sets of arguments that support the affi .

• •1 rrnat1ve
and the negat1ve pos1t оп
2. Do resнrch = in some cases, you сап simply use your own knowledge .
111 rno
debates you may need to find examp es, &,ас t s, st а t·1st ics,
· expert opinions to' back ust
'
your arguments Р
з. Judge the debate = the audience judges decide the winner and give t d
ее back
to the debaters
4. Present the speeches = the two sides take turns delivering their speeches
and rebutting the other side's arguments
5. Make а list of references = write down а list of books, articles and web pages dealing
with the topic
6. Analyse and interpret the topic = interpret the meaning and find potential issues
involved in it
7. Organise speeches = plan а logical and easy-to-follow organization of speeches
8. Organise the team = classroom debate is а team competition so teams shouid
organise their speakers and decide оп the structure of their presentation, assign
the roles and turns between the members and decide the focus of each speaker
9. Prepare for rebuttal = try to anticipate the other side's arguments and prepare
forthem
ISPEAKING
А SAMPLE DEBATE: CATS МАКЕ BETTER PETS THAN DOGS
•
(ыiJ~ФDOGS
1) Warm-up. ln groups discuss the following:
• Do you have or have you ever had any pets? What are / were they? What are / were th eY
like? lf you have never had а pet, why not?
• Why do you think people keep pets?
• Which animals do you think make the best pets? Why?
• What are the pros and cons of keeping а pet?
• What is the most unusual pet you have seen?
• Are you а cat or dog person?
t'S вооk•
/
10
,.,1ng argum ents
p,,111s
,1 ьout the topic иcats make bette r Р t
111k а Е h е s than do " ln
f h I to two team s. ас team must d еfend а diff gs. Work groups 01 ld
oLIP n
gr ьralnstorm as many reaso ns to suppo rt erent Posltlon (FOR • v е your
Your Posltion 15 or AGAINST)
f,Yto PosslЫ ·
е ln flve minutes.
Arguments FOR
----
~
•
•
•
•
Arguments AGAINST
-----
• •
----
•
i----
•
•
•
i---
• •
- .
When you have finished, look at. the arguments you have wr1tten and select
the three strongest arguments us1ng the following criteria:
Qualities of а strong reason:

• it logically supports the opinion
• it is important and directly related to the question
• it is specific and states the idea clearly
• it is convincing to а majority of people
3) Giving support for your arguments
are various kinds

The arguments should Ье supported with evidence. There
of evidence:
or read
• Example: from your own experience or from what you have heard
• Common sense: things that you believe everybody knows
ch
• Expert opinion: the opinions of experts - this comes from resear
• Statistics: numbers - this also comes from research
Practise developing your arguments Ьу adding support to

them. Use the three
ise ап d support em
st th
~onge 5t arguments you came up with in the previous exerc
W1th evidence.
. format:
Use the f0 11 ow1ng
Th
1thinkfb 1·
exarr, е ieve ~hat ... make better pets than ... because/since ... (REAS
ON) ... еге are тапу
р1es of th1s, for instance ... (SUPPORT/EVIDENCE) ... ·
7, D
ebate
) Predicting and rebutting the other team's arguments
4
could Use and
ln the team try to predict some arguments that the oppon ents
Prep are
short rebuttals for them.
They say that ... but we disagree because ....
S) ® Watching а model debate

а) Watch а short model debate (https://www.youtube.com/watch7v=s Н
and write down the arguments used Ьу both sides. How do th
nZaPStJEJ
with the arguments that you selected ln the previous activities7 Are th?
cornPtre
or dlfferent7 lf different, are they better than yours7
У the strne
Ь) Тhе following chart gives an overview of how the debate is organis

are the speakers taking turns7 What happens at each stage of th
ed, How
Complete the following chart:
debtte? е
с) Watch the sample debate again an d 115ten to how the speak ers suppo rt their
arguments and how the Ь
notes in the grey fields ln~:e ~ ultl the arguments used Ьу the oppon ents.
Make
е ro owing tаЫе:
Team of authors : New Engllsh tor Buslness and Economlcs. Student's вооk,
bett
Cats m a k e - er Pets than ogs
---- -~г--- d
P ro p o s ft lo n
Argument·
J11ent fO R Support: .
1,,,,gu
ST
,,J11ent AGAIN
1"''g" ument:
Counterarg
Reьuttal
Argument:
-4 argurnen
t FOR S u p p o rt :
2 ent:
Counterargum
2rм1 argument
AGAINST
ment:
Counterargu
Rebuttal of?
e t is cheaper to take care
Which p
Тhе audienc
e ask
aquestion
Proposition a
n s w e rs
the question
s w e rs
Opposition a n
the question
Final speech
Final speech
6} g Debating language th e o th e r s/de's argum

ents
el/ a n d re b u t g u age
werful lan
a r g u m e n ts w
r y fe . Using po
/t is; n t to Ь u.'·1d y o u r сап Ье th e s p e a k e r' s st
a es th
p ot1rtm a te .
Ь " ' ••rn
nie
е ti e b reake a s ie r to w in th e d e b
can irnprove a tl n g s ty le m a k in g it
e
l/ n g a n d d /v /de them /nto
your de b r deb a
Look a t a n d e x p re s s /o n s fo
с r a s e s
u• • f u / p h
th• 9/vens o m e
a te g o rl e s .
7,
DeЬate
. le of this is ... .
:Р
1
.. .
1. д classrc еха t me sum mar ise my poin t of v1ew
2. дs а final wor ' е sition we strongly believe that ...
о
d , oposition / оррBut on the other hand, У ...
з. As to ау s pr
1agree with you that Х ....
4. 1сап understand that. Nevertheless, ...
5.
6. 1see your point, but . . . . h ur polnt
l'm afraid I can't quite agree w1t уо . . .
ln fact, you сап find many exam p/es for th1s. Just thm k of ...
7.
В. l'd /ike to point out that ...
9. /n summary,
1о.
ate.
Ladies and Gentlemen, we/come to this deb
11. Let me give you an example ...
.. .
12. Most importantly, 1want to mention that
1з. Our position is the fol/owing · · ·
14. So, in this simple example we сап see
that ...
15. Тhat' s all very interesting, but the proЫem is that ...
16. The first point I would like to raise is ...
t is .. .
17. The most important / primary argumen
18. The motion for debate today is ...
19. The next argument l'd /ike to state is ...
us ... , but in fact ...
20. The proposition / opposition has told
als that .. .
21. The work of ХХ shows / indicates / reve
instance, .. .
22. There are many examples of this. For
23. То recap the main points ...
24. То sum up, here are the main points ...
port my poin t of view ...
25. Two / three important arguments sup
3. Supporting arguments
1. Opening the debate 2. lntroducing arguments Giving examples
5. Summarising
4. Rebutting arguments
and ending the speech
·-
,5 80ok,
Team of authors: New Е ngllsh for Business and Economlcs. Student
~ JLI
dgl119 t
ho do not partlcipate ln the debate are the judges Th j d
11 de11ts w d h I h d . еу u ge
1~е stll t of arguments an tec n ques t е ebaters use. What crlterla do you
.., q11all У ld use7 ln small groups, dlscuss the posslЫe assessment crlt 1
t•• heY shoU er а.
t~111kt
8 " ar
gument practlce
"
811 11dl!1111
81 е following example:
st11dY th
• major cities should install blke lanes.
мotlon,A11
• Bike lanes are safer for cyclists.
дrg1,1ment,
n· Both being on pavements and unprotected roads can Ье dangerous for cyclists.
Reas:e;trians or drivers fail to see cyclists, it сап Ье incrediЬly dangerous. Cyclists
lf peh atened in both places making cycling an inaccessiЬle option for people.
are t re
example: ln New York City, the introduction of smart blke lanes led to а 56% reduction
in injuries to all street users. This included large reductions for cyclists, pedestrians,
and fewer collisions overall.
Conclusion: Because blke lanes provide а safer environment for all traffic it is critical that
we form protected blke lanes on all major streets.
Nowchoose one/some of the following topics, choose your position (for or against)
and build an argument in а similar way.
• Zoos should Ье banned.

• GamЫing should Ье outlawed.
• Attendance in English classes should Ье mandatory.
• Online education is better than traditional education.
• А college degree is essential for getting а good job.
• Everyone should Ье vegetarian.
• Plastic bags and packaging should Ье banned.
After building your argument ask yourself:
О Does my argument have an introduction that would tel1 the judges what I was
going to say?
О Does my argument have examples or evidence that I can link to the explanation?
О D"d
1 1
explain why my evidence is important or directly related to my argument?
0
Does my argument have а concluding sentence that explains why my argument
matters?
7.
Debate
ьuttal practlce:
nts and re
9) counterargume
example:
e followlng
Stu d У th
llowed in school.
hones should Ье а
мotlon: Cell Р . ents or the police in case there is an en,
ergency
d to call therr par ·
t Children nee
Argumen : uld Ье used to call parents in emergenc·
со res, but
hа t cell phones ld time to са/1 parents. They would
Тhеу
Re ь u а .
tt 1• sald t not have
h children wou d . . l'leed
1 disagree ьecause t е . Teachers would nee to grve rnstructions al'ld h
ave
. emergencres.
to listen to teachers rn ld Ье distracting in an emergency and during the d
. Се/1 ,phones wou bl . ау.
the children l1sten. nd could cause many pro ems durrng the d
а · ь1 ау.
ld Ь using phones learning and poss, у cause more confus·
Children wou е ld d'stract
1
~
Тhere1ore,
cell phones wou 1ori
in an emergency.
Notice the structure of а rebuttal:
1. Restate the argument (They said ... )
2. Provide counter-argument (I/We disagree because .. .)
3. Offer reason to complete your argument
4. Draw а conclusion and explain why your argument is better (Therefore ... )
Sometimes we can't disagree completely, but we can offer а different perspective

оп the issue. Study the following example:
Motion: Cigarettes should Ье banned.
Argument: Smoking causes cancer.
Rebuttal: They say that cigarettes should Ье banned because they cause cancer.
While that may Ье true, there are many reasons why people get cancer. Not only from
cigarettes. Many people smoke their whole life and never get cancer. On the other
hand, cigarette companies hire lots of workers. lf we ban cigarettes, production will stop
ап d th ose people will Ье out of work. lf people lose their jobs, their families will suffer.
Тherefore, cigarettes should not Ье banned.
Ljsten to other students' arguments they created in exercise 8 on page 11S and try
to rebut them.
Team of authors· N dent's sook•

· ew Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Stu
ou ps .
pairs or sm al l gr
these qu es ti on s in
and t 1
,s,uss e be tw een working remote/y е ecommutin 9'·
11 О Whд
differe nc
same а t 1
t is the .
W FH stan d fo r? Does ,t mean the s е ecommuting an
d working
1, t does
2. Whдotely? e
.
way we wo rk/ studу ,n the future?
rem logy wi/1 ch an ge th
do you think techno . . . pany /count ? lf
·
ноw су 1n
/ecommut,ng ро/1 Why? Why not?
yo ur com
ry not, would yo u like
ou ha ve а te ?
3,
d in your workp/ace .
4. Do уЬе introduce mmut·•ng system to staff?
пю
for the co m pa ny o f offering а te/eco ·
t are the benefits ploy ees?
Wаh ing fo r em
5· What are the benefits of te/ecommut
uting?
6 What are the drawbacks o f te/ecomm
·
7,
ut er ?
ld you Ье а te le co m m su itaЫe for te le w
or ki ng /
cou b s w ou ld Ье
ou тау also check
2)
ar tn er w hi ch jo ·
. ,uss with your p. . d t hе сharacter1·st1cs gi ve n be lo w . Y
o,/es commuting. Bear 1n m1n t . · .
h 1st1cs
te ur job against th es e с arac er
yo
e а lot of:
Ыe r te/ecommuting invo/v
l@ is ui ta fo g regu/ations,
ana/ys is, ch ec king cases and writin
ing, such as data
• thinking and writ ion,
decisions, or reports ng а co nference , obtaining informat
ganizi
ive tasks, such as or
, telephone -intens sing
and contacting cust
omers
m m ing, da ta en try and word proces
ogra
ed tasks, such as pr
• computer-orient
guire:
bs not su it aЫ e for telecommuting re
Jo times
ce at the workp/ace at а// puЬ/ic
• the employee's ph
ys ica/ pres en
ors, ot he r em p/oyees, c/ients or the
supervis
-face contact with
• extensive face-to ot Ье m oved from the mai
n office
/ th at ca nn
• access to materia ne e/sewhere
at pr ev en t th e w ork from being do
• security issues th
g
on in tr od uc in g а te le co m m ut in
d at а di sc us si on
3) Look at the opinion p re se n te s argument?
u se d to st ru ct ur e th e sp ea ke r'
ge is
system. What la ng ua
ef ul .
Te/ecommuting is us y wou/d Ье benefic
ia/. Fir5t /y,
st 0 "91Ybelieve that introducing а te/e
co m m ut in g po /ic th
Ье ec on om ica/ly sound bo
:'I ' ore, it wou/d
od uc tivity. What is m /у
rnover,
/d it re~uce staff tu th
;:,~~uld increa se pr
s. Fina /ly , no t оп w ou
onal pursшts. 1ат th
for the employee aware at
but it е company and w or k an d pe rs
~ou/d a/so provide
а better ba/ance o f
st em · ho w ev er, 1 ат convinced d at work
/t
introducing this sy resu "
u might Ье he sitant ab ou t ' /d save mon ey an
fYo tive workforce, wou
rom ho ро/,, су wou/d lead to more produc
hi h me w ou /d Ье а va /u aЫ e step for us to take.
in ; it
g er staff retention.
А// things considered
7, D
ebate
4) g Language use
le from the tex
t ln exerclse 3 for each of the foll
А Select one examP ow1rig
.
categorles.
expressing your opin/on
----
sequencing
providing supportlng arguments ------

acknowledging other views
contrasting
--
reformulating
--
-
summarising
в. .n. ln ра Irs or small groups, decide which category {see the exercise above)
the following phrases belong to:
Firstly, .. .
lt seems clear that ... Finally, .. .
AII things considered, ...

Alternatively, ... What I want to say is...
Then, ... That is, ... ln conclusion, ...
However, ...
Wha~ is more, .. . 1believe that ...
Personally, ... 1feel that ... ln other words, ...
Although ... As we/1 as ..., the .. . lt is clear that you ...

-
Your standpoint is clear.
1am aware that you feel ... Not only will ... but ...will ...
-
The way I see it ...
With the above evidence ...

1see what you mean ... Оп the contrary. ••
-
-
it is .. . Let me put it another way, Next ...
...
Equa/ly important...
Team of а th
u ors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economics. Student's so
0 "·
wledge
mu tin g? Based on you r kno
learnt so far abo ut tele com ial for
ic "Telecommuting is benefic
i.at have you rganise а deb ate on the top
0
, '11•• plr11on,
1
1 ,11d о "
ь11s111ess, 2 teams, each tea m must def
end
of 4, dlvide you r gro up lnt o
5
" 111 groUP
wor er1t side, end your vie w
dlffer t of arg um ent s you are go lng to pre sen t to def
• h
1
d the I s vou may also add ot ers.
R''
the matter, the deb ate .
0" f the team have to tak e pa rt in
All fl'lemьers о uld convince the audience tha
t your
our arguments, you r tea m sho
resent1ng Y
SYP the wlnning one.
positJon I5
е
your arguments using the tаЫ
below.
prepare
61
uments given
•de а supporting sentence for the arg
а) provr
Ь)add some more arguments
DRAWBACKS:
gNEFITS:
distractions
reduction of absenteeism isolation
overheads reductions limited interaction
schedule flexibllity security issues
increased time availaЫe for work
influence on career progress
improved employee productivity
lack of self-discipline
improved employee retention
ons cost element
reduction of greenhouse gas emissi
7,
Debate
- - - -- - - - - - - - - - h- s-tr_u_c_tu_r_e_s_h_o_w_n_b_e_lo_w_t_o_p_r_e_s_e_n_t_~
dе bate· Use t е d Ьу your oppo nent s. 1t 1s • argu

а comp . tri~r\t
7) Take part i n а et1t1or\ s
t the argum ents boutuse
ь
and re u your posit lon: , tr~
to persu ade the audie nce а
TOPIC: Telecommuting is ben efic ial for business
Proposition
Opposition
~
titt ttИ
1.
Вoth teams prepare their arguments, plan their speeches
and the debat ing strate gy
----
7 minutes
Opens the debat e and presents З minutes

2.
3.
the first arguments FOR
Presents the first argum ents
AGAINST
З minutes
-
-
5 minutes
4. Both teams prepa re their first rebut tal speeches
2 minutes
5. Makes the pt rebut tal speech
Makes the 1st rebut tal speec h 2 minutes

6.
3 minutes
7. Both teams prepa re the second rebut tal speeches
2 minutes
в. Makes the 2nd rebut tal speech
Makes the 2nd rebut tal speec h 2 minutes

9.
hes З minutes
10. Both teams prepa re their final/c losing /summ arisin g speec
2 minutes
11. Makes the final speech
-
2 minutes
12. Makes the final speec h
-
13. Тhе audience vote оп the winne r of the deba te and give feedb ack
TOTAL DEBATE TIME

---
2_5 minutes
Зб minutes +
feedback
' sook•
studerit s
Team of auth ors.. New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs.
Marketing
and Branding
IINFO вох
\n the past, businesses often produced what the
ьuyers for their products. Successful modern ьu/ were ghood at and then set out to find
and needs of the consumer, both now and in t~ne?~s, owever, first identify the wants
or services to satisfy those needs in such а way th:t :~lr~ ап d ~rovide the right goods
in short, is what marketing is all about. lt is known as th е pkrofi~aЫe for the firm. That,
I ent1·tу consumers needs and·bring togeth
е th
mar et1ng concept ·
д plan to 'd ,
• k nown as а marketing strategy The pler · е resources needed to satisfy
those nee d s 1s
. an 1nvo 1ves:
• identification of different market segments (1 ·е f I f h

. .
~ .
А . . groups о реор е or w om
the pro_duct satisfie_s s_1milar need). small market segment with some kind
of spec1al character1st1c 1s often called а niche market·
• а
s~lectio~ of target markets (i.e. groups of people at ;hom specific product
w1II Ье a1med). А group may Ье defined Ьу а characteristic such as age gender
income level, lifestyle, etc.; ' '
• building up а product portfolio (i.e. the range of products marketed Ьу а firm).

А firm should Ье constantly developing new products to match changes
in consumers' tastes and to have new products ready to replace those which
decline in popularity;
• deciding оп the product positioning of each product (i.e. choosing
the product's image relative to its competitors). For example in the саг market,
cars like BMW are positioned in the 'expensive luxury' category while the Skoda
Fabla would Ье positioned among 'reliaЫe family cars'. Product positioning
is the central feature of the marketlng strategy for а product. Once the product's
position has been selected, all of the elements of the marketing mix (see below)
are chosen to support that position;
• development of the marketlng mix for each product (i.e. the comblnation
of elements that the firm uses to pursue its marketing goals). The best-known
method of defining the marketing mix is known as the 4Ps. The 4Ps are: product,
price, place, promotion.
Advertising is one of the main methods of promotion, involving informing consumers

about products, and attempting to persuade them to buy. Advertising is known
as above the line promotion, the other promotional methods are called below _the llne.
Advertisements are defined as messages, paid for Ьу those who send them, and 1ntended
to inform or influence people who receive them. . . . 'd
Advertisements are often referred to as ads or adverts. Advertisements in audю ап d
vi е0
forn, (radio, TV, cinema) are called commerclals.
В. Marketlng and Brandlng

1 LEAD-IN
oz~
Our research shows that this is the percentage of our customers
who will buy from us wlthout any effort оп our part.
Discuss the following questions with your partner:

1. Why do firms need to market their products?
2. What changes in the business environment have led to marketing becoming more
important in the modern world?
3. What do marketing executives do in their jobs?
4. Would you like to work in marketing? Why/not?
5. What is the difference between marketing and selling?
6. What is the difference between marketing and advertising?
1 READING
1) You are going to read an article about viral marketing. Before reading, discuss
the following questions with your partner:
• Are you familiar with the term 'viral marketing'? What does it mean and how does
it work?
• Сап you give any examples of viral marketing campaigns?
- AcnJAL
5ALES ,' ---- IORECASТ
,
,,,
, ,
,,
гl t
~~{l-7:~/1
Okay, but what lf our vldeo
doesn•t 1110 vlral 11 ?
,• ,-
-- - -- -
т
,eam of authors· Ne Е 11 St dent s
, s-~
· w ng sh for Buslness and Economlcs. u
NoW read the article and do the е .
2)
are ln Ьо ld ь ecause they will Ье practised later: w. 5ome words ln the article
xerc1ses belo
1 Viral marketing involves choosing а small gr f

· · h oup O well-connected · d' ·
а Product or serv,ce v,a t е lnternet ог their mob'I h
'dl . h . .
1n 1v1duals to launch
' е р ones. The ide .15 th h .
will spread гар, у v1a t е1г onl1ne network of connections с а at t е,г approval
that is being marketed and result in millions of sale Th ' reate а _buzz around the product
е moS t des,raЫe individuals for viral
5
marketing are those with what is known as high '.
. . f . 50 с,а networking potential (SNP) р
1 1,
SNP is а comb1nat1on о the s1ze of their online soc· 1 t k . · еор е s
that network. ,а пе wor ап the,r power to influence
d
2 Viral .
marketing is meant to work like the spread of an 'd . lf
h
.
ер, em,c. every 1nfected person
infects, in turn, more t ап one other, the epidemic spreads rap'rdl lf
h 1 • • У· every prospect reaches
more than one ot er: sa es _rise rap,dly. At the height of the dotcom boom there were few
ьusiness plans that d1d not 1nclude viral marketing as а central part of their strategy.
3 Viral marketing moved into а new phase with the growth of online social networks
such as YouTube and Facebook. Оп networks such as these information is sucked out
Ьу the participants instead of being pushed out via email. lt gives the virus greater potential
to multiply. But as the lnternet grows more diffuse and more commonplace, most people's
SNP seems bound to decline.
4 Few marketing viruses are known to have succeeded оп anything like the scale
of Hotmail, commonly considered to Ье the father of viral marketing. Hotmail's success
was based partly оп the fact that it was free - viral marketing seems to work well when
there is а free element to what is being marketed. Whenever someone sent а Hotmail email
message, for example, there was а note at the bottom saying, 'Get your private, free email
at www.hotmail.com'.
5 Viral marketing also works well with products and services that peer groups want to Ье
associated with. That was the case, for example, with 'The Blair Witch Project', а film that
became а box-office success in America largely through viral marketing among university
students. And it worked well for the launch of а British рор group called the Arctic Monkeys,
whose first record went to the top of the British charts in 2005 largely thanks to being
marketed Ьу fans on the lnternet.
6 The term viral marketing is said to have flrst been coi~ed Ьу Jeffrey Rayport,_ а Harvard
Business School academic, in а 1996 article for the magaz1ne Fast Сатрапу. The 1dea really
took off with the growth of the lnternet and e-commerce. Word-of-mouth has long be~n
recognised as а powerful marketing tool; e-word-of-mouth seemed to have the potent1al
to Ье so much more so.
7 But word-of-mouth marketing works а lot better among young chatte~bfoxes :~an
it d 'k • 1 ·t web surfers don't pass on ,n orma ~оп,
oes among middle-aged recluses. Li ewise, sorts of awfulness if they are not
weary perhaps from too many messages that th~eaten а~г ·ust web-weary in general, then
1
Passed to at least ten people in less than ten minu~es, ~ uickly lose its power to infect.
th e effect of viral marketing soon fizzles out. The virus са q
п article based оп итhе Economist Guide
(adapted from The Economist, December 1, 200В, а
to Management /deas and Gurus", Ьу Tim Hindle)
8
· Marketlng and Brandlng
1 READING coMPREHENSION • sentences with inforrnation frorn the article and/ 1
З) Complete the f 11ow1ng о or You
background knowledge: oachieve

·ral marketing refers to а marketlng technique that uses _
_____ t
1. Vl
marketlng message
Тhе main gaal af marketers lnterested in creating successful viral
2. s
istoappealto _ _ _ _ _ _ .
and _ __
SNP represents bath the size af an individual's social network
3. ouring the rapid rise of the internet-based comp
anies most Ь usinesses
4.
Тhе effectiveness of viral marketing was significantly enhanced Ьу -- --
·
5.
lt is generally recognised that а viral marketing pioneer was - - - - - - thanks
6. to its practice of _ _ _ _ _ _
igns was for the film
of the most succe ssful early viral mark eting camp a·
One
7.
to
The origin of the specific term viral marketing is attributed
8. ------
Viral marketing may lose its power if
9.
ILANGUAGEFOCUS
the defin ition s:
4) Match the words printed in bold in the artic le with
group of people, usually of similar age back

а. potential or likely custome r, с1·1ent, etc.,
1. а
2. ground, and social status
, an event, or а person
3. interested or excited talk а Ь out а new product
4. an oral or written recom d .
e atюn Ьу а sat· fi е d customer to the prospective
15
custom ers f а good or servic men
O
5. to achieve success or popularity

6. tocometoane d, d'ie away (informally)
7. to invent n
а new word or ph rase
в
9. to pull something from somewhere .
. very tired or bored w·th w1th great power
I somethin
1о
. spread over а w1·d earea g
11. а person who talks а lot
12. а person wh о does not l'k . g
1 е see1n or talking to oth er people
Team of auth ors: New Е

ngl/sh for Bu 51ness ап d Economlcs. Student's sook•
---
IEXTENSION
1) Match each paragraph with one of the 4Ps:
1. This is more commonly known as the distribution channel. lt means using intermediaries
such as wholesalers, retailers and agents, or selling directly to consumers. The arrival
а
of the lnternet had huge impact
availaЬ\e to customers.
оп
how and where companies make their products
2. This refers to what goods or services consist of and includes: features, packaging
and brand name.
з. This refers to how much the goods or services cost the customer. lt is decided
Ьу the cost of production, demand for the product, competitive environment
and sometimes the government (VAT, excise duty, etc.).
4. This involves а range of activities through which the firm tries to influence
the target market to purchase its products. lt includes advertising, puЫic relations (PR),
sales and sales promotions.
2) '1 Match the words from column А with sultaЬ\e words from column В to form
wor d par ners 1ps.
t Then , choose one and explain it to your classmate. Сап he/she
h.
guess which word partnership lt ls7
1. brand а. channel
2. distribution ь. market
з. market с. mix
-
4. marketing d. name
-
5. product е. positioning
6. PUЬ\ic
- 7. f. promotion
- 8. sales g. relations
- target h. segment
8
h follo wing expressions:
Explain the differenc e betw een t е
3)
х niche market
target market
market segment
х х marketing mix
marketing strategy
х
marketing concept prod uct posi tloni ng
х
prod uct portf olio
I INFO вох
Market Research
the mark et with out cond uctin g at least sorne
lt would Ье extrem~ly diffic ult to succeed in
et research are used to find out information
basic market research. Various methods of mark
petitors, mark et trends, customer satisfaction
about target markets and their needs, com
the right decisions abou t bring ing products to
with products, etc. lt helps businesses to make
the market.
rch:
There are two main methods of market resea
data that alrea dy exists in а vari-
• desk research whic h oЬtains secondary
rts, sales figur es, inve ntor y records,
ety of sources, both inte rnal (com pany repo
exte rnal (med ia repo rts and articles,
cust ome r database, cust ome r feedback) and
rnme nt depa rtme nts, econ omic reports,
the lnter net, commercial databases, gove
trade associations);
, or data that did not previously exist,
• field research whic h obta ins prim ary data
from peop le and organisations.
data because it is more up to date and specific,

Primary data is more valuaЬ/e than secondary
but it is much more expensive.
1 LISTENING
1) ~ а
Listen to discussion abo ut contact met
hod s in mar ket research. As you
the fo//owing
1•sten, answer the questions belo w and com plet e the cha rt uslng
ses of each met hod :
codes to signify the strengths and weaknes
++ = excellent
+ = good
= poor
1. What product is being discussed7

2. Who i~ the target market for the ~roduct?
3. What 1s а sample?
4. What is meant Ьу interviewer Ыаs7
5. What is а survey's response rate? .
_1 ;... ~
. , ... . - -- - - -
...
,5 sook,
· ngllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Student
~
;:,, ,
::;,.- -
...
..,, '
Tele.-phon e·.. ; Onll ne
:.:,:, .,.
.. ,Focus Group
--
fleXIЫlltY
All'ount of data
':--
control of Ыаs
--
~ntr ol of sam ple
:speed
--
Response rate
cost
) NoW answ er the follo wing ques tions . Som etim

2 es you mus t use your back grou nd
knowledge:
1. Why is the response rate very low for mail questionn

aires? Can you think of some
simple techn iques that migh t impr ove the response
rate?
2. What is the diffe renc e betw een а street inter view and
а focus group?
з. What data does the last speaker recommend using
at the end of the discussion -
prima ry or secondary?
4. What type of data are focus grou ps used to colle ct-
quantitative or qualitative?
5. Which meth od woul d you recom mend using?
We 're hav lns а focu s sro up

to test whl ch que stlo ns to ask
ln our nex t focu s sro up.
е. Marketlng and Brand lng

1 Sр ЕД К1 NG .
iscuss the follow1ng
topics, Make sure you understand the
1
errns
1) With а partner d
ln bold: а cted Ьу adverts?
1. Do you feel that you personally а~е a~1~ecause you were irritated Ьу the advert7
2·
наvе you ever NOT bought а ~r? u~ampaign that caught your attention7 ·
ь r an advert1s1ng . . ·
з сап you remem е d t' ement you have seen? Descr1be 1t.
. t shocking а ver is
4. What is the mos . ent you have seen? Describe it.
5. What is the funniest adv~r~1sem Ье regarded as an art form?
6. Do you think th~t :~vt~ti::s~:;ective way of advertising - оп TV, the cinema rad·
7. What do you th1n is е th' else? , io,
internet newspapers, outdoor or some ing .
How often do you click on advertisements оп web pages or Google search? Do
В. pop-up ads оп the lnternet bother you? , .
What do you think of the idea of'product placement a~vert1sements - the inclusion
9
· of particular branded products in films and soap operas.
о. Are there any things that shouldn't Ье advertised? Are th~re any regulations applied
1
to adverts to protect consumers? Do you agree with them.
2) While advertising has become prevalent in modern society and can Ье seen
as necessary for economic growth, it is also increasingly being criticised.
ln groups, look at the following arguments for and against advertising. How convincing
do you find each argument? Evaluate each argument with points from О to 5 according
to how convincing you find it (О= not convincing at all, 5 = very strong). Then add up
the points for each section.
".
Arguments for Points
Commercials ~re often amusing and entertaining, sometimes

even more enJoyaЫe than the programmes themselves.
Thanks to advertising, companies sell more products. This means
they сап produce them оп а larger scale and thus lower the price.
Advertising_helps the national economy. Мапу thousands f. Ь
depend on 1t. о JO s
Advertising promotes competition which benefit th

s е consumer.
The media relies on advertisin w· h
there would Ье no private TV g. d ;t out adv~rtisements
an ew magaz1nes.
Advertising is а valuaЫe source of information Ь
Total . а out products. -
po1nts
-
Team of authors: New En 11 k

9 sh for Buslness and Economlcs. Student's 800 •
-
Arguments agalnst
Polnts
дdvertising is bad for competition. lt is hard fo
to compete with estaЬlished brands. r new products
...--дdvertising promotes excessive consumerism _ ре I Ь

· t d· Ь · d ор е ecome
overly interes е tn uy,ng an ownlng things .
...--вecause of advertising, people buy а lot of things that they do not
really need.
-мost advertising is lying; it does not provide а true picture of
the product.
-дdvertising can have harmful effects on children and young
people.
-Advertising is expensive. This is inevitaЬly added on to the price
of the products so we are paying for the adverts ourselves.
Total points
1. What scores did your group arrive at? Which arguments did you find stronger -
for or against? How does it compare with the other groups?
2. Can you think of any other arguments for or against advertising?
is corporate social
n 's marketing strategy е CSR is the
3) An lmportant part of а comra :о build а posltlve brand llmag ciety and the
responslЫllty (CSR), whlch :е rsterested ln and willlng to h~P ::fits it makes.
ldea that а company should е ",ned about the products ~n :companles that
envlronment as well as Ье conce are more llkely to ьuу ro
Studles have shown that consumers
have good reputatlon.
В. Marketlna and Brandlng

R ln pairs, each student will read one
les of good С S . and te11
Look at two examp pany's strategy.
their partner about the com
• ht amount
OM - ,·ust the r1g
Examp 1е 1: LAG ake more from 1ess. В ut to hе 1р our cust
1Ook for ways to m orтie
At IKEA, we always . world where resources are scarce, we hav rs
I at home, 1n а
l'f е to u
create а better е h' k everything from the materials we use to h Р
w
our game. е пе
ed to ret 1n
h we сап make our products live longer in а су
' ow w
е
r stores, and ow • . I of
се
power ou • Throughout our value cha1n, we a1m to use renew Ь
• use and recyc 11ng. а le
repa1r, re , efficiently as possiЫe, to make sure that we create v
d recycled resources as а 1ue
an А d when you bring the products home, we want to help
rather than waste. n . h You
• or give them а new l1fe w en you по Ionger need th
make them l1ve 1onger, . erтi.
то make t h е wor ld а m
ore sustainaЫe place we have to beg1n somewhere
. · 8у
planning for our products' next life at the des1gn stage, we get а head start. То
make more from less, we also use materials that are renewaЫe and recycled and
from more sustainaЫe sources. The better we do this, the better for our custorтiers
and our planet. Therefore, we have adopted LAGOM - а simple Swedish philosophy
оп everyday life that means 'just the right amount'. An idea that we сап strike
а healthy balance with the world around us without having to make extreme
changes, and without denying ourselves anything. With LAGOM in mind, we think
you сап live а more sustainaЫe, healthy and cost-conscious life at home without
any dramatic upheaval. ln fact, it's often the smallest changes that сап have the
blggest influence. Turning the tap off while brushing your teeth, switching to LED
light bulbs - you'd Ье surprised how much these small tweaks to the everyday сап
impact both the world and your wallet. As part of our Live LAGOM project, we
supported IKEA customers and co-workers with products, workshops, advice and
an active community to help save energy and water, reduce waste and promote
а healthy lifestyle. Through their experience, we wanted to learn how to make
sustainabllity affordaЫe and easy to achieve. We hope you will Ье inspired to Live
LAGOM & find your own marvellous middle!
Example 2: You decide, we help
Take part in our programme where Tesco, а member of the Association of corporate
social. re~pon_sibllity, allocates 2,700,000 Czech crowns among 90 winning
~rg_anisatюns in the Czech RepuЫic. The project is called 'You decide, we help' ап d
15
aime~ at various topics - education, health and healthy lifestyle, the community,
the env1ronment etc L t б •
· as year 48 organ1sations took part in the programme, t еу
h
presented their t· · ·
ас ivities puЬlically in our shops gained invaluaЫe experience
an d 90 of them received f' · ' е
with th h' h а inancial contribution to help their activities. The on
1
е 9 est number of v 0 t , • е to
Ьlind child • es was See through your eyes' - ass1stanc
ren. 1ts m1ssion is to h 1 • • • • into
everyday life д Ь е Р integrate children with visual disab1l1t1es
· num er of assistant 5 h O h I them
do things they would h . •w now accompany children and е Р
ot erw1se Ье d • d . these
children expand the·i . eprive of, were trained. Ву do1ng so,
. r soc1a 1 network а d . . d schoO 1
and 1ncrease their ch n exper1ence outside the fam1ly an
ances of successful integration.
Team of authors: New Enalich ,,.~ о .. _, __ . , sook•

,. .... ~ant S
4) Make groups of three. ln each group е h
good CSR and do the exercise given 'т:с s~udent Will read one more example of
the group about the company and i;s c:Rn, e/she will inform the other people ln
strategy.
Student А - page 221
Student В - page 223
Student С - page 227
5) Discuss the positives and negatlves of CSR with your Р t d

ar ner an decide whether
policies regard1ng CSR should Ье enforced ln all companies.
.
IGRAMMAR - INDIRECT QUESTIONS

lf we want to make questions in English, we сап ask а direct question (changing the word
order or using the auxiliary verb do) or indirect question (starting with some introductory
phrases, the same word order as positive statements, по auxiliary do).
We use indirect questions to make our questions softer or more polite.
.- ,,
What time does the bank open?
Direct question ,, Do they accept American Express?

'
Who is our main competitor?
Could you tel1 me

what time the bank opens?
Doyou know
if/whether they accept American Express?
Have you any idea
who our main competitor is?
lndirect
Would you mind telling те
question
what time the bank opens.
if/whether they accept American Express.

1would like to know
who our main competitor is.
Sentence structure of indirect que 5t ions: t)

(the word order of а statemen
• The subject comes before the verb
• We don't use auxiliary verbs do/does/did . (it has по words such as what, who, when,
or no' que 5t ,on will have 1·r or whether.· h
lf the direct quest1on 1s а yes
1
•
• •
stion d order is
que
where whv or how) then the indirect su 1ес ь· t (Who/What/W hich?), t е wor
' ,,, ' . ь t the
ln indirect questions ask1ng а_ ou
•
the same as in а normal que st ion.
~ - -- - ---
t help marketers make the rlght rna k
uestlons t h а
1) g Here are some q
•
I to indlrect quest1ons
turn them n
7 r ttlri
9
declslons. Can you
Example: rs' expectations?

Does our product meet cu st0 ~e d t meets customers' expectations.
·t the1r pro uc
Marketers need to know 1
Marketers need to know:

. oduct or service?
1. Who is currently buy1ng our pr t mers' needs 7
2. Does the product meet our cu~ о 't7 .
Wh are other people not buy1ng 1 .
; : Wh~t improvements could Ье made to our product to meet people's needs even better?
s. Who is our real competition? . ,
б. What image do people have of our product versus our compet1tors 7
.
7. What is the best price to charge?
8. How сап we best communicate our product's beneftts to our target market?
9. Where do potential buyers look for our product?
1О. What is our budget for marketing and advertising?
2) Work in pairs. Students А go to page 222 and students В turn to page 227. Read
the text about Philip Kotler, the world's leading marketing professor and then
work with your partner and ask each other questions to complete the information
missing in your text. Practise indirect questions.
Tean, of authors· Ne
. w Engllsh fnr о .. _, _ . , . n,-n k ,
Branding
IINFO ВОХ
products and brands .
А product is а good or service that the consumer buys to satisfy certain needs. lt has
а comblnation of tangiЬle and intangiЬle attributes, for example а реп is primarily
а writing instrument, а car is а transport vehicle, but the product includes also all of
the extras which help to sell it, like brand name, image, style, packaging, quality, service,
guarantee and so оп.
Every company needs to choose something to make а product appeal to the target market
and stand out from the competition. This is called product differentiation.
• Product differentiation сап Ье achieved in many ways. lt may Ье as simple as packaging

the goods in а creative way, or as elaborate as incorporating new functional features.
Sometimes differentiation does not involve changing the product at all, but creating
а new advertising campaign or other sales promotions instead. lt сап also use other
competitive factors to differentiate such as а better location, design, or selling price
than rival products. Product differentiation сап Ье thought of as 'what you have
that your competitors do not'. Without а distinguishing feature it is very hard to get
customers to prefer one product to another.
Most producers differentiate their products Ьу branding them, i.e. giving the product
а unique name and creating image for the product in the consumers' minds.
• А brand is а distinguishing name, symbol, mark, logo, word, sentence or а comblnation

of these items that companies use to distinguish their product from others in
the market.
• Legal protection given to а brand name is called а trademark .
• Some brands are so strong that they have become global brands. This means that
the brand is known and sold in many countries of the world. Examples of global
brands include: Microsoft, Соса Cola, Disney, Mercedes and Hewlett Packard.
• Some retailers use their own brands (or private labels or store brands), where they
use their name for the product rather than the manufacturers', like Tesco's 'Value'
range of foodstuffs. These tend to Ье cheaper than the normal brands.
;~~ ~trength of а brand сап Ье exploited Ьу а business to develop new products.

15 15
. known as brand extension - using an existing brand name оп а new product
in ~ different category. Examples include Dove Soap and Dove Shampoo (both contain
1st
rno uriser); Mars Bar and Mars lce Cream.
8. Marketlng and Brandlng

introduce unrelated products е v·1rg·
·I5 where the ь ran
to
d is used aha spor ts
' •9,
eq . 11"1
h' t rblke s Yam aha pian os and Yam
Brand stretc 1ng UIPrnerit.
Airlines and Virgin Со/а; Yamaha mo о '
d nam es are u
'd t'fying feature is its bra nd nam e. Bran sua/ly
The product's primary I en I d а ainst imitation Ьу competitors.
9
registered and therefore protecte
d t' аЫе element of а bra nd iden tity is а grea
t pro mot iona l 51 ogan
.
An ,mportant an по 1се t Ье catchy, ~nderstandaЫe, sumrnarise
(or tagline) . With just а few words, а tagline mus
oura ge buy1ng.
the product or service offering, build trust, or enc
is а sy~ bol or pic~ure that represents
Another important part of а brand is its logo. А logo
to recogn1se, estaЫ1shes brand loya/ty
the business. lt is important because it is easy
and сап create а favouraЫe image.
Brand recognition is the extent to whic
h the puЬlic is аЫе to identify а brand Ьу its
when peo ple сап stat e а brand withoщ
attributes. Brand recognition is most successful
rather thro ugh visual symbols like log os,
being explicitly exposed to the brand name, but
slogan and colour.
ng questions:
1) With you r par tne r discuss the foll owi
ing
• Look at yourself. How many bran ds are you wear
?
or do you have in your bag? Why did you buy them
you
• Are you loyal to any of the bran ds (i.e. do
always buy the sam e brand)? Why/not?
• buy
Are all t~e bran ds gen uine ? Do you ever
real
counterfeit braп d s (i.e. fake imitations of the
braп d s)? Why/not? 1s buy ing counterfeit brands
morally wrong?
2) The following statem

Try to ех 1 . ents express the diff
eren ce bet wee n pro duc ts and bran
ds,
Р ain them in you r own words:
1. А product is а thing оп а shelf А .
in the mind.
2. Companies make products an~ brand is an idea
Products сап Ье copied but br consumers make
brands.
3.
Products сап Ье ands are uniq ue
4. .
Р come obsolete Ь Ье time/
5
. roducts are instantly . ut bran ds сап
mean1ngful but Ь rands Ьес ess.
.
ome mean1ngful over time.
Tean, of author .
s. New Engllsh for В
uslness and Economlcs. Student's вооk ,
4) Look at the word partners with the word 'brand'. Create the Ра rtnersh1
and explain the meaning : Ps
_ _ brand OR brand ~
' - - - - - - -- - - - - J
/oyalty
own
name
recognition
BRAND image
manager
global
stretching
extension
S) Discuss the followin g question s in small groups:

1. What are some brands from the Czech RepuЬ/ic with high brand recognition? What
type of products are they?
2. What are some brands with а we/1-know n logo? What do you think are the most
recognised logos worldwide? Discuss with your group and try to agree оп what you
think are the 1О most recognised logos worldwide.
З. What are some premium brands you know? What qualities do they have? What sets
them apart from the competit ion?
4. Do you buy retailers' own brands? What type of products do you buy them for? Why?
Те// your group about it.
5. Сап you think of апу companies that have extended (stretched) their brand? Which
companies? Were they successful?
t's sook,
~
•L\S;~~~-~
1)
golng to hear proflles of three famous global brands. Listen
an d со mplete the taЫes below:
1.
наmе of brand
~
Estab shed (when and where)
founder (name)
i--
sector
-
-
t---
produds sold
Other informat1.on
L...---
2.
'
Name of brand
-;aЫished (when and where) '

'
>
founders ...
--..-
Today's locatidn '
J ;:
Sedor .. .
..: !
lmage ,
-, ..
',. 1\_, .
Annual revenue "''-.
'
Number of staff
,. ,_., '
Other informat ion
. • ~
З.
Name of brand ~ ' -

-
Headquarters
;
Sector \
·-, .. . ' -·
Products
1--...._
-.
~umber of custome rs а day
.,
Number of restaura nts in the USA
~d Worldwide
~nual revenue
-
... ,..
Other lnformat ion
·, ..
8
' Marketing and Brandlng
1 GR А ММ
AR - pдss1VE vo1CE..----···················································
В
.. -························ts only· more in Grammar Guide Cha ··········
··································d· siness' studen ········:....................•........................ Pter 6
··················~··· . f Economics an -·~························ ···········
Prague Un1vers1ty _о···················· ······
....................
-------- :-=-:::= :;:.-;- h ction, lt is not important or not known wh о
the focus is on t е а
-Passive voice is used when .
rwhat is performing the act1on,. ·ve
.
voice, note the fol low1 ng:
о .. .
When rewr1t1ng active 5entences in pass1
ьесоm
es the subject of the passive sentence·
n ed (to ье + past ра rtici р le). The tense а nd modality
. entence ,
• the obJect of the act1ve s .
• the finite form of the verb 1s cha g
remain unchanged; . ьecomes the object of the passive sentence
• the subject of the act1ve sentence
pдSSIVE VERB FORMS IN VARIOUS TENSES:

(or is dropped).
EXAMPLES OF
дctive: People all ov~r the world speak Engl1sh.
Passive: English ls spoken all over the world.
Active: Our supplier Js shipplng the goods next week.
Passive: The goods are being shipped next week.
Active: They have chosen а new logo.
Passive: А new logo has been chosen.
Active: Thousands of people will see this advert every day.
Passive: This advert will Ье Ьу
seen thousands of people every day.
Active: We cannot ship your order until we receive payment.
Passive: Your order cannot Ье
shlpped until payment is received.
Active: They called off the meeting.
Passive: The meeting was called off.
Verbs with two oЬjects:

Many verbs (such as give, send, show, lend, рау,
promise, offer, etc.) сап Ье followed
Ьу two objects, an indirect object (usually referring to а person) and а dlrect object
(usually а thing).
ln active sentences we сап use these verbs in two ways:
А. Verb + indirect object + direct object
They sent us а lot of information.
В. Verb + direct object + preposition + indirect object
They sent а lot of information to us.
Both of these structures сап Ье made passive·

А. lndirect object becomes subject of passi~e verb
~е were sent а lot of information.
В. D1rect object becomes subject of pas . Ь
)
А Jot f · & • s1ve ver
J о m,ormat10n was sent to us.
•1
1 The
said choice
before, between
or what оп
the t .
wdo pass1ve structures may depend what has оп ьееn
Ьut t ructure (We werenee
А. se t s to Ье. put Ias t .in the sentence (the new informatlon),
5
п а 1ot of mformation) is the more common of the two.
Team of authors: New En 1lsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Student's

9 вооk,
~ тurn the sentences below into the pas
1
11 rnixed tenses and modal verbs: s ve. Practlse the passive volce uslng
дlmost everybody uses а computer these days.

~: somebody must tel1 him a~~ut the proЫem immediately!
з. м апу people have lost . the1r Jobs during this есо nom1c. cr1s1s
..
Do you think they w1II discover а cure for cancer on d •
4. , . . е ау.7
s. They didn t advert1se the Job offer оп the lnternet.
Nobody has seen her since last month.
6.
дll the hotel staff is treating us really well.
7.
в.
наs somebody found Jack's phone yet?
21 g Change the following sentences from active voice to passive or vice versa:
,. companies should never underestimate the importance of brand image.
2. Packaging of the product must Ье designed to appeal to most buyers.
з. Several market segments may Ье targeted.
4. Many examples of brand stretching сап Ье found.
s. Many factors must Ье considered when choosing а brand name.
6. One of our best young designers created this logo.
7. We're spending more than а mil\ion dollars оп advertising this year.
в. Apple has recently unveiled its Арр\е Watch.
9. Consumers perceive Skoda as а solid, trustworthy brand.
10. The McDonald's brand serves more than 70 million customers а day.
8
· М ar ketlng and Brandlng
Alterna tlve ways to form the passlve voice
1. То have/ge t somethl ng done

This construc tion is passive in meaning but not in form. lt is used to describe .
. f h
where we want someone else to do somet h 1ng or us or w ere we are go·ins1tuations
.
someone else to do somethi ng for us. The use of get 1n place of have is more inf9 to h·1re
0 rrna1.
Examples:
We have/ge t out accounts audited Ьу KPMG.
We had/got our offices redecor ated last year.
You must have/ge t your compute r checked for viruses.
We are going to have/ge t the contract checked Ьу our lawyers.
We сап also use have somethi ng done when somethi ng bad happens , especially when
someon e is affected Ьу an action which they did not cause.
Examples:
They had their car stolen last week.
Hundred s of people had their homes destroy ed Ьу the hurrican e.
2. Using 'to need' in passive constructions

You сап also use the verb to need followed Ьу the gerund in an active construction
with а passive meaning .
Example s:
The ceiling needs painting . = The ceiling needs to Ье painted .
The house needs cleaning. = The house needs to Ье cleaned .
3. Passive constructions + infinitiv e

The verbs believe, expect, know, report, say, think, suppose, understa nd are often used in
the passive followed Ьу an infinitive (to do, to Ье doing).
То refer to the past we use past infinitive (to have done).
Example s:
The Czech economy is expecte d to expand Ьу 4% over the next two years.
Consum er prices are predicte d to rise next year.
Ericsson is known to Ье looking at the possiblli ty of outsourc ing its low price phones
in Taiwan.
Many banks are believed to have suffered losses in recent months.
Team of aut hors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlc s. Stude nt's вооk•
1'1. complete th e second se
) _, nt en ce th t .
3 sentence: 50
а 1t has а si ·1
mi ar meaning to the first
They have just serviced а\\ ou
1. r machines.
We have just ~~~~:;~~:::-==:- - - - - - - - --
2. someone delivered this package thls mornin
g. ----
This packag
. ---::-=:;,~-;:=-::-:-:--~-- - - - - -
e 1, k wf \
w
з. The prem1ses оо а
The premises need
u . е shou\d modernise the
m
- - this morni ng .
·
4. Th e technician installed some
Yesterday I new software on m РС
у yesterday.
s.
6. The meeting =~~=~-~----------------

The organisers are postponing
Реор\е think this is а go
This is t h o u g h t
the meeting.
od investment.
~~=-~~---
on my РС.
7. Реор\е think that the Bo ------------

ard demanded the CEO's res
The CEO's resignation is tho ignation.
ught
8. The managers expect that pro - - - - - - - - - - - -
ftts wil\ grow Ьу 10% in the ne
Proftts are expected xt quarter.
-------
9. А ftrm in Taiwan asse -------
mЫes the components
for -
We have _ _ _ _ _ _ us.
_________
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
1О. They printed some business
cards with the new \ogo for
We _ _ _ _ _ _ _ us.
________
________
_
ISPEAK\NG
1. Compare traditional advertis
ing and viral marketing. W
and disadvantages of each typ hat are the advantages
e?
2. What does the Czech Adve
rtising Standards Council (Ra
are the rules of advertising da pro rek\amu) do? What
contained in the Code of Ad
RPR handle complaints abou ver tising Practice? How does
t advertisements? Те\\ us abou
3. Think of а product or servic t some of the cases.
e university students might
have some ideas about the Ье interested in. Once yo
product concept, decide how u
research to see whether po you would do some market
tential customers would Ье
research methods would yo interested. What market
u choose?
4· Evaluate the effectiveness of
television as an advertising me
5. Packaging is an important dium.
part of а product. What are
packaged product and show its functions? Choose any
how it performs these functi
ons.
В. Marketing and Branding

IGLOSSARY
.,,
Term Dettnltlon
Tl'lnsl1tlon
Above the llne advertising in the mass media nad lin~
---
advertlslng (n)
medialnr rekl
arna
а form of marketing communication used
to call puЬlic attention to а product, especially
Advertlslng (n) Ьу paid announcements in newspapers reklama
and magazines, over radio or television,
---
on Ьillboards, etc.
Advertlslng budget rozpoёet

money planned for spending on advertising
(n)
na reklamu
Advertlslng an organised course of action to promote
campalgn (n) аproduct reklamni kampan
Below the line advertising Ьу means such as direct mail, email, podlinkova -
advertislng (n) promotional events, etc. reklama
а distinguishing symbol, mark, logo, name,
Brand (n) word, sentence or а comblnation of these
items that companies use to distinguish their obchodni znaёka
product from others in the market
аcommon method of launching а new product

Brand extension (n) Ьу using an existing brand name оп а new rozsirovani
product in а different category znacky
Brand image (n) the impression in the consumers' mind

of а brand's total personality image znacky
where а person buys products from the same

Brand loyalty (n) manufacturer repeatedly rather than from vernost znacce
other suppliers
Brand recognition the extent to which the general puЬlic znalost znacky,
(n) (or an organisation's target market) is аЫе povedomi
to identify а brand Ьу its attributes о znacce
prenaseni
Brand stretching the act of using an estaЬlished brand name znacky (па nove
(n) in order to introduce unrelated products kategorie
produktu) -
the process involved in creating а unique name

Branding (n) and image for а product in the consumers' branding,
mind, mainly through advertising campaigns budovanl znaёky
with а consistent theme
-
Commercial (n) reklama (v televizi
а television or radio advertisement
ci radiu)
Continued оп pag е 143
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Business and Economlcs. Stu dent's вооk,
. d from page 142
сопtmие
тerm
Definition
------т-~------------iTranslation
-ercial brea k
com•"
an inter rupt ion of а prog ramm e
•
- __J
,
or a_n 1nter~ission betw een programmes,
__
(n) duri ng wh1ch advertisements are broadcast reklamnr
prestavka
~e rfe it brands prod ucts made to look exactly \ike famous
--
(n)
pemand (n)
brands, in orde r to deceive реор\е
-----т---------------1----
padelane znacky
----1
desire for а certain good or service supported
Ьу the capacity to purchase it
poptavka
~sk research (n)

secondary research searching for infor mati on in existing sources sekundarni
vyzkum
field research (n) colle cting prim ary (origina\, otherwise
Primary research unavailaЬ\e) data
primarnf vyzkum
Focus group (n) а representative grou p of people questione

d skupinova
toge ther abou t their opinions on something
diskuse
\ntangiЫe (adj) not exis ting as а physical thing but stil\

va\uaЬ\e to а company nehmotny
Logo (n) а print ed design or symbo\ that а com

pany
or an organisation uses as its specia\ sign logo
the gath ering and studying of data related

Market research (n) to consumer preferences, purchasing power,
etc., especially prior to introducing а product vyzkum trhu
оп the market
Online survey (n) an inve stiga tion of the opinions of реор\е internetovy
cond ucte d on the inter net pruzkum
а brand own ed not Ьу а manufacture_r

Own brand (n) privatni znacka,
Private brand or prod ucer but Ьу а retailer or suppl1er
who gets its goods made Ьу а contract maloobchodnf
Private label znacka
man ufac turer under its own label
а form of online advertisement that shows up automaticky

Pop-up ad (n) otvfrana reklamni
in а new browser wind ow
okna
а ь ran d tha
t is respected as holding greater
Premium brand (n) brand value than othe r bra~ d s, they target
designed premiova znacka
high -inco me ~musptr:s~~~ а; e:~fusiveness
l
to convey an 1
8
Тmn 01flnltlon Тr1nsl1tlon

а marketlng process of dlstingulshlng ~
а product or servlce from others to make produktova
Product it more attractlve to а particular target market; diferenciac
Odlisovanr е,
dlfferentlatlon (n) lt lnvolves dlfferentiating it from competltors·
vyrobku
products as well as а firm's own products
umisf~
Product placement the appearance of or reference to а product
komercnfch
(n) in film, television, or other media
vyrobku
the practice of managing the spread puЫicre~

PuЫlc Relatlons (n) of information between an individual vztahy '
---
PR or an organisation and the puЬlic s verejnosti
а list of questions submitted for replies that

Questlonnaire (n) dotaznik
can Ье analysed for usaЫe information
the number of people who answered а survey

navratnost
(dotazniku), mfra
-
Response rate (n) divided Ьу the number of people in the sample odpovёdf
-
the techniques for stimulating sales achieved
through contests, demonstrations, discounts,
Sales promotion (n) point-of-sale displays, special offers and similar podpora prodeje
activities
а group of people who are used for getting
Sample (n) information about а larger group or about vzorek
the whole population
а word or phrase that is easy to remember,

Tagline (n) used for example Ьу а political party reklamnf slogan
Slogan or in advertising to attract people's attention
or to suggest an idea quickly
TangiЬle (adj) that you сап touch and feel (asset, attribute) hmotny
а name, symbol or design that а company

Trademark (n) ochranna znamka
uses for its products and that cannot Ье used
(abbreviation ТМ)
Ьу anyone else
marketing techniques that use social

Viral marketing (n) networking services and other technologies viralnf marketing
to try to achieve marketing objectives -
word of mouth, ,
Word-of-mouth (n), the passing of information from person slovo z ust•, 11st"'
WOM to person Ьу oral communication doporucenf
d nt'S вооk,
Team of authors: New Engl/sh for Buslness and Economlcs. Stu е
Banking and
Financial Products
А
с i А H~v• you •v~r played Вanking? No?
О с о It s •asy. F1rst. you give me your toy
rnU g, car. and then I charge you everytirne
~..U .J you want to plciy with it. I' 11 also
/ [~°' \ l
charge you if you want to give the toy
~ ~ car to sorneone e\se, and а small
~- --, ,,/J:r"'~""11rt'щ 1" for holdlng - ya,r toy
IINFO вох
What is а bank?
А bank is an insti tutio n that stimulates
economic activity in the market Ьу dealing
in money. lt accepts deposits, makes loans and
provides financial services. The primary
role of banks is connecting those with funds, such
as investors and depositors, to those
seeking funds, such as individuals or businesse
s needing loans.
ILEAD-IN
1) Look at the list of standard banking products
and services and translate them into
Czech. Do you know any othe r banking prod
ucts and services?
а current account (BrE) / checking

account (AmE) aloan
а_ savings or deposit account (BrE) /

~е or notice account (AmE) а mortgage
~hp oint s (BrE) / ATMs (AmE) an overdraft
а chequebook (BrE) / checkbook (AmE) аstanding

t---_ order
а credi
r--- _ t card direct deblt
а deЬit card deposit
g_ Banking and Flnanclal Products

е and answer these questions:
2) Work ln groups оf th re
ervices? ноw did you choose the bank where you h
Do you use ь an k S
h ave у0
7 h' ur barik
1. do you have. W ic type of payment card d
hat kind of account о You h
account? W ave?
offer? Which ones do
. h types of banklng products does dyourt bank f th You use arid
2. Wh ic · van ages о е products you k
7 Wh t аге the advantages and d1sa nowa 11d
h
w у. а Use?
ь an k accoun t 7. .
3. What did you have to do to open your
ld you like to change, if anYthing?
4. How happy are you with your bank? What wou
test below to find out:

1) g What forms of money are there? Take the
а system called __ , which simpl У Was
1. Before money was invented, people used
exchanging one good for another.
В) bartering С) bargaining
д) swapping
ey, _ _ such as gold, silver or salt were

2. Before the creation of modern paper mon
used as means of payment.
В) common money С) commodity value
А) commodity money
h is money that can Ье legally used to рау

3. Today's paper currency is called __ , whic
d Ьу its government, but it is not backed
for things in а particular country, authorise
Ьу а physical commodity.
В) fiat money С) volvo money
А) alfa money
tutions forms _ _.
4. Money placed in banks and other savings insti
В) deposits С) finance
А) capital
individuals and businesses to borrow

5. Money availaЫe in the banking system for
is _ _
В) currency С) debt
А) credit
titutes а _ _.
6. Borrowed money that has to Ье paid back cons
В) fund С) subsidy
А) debt
ed or sick people is called _ .

7. Money paid Ьу the government to unemploy
В) loans С) social security or welfare
А) fees
company or а person owns, which сап Ье
8. Any properties or objects of value that а
used or sold to рау their debts are called -- ·
В) assets С) liaЫlities
А) budgets
eone and has to Ье paid in e future,
th
9. Money in а company that is owed to som
ents is called _ .
such as tax, debt, interest, and mortgage paym
В) assets С) /iaЫl ities
А) budget
dent's sook,
5t
and Economlcs, u
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness
1о. Money given Ьу the government or an organisation to support а pro·
industry, very ofte n used to red t Ь .
h .
or uce t е
50 that thei r prices сап Ье kept low is called а costs of serv1 ces or of
Jec , us1ness
d · d
д) budget В) deposit -· С) subsidy
pro ucing goo s
11 . The money needed to start а company is called .

д) assets В) capital - С) debt
12 . Estimated expenditure and income is often written dow
n in а
д) budget В) reserve С) sta te• ·
2) The words in the Ьох are also connected with money.

partner wha t they mean? Сап you explain to your
tip pen sion currency cost bribe

commission fee rent fine fare
3) " AII the verb s in the tаЫе

collocate with the word MONEY. Look
at them
and complete the tasks below:
Verb
- ., :_,
Noun Verb
'
'
; _,
_.,,_ Noun
allocate -
launder
borrow
lend
contribute
make
deposit
owe
donate
repay
earn
refund
embezzle
spend
exchange
with draw
1· Complete the char t with nou n forms of the

verbs.
2· Look at the verbs and find two pairs of syno
nyms.
3· Look at the verbs and find three pairs of oppo
sites.
4·
Which verbs have positive connotations?
5
· Which verbs have negative connotations?
9
· Banklng and Flnanclal Products
4)
~
J;i Complete the sentences uslng the correct forms of some verbs ornoц
the tаЫе ln the prevlous exerclse: ns frolta
1. ln our hotel, you can _ _ _ _ _ _ _ your currency for dollars 24/7.

2. lf you cancel your order two months before its due date, you
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ of the price. receive а fu11
3. А great number of celebrities make _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to charities on а reg

even though they might not talk about it. 1
u ar basis,
4. The company offers а retirement savings plan to which it _ _ _ _ _ __
12
of an employee's salary. Percerit
5. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ can Ье made at any branch of
for а fee. our barik
6. 1 got a(n} _ _ _ _ _ _ _ from my bank to buy а саг, its _______

is five years. Period
7. ln December 2012, HSBC bank was penalised $1.9 Ьillion for money
8. Our project has been _ __ ____ just enough resources so we can finish
-----
it this year.
9. The bank manager was found guilty of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of almost f 100,000.
1 О. Never ask people how much they _ _ _ _ _ _ _ unless they are your closest
friends.
5) J:;;iHere are some more collocations and idioms connected with money. Look
at the chart and complete it with the words from the Ьох. Do you know what
the phrases mean? Сап you translate them into Czech?
loan go loss debt
under
bankrupt
_ _ _ to the wall
take out а
Now use four of the phrases, one from each set, in four sentences of your own.
, sook•
students
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs.
• SP EA ~l~ e~i ffer enc e bet wee n:
E)(pla n
11 d blt card х cred it card
1· d~ec t debl t х stan ding orde r х ban k tran sfer
2· assets х liablli_ties
3
· debt х depos1t
4
· subsidy х subs idia ry
s.
ou ima gine а wor ld wit hou t mon ey7
21 сап Y
What are the adv ant age s and disa dva nta
ges of usin g а cred it card to рау com par ed
З) to paying in cash ?
) What do you kno w abo ut digi tal mon

4 ey?
А rather short pm e:
one player ls called Ьanker.
Hewlns.
N
МONOPOLY
9. Bank\n
9 and Flnanc\a\
Prod ucts
for the v o r~
1) g The re are vart ous type s of ban ks. The nece sslty 5
ban k has lts own prln clpl becaLlse,
ban k ls spec lalls ed ln lts own fleld . Each es and Pollc1' с~
Mat ch the type s of ban ks ln the Ьох wlth thel
r defl nltlo ns:
•s.
hon- bank finan clal lnter medl arles
central ьanks
lnsurance comp anles
commerclal Ьanks/retall banks
lnter net banks
prlvate ьanks
. .
poo r peo ple in deve /opin g count r1es
1. Тhese banks make very small loans to in о rder
. Ь . ______
to help them to set up t h e,r us1nesses. _
Тhese banks prov ide bank ing facil ities
only via the lnter net. There Will Ь е no Phy .
2. . . d 1
act with thes e bank s. AII tran sact юns are perm ,tte only thro ugh online bank~ ca1
cont 1ng.
depo sits in curr ent and savings
3. These banks receive and hold cust ome rs'ct· d nts,
' ·tnst ru юns, 1en d mon ey to individuals accou
рау mon ey acco rding to cust ome rs an sma11
businesses, etc. _ _ _ _ _ __
4. Тhese banks have а lot of func tions such
as supe rvisi ng the bank ing system, hol .
g а coun try's gold and currency res ding
part of com merc ial bank s' reserves, man agin
fixin g the mini mum inter est rate, issuing coin
s and bank note s, cont rollin g the m:::s,
of last resort. __ __ __ _ У
supply in the econ omy, and actin g as lend er
5. Тhese banks receive depo sits from cust
ome rs and lend mort gage s to buy houses
and flats. _ _ _ _ _ __
6. Тhese are financial services firms that
usua lly offe r а varie ty of financial services
_ _ _ _ __
inclu ding leasing or pens ion funds, etc. _
and ban king services to wealthy people
7. These banks prov ide personalised finan cial
_ _ _ __
(HNWls - high net wort h individuals). _ _
etc.
8. Тhese banks sell prod ucts whic h prov
ide com pens ation for loss, damages, injury,
for large com pani es such as giving them

9. These banks perf orm а varie ty of services s,
Ьу issu ing stocks or shares and bond
financial advice, raising capi tal for them
_ _ _ _ __
orga nisin g mergers and takeovers, etc. _
,
app eare d ln the prev lous exerclse (in bold)15
J:.L The words and phrasestextbeloandw allthen
2) two
dec ide whi ch defi nitio n of the
Loo k at them in the con
Cze ch:
the corr ect one and tran slat e them lnto
.
Mon ey supply а
1
ts in the econ omy of а coun try at particu ar
а. th e tota l amo unt of mon ey that exis
time
Ь. а business that produces а large prof it
Stocks and shares
а. cert!ficates issued Ьу а ban k in retu rn for а pan y
dep osit of mon ey
Ь. cert1ficates of own ersh ip in а part icula r com
's sook•
Jcs student
Engl lsh for Busl ness and Econom ·
Team of autho rs: New
nd
------ ---- -- --
so s financial products that have а value bas d
f
~- official documents given Ьу а company or ~n th e value of another produ t
· have lent them money that they will рау Ь ykth e government) to show thc t
. ас to you at а
an d t1me . а you
part1cular interest rate
мergers . ..
acts of Jo1n1ng two or more organisations or Ь .
~- ьusiness projects that аге begun Ьу two usinesses 1nto one
· separate organisations ог more companles, which remain
Takeovers
а acts of small companies buying larger compa . .
· based on t_he value of these larger companiesnies using money that is borrowe
d
Ь acts of tak1ng control of companies Ьу buying f .
· most о the1r shares
Well of course your bank didn't credit your account.

You can't possibly make onllne Ьanklng deposlts
Ьу putting cash lnto the DVD slot.
IGRAMMAR- CONDITIONALS- PART ONE- TYPES 1

AND2
-~!.~-~:;:~:~~i~-~;~ity of Economics and Business' st~d~~t~-~~-ly;·~~~~:~~:~~~~~~~:~:~:i~:~:s:~:~?.~~~:~:

-. ----- -------------------------------------------------------.. --------------- ---- .
11
Look at the sentences about lnternet banks:
1,
lf You wanted to keep your data offline, it wouldn 't Ье possiЫe in any ban~.
2.
lf you choose an online bank backed Ьу the FDIC, the Federal Deposit lnsuranc
e
Corporation, you'II Ье covered for losses up to $250,ООО.
З · Sо, 'f1 1were а student I would k
. k
4· lfth definitely open а ban accoun t in an onl1ne ban •
'
е technology can prove itself, people w1II use it.
· ·
8ank111
9 ar,ct Flnancial Products
d а main clause. lt expresses the id
А conditional sentence consists of an if clause ап d·t· еа that
· con 1 ~оп .1s f u lfill еd .
а certain action сап only happen when а certa1n
Note: we сап use was or were after /, he, she and it, e.g. lf I were/w
as уои, I wou/d go there.
2) Choose the correct optio n:

1. The if clause/the main c/ause states the condi tion.
2. Тhе if clause/the main c/ause states the result.
and answer th ese

3) Look at the four condi tiona l sentences from exercise 1 again
questions:
1. ln which sentences does the speaker indicate that this is
а) an idea/situation that is а real possibllity in the future? __
Ь) а less realistic or imaginary idea/situation? __
2. Which conditional is used in each case?

3. What verb forms are used in each conditional? Why are they used?
or the past?
4. Do the two different conditional clauses refer to present and future
4) g Read the sentences below and decide if the events are likely
ct forms:
or imaglnary.
Comp lete the sentences Ьу puttin g the verbs into the corre
_ (deal) with them
1. lf you ___ ___ _ (have) any questions, we ___ ___
at the end of the talk about the new financial products.
2. А: Му train leaves in twent y minutes!
В: lt only takes five minutes as the railway station
is opposite our office. lf you
___ ___ _ (leave) now, you _ _ _ _ _ __ (catch) it easily.
_ _ _ (argue) against
3. lf 1_ _ _ _ _ _ (Ье) оп the Board of this bank, 1_ _ _
the merger.
_ _ _ _ __
4. The bank is not far. lf you _ _ _ _ _ _ (follow) this road, you
(get) there in five minutes.
lf 1 _ _ _ _ __
5. 1 have по idea what the manager wants to talk to us about.
(know), 1_ _ _ _ _ _ (tel1) you.
it _ _ _ _ __
6. lftheco uncil ___ ___ _ (ban) all carsfrom theem bankm ent,
(create) а very pleasant and clean pedestrian zone along the river.
7. А: lt is really late. 1must Ье going.
В: lf you _ _ _ _ _ _ (wait) а mome nt, r _ _ _ _
_ _ _ (give) you а lift.
8. А: Would you like to go to Spanish evening classes with me?

(love) to.
В: l'm sorry, but I can't. l'm really busy. lf r _ _ _ (have) more time, 1___
МауЬе next year.
·,•t- - - - -
t's вооk,
Team of authors : New Engllsh for Buslne ss and Econom lcs.
Studen
~----- ----
.,.,з мatch each sentence 1-6 wlth its close st context а) о r Ь) :
~
SI if I get it, 1·11

_/ pplied for а new job а. 1have а go о d с hance of getting the . Ь
•
I·ve а to move to Par1s. JO.
1. have
_/ ----- .ь
pplied for а new JO if I got it, l'd
ь.
1am not reall
the job. у con ft dent that I will get
.
I·ve а to move to Par1s.
2. have
,,.,,,- of pu ы·ic transport are likely
~ f ublic transport gets cheaper, 1won't а. to Ьеprices
The I
~lve to work every day, 1'11 use the bus. owered.
3,
_,--
----
lf ublic transport got cheaper,
!ouldn't drive to work every day, 1' d ь.
Th · of puЫic transport are not
l"k el pr1ces
1 е У to Ье changed.
4. 1
use the ьus.
~ This country is not likely to join the EU
lt'II ье а good thing if Montenegro joins а. ?r.w_e don't know enough to say
s. the EU. 1f It Is likely or not.
- lt'd Ье а good thing if Morocco joined

6. the EU.
ь. This country is likely to join the EU.
с--
6) Choose the best form to complete the sentences. Then answer the questions
in pairs or small groups:
1. When do/would you most like to work if you wi/1 have/have/had/would have the choice
and why?
а) in the morning Ь) in the afternoon с) in the evening d) at night
2. lf your school/company (if you have а job) was/were/would Ье an animal, what animal
would it be/was it and why?
а) tiger Ь) bear с) owl d) pike е) Ьее f) fox g) deer h) other (you decide)
3. What does/wi/1 your teacher say if you arelwill be/were late for your lessons tomorrow?
а) nothing at all Ь) nothing to Ье worried about с) it depends how late I am

4
· ln relation to your studies, if you are/were/Will Ье аЫе to have more of jusl one of
the following, which wi/1/would you choose and why?
а) holidays Ь) homework с) challenges d) language lessons
9, в
ank1 na::1nrfi: , ____ , _ ,,... __ ... . . _._
like ly or Unll
. . the even ts in the tаЫе belo w. Dec ide how Ь kel)
7) Wor k in pairs. Loo k at i the follo win g year . The n tick the app ropr iate 0 xes:
they are to hap pen to you "
1 •
pass all your exams

Llke ly to hap pen Unli kely to happen
----
speak five languages
get а part-time job

--
---
leave а part -time job
mee t your futu re husband/wife

-
drop out of the university -
find а summer job abroad -
join а university club
set up your own company
move out from your parents' flat/house
them
based оп how they ticke d the boxes, ask
Now switch books with your part ner and itional. You
а question dep end ing оп the likelihoo
d of the event. Use first or second cond
have to thin k of the result clause yourself.
get а pres ent from you r parents? '

Example: 'lf you pass all your exams, will you
1 GRAMMAR - CONDITIONALS - PART TWO - ТУРЕ 3

AND MIXED
---------... ----.. -. ---------.. ------------.. ---- -----·--------
-. -------.. -------.. ------.. ----
------------ ---- -------------------- ---------------. ------------
only: mor
students------- e in Grammar Guide Cha~-~~~-~--
Business'-------
--~-~~-~-~-:--~~~~:!.~!!~-~~-~-~~-~-~_'!_)_i_~:-~-~-~- -------------- ------- ------- --------------------- ------ .. -------------
s with а part ner and ans wer the questions

1) Loo k at thes e thre e con dltio nal sentence
belo w:
e banks, / wou ld have switched ьanks

а.
lf I had known abou t the advantages of onlin
long ago.
't persuaded уои.
ь. Уои wouldn 't have joine d ап online bank if the expert hadn
. . .
с. lfуои had bought а lot ofAp p/е sh ares, уои wou /d Ье а тШюпа,rе now.
t's sook•
.N n
Team of auth
ors. ew Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Stude
Which sentence(s) describes
1
) an imagined past action and an imagined pres ent result?
· . .
а imagined past result? · -
Ь) an imagmed past асtюп and an
Which conditional is used in eac
h case?
-
h conditlonaP Why а re th еу used?
2, What verb forms are used in eac ·
3 sentences а. - с. and say wh at really happened.
· Look at
4.
.
with the correct forms 0 f th е verbs 1n brackets •
r,J complete these sentences •
wer 1s possiЫe:
sometimes more than one ans
2) .,.
- - - - - (Ье) there Ьу now

hour earlier, we
Jf we _ _ _ _ _ (leave) an ,
1. instead of being stuck in this traffic jam .
_ (Ье) in your shoes,
und ers tan d wh y you ma de that decision - if 1_ _ _ _
2_ 1
same thing.
1think I _ _ _ _ _ (do) the
g) it with me,
t my not ebo ok. lf 1_ _ _ _ _ (not brin
з. of cou rse, l've bro ugh
pe to you now.
1_ _ _ _ _ (not talk) оп Sky
school, 1
languages harder when I was at -----
4. lf I _ _ _ _ _ (study)
(not need) ап interpr ete r now .
(buy) the shares in April, we
s. That was а missed(maopp ortunity. lf we _ _ _ _ _
_____ ke) а lot of money.
_ _ _ _ (miss)
underground to the airport. We _
6. lt was а good idea to take the оп the road
if we _ _ _ _ _ _ (drive) , because there was an accident
the flight
to the airport.
tract more carefully, we
_ _ _ _ _ (read) the con
7. This is all your fault. lf you
trouЫe now.
_ _ _ _ _ (Ье) in so much
day. lf 1_ _ _ __
me about the proЫem the other
8. Thank you so much for telling t I have just
w) abo ut it, 1 _ _ _ _ _ (include) it in my report tha
(not kno
handed in.
you have made
3 pairs or in sm all group s. Ma ke а list of important decisions
1 Work in
ates how your life would Ье or
would have been
in your life. Then tel1 your classm onals.
ns. Use the 3 or mixed conditi
rd
had ma de dif fer en t dec isio
different if you
9 8
' ank1n 9
апсt Flnancla/ Products
Financial Products
11NFO ВОХ
• • 1products refer to instruments that help you save, invest, get insurance or get
f1nancia · d ЬУ varюus
· Ь an k s, f1nancial
· institutions, stock brokerages,
ortgage. These are 1ssue
~ m nce providers, credit card agencies and government sponsored entities. Financial
1nsura · d· t · t уре or un d е~ 1ying asset class (е. g. stocks, bonds,
f th e,r.
roducts are categor1se • '." e~ms о
~ash or property), volat1l1ty (1.е. fluctuatюns of the pr1ce of а security), risk and return.
Here are some examples of types of financial products:

Stocks/Shares: certificates representing part ownership of а company. While stocks/
shares are initially issued Ьу corporations, they are subsequently bought and sold
Ьу individuals in the stock market. They are generally associated with high risks and also
high returns. Returns оп stocks/shares сап Ье in the form of dividend payouts Ьу
the company or profits оп the sale of stocks/shares in the stock market. (Language note:
дlthough the words stocks/shares are used interchangeaЫy to refer to certificates that
indicate ownership of а particular company, there is а contextual difference between them.
The word 'stock' is а general term used to describe the ownership certificates of any
company, and 'share' refers to an ownership certificate of а particular company.)
Bonds: debt investments in which investors loan money to а corporation or а government.

These institutions borrow the funds from the investors for а defined period of time
at either а variaЫe or fixed interest rate. Due to the pre-scheduled interest payments,
bonds are considered а fairly safe investment.
Mutualfunds: professionally managed financial instruments that involve the diversification

of investment into а number of financial products, such as stocks/shares or bonds.
This helps to reduce an investor's risk exposure while increasing the profit potential. Unlike
hedge funds, mutual funds are more strictly regulated Ьу governments.
Hedge funds: private investment funds, usually used Ьу wealthy individuals

a institutions, which are allowed to use aggressive strategies that are unavailaЫe
nd
to rnutual funds in order to generate high returns. Unlike mutual funds, hedge funds
are except·•опа 11 У risky and largely unregulated Ьу governments.
9 1
· Bank1n9
ап d Flnancial Products 157
~ (}
/,€-Q (~
Congratu 1а t .10ns
\Гl
Mr Hill • We are prepared to give
,
you а• loan,
but first you have to prove you really don t need it.
1 LEAD-IN
1) lmagine you have some money to invest. What are the benefits and drawbacks
of the suggested forms of investment:
hiding it under а mattress buying art
going gamЫing to Las Vegas investing in а property
investing in а mutual fund buying bonds
depositing it in your bank buying stocks and shares
buying gold buying cryptocurrencies
1 LISTENING - ТНЕ BASICS OF STOCKS

AND BONDS
1) What do you know about stocks (shares) and bonds7 Share your knowledge
with your partners in small groups.
2) g Before you listen, check your understanding of some words from the recording
Ьу matching up the words and deflnitlons:
1.
-
issue (v) а.
а term used to refer to the first of two things mentioned
2. security (n) ь. а period when something that rises and falls regularly is at а low
-
level, especially economic activity __
3. shortfall (n) с. а financial or investment instrument bought and sold
in financial markets, such as а bond or а share (stock)
/ equitY (n)
d. to state а price for securities
4,
~
v quote (v)
е. to offer stocks/shares or bonds to
9enera 1 puЫic
5,
v v-- f. an amount that is less than the level th t
yield (n) а was needed
6,
J._.----
v g. the annual income earned from an inv
J.
trough (n) usually as а percentage of the money i~:~~~~, expressed
~
h. а term used to refer to the second of t
---- former (adj)
в.
~
wo
th. .
1ngs mentюned
the value of а company's shares

----9, latter (adj)
l..--~
i.
31
Q Listen to an interview about stocks and bonds and answer the following
questions:
,. Which institutions issue stocks and bonds? Why do they issue them?
2. What does,to tloat а company' mean?
з. When does an investment bank 'underwrite' а stock issue? What does it mean?
4. What is the difference between а primary and а secondary market?
s. What is the difference between the stock market and the stock exchange?
6. The speaker mentions two types of prices connected to shares - what are they?
Which one is intluenced Ьу supply and demand?
7. What is the difference between а bull market and а bear market?
в. Name the main difference between corporate and government bonds.
9. Corporate bonds сап Ье divided into two categories. What are their names?
4) Q Listen to some sentences from the listening again and complete the following
statements with the words from the recording:
1. ln order to finance themselves on daily basis, companies use internally generated
- - - - ~ whereas governments work with _ _ _ __
2. Companies issue stocks or shares, which are also called _ _ _ _ _. Bonds
are issued Ьу governments as well as companies and are forms of _ _ _ __
instruments.
З. Another important role of an investment bank is to _ _ _ _ _ the stock issue.
4. Once а company is ______ or listed on the stock exchange, investors сап buy
shares of such а company.
5. The price written on а share is the _ _ _ _ _ value, whereas the price you can
buy it at is called the______ price.
6· When discussing bonds, there are three key terms to remember. First, th e .
wh·1с h ·1s the money you рау for the bon d. secon d, the - - - - - date,h' wh1chh
·15 t hе date when you get your money back. An d t h'ird, th е - - - - - w 1с are
th е ·interest payments you receive regularly dur1ng
• th е time you have lent your money
to the government or а company.
9, Bankin .
9 and F1nancial Products
~
. d Ьу companies, gov ernm ent bonds are
ts Qenera//1,
ln comparison with bonds ,s_su e ,
1nves tmen •
7.
regarded as . tme nt corporate bonds are - - - - - Ьо d
s
ed for non- U like investment-grade bonds, which are rath n s
inve
Other terms us d Ь er sai
8. d bon s. п ond s mig ht brin е,
an - - - - - - е non-Jnvestment
grade corp orat e
but not as profitaЫe, th 1 't is a/so possiЫe that the соmрапу in
questio g m_uch
n rt'l1ght
higher returns. However,
оп lts /oans.
-- -- --
thre e of the fou r words in each of
S) There ls а loglcal connection betw een
one out and why7
the followlng groups. Which is the odd
1. mat urity - dividend - coupon - principal

2. equity - stock - deЬt - share
З. go puЬlic - IPO - flotation - cash flow
4. /oan - equ ity- bond - deЬt borrowing
kbroker
5. market maker - shareholder - creditor - stoc
- par value
6. face value - market value - nominal value
y mar ket
7. tloat - underwrite - share issue - secondar
t
ask one ano ther som e questions abou
б) Work wlth а partner. You are going to
stud ent В - go to pag e 229 .
investing. Student А - go to page 228 ,
IGLOSSARY
-
Translation
Term Definition
а thin g of value, especially prop erty

, that а pers on
to рау majetek
Asset (n) or company owns, which сап Ье used or sold
deЬts
а
ап official paper given Ьу the gov ernm ent or
company to show that you have lent them dluh opis
money that they will рау back to you at а
Bond (n) part icula r
interest rate
ап organisation like а bank that lend

s mon ey
stavebnf
Building also save
to реор/~ who w~n~ to buy а house. People sporitelna
society (n)
money w1th а bш/d1ng society.
а national bank that does business

Central bank issues centralnf banka
(n) with the government and othe r banks and
the country's coins and pap er mon ey '
а bJnk tha! offers services to the general puЬ/ic

Commercial
bank Retail komercnf banka
an to bus1nesses
bank (n) -
161
Continued оп page
800k•
Team of authors·· New Е ngllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Student's
•,н1е d
frorn Р age 160
Cont' • 1on
oefin1t
r"' -;t
te ~;а~~
lar;~
ge ~~ ~i";
an;;~
y ~~~~~= ---nin-_gJ~
togT~
thr~a~n~sl~a~ti~o~n~=J
co mp
dif fer en t firm s for me d Ьу
l
011
r1Jorner joi
~ - t - - - - - - - - -- - + == = ~
'
"
) the am ou nt of int ere st tha

е er
konglomerat
, 0 1.1pon (n t а bo nd pays
vynos/urok
- z dluhopisu,
-- -- -- - -t ,~1.~mo
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ;: ::
ne y tha t yo u bo rro w fro~
2. an arr an ge me nt tha t yo m~а ;-ba--
nk;-~
u make wi th а sh
а loa
k~ up ~ 6~ n~_ _
n _ J
credlt (n), (v) for ex am p 1е, to рау lat er ' 1store
з. to ad d an am ou nt of mo
for so me thi ng yoорu bu y 1. uver, pujcka
ac co un t ne y to somebody's bank 2.u ve r
з. pripsat
~--т.a~p;::la::s:ti:c-:c:a:rd:;:;th:a:t
~y-=o~u~ca~n~u-=-se~to~b-u_y_g_o_o_d~s-
credit card (n) and services an d рау for the m lat er ---+------J
L. -- - kreditnf karta
current
account (BrE) а typ e of ba nk ac co un t tha
t yo u сап take mo ne y ou t
checking of at an y tim e, an d tha t pro
vid es yo u wi th а de blt
account (AmE) card
bezny ucet
(n)
а pla sti c ca rd tha t ca n

Ье used to take mo ne y
DeЬit card (n) dir ec tly fro m yo ur ba nk ac
co un t wh en you рау for
so me thi ng debetnf karta
Debt (n) а su m of mo ne y tha t so me
bo dy owes
dlu h
to fai l to do so me thi ng tha
Default (v), (n) es pe cia lly Ьу no t pa yin g t yo u leg all y have to do,
а de bt nezaplatit;
neplnenf zavazku
Deflation (n) а red uc tio n in the am
ec on om y so tha t pri ce s fal
ou nt of mo ne y in а country
's
l or remain the same deflace
1. а su m of mo ne y tha t
is pa id int o а ba nk accoun
2. а su m of mo ne y tha t is t
giv en as the firs t pa rt of 1 _vklad
Deposit (n), (v) а lar ge r pa ym en t 2 _zaloha
3. а sum of mo ne y tha t is з. kauce, vratna
paid Ьу somebody wh_en th
ren t so me thi ng an d tha t is ey zal oha, jistina
returned to the m 1~they
do no t lose or da ma ge the 4. ulo zit penize,
thi ng the y are renting
f-.-__-----L4~-~t:o:.__:p_:u_:_t:_:m.: deponovat
_:o~n.:_:e:_:Y~:..:_·1n:..=t.=o_::a~b=-a=-n---k_ac_c_o_u_n
_t_ _ _ __ _T _ _
Direct deblt
_ _ _ _-1
an ins tru cti on to yo ur ba
(n) nk to all ow so me bo dy els
to tak e an am ou nt of mo e
ne y fro m yo ur account inkaso
оп а pa rtic ula r da te, es pe
r---___--c=== cia lly to ра у Ьills
==~_:_~:__---
Di'lidend (n) an am ou nt of the pro fits
tha t а co mp an y pays
г---l
r- -- __ _~t~o~p~e~o~p~l=e~w~h~ div ide nda
Е o~o~w~n~sh~a~r~e~s~i~n~t~h
~e~c~o~m~p:a:..:.n~y--:-:---t=::~;;
l'l'lbezzte (v) to steal mo ne y tha t yo u -I
are responsiЫe for or thа t zproneverit,
defraudovat
- -~b~e~l~o~n~g~s~to~y~o~u~r~e~m~p~l~o~y~e~r_ _ _
_______ ..L=--=====::
Contmued оп page 162
Banking and .
Financial Products
Continued (гот page 161
Term Definltlon Тr1nsl1tlon

an investment fund involving а group of people who ~
Hedge fund take high risks with their investments in order to try hedgeovyf
(n) and make а lot of money ond
Hlgh-y ield а type of bond that pays а hlgh rate of interest rizi~
because there is а lot of risk involved, also called junk POdradna
0
Pls/
(grade) bond
(n) bond oЫigace
lnsurance а company whose business is providing and selling . s--- -_

POJ1 fovna
company (n) insurance
lntere st rate percentage paid Ьу either the borrower оп а loan uro kov ~
(n) or Ьу the bank оп money deposited sazba
lnterm ediary
(n)
а person or ап organisation that helps other people
or organisations to make an agreement Ьу being
-----
zprostredkovatel
lntern et bank
а means of communication between them
а bank that operates over the internet

--
inernetova banka
(n)
lnvest ment а bank that deals with large businesses investicnf banka
-
bank (n)
lnvestment- doble investicn~

а secure bond that generally pays low rate of interest hodnoceny
grade bond
(n) dluhopis
to move money that has been obtained illegally into prat (spinave
Launder foreign bank accounts or legal businesses so that it is
(money) (v)
penfze)
difficult for people to know where the money came from
money that is owed to someone and has to Ье

LiaЫlity (n) paid in the future, such as tax, debt, interest, zavazek
and mortgage payments
in the form of money, rather than investments or likvidnf
Liquid (adj) property, or аЫе to Ье changed into money easily
Matur ity (n) the length of time for which а bond is issued splatnost
the act of joining two or more organisations fuze

Merge r (n) or businesses into one
а bank that provides loans to very poor people,

mikrofinancnf
Microfinance
bank (n) usually in developing countries instituce -
zasoba
Money supply the total amount of money that exists (naЫdka) penez
in the economy of а country at а particular time
(n) v ekonomice
-
а legal agreement Ьу which а bank or similar
Mortg age (n) organisation lends you money to buy а house, hypoteka
etc., and you рау the money back over а particular
number of years; the sum of money that you borrow
age 163
Continued оп Р
t's sook,
Team of authors : New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Studen
. d fгогп page 162
со
11t1nue
1erll'I
Definition -
~nd service where financial; .
~
many people in many diff perts invest t h e - ; - - - r---
erent companies oney of
~ po~flovy fond/ -
vzaJemny fond
Non-ьank а financial services firm ( t
flnancial . о ers а var1ety of financial а Ьа
ff . no k)
. n that usuall -
intermed1ary or pension funds services including 1f.as1ng
nebankovnr
~prostredkovatel
(n) uveru
L--- the amount of money that you -
overdraft (n) you have spent more money tha~~ ~о а bank when
O
_
- -
15 1 preёerpanf uctu
account; an arrangement that all n your bank
ows you to do th'15 kontokorent '
L--- the amount of capital makin
principal (n) loan 9 up а bond or other
jistina
1----
а bank that is owned Ьу one
private bank number of shareholders and ~e~~on or Ьу а small
1
(n) advice and services for very rich ~~i;~vides financial soukroma banka
i---
puЫic а company that sells shares in itself to the puЫic akciova

company (n) spoleёnost
......
~ financi~I or investment instrument bought and sold
security in financ1al markets, such as а bond or а share (stock) cenny papfr
an instruction that you give to your bank to рау

Standing somebody а fixed amount of money from your trvaly platebnf
order (n) account оп the same day each week/month, etc. prfkaz
1. the value of the shares in а company that have

been sold (uncountaЫe)
2. а share that somebody has bought in а company 1., 2. akcie
Stock (n) or business (countaЫe, usually plural) 3. dluhopis
3. (British English) money that is lent to а government
at а fixed rate of interest
any of the units of equal value into which а company
akcie (podfl)
Share (n) is divided and sold to raise money; people who
own shares receive part of the company's profits
burza cennych
Stock а place where shares are bought and sold papfru
exchange (п)
trh cennych
Stock market the business of buying and selling shares papfru
J_n) in companies
an act of taking control of а company Ьу buying prevzetf
Takeover (n)
~
most of its shares
vynos
the amount of profit that you get from your
Return (n)
r---__ investment vybrat,
vyzvednout
to take money out of а bank account
penfze .
Withdraw (v)
r---__ . f m their
. t r rece1ves ro vytezek
the rate of income an inv~s ~ommonly called -
Yield (n) stocks and shares or bon
5
securities)
9, в
anklng and Flnanclal Products
Government a n d Taxation
Ч ~'Т 011 """S:

:, .. .
~~ (»оО . .~ \
~
~
---=
• -=-~-=---
<оо~ьs
,о;
..!#1 !-
Т/Rt!~ ~OJ'DNt1ПIT ;~.:,. IIШED/01..lE

~ 1
~дN~"- VАЧ~.П$
IINFO вох
Governm t
th en s lev y tax es in ord er to raise
tax revenue. When taxes do not cov
er
ney Ьу issuing government bonds.
doe government spe ndin g, the y bor row mo
rn wn or speed up the eco nom ic gro wth То slow
eans ad· st1. , the gov ern men t сап use fiscal policy
Gov whi ch
JU ng spe ndi ng (ex pen ditu re) and tax
ernm rates.
, h ent has several eco nom ic functio
I ns:
е Ps red istr ibu te inc om e. lt pro vide s tran
of une sfe r pay me nts in the form
mp 1oym ent ben efit s, reti rem ent pen · Ь ene f 'tI
sions, or soc1·al security s.
Govern
l'\"\ent and Taxation
• provid es puЫic goods and servlces, which are those
that benef it the .
as а whole . Examples might Ье roads, puЬlic schools, hospi
. . tals, defen ce f' f~ociet y
. , 1re 1ghti
service, ·flood contro l, or satell1te nav1gat1on system.
l'lg
• compensates for market fallures and handles exter
. 1· .
nalities, which are
negat ive side effect s like e.g. pollut ion, 1tter, or no1se. usua11y
• provid es the legal frame work and the services for а
. th . h
marke t economy to
0
effect ively. lt estaЫishes the lega 1ru 1es concern1ng е r1g ts of private ownersPerate
h·
the legal status of business enterprises or legal frame work
of contracts. ip,
1 LEAD-IN
1) What do you think the main duties and responsibllities
of governments should
Ье? The pictures will help you.
2) Could these activities Ье taken over Ьу any other instit

ution? Why/not?
• provid ing the whole society with puЬlic goods the privat
e sector has no economic
incen tive to provid e
• investing in infras tructu re
• ensuring that the education and trainin g system target s
the needs of the economY
• levyin g taxes and borro wing mone y Ьу issuing gover nmen
t bonds
• provid ing those goods and services which have high social
priori ty but very loW
profit margin
• being involved in national defence, police, law and order,
fire department, P0sta
1
service, etc.
• runnin g social security and medical саге
• settin g out rules for pollut ion contro l
.,..\ .,.._
-tif- - - - -
Team of authors : New Engllsh for Buslness and Econom t'S вооk,
lcs. Studen
~he ;~dlvi dual tasks of the gover nmen t under the correct h d"
, put t
еа 1ngs:
Э) ·d·ng а staЫe enviro nment for businesses and house holds

ргоv• 1
1. мanaging the econo my
2. t·ng in infrast ructure
1nves •
з. 'ding puЫic goods an d serv1ce
. h .
s, andl1n g extern alities
prov• .
4. protecting the env1ro nment
s.
а.
кее·Pпgs
ing inflatio n low and staЫe for long-t erm compe titiven ess and ensuri
.
are not los1ng h .
t e1r
1 ng that
sav1 va ue.
Encou raging local an d f ore1gn
. .
1nves tment.
ь.
Runnin g puЫic health and welfar e progra mmes , educa tion,
с. roads, research
and develo pment , nation al and dome stic securi ty.
Setting clear and transp arent groun d rules and ensuri ng
d. that marke ts
are compe titive, for examp le, Ьу allowi ng impor ts to come in freely.
Provid ing legisla tion to preve nt furthe r degra dation of the
е. enviro nment ,
protec ting wildlif e areas from disrup tion Ьу the develo pment
of factori es,
shopp ing and reside ntial areas and impos ing taxes to reduce the level
of pollut ion
byfirm s.
f. Jnvesting in infras tructu re and other areas in which the private
sector is likely
to underi nvest.
g. Provid ing those goods and service s that have high social priorit
y but very low
profit margin .
h. Overse eing the functi oning of the econo my, but not interve ning in
its day-to -day
functio ning.
i. Ensuring that the educa tion and trainin g system targets the needs
of the econo my,
with а strong empha sis on provid ing techni cal and profes sional labour
force.
j. Being part of or initiat ing enviro nment al projec ts such as beach
clean- ups
and tree-p lanting .
IREADING
1) Read the article about gover nmen ts' role in mana ging an econo
my:
1
ln every countr y, the gover nment takes steps to help the econo my
of Qrowth f achieve the goals
, ull emplo yment and price stablli ty. The govern ment · t· ·t
th rough fi . • influences econom1c ас 1v1 У
scal pol1cy. lt uses its power to tax and to spend.
:uPplyBoth
of
taxatio n and gover nment spend ing сап Ье used to reduce or increas
e the total
mo
is i ney •1n the econo my that businesses and consumers spe nd· When the countr y
Suc~ а recession, the appro priate policy is to increase spending, reduce
taxes, or both.
expansionary action s will put more money in the hands of businesses
and consumers,
10.
Governrrie
nt and Taxation
encouraging businesses to expand and consumers to buy more goods and serv·
the economy is experiencing inflation, the opposite policy is adopted: the gover~es. When
decrease spending or increase taxes, or both. Because such contractionary measur ment Wi/1
. go d own an d .1nfl а t·юn eases. es reduсе
spending Ьу businesses and consumers, pr1ces
3 On the other hand, monetary policy is exercised Ьу the central bank, which is em
to take various actions that decrease ог increase the money supply and raise or lowPowered
term interest rates, making it harder or easier to borrow money. When they believe that ~~;h~rt-
is а proЬlem, they will use contractionary policy to decrease the money supply and raise.1 tation
n erest
rates. When rates аге higher, borrowers have to рау more for the money they borrow, and Ьа
are more selective in making loans. Because money is more expensive to borrow, the de nks
for goods and services will go down, and so will prices. mand
4 When countering а recession, the central bank uses expansionary policy to increas
the money supply and reduce interest rates. With lower interest rates, it is cheaper to borro;
money, and banks are more willing to lend it. Attractive interest rates encourage businesses
to borrow money to expand production and encourage consumers to buy more goods
and services. ln theory, both sets of actions will help the economy escape а recession.
(adapted from Exploring Business, online)
1 READING COMPREHENSION
2) Answer the following questions:
1. What are the main goals governments try to achieve?

2. What does the monetary policy regulate?
3. What does the fiscal policy comprise?
4. Explain the difference between contractionary and expansionary policies.
1 LANGUAGE FOCUS
3) g Match the following verb-noun partnershlps from the artlcle and translate
them into Czech:
-
1. take а. customers to buy more goods and services
-
2. achieve ь. а sustainaЫe welfare policy
-
3. make с. recession
-
4. counter d. steps
-
5. encourage
6. implement
е.
f.
goals
loans
--
J eam of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Studen ~~
~ a t c h the following adjectlve-noun partnershi .
them into Czech: Р 5 1rom the art1cle
41 d translate
art
а. supply
,. ; _ - -
_- price
L---- ь. activity
full
2. ~
employment
~
с.
111oneY
'L--- stabllity
L--- interest d.
4. L..--
L--- . е. rates
econom1c
s.
L---L---
Р'1 Complete the sentences with suitaЫe partnerships from the previous exercises:
S) ..
1 The _______ __ in the region had been analysed Ьу our team and we
· concluded it would Ье promising to enter the market.
2_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ contributes to achieving high levels of economic activity

and employment.
з. The more precise and clear your _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ are the easier it will Ье
to _______ __ them.
4. Asking for feedback is the best way to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to return.
s. The Governor of the Bank of England reassured the puЬlic that _ _ _ _ _ _ __
remain unaffected Ьу China's economic slowdown.
6. We _______ __ to prevent him from doing more harm.
7. The necessity to
adopt and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ а sustainaЫe welfare
- - - - - - - - was discussed in the Parliament.
8. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ data is recorded and puЬlished, usually Ьу the central bank
of the country.
9. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ an extra _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ payment сап reduce your
monthly payments or shorten the length of your loan term.
10. Some economists suggested tough regulations in order to _ _ _ _ _ _ __
in the economy.
61
J;i Complete the sentences wlth the correct prepositions:
1. Government's abllity to influence the economy is based ___ fiscal policy.
2. ~ow government spending leads ___ а reduction ___ the total supply of money
1n the economy.
з.
ln times of inflation the main focus of governments is ___ contractionary policy.
4. The central bank's measures are aimed - - - achieving goals of price stabllity.
S. Fiscal policy relies ___ government spending and taxation.
б. During the recession demand ___ goods and services decreases.
7. Higher taxation reduces the supply ___ money in the economy.
lQ
. Govern
rnent and Taxatlon
7) g Match the expresslons below lnto palrs wlth the same meaning:
output expenses boost companies

costs
error expendlture firms productlon ~
mlstake
reduce spendlng stlmulate lower
~
-----
------
8) J:;i Match the expressions below into pairs with the opposite meaning:
production demand boom depression consumption
contraction growth cut increase supply
1 EXTENSION
1) Read the following paragraph and complete the text Ьу choosing the right
options:
The government 1) produces/provides help to businesses and individuals in manY

ways. For examp\e, trade barriers permit certain products to remain relatively free frorn
foreign competltion. 2) lmports/Exports are sometimes taxed or limited Ьу vo\urne
so that domestic products can better З) compete/comprise with foreign goo~s.
The government also provides aid to farmers Ьу 4) subsldlslng/donatlng prices they receive
for their crops. ln quite а different area, the government supports S) firms/individuals who
i eam of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Studenn~

~-----------
nn° t adequately care for themselves Ьу making б) 1oans/ grants to 1 ·
•d ь •.
с~ dependent ch1I ren, у prov1d1ng medical care for the а ow-1ncome parents
d through soclal 7)
w1th ce/training programmes that assist the unemplo d ged, ап
111sL1ranplies 8) release/relief for the poor and help for t:edlanbdl retlrees. The government
alsO sUP е sa ed.
,r1 С mplete the text with suitaЫe words from the Ьох • FI ve words are redundant:
_. 0
21
alternate research renewaЫe puЫic
provide experiences prlvate externalities
ment is needed
The scientific discipline known as 'puЫic economics' describes why govern
ion ofthe poor
alongside markets to 1.._ _ _ resources. These reasons include:the protect
gas emissions;
through а social safety net; the correction of 2.._ _ _ such as greenhouse
are essential
the provision of 'merit goods' such as health care and education, which
з . ___
for all society's members; and the financing of scientific and technological
circumstances,
that cannot Ье efficiently captured Ьу 4. _ _ _ investors. ln all these
whether income
the free-market system tends to underprovide the resource in question -
care, or R&D for
support for the poor, reduction of carbon emissions, low-cost primary health
,_ _ _ energy.
5
ISPEAKING
should invest in.
Work in groups. lmagine you could choose the area the government
Prepare а short presentation supporting your choice:
1. Protection of the environment

2. Building roads and highways
3. Research and development .
4. lmprovement of the quality of the system of education
5. lmprovement of medical care
6. Raising the minimum wage
7- Supporting alternative renewaЫe energies
8· Supporting culture and sport activities for young people
10
. Govern
rnent and Taxatlon
Taxation
//'! T/-IS 1/0/lШ
nolhing ьtz cl!f'lain TE!lC/-1
'ill/l/ /JI/Шfll!Y llllfJIIТ
TRXES
Л[f/11!
& 'TRX, IIIT .JOJ'
>В12Лjатiп Ы!iп < (}f Tllll!l l[[Clll!l/1
IINFO вох
Taxes are mainly used to finance the expenses incurred Ьу the government to manage
an economy. These expenses include: health care, education, waste collection, defence,
infrastructure and operating government business entities. Taxation is also used Ьу
the government for several other purposes:
, to reduce pollution Ьу taxing offending firms,

, to discourage unhealthy lifestyles, e.g. а tax on cigarettes,
• to protect local and infant industries Ьу taxing imports,
• to achieve greater equality of wealth and income (revenue from taxation is used
to help the very poor),
• to control spending in ап economy and thus reduce inflation.
Types of taxes
Direct taxes are paid Ьу individuals and companies directly from income earned
or оп the value of assets owned.
lndirect taxes are levied оп consumption and therefore are paid Ьу individuals when
Purchasing goods and services.
А
There are three existing tax systems. progressive tax system levies higher ta~ rate а
~n high income earners compared to lower income earners. This ens~res th at higher
income earners рау а larger proportion of t he1r . 1ncom
. е than lower 1ncome
. earners.
А . tax system levies а smaller percentage Of t ах on higher 1ncome
reg ressive . earners
11
а smatax
cornpa re d to lower income earners. This results .in h'19her .inc ome earners pay1ngtional er
:;•;•rtion of their income in taxes than lower income earners. Under а pr:~:; The same
sem (flat tax) all taxpayers рау the same proportion of the1r income in .
Percent • ners
age tax is levied on both high and low 1ncome ear ·
10
. Govern
rnent and Taxation
1 LISTENING
1) Q You are golng to llsten to а dlalogue about various types of t axes
the flrst llstenln g wrlte down all types of taxes mentlon ed and divide th DUrlng
dlrect and lndlrect ones: ern int 0
Dlrect taxes lndlrect taxes

' 1
2) Q During the second listenin g match the terms connect ed with taxation
with their definitions and translate them into Czech:
Definition Тах Czech translatlon
the special sales tax which

1. companies have to рау when they
sell certain types of products
the tax that has to Ье paid when

2.
importin g products
the main tax taken out of а person's

3.
salary/wage
the tax that both people

and companies have to рау on any
4.
profit they make from selling
property or securities
the tax you рау when you

5. buy things or use some types
of services
-
the tax which companies рау
6.
on the profit they make
-
the tax that is paid as part
7.
8.
of а product
the tax paid directly

to the governm ent Ьу а person
-
or organisation
,,,
:•;.-.~!,,. - - - -
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs, Stu en t's вооk,
d
·th your partn er and write down explan ations of th f •
work WI • • е О 1low1ng terms from
31 the 1isten1ng.
раУ slip
1. net income /salary /wage
2. gross income /salary /wage
з.
direct taxes
4.
indirect taxes
s.
IEXTENSION
"
Choose the best option to c_omplete the follow ing sentences with
the word
1 ТАХ and write the Czech transl at1on of the terms in the Ьох below:
1
1. lndividuals norma lly fill а tax _ _ each year.

а) declar ation
Ь) refund
с) return
2. The money you receive back from the tax office when you have paid too
much is called
atax _ _ .
а) discou nt
Ь) refund
с) relief
3. Taxpayers know well that tax _ _ is illegal.

а) evasion
Ь) return
с) policy
4. Money you have spent in order to earn incom e is norma lly tax - - ·
а) deductiЬle
Ь) subsidised
с) audite d
[
5. т0 check wheth er the
financ ial record s of the compa ny ar е accurate' the government
can do а tax
а) rate
-·
Ь) form
с)
с ___ __
audit
lQ
. Governn,
ent and Taxatio n
6. The tax form is so complicated that the average person needs а tax
him or her fi/1 it in. - to help
а) advisor
Ь) payer
с) deduction
7. д tax does not require individuals to reside in or businesses to oper t

-- . . а еощ
of their countries to benefit from /оса/ tax ро/юеs.
а) protection
Ь) haven
с) heaven
8. Practically every taxpayer engages in tax _ _ at some point in order to minimise

her or his tax Ы/1 legally.
а) avoidance
Ь) evasion
с) progress
2) J:;i Use some of the collocations from exercise 1) in the following sentences:
1. А new tax was _ _ _ _ _ _ оп fuel.
2. Even though we had а tax _ _ _ _ __ ...., we were accused of tax _ _ __ _
з. They comment оп the tax Ьу government оп excess company
profits.
4. According to the law it was а case of tax _ _ __ _ __, which is illegal.
5. То prove that it was legal tax the firm asked for а tax
6. We are used to having а/1 our tax checked Ьу our tax
1 SPEAKING
1. Give two reasons why governments should Ье the chief guardians of the environment.
2. Discuss two consequences of unregulated business activity in ап economy.
3. ldentify two purposes of taxation and discuss the importance of each.
4. Differentiate between direct and indirect taxes and give two examples of each.
5. Distinguish between progressive and regressive taxation.
6. The regressive tax system is unfair and places а greater burden оп the lower income
earners. Discuss.
7. Outline two ways in which governments provide assistance for businesses.
8. Choose one social service and discuss the importance of its provision Ьу а government.
1eam of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Studen~~

~ - INFINITIVE OR GERUND
• ~-;;·u;;;;~ii,~i:ё.~~~i;;.i~;:~~:d:8.~;;~!;i;~i~~!~f:~~iY.(~~;~1~:~;~;~:~;:~~;~;:~~;~i;~~::;~:~:~~:~~
pra9••.. ·•··••·
..-····
е followed Ьу а particular form of the verb ln posltion of object - lnflnltlve,

ost verbs_arve (infinitive without to) or gerund (-lng form). Unfortunately, you have
Мi,are inflnitl
each par t·icular verb phrase Ьу heart. There аге по rules availaЫe . lf ln doubt,
to 1earn ult а dictionary.
ways cons . .
al n Ье followed Ьу e1ther an - mg form or an infinitive. But usually
verbs са .
5orr,e_ difference in mean1ng.
there is а
advise anticipate appreciate avoid complete

admit
~sider delay deny discuss dislike enjoy
- finish involve keep mention mind miss
recommend
~
postpone practise report risk suggest
1anticipated arriving late.

Example: 1recommend not being late.
Other expressions followed Ьу gerund:
lt's (not) worth . ..

There is no point (in) ...
lt's no use ...
Have difficulty/difficulties (in) ...
Have trouЫe .. .
lt'sno good .. .
afford
г--- appear arrange claim decide demand
deserve
г--- expect intend manage offer plan
Pretend
promise refuse seem tend wait
Exarriple:
They expect to depart early in the morning.
1promise not to arrive late again.
lQ
. Gover11rn
e11t a11d Taxation
' /
/, et
1°'~ ~э
i, re·
1~
1) g Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form:
We intend you next week. (visit)

1.
2. The book does not pretend а great work of literature. (Ье)
They enjoyed in а village. (live)

3.
4. The guard refused them enter the building. (let)
5. Не kept although he felt ill. (work)
6. She avoided to her boss. (talk)

110Р .
7. Hetends а little shy. (Ье) 1
8.
9.
Не deserves
1do notmind
punished. (Ье)
early. (come)
'
10. Не suggested at the Grand Hotel. (not stay)
11. They recommended earlier. (meet) SIOP
12. His health appeared better. (Ье)

13. She arranged any longer. (not stay)
14. We have finished for the meeting. (prepare)
15. 1don't claim an expert. (Ье)
16. Wedecide d out for dinner. (not go)
17. We discussed on holiday together. (go) Reg
18. She plans а new flat next year. (buy)
19. Не risked caught. (Ье)
20. Не denied the money. (steal)
These verbs can Ье followed Ьу either the gerund or the infinitive with а change
in meaning.
Remember + gerund
Tr
• 1remember spending а lot of time on the beach when I was а child . (1 have а memory
bl
of spending а lot of time оп the beach.)
• Не remembers closing the door. (Не has а memory of closing the door.) '
'
Remember + to + infinitive
• 1remembered to buy milk. (1 was
walking home and the idea that I needed milk came
into my head, so I bought some.)
• She remembered to send а card to her grandmot her. '
Team of
au
th
ors: New Engllsh for Business and Economlcs. Stu dе nt's вооk•
\
/
t+ gerund
forge we really stud ied this top ic bef ore ? J forg ot reading аЬо ut 1t. (1 do not remember
наvе
, din9 abo ut it.) .
~а flrst tlme.
will nev er forg et mee t1n g my bos s for the
, 1
t + to + lnfi nltl ve .
forg1eforg ot to са /1 ту то th er. (1 wan ted to са/1 my mot her, but
when it was а goo d time
, to са/1 her, 1forg ot.)
k.
she keeps forg etti ng to brin g his boo k bac
,
stoP + gerund . . th е act,..

stop ped work1ng wh en I was. exp
. ecti ng а ЬаЬу· (Work·ing 1s v,ty / stop ped }
• 1 i (D . . .'
. the act1.v1ty
n she was eighty-f ve. r1VJng 1s
, Му gra ndm oth er sto ppe d dr1ving whe
she stop ped •)
Stop + to + infi niti ve to eat

, 1stop ped to eat lun ch. (1 sto ppe
d doi ng som ethi ng else bec aus e I wan ted
/unch.) g
get а cup of coffee. (She stop ped shoppin
, She was sho ppi ng and she sto ppe d to
ee.)
because she wan ted to get а cup of coff
Regret + gerund
• 1regret goi ng to bed so late . 1 am
really tire d today.
sixt een . She wishes that she had studied
, She reg rets /eav ing sch ool wh en she was
more and the n gon e to uni ver sity.
Regret + to + lnfi nltl ve

1regret to te/1 you tha t the trai n has
bee n dela yed .
• .
tha t the London office wi/1 close nex t year
• The com pan y reg rets to info rm emp loy ees
icult,
exp erim ent. The thin g you do is not diff
Try + gerund (You do som eth ing as an
resu lt tha t you wan t.)
but you want to see if doi ng it wi/1 hav e the
• 1tried taki ng an asp irin but it did
n't he/p . 1 sti/1 hav e а hea dac he.
· d'd 't help bec aus e
• / g the win dow but it
I
п '
_t was too hot in the roo m. / trie d ope nin
it was very hot out sid e too .
:,у+ t~ + inflnitive (to do som eth ing tha t is not easy)

vy.
1
tried to /ift the suit cas e but it was too hea
run fa 5t eno ugh .
•
cou ldn 't
She tried to catc h the b~s , but she
or .
d to something, it is not strange, new
Be/Get used to + gerund (lf you are use /ong difficult
you become accustomed to it; it is no er unusu 1
for you. /fyo u get used to something, а
or strange.) . lt does not both er те.
• / ат used to wak ing up ear/y in the mor ning
r is diffi cult . She is not used to using а со rnpщer
• Sending emai/s to ту gra ndm·othe h · .
ning .
• / got used to wak ing up ear/y in t е mor
g the /anguage.
• /t took те а whi /e to get used to spe akin
past Ь utyou
som ethi ng, you did it regularly in the
Used + to + fnfinitive (ff you used to do
do not do it any more.)
• / used to go to the cinema eve ry Friday.
Не used to visit us regular/y befo re
he mov ed abro ad.
•
ng sentences:
2) Practise the verbs above in the foll owi
due
arrassment whe n his card was rejected
1. Не remembered __ __ __ _ in emb
to insufficient funds. {Ыush)
it. {not do)
2. / have never regretted __ __ __ _
his driv ing test but always failed. (pass)
3. Charlie tried for years
here. {work)
4. She will soon get used to
hi5 gov ernm ent bonds' value.
5. Afte r the fir5t mon th he stopped
(track)
I cou /dn' t becau5e it wa5 5tuck. (open)
6. 1tried __ __ __ _ the wind ow, but
ey la5t nigh t. {5pend)
7. / regret __ __ __ _ 50 muc h mon
h)
8. She tried but the chi/dren were 50 funn y. (not /aug
mon th. {рау)
9. She forg ot _ _ _ _ _ _ the rent thi5
1О. Не 5top ped for hea/th rea50n5, {5moke)
right
cor rec t ver bs and put the m in the
3) g Com ple te the sentences wit h the
form :
mov e fa/sify
demonstrate read have
he/p work
receive Ье with dra w
1. Не adm itted _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ the data.
_ 50 muc h mon ey?
2. When did he decide _ _ _ _ _ _ _
new equ ipm ent.
3. They promi5ed _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the
4. Do you miп d me tran5/ate this lette r?
t
5. Stephanie dis/ikes - - - - - - оп the com pute r all day.
projec
6. 1 really appreciate - - - - - - the opp ortu nity to take par t in this
and to wor k with such ап exce//ent team
.
d t's sook,
Team of а uth ors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Stu en
/ she pretended _ _ _ _
_ _ а student in order to ge
7, Laura and Ed discussed t а student d'
8· theY decid to the cit to fi
ed against relocating. iscount.
у nd
work; however, in the end,
our teacher recommends _
9· _ _ _ _ _ all these bo
The medical team deserv oks for the exam.
10. es
in suь-Saharan Afr1c
.
a. - - - - - - an award
for their volunteer work
\t can е ь difficult to decide when to

use МАКЕ or DO in English
·
we use make when we create or construct something
She made а cake. .
•
weus е do for general activities.
• What did you do at the
weekend?
There are many fixed expression

s with make and do. Unfortun
usefu\ rules, so you have to \ea ately, they do not really follow
rn them . any
МАКЕ
1. Не made а blg mistak
e when he changed his
2. Why does it take the job.
m so long to make decision
з. They made fun of s?
him whenever he wore his
4. lt's very important to new hat.
make а good impressio
5. China has made huge n at this meeting.
economic progress in recen
6. When he was younge t years.
r, he made а fortune sellin
7. The new manager ma g clothes.
de some changes as so
8. 1want to make а phon on as he arrived.
e call.
9. 1think the cafe open
s at six, but let's make certa
10. Usua\ly the children in.
aren't allowed to watch TV
the weather was so hor bu t I made an exception today
riЬle. since
DO
1
· u\d you do me а favour? Ple
Co
2 ase drive me to town.
· lt doesn't matter if you
don't come first as long as
З. She did very badly оп the ex you do your be 5t •
4 am, so she'II have to retake
· lt's been а pleasure doing bu it.
siness with you.
s. John has decided to do а co
urse
~: ~~ has to do his duty and look aftinercohismputing this autumn.
elderly parents.
8. hе st0 rm has done а lot of da
1 mage to the house.
9 ave
· lth· to do three exams and write а huge essay this term .
10. D ink the students did а
great job with this essay.
oes everybody hate doing pa
perwork?
10
. Goverrнn
ent and Taxation
lng expresslons are used
wlt h МАКЕ or DO:
4) g Declde wh eth er the fol low
damage а co mp laln t ап excuse

research
harm an ex pe rim en t repa/rs

-
bus/ness
an effort ап ap po int me nt certain progress wrong/we/1/good

-
-
'
Do
-
Make
МАКЕ or DO:
5) g Co mp let e the fol low ing
sentences wi th
а livi ng ?- /'m а dentist.

1. What do you _ _ _ _ for of coffee?
ver y tire d. Wo u/d you like me to _ _ _ _ you а cup
2. You loo k t fin d it anywhere!
_ _ _ _ wit h my handbag? / can no
З. Wh at hav e you
such а fuss of him?
4. Why does she _ _ _ _ t.
your hair before you go ou
5. Don't forget to _ _ _ _ up.
Не was _ _ _ _ so mu
ch noise tha t he woke he r
6. an eff ort !
! ____
7. You're no t trying hard enough tea.
_ а crossword and dri nki ng
В. She sat on the sofa, _ _ _
e, especially running.
9. Ju/ie /ikes _ _ _ _exercis more harm than good.
ту sui t and trie d to clean it, bu t I _ _ _ _
1О. 1spi/t cof fee on
int me nt wit h the dentist
for
had а too tha che , so she _ _ _ _an ap po
11. She
the following day.
em ent s. /'// find а hotel, and you
сап look at flights.
Let's _ _ _ _ som e arr ang
12.
s to the do cum en t.
13. l've _ _ _ _,some change
nt ab ou t my shoes.
14. Му mo the r _ _ _ _a com me
_ __ an excuse?
15. Why was she late? Did she _
Buslness and Economlcs. Stu

dent's вооk,
for
Team of authors: New Engllsh
~ t e the follo wing sentences with МАКЕ or DO in the correct form:
6) Тhе food took so long to arrive that 1 . а
comp laint to the manager.
1·
Janine, сап you tryto ___ __ me an appo intme nt with
2. 7
my denti stfor this afternoon,
please.
N we do not know what went wron g yet, but we are ___
__ some research.
з. 1~~s not worki ng hard enou gh and I would really have to ___ __ an effort.
4. We are ___ __ much bette r than last year; we are
5 defin itely ___ __ progress.
· We spent three days ___ __ repairs to the wareh
6. ouse roof after the storm last
week.
think there is а bus at eight but you had bette r call to _
7 1 _ _ _ certain.
· lt was my fault. You do not have to ___ __ excuses.
8
· Тhе court case woul d ___ __ serious dama ge to
9 my business.
· lt has been а pleasure ___ __ business with you.
10.
IGLOSSARY
Term Defin ition
Translation
а tax оп the proce eds resul ting from
Capital gains tax (n) dan z kapita lovyc h
the sale of assets, e.g. houses, land, etc. vynos u
Corporate tax (n) а tax оп the profit s of comp anies dan z pi'ijm u firem
Customs duty (n) а tax оп impo rts, e.g. good s enter ing
the coun try clo
Depression (n) а long and severe recession in an econo my deprese
Excise duty (n) а tax place d on speci fic good s

manu factu red or sold withi n а coun try spotr ebni dan
а conse quen ce of an indus trial

Externality (n) or comm ercia l activ ity which affects other exter nalita
~
partie s
Fiscal policy (n) gove rnme nt actio ns conce rning taxat ion
---
lncome tax (n)
and puЬlic expe nditu re
а
fiskalni politi ka
t---__ tax оп earne d incom e dan z prfjm u
lnfant industry (n) an indus try which is not fully devel oped , mlad e/vzn ikajki
r---_ _ unaЫe to surviv e comp etitio n prum yslov e odve tvi
Minlm
urn wage (n) the lowes t remu nerat ion that emplo yers
minim alni mzda
may legal ly рау to worke rs
Contin ued оп page 184
10.
Govern
ment and Taxati on
Continu ed from page 183
Definl tlon Transfatfon
-------
Term
govern ment or centra l bank action s
Mone tary pollcy (n) concer n/ng the rate of growth of money menova Politika
in clrcula tion
the presence in or introd uction into

-------
----
Pollut lon (n) the enviro nment of а substa nce which has znecistenf
harmfu l ог poison ous effects
а good that is availaЫe for the society . . statek

vereJny
as а whole and not just individ ual memb ers
----
PuЫlc good (n)
а natura l resource ог source of energy not

obnovi telny
----
RenewaЫe (adj) deplet ed when used
the arrang ement minim ising tax liabllit y

Тах avoida nce (n) danova optimafizace
within the law
the illegal non-pa yment or underp aymen t danov y unik

Тах evasio n (n) oftax
countr y or indepe ndent area where taxes

-
а danov y raj
Тах haven (n) аге levied at а lower rate
Тах rate (n) the percen tage paid in tax danova sazba
а sum of money that is paid back danov y preplatek

Тах refund (n) to the taxpay er
а sum to Ье deduc ted from gross incom e danova uleva

Тах relief (n) in the calcula tion of tахаЫе incom e
а form оп which а taxpay er makes danove priznanf

Тах return (n) ап annua l statem ent of incom e
an amoun t of money collect ed danov e prfjmy

Тах reven ue (n) Ьу the govern ment
Taxpa yer (n) а person who pays taxes danov y poplatnfk
payme nts made Ьу the govern ment

Transfer payme nt (n) to individ uals withou t requir ing any goods transferova platba
ог services in return
Unem ploym ent money paid Ьу the govern ment to people podpo ra .
benef it (n) who are unemp loyed v nezamestnanost,
а tax levied on goods at each stage dan z pridane

Value added tax (n)
of produ ction hodno ty
-
d
t's вооk,
Team of au th0 rs: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economics. Stu en
~Rep orts and Graphs
Good report.
Work on lt а llttle more untll lt sounds llke one of mlne.
IINFO вох
Areport is а formal piece of writing written for а clear purpose and to а particular audience.
Specific information and evidence are presented, analysed and applied to а particular
proЬlem or issue. lt offers recommendations for future action. The information is presented
inaclearlystructured format making use of sections and headings so thatthe information
is easy to follow. As the main purpose of а report is to inform the audience, it must Ье
logically organised. The standard components of а report are Title, lntroduction, Main
body or Findings, Conclusions and often Recommendations. However, other sections
such as Procedure or Method can Ье added as well. lt is necessary to check the accuracy
of the report content, as well as the writing style, grammar, spelling and punctuation.
lt is essential to show that you are being objective (i.e. not letting your personal opinion
апd i_nterests affect the report and not adding any persuasive elements). You can
do t~is Ьу using the report as the subject of the sentence (This report shows .. .) or Ьу using
Pass1ve vo·ice (Сonclusюns
.
are drawn .. .).
Reports us d ·1 .
to d'i е n government, business, education, science, and other fields, are a,med
sp Iау th
е result of an experiment, investigation, or inquiry.
Report Wrlting t·
е lps:
Analyse th
need е task carefully. Who is the report for? Why do they want it? What do they
• to know?
Struct .
is еа ure the re Port 1nto
· ·
clear sections using numbering and head1ngs, · f orma t'ion
so 1n
sy to find.
11 n
. "Е!р
orts and
Graphs
• ln general, write in а more formal, objecti ve and impersonal style .
• Aim to Ье clear, concise and precise .
• Ensure all your sources are clearly referenced in the text.
• Proofread carefully, checking for clarity as well as accuracy.
The report must comply with the АВС of report writing - Ье Accurate, вr·ie do
f(
• es not
mean short but withou t unnecessary details), and Clear.
~\ ~)
/о, f
Nice work оп the report, Susan.
Wlth thls lnforma tlon we сап easlly lay-off
fifty per cent of our employees.
Unfortunately, you'II Ье the first to go.
1 LEAD-IN
1) Discuss the follow ing questions:
1. ln which situations are people asked to write а report?

2. What is the main purpose of а report?
3. How сап the audience of а report vary?
4. Do you have any first-hand experience of writing or presenting а report?
2) g Below you can see some terms closely connected with report wrlting
. Match
them with their definit ions:
1. font а. the way in which text and il/ustrations are arranged оп the page
2. bullet point ь. а title at the beginn ing of а page or section
3. proofre ading с. ап item in а list with а small symbo l in front of it -

the most import ant part of а piece of writing that presents
4. layout d.
inform ation discovered during research
checking and making corrections to а docum ent (particularly in
5. draft е.
relation to spellin g and inconsistencies in layout)
-
ап early version of а report that may have changes made to it -
6. headin g f.
before it is finished
7.
8.
main body /
finding s
title
g. а name of а piece of writing , music or paintin g
h. letters of а particu lar style

--
d nt's sook•
st е
Team of authors : New Eng/lsh for Buslness and Economlcs. u
scr ipt ·
,1 put each of the fol low ing de
ate h •on~ of dif fer en t Р arts of а r
i) ~ ьlе be low un de r the ap pro pri ead1ngs•
1 the ta • eport lnto
contai
This is the largest section and rrnat·
t you r find ing s to the reader You ~s ~o st of Your info 0
1. pre sen
n fl ее to org ani se the in&o ' "·. ln it, you wi/1
sure the info rm ~tio rrnat,on 1 ·
Ub sections. .Make
11
ows log· II У frorn one sec t· nto srnaller
s ce any new informa tion h rca the n
,ntr odu ion to
vou mu st not
. fl у, an d emphasise the most sign ere. You sho u.ld pul/togetherthern . ех~.
2. of the report Ь r1e ific
a,n Po1nts
rep ort, wh ich you hav e . ant Points. You shou/d 1.1nk them Ьа k
to the purpos e of the prev,ous/y st а t еd .,n your introdu t· с
h а sug ge t h
things cou/d Ье irnc ion.ved or
you ave cha nce to
This is where
s must flow log~ llow
з. advanced. Your suggestion . rca
Ь
у from 0 ur conc/usions
pro
th
th ь &
е asrs ,or them. The y can . Y , 5о at
the reader сап see . •1 е1 rsted and n Ь ered. lt is irnp
nur orta nt
~еа 1rstr c.
the rep rt . Ь
that they are
4. You will expla1dn tfih~ ~roЫfe
m and show the reader why 0 1s eing made. You
s, and explain how th d .
need to give а е n1tron о term е etarls of the report are arranged
/ntroductlon Ma in body/Findings Conclusions Recommendations

~
-- ort wh ose paragraphs have been

,·umbl d
е up.
С
an you
d , h enputeachlogicalunitintothetaЫebelow
the fol low ing rep
41 Look at t
ь k · th ~r er. Т
putthem ас 1n _ec orr ecd1ng:
under the ap pro pr1 ate hea
al contractor among our
This rep ort is bas ed оп res earch conducted Ьу an extern
1.
employees.
communication between
this was no t the cas e, the intranet could Ье used for
2. lf lt would also
s and rep lac e mo st of the long lasting, ineffective meetings.
department ual employees.
t, and monitor tasks set to individ
help managers record, appoin pany.
y to improve efficiency in our com
3. lt aims to identify the best wa sophisticated monitoring system
that
Fin ally , it wo uld Ье advisaЬle to introduce а а result
4.
det erm ine ho w ma ny em ployees are actually necessary, and as
would help us
ls.
might lead to lower staffing leve ely vague
it has bee n fou nd tha t the job descriptions are extrem
5. ln addition ponsibllities are. That
and em plo y~e s do no t hav e а cle ar idea what their duties and res
r their performance. · at·ron ап d managemdent
is why it is so diff icu lt to monito com mu nrc ·t ·
the we ake st poi nts are I ап 1 5
6. The results sho w tha t
ь'
• losely related to
n pro em с ers connect е
15
techno
d to the
ogy
inte rne t in
lt is clear that the communicatio t ugh comput mp ute~ That obviously
• по eno
го1е rn our company. There are le hav e to share one со ·
andthereforetheirinabllity
реор . k'II
е epartments and too тапу
th d 5 1 5
to acqurre computer
results in people's unwillingness 5t
ctiv ely . uld Ье improved, firstly I s~gge
to u~e computers effe employee with therr own
7 rng des crib ed the pr oЫ em areas th at sh~ .
9 rye that would familiarise а/1
re ап d prov " eve
· Hav rd1
g ou r har dw are and sof twa
Up-gradin · · g programm
set up а trarnrn
cornputer. Secondly, we should
staff with the new system.
Recommendatlons
conclusions
Ma ln bo dy /Fi nd ing s
]] D
. ~е
Ports and Grap hs
he ad lng s:
phrases un de r the fou r
r,' I 1
5) _ . Dlv lde the fo 11 ow ng
areas · · ·
1. We identified the fol/owing key
д key cha/lenge facing us is
·· ·
2. sented above, ...
Оп the basis of the figures pre
3. d into / contains ...
.rnc1ud es I consists of / is dlvide
4. The report ionnaire thought that ...
of those who replied to the quest
5. 4596
ndations to make ...
6. There are three main recomme ...
successful project provided
This has the potential to Ье а ed from ...
7. ws with ... / information obtain
8. The report is based оп intervie
9. lt was found that .. •
th at · · ·
1о. lt is strongly recommended
ried out to find ou t ...
11. Further research should Ье car conclusion ...
s, we reached the following
l 2. ln the Jight of the above finding
Тhе aim / purpose of this
report is to .. .
13.
s wi/1 inevitaЫy have an
impact оп .. .
14. Тhi
15. The next stage is ...
16. lnformation was gather
ed from ...
ent should ...
17. Тhе Marketing Departm
18. Тhе research shows tha
t ...
s of this proposal is ...
19. One of the blg advantage
anged between ...
20. А meeting should Ье arr
Conclusions Recommendations
lntroduction Ma in body/Findings
t
gra mm ati ca l mistakes tha
ref lec t the most co mm on
6) J;i Th e fol low ing sen ten ces
itin g а rep ort . Find the m
an d co rre ct the m:
students make wh en wr
.
1. 32% of staff likes team-building
of staff.
l eve nts suc h as an inform al meeting in а pub like 32%
2. So cia chers accepted Ьу
t а qu arter of the sta ff (26 %) would Ье better lunch vou
3. For abou
pany.
many restaurants near the com
.. .
ose between three options:
4. Employees had а chance to cho
ary.
ed from an e/ectronic question
5. The informations were gather
ra staff for the busy months.
6. We recommend to employ ext in order to organise two
ges ted to em p/o y two lec turers (English and Spanish)
7. lt is sug
language courses. 5t
s (42 %) tho ug ht tha t the /unch vouchers are the be
yee
8. А significant number of emp/o
option.
rtment.
wa s car ried ou t am ong the emp/oyees of the R&D depa
9. Surve y training.
1О. we sug ges t inv esting mo re financia/ resources into stuff
Therefore,
•r •, .
····. ~r,.,._._ _ __
t's вооk,
lcs. Studen
i eam O f authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Econom
orrna1 style in а r
rfЗvou sh ou ld no t us e an inf
а
ep ort . There is t а
~ nd ph ras es tha t pro du ce
ba la
11
,•• ~\ : the se ski lls <h oo slnЬу
g the
re
':::d, suitaЫe
<••.•f•J •nd ..••••••~n,::,n,y to •••
option .
•n lh•
ma 1style.
1ollowlng
c•
pra • •
,eotences.
We have ma de consideraЫe/fan
tastic pro gr
• h.rn а few weeks. ess, and quality 1eve1s Wlll/are expected
1· to return to no rm a 1wrt
ure With th· .
2 There is а rea
lly /re lat ive ly hig h risk of fail 15 ProJect unless we invest more
at this early stage.
· money/financial resources
Ье
/quite oor .
3 The per for
ary
ma
to
nce
em
ove
plo y
r rec ent mo nth s has been bad
ne w stra teg ies. Р
'a nd rt may be/wlll
· necess
У
accurate
lt is possiЫe tha t/M ay be the survey is no t very
stionnaire. as we on 1 got/obtalned
4. а response rat e of 25% to ou r que
s lik•ly to Ье one of the conseq
•••ce•tthing• that will happen
5
·
Аif the jobssisis/l
ofces
Josspro au tom ate d.
artment and the results
6 con duc ted lot s of/nu me rous tests in our technical dep
We uraging.
· have bee n pre tty good/enco
suitaЫe
s. Match them
ly used when writing report
g
He re are so me ve rbs co mm on
ns lat ion s an d co mp let e the
sentences below wlth
S) with the ir Cz ech tra
verbs in the co rre ct for m:
г
to claim а. uvest, oznamit
1.
г
to ide nti fy ь. zduraznit, upozornit, poukazat
2.
1
с. vyjmenovat
3. to cha llen ge
orucit
d. navrhnout, predlozit navrh, dop
4. to sug ges t
е. tvr dit, prohlasovat
5. to list
f. definovat, formulovat
6. to arg ue
g. argumentovat -
7. to des crib e
h. zpochybnit, vznest namitky -
8. to state
i. ' ide ntifikovat, zjistit -
9. to def ine
j. popsat, charakterizovat -
10. to hig hlig ht
Ье str_iюus
ctly in which the ~ervice could Ье improved.
1. Your role in the pro jec t wil l var ways
2. -_d Ь
en --- --- ::- -;: ;=·
The rep ort _ _ _ _ _-;--_a ~h : com mo n belief tha t employees are
most strongly
3. Two key proЫems have alre
4.
r - - - - - ~
& consideraЫe
improvements
The au tho ----~ the need ,or
mo tiva ted Ьу mo ne y.
. h 1·mits that continue to Ье
5.
The rep ort оп the acc ide nt
the y felt un hаррY
w1tht е ,
in saf ety .
6. . cuts in healthcare. . the river.
the pollutюn
for /ag ain st mak1ng ·ь1 for
Officials cle arly _ _ _ _ of
imp ose d оп imp ort s. t оп page 70.
respons 1 е
7. tha t it .1s no
The min iste r _ _ _ _ _
8. is - - - - : - _.... , s to this proЫem.
The com pa ny
9. The ne w com pu ter system ssi Ыe approache
five ро
10. They _ _ _ _~
1
1. Reports and Graphs
9) g Divide the expressions and phrases commonly used to con
the three headings in the tаЫе below:
1. As а result of thls, it has not Ьееп possiЬle to ...

nect id ---------
eas und
er
2. On the other hand, it is true that ...

З. ln addltion to this, the survey included ...
4. However, this does not necessarily mean that ...
5. This has been mainly due to ...
б. Moreover, in this particular case .. .
7. While these results may appear to .. .
8. Consequently, additional data was oЬtained which showed that .. .
Contrast Cause and effect Adding а point
- -
10) J:;i Complete the following part of а report with suitaЫe prepositions:
Report on а research project into the TV-watching haЫts of school students in order
to find out the best time for commercials aimed at this age group.
lntroduction
The purpose 1 ._ _ this research was to find 2._ _ how many hours ofТV students watch
in а typical week. lt also aimed to discover what kinds of programmes they watch. з.
addition, it looked 4._ _ the kind of programmes watched 5._ _ male and female
students to determine if there was апу difference 6._ _ their preferences. We carried
7._ _ the research 8._ _ interviewing students in the target group - school students
aged 14-18, both male and female. We spoke to students 9._ _ а number 10._ _
different schools in five different cities. We interviewed 120students11 •_ _ total, 60 boys
and 60 girls.
Findings
lt was found that 60% of interviewees have а TV in their bedroom and most watch it alone.
12._ _ school days, 40% of boys and 50% of girls watch TV for 2 hours or more, m0st1Y
between 6.00 and 9.00 p.m. Only 20% of boys and 15% of girls watch less than 1 hour.
However, 13._ _ weekends, 60% of boys and 70% of girls watch more than 2 hours а day,
14._ _ the mornings and 15._ _ the evenings. Boys prefer to watch sport, cartoons
and music programmes, whereas girls prefer to watch soaps, dramas and music.
Conclusions and Recommendations

. youn9
The research clearly shows that the best time forTVadvertisem ents a1med 16· -
рео~ 1 · th1s
_е 1n · а~е group .1s between 6.00 and 9.00 p.m. 18· their
17.---:- wee k days. lace --
add1tюn, advert1sers whose target market is mainly girls should a1m 19._ р theY
ads between soaps, dramas and music programmes. lf the target mar е k t is boys,
should place ads between sport, cartoons and music programmes.
, sook•
studentS
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs,
.'
R
for the hum an reso urce.s dep artm ent of Pllsen Brewery • ece nt1у you
work .
s. Bef ore lmp lem entl ng th е с h anges,
'{olJ nsid erin g changes 1n work1ng practlce, th
1 en со loye es reac tlon . The ple charts sh ow е
JJ 11811 е ье . d out а sta ff sur vey to get emp
arr1e
'lou ' f the surv ev:
resultS о
Career breaks Optional part-time
·ьlе working hours ■ inter este d working
f(el(I 8
inter este d
■ inter este d
■ not
■ not inter este d
inter este d ■ not
■ по
■ по
inter este d
opin ion
opin ion ■ noopinion
/1 child ren.
. . afstaffrequest: Nur sery faci lities for sma
Md1t10n
rect wor ds for the gaps:
NoW read the rep ort and cho ose the cor
=---
qua ntit y cos tly pea k
~
majority for gra nted

risen valuaЬ/e
aris en adv anta ge
turnover
оп in ahe ad
into fou nd
dow ntu rn high exp erie nce d
suggested exp ress ed
REP0RT ON STAFF SURVEY
INTR0DUCTION
nt staf f
ch hav e 1 .._ __ _ _ from our rece
Тhе aim of this repo rt is to sum mar ise poin ts whi
survey about changes in wor king prac tise s.
REASONs FOR CHANGES

.
~~ •._ _ _ __
cos t in our com pan y. lt 1nvolves 3
recruit ~ - - - repr ese nts а maj or
We hop e that Ьу intro duc ing thes e cha
nge s we will
increa ment Processes and staf f train ing.
se staff ret ent·юn, mot ivat ion and effic ienc y.
11
Rep
Orts and G
1
~иЬ,,
raph s
OPINIONS OF STAFF
А large 4._ _ _ _ of our staff (76%) said they would Ье interested ln flexiЫe workln
people stated that they s. ____ travelling to work at 6._ _ _ _ tlmes str g. Severa1
time-consuming. А significant number of our employees (29%) thought that career bree:ul and
Ье attractive. а Would
Оп the other hand, а smaller percentage (17%) 7. interest in optional .
working. These were generally people with young children. 8._ _ _ _ add'it· Part-tin,e
ion to th·15
several employees asked me if we could provide on-site nursery care for pre-school children. ,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1 believe we should go 9.._ _ _ _ with these changes because staff reactions have Ь
generally positive. Moreover, employees сап choose whether to take 10. f eehn
changes or not. ----Ote
12) You were asked to carry out staff feedback on proposed improvements ln
working conditions Ьу extension of leisure time activities. Write а short report
(180-200 words) on the results and make а recommendation on the best solution.
The employees were given the following options:
а) fitness center
Ь) wellness and spa center/nutritio n specialist
с) bowling alley
d) boat tour with а dinner for two
boat dinner for two

4% fitness center
discount
bowling alley admission 37%
for 4 people
27%
wellness and spa

center/nutritio n specialist
32%
Before you hand in your report, go through the following checklist. Tick each item on :,~
checklist below lf you have found it in your or your classmates' writing. Leave lt Ыаn ,
• feature ·1s not present. . to help you assess
th1s Use the checkl1st your and your с lassmates
to
writing. As а result, you will рау attention to the aspects of writing that you are going
Ье assessed on.
d nt's вооk,
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. St u е
~yle
conten
А· ose of the report is clearly stated in lntroduction .
[J тhе purpare accurately described in Findings.
дll data . .
[J С clusion prov1des а br1ef summary of data.
тhе on · · · d· Ь d h
[J The Recommendatюn is g1ven an is ase on t е Conclusion/F indings (not а creative
. .
[J 501ution).
[J The text written In а formal style (no contractюns, colloquial expressions, s/ang, etc.) .
. ation/Cohe sion/Length
0 ,ganiz
S,
The text contains ALL of the fo/lowing: an EFFECTIVE title, 4 paragraphs, дND headings.
0 The text uses several transitional/ linking words correctly.
0 The text meets the 180 - 200 word limit.
0
vocabulary
с.
□ дll words and collocations are used correctly.
0 The text uses synonyms (i.e. one word is not repeated - "employees" -> staff, personnel,
workers; choose -> select, etc.).
о Vocabulary is advanced (not simple).
о Spelling is mainly correct.
о. Grammar
О The text, including transitional words, uses commas correctly.

О The text uses articles (a/an/the) correctly (e.g. а survey but research).
О The text shows correct subject - verb agreement (e.g. 32% of staff want).
О Each sentence starts with а subject or it is placed right after а transitional word.
О The text uses tenses consistently (either past or present) in Findings.
11. "" е
Ports and
Graphs
Graphs
JiNFO ВОХ
--~~~:---~~~
·ca
Numer1 l in fo rm at io n is of te n pr es en te d visu
en er al pa tte rn о f tr en d .
---------.
al\y be ca us e it is m uc
h easier to interpret
and t hе g s 1s m or e eas1.\y not1.
·ь . ce aЬ \e .
to descr1 е th e ch an. ge s 1n t е va Iue s O f d
h \t is essential to know how
at a on а ch ar t (i.e. th
that are used in bu s1 ne ss re po rt s or pr es en . e increases an d decrea
ses)
ta t1 on s an d yo u also
and compare th em . ne ed to Ье аЫе to expl
ain
д gra P
h has tw o ax es - ho
ri zo nt al /b ot to m ax
. the bo tto m \e ft ha is an d vertical axis
nd co rn er ca l\e d th - th at intersect
,nare . d"icated on th em . e or ig in . Th e axes are
1n Th e re su \t of а lin e gr labelled an d nu m be rs
ap h co ul d Ье а straig
ht line or а curve.
pi e ch ar t ba r ch ar t line graph
• As you will se e fr om
th is gr ap h · · ·
• l'd like to sh ow yo u ..
•
• le t m e dr aw yo ur at te .
nt 1o n to th ·s
h ap
1 pa rt of t е gr h showing . ••
• Let's lo ok m or e cl os el
y at th1s.
m on th 's figures ••·
• This fig ur e re fe rs to th
e sa \e s in · · ·
• This pi e ch ar t sh ow s
ou r sh ar e 0 f th e European
market today •· ·
• Аs you ca n se
e, ou r ma1•n с om pe tit or . ••
• The ba r ch ar t re pr es
en ts sa \e s in · · ·
11 . R
eports an d Gr ap hs
1) J:;i ln the Ьох next to the verb draw an arrow lndicatlng the movem
express: ent they
l
fall plummet increase soar jump
drop rise/raise surge slide decline

--
slump decrease grow rocket sink
-
-
I INFO вох
When describlng graphs, it is important to use adverbs and intensifiers such as: slightly,
а little, а lot, sharply, suddenly, steeply, gradually, gently, steadily, dramatically,
significantly.
For describlng tops and bottoms: reach а peak, reach the highest level, fall to а low, sink
into а trough, reach а bottom or bottom out. То express almost no change, expressions
such as remain unchanged/steady/constant/unaltered, stabllise or level off сап Ье
used.
2) g Match each expression with its closest synonym:
1. drop Ьу 50% а. expand
2. rise Ьу 100% ь. recover
3. get better с. lower
4. get worse d. deteriorate -

5. bounce back е. douЫe
-
6. grow f. halve -
7.
8.
put up
bring down
g.
h.
raise
improve
-
t's вооk,
5t uden
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs.
•·.• ,,
1 ~- •
~h n ~e th e ve rb s in
th e Ьох d h
in to ad je ct iv es an use t em in the phrases
, С а
3) t,elow=
_j/_ _ ~so~a~r_ _JJ
~ - . . L /___
:.:..:.r.:.:ln:.:.. .:.k_
_ se_ _-1/.._ __sh
ri_
g_ro_w_ _ _/.___
in g in size)
bu dg et (d ec re as
a(n) - - - - bu si ne ss (in cr ea si ng in size)
(in cr ea si ng ov er а
1. a(n) - - - - fo ng pe rio d)
pr oЬ /e m
2. a(n) ng )
з. in fla tio n (in cr ea si
ve ry hi gh level)
gа
4. co st s (r ea ch in
5. -- -
ning):
th e opposite mea
ny m (а word w ith
w it h its closest an to
"1 Match each ve rb
4) -
а. pl um m et
~
1. rise
ь. bo tto m ou t
~
2. raise
с. fa/1
- з.
take of f
d. sh rin k
4. ex pa nd
е. lo w er
5. flu ct ua te
f. Ье staЬ/e
6. peak
rm s o f th es e ve rbs:
5) g Write th e no un fo
1. cu t
2. de te rio ra te
3. fa/1
4. gr ow
5. halve
-
б. im pr ov e -
7. increase
г---.._
8. recover
г--_
9. reduce
r- -_
10. rise
-
~
6) J:;i. Rewrlte the verb-adverb sentences as adJectlve-noun ones: -----------
Our costs decreased signlflcantly last year.
Example:
There was а significant decrease in our costs last year.
1. Sales fell slightly.

There was a(n) ___ ___ in sales.
2. Profits rose steadily.

We saw a(n) ___ ___ in profits.
3. The economy improved gradually.

There was a(n) - - - - - - in the economy.
4. We need to reduce our costs significantly.
We need to see a(n) ___ ___ in our costs.
5. Our sales increased rapidly Ьу 16.5% in 2014.

Тhere was a(n) ___ ___ 16.5% in 2014.
6. Recently the unemployment rate has jumped suddenly.

There has been a(n) ___ ___ in the unemployment rate recently.
7. Our economy recovered significantly last year.
There was a(n) ___ ___ in our economy last year.
8. The efficiency in our new subsidiary is decreasing dramatically.

There is a(n) _ _ _ _ _ _ in efficiency in our new subsidiary.
9. Productivity of labour has grown slightly during the first half of this year.
There has been a(n) ___ ___ in productivity of labour during the first half
of this year.
1О. Prices of oil are expected to increase rapidly next year.

A(n) ___ ___ in prices of oil is expected next year.
. ~в~t
/ ,1 c0111 plete the following re
~ --- --- --- ~P _o_rt Ьу ch oosf ng the r·
11
.
The tota l Propert •ght options:
(offences Per 100 у cr1rne rat
5000 т-------- ,ООО Рор uIatlon) е
4000 -i-- ---; ;;;; =-- --
зооо --- ---
2000
1000
о
2003 2004 .
2
■ The total prope rty cr"1
me rate (offen ce
005 2006
2007
t.- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- · '
s Per 100 00
Opopulation)
The break and ent

(offences per 100 ооо er rate
tT-~~=---=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=~--:.--•-~P~O~pu=l:at:io:n~)- - - - -
820
800 +
780 -r------.,,,,.,.,..._
760
740
720
2005 2006 2007
■ The break and е n t er rate ( offenc es рег 100, ООО populat1on)

.
Source: a u t h o : r s ~ - - - - - - - -
-----------~-_J
REPORT ON TOTAL PROPERTY CRIME RATE
lntroduction
erty crime rate between 2000 and 2007.
This report examines the chan ges in the total prop
Findings
offences per 100,000 population. Then
ln 2000 the total prop erty crim e rate was 2,500
3,800 in 2001. After а 2. moderate/
th e rate rose 1. significant/significantly and reached
ase/decrease again and reached
moderately fall in 2002, the rate started to 3. incre
months, the total property
а 4· peak/top in 2003. However, after fluctuating for some th beginning
crime rate drop ped 5. consideraЫe/consider
aЫy throughout 2004 and e2006
of оо . The rate stayed at abou t 2 400 offences
2 5 from mid-2005 6. to/by mid- before
760
rate was about offences per
7· decrease/decreasing agai n ln 2~00 the break and enter
lOO,OQQ popu lation . 8. From/Slnce 2000 to 2003 . h
, there was steady а
9· upwa rd /down~ar,ld/
1
· t in 2003 and then 1 • ,е
trend · h 5t , nths
1n t е rate, whic h 1о. reached/arrived
its hig e poin
Aft being staЫe for а 1ew mo ,
show d 5· er . 7
е а significant dow nwa rd trend mid-2 00 d 750 200
arouп
until
th e rate conti nued to fall 12. slightly/slight, drop ping to in ·
Conclusion 2003 whereas the break and ent~r

total prop erty crim e rate fluct uate d from 2ООО
The
to . ' 03 then fell significantly until
peaked in. 20 , d 2007
rate sho d а general upwa rd trend . Bot h ra t es htl during 2006 an ·
rew slig У
. We
rnid-2oo 5, stabllised for some mon ths and 13. fell/g
11
· Report r::.nh~
r.l h h below complete the text. Try to avoid repetition•.
8) 8& Based оп t е grap ,
The Rows
20
с:
~ 15
i
'\/).
10
111
.о:! 5
и"'
о
1 2 З 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Years
When The Rows were taken over, the company sales were good, at $12m, but
the year after they 1,,__ ____ - - - - - - · They actually dropped
2.__ ____ 25%. There was a(n) 3._ _ _ _ _ __
for anothertw o years, then sales 4._ _ _ _ _ _ forone уеаг, and 5._ _ _ _ __
again twice. They б. out seven years after the takeover. Since then,
we have experienced а· 7. for five years. ln fact,
in just four years, sales 8. from $4m 9 ..____ ___ $14m, which
makes an increase 1О. 250%.
1 LISTENING
1) q You will hear three executives from АВС lnternat ional being interviewed
about why they prefer using the company jet instead of а commercial flight.
Decide for each person what their main reason is. Choose from the 11st А - G below:
~ ·~.
James Silver David Brown Robert Frost
А а chance to do more work
discussing business matters during

в
flights
с to impress potential customers
D savings of time
to deal with customer proЫems

Е
quickly
F comfort
G flexibllity -
~ t on the use of the
write а flgures use the charts below:
АВС lnternatlonal al rcraft Ь У departmental
il ,tors, for
dlre - --------=:--------- -------.
Chart 2
Reasons for flights
70
60 -+- Customer meetlngs
50 ~ Company meetlngs
~
..
(\/
IJ
(\/
40
-..Other
g. 30
20
10
о
2012 2013 2014 2015
Chart 1
Number of flight s Ьу departmental directors in АВС lnternational
120
100
..
О/1
--
~ 80
.О'
...;;:
о
60
о
-- --
z 40
20
о
201 2 2013 2014 2015
11. R е
Ports and G
rap hs
ln t e r n a t io n a l Trade
a n d Globa\isation
lf yo u wa nt produce grown
on th e farm down th e road
you'II ha ve to go to·Singapo
re.
l,NFO ВОХ
No country is tot all y se lf-
su ffi cie nt in th e pr od uc tio
inhabltants co ns um n of а\\ th e go od s an d ser
vices its
e. This me an s th at а\\ co un
for international tr ad e is th tri es tra de int ernationa\ly. The main reason
at so me co un tri es ca n pr od
than others. Be ca us e of thi s, uc e so me go od s more cheap\y
it is of ten to th e ad va nta ge
the production of th e go od of countries to sp ec ial ise in
s wh er e th ey ha ve th e gr
with other co un tri es. Sp ec ia ea tes t efficiency in compari
lis at io n ca n inc rea se tot a\ son
benefit from tra din g wi th on e ou tpu t, an d bo th countries
an ot he r. can
Goods tha t are pr od uc ed do
me sti ca lly bu t so \d ab ro ad
and goods tha t are bo ug ht fro are referred to as ex po rts ,
m ab ro ad are ref err ed to as
the trading of go od s th at ca n im po rts . VisiЫe tra de invo\v
Ье to uc he d an d we igh ed . Ex es
:uch as_oil, machinery, fo od , clo amp\es inc\ude tra de in go od
t: s~rv1ces rat he r th an go od s.
the s, etc . lnvisiЫe tra de inv
Ex am p\e s inc \ud e ser vic es
olves th : im po rt a nd ex ~o rt
su ch as ,nsurance, banking
s
urism and ed uc ati on . ,

Th f
е act th at а\\ co un tri es tra de int
ern ati on a\l y do es no t me an
ontrade. So me tim es co un tri th at there are no re 5t"c• t'
,on s
es ad op t po lic ies specifica\ly
~а~ do this Ьу tax ing im po rts an d th de sig ne d to restrict tra de . Т~
еу
er ef or e rai sin g the ir price (i.e
n у а certain am ou nt of а pr od . tariffs), or Ьу a\\owing
uc t or se rv ice to Ье im po rte
d (i.e. qu ota s).
11. I
nternat\
ona\ Trade an d Globallsation
At the end of each year most countries prepare а balance of payments stat
This is simply а record of earnings from abroad and expenditures made abroade;ent.
а country earns more from abroad than it spends abroad, it has а balance of ра · hen
surplus. When the opposite is true, it has а balance of payments deficit. Yments
While all trade is between individual countries, some have grouped together to
. an d cheaper to tra d е. Сountr1es
.1t eas1er · · t oge th er an d create trade agreemmake
· JOIП
ents
or alliances, also known as trading Ыосs.
The most powerful trade alliances tend to Ье located in developed countries

the European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Soe.g.
countries that sell the same product form selling alliances, the oil producing countries ;е
example formed ОРЕС (Organisatio n of the Petroleum Exporting Countries). or
1 LEAD-IN
1) Have а look around yourself. Try to find examples of goods that have been produced
abroad and imported to our country. Why do we import these goods? Does it mean that
our economy is not аЫе to produce them?
2) Why does international trade take place in general? Discuss in pairs and write down as many
reasons for international trade as you сап.
3) ln pairs write down at least five examples of goods our economy exports successfully. How
have our exports changed since the Velvet Revolution? Who used to Ье our main trading
partners in the past and who are they now?
4) ln the grid below find ten articles of trade and write them into the tаЫе below next to
the countries known as their traditional exporters.
Т Е А О s н G J z с х
J F L 1 с А х р м z s
Т Т К L 1 s w w р u А
W F R К N V к н р z N
О U D С о т т о N F А
О В L К R о С V х м N
L Н О М т с D D н s А
Z Е G U с т F F Т Е в
т м в Е R Е О С А V
н z м u L в 1 J 1 О 1
А В У F Е J J м R О х
-,,.
·- - - -
nt's вооk,
Team of authors: Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Stude
Article of trade Exporter Artlcle of trade
South Africa
lndia
sau diArabi_a_--t--------т-~:--~~- -+-- -----_J
Rica Costa
Japan
Portugal
China
·ty hether the following items of trade are examples of:

1dent1 w
S) visiЫe or invisiЬle trade
а.
imports or exports
ь.
ltalian wine sold in the Czech RepuЬlic = visiЬle import.

1 · :.:::.:
ExamP~e:.:..· =..:.- ------ ------ ------ =---- ------ --_J
1. ltalian tourists visiting Prague.
2. д British textbook sold in the Czech RepuЬlic.

з. Czech musicians on tour in the USA.
4. д Czech firm taking а loan from а German bank.
s. А Czech person taking а British Airways flight from Prague to London.
IREADING
1) Read the article and do the exercises below:
. . TIONA~,f ffE
1 lf you walk into а supermar ket and are аЫе to buy South American bananas, Brazilian
coffee and а bottle of Australian wine, you are experienc ing the effects of internatio nal trade.
lnternational trade allows us to expand our markets for both goods and services that otherwise
may not have been availaЫe to us. дs а result of internatio nal trade, the market contains greater
~:~etition and therefore more competiti ve prices, which brings а cheaper product home
econsumer.
:nd d~e most obvious reason for internatio nal trade is that countries have different climates
for rn erent amounts and types of raw materials. However, with modern technolog y it is possiЬle
1
any count ries· to produce most, if not all, of the goods they consu~e. lt &10 11 ows t h at
there rnust Ь
across int е ~th er reasons to explain the large quantities of goods and serv1ces that are traded
ernational frontiers
3 .
Global trad 11 .
rnore effi . е а 0 ws countries to use their resources -whether labour, technolog y or capital-
labotJr, с ci~ntly. Because countries are endowed with different assets and natural resources (laп d,
apital and t ее h nology), some countries may produce the same goo more е cientl У
d ffi .
1~- IГ1ter11
atlonal Т
rade and Globalisatio n
and therefore sell lt more cheaply than other countries. lf а country cannot efficientl
an item, it can obtain it Ьу trading wlth another country that can. This is known as speY_P~0duce
. . с1а 11sati0
1n 1nternatlonal trade. n
4 When considerlng lnternational speclallsation, two situatio~s c~n Ье identified. Тhе
are absolute advantage and comparative advantage. А country 1s sa1d to have an аЬ se
.
advantage if it can produce а good more cheaply than other countr1es. solщe
lt means that few
resources are needed to produce the same amount of goods. er
5 Absolute advantage does not necessarily mean an economy should produce that
Тhis requires а country to have а comparative advantage. For example, one country mayQ~od.
an absolute advantage in many goods but it is not advisaЫe to try and produce everyth~ve
lt is better to focus on goods where it has а comparative (relative) advantage. А comparat~
advantage means that а country can produce а good at а lower opportunity cost, i.e. it has
to forego less of other goods in order to produce it. Ву concentrating on the production of those
goods at which а country is relatively efficient, it can oЬtain its other requirements through
international trade and enjoy а higher standard of living.
6 As with other theories, there are opposing views. lnternational trade has two contrasting
views regarding the level of control placed on trade: free trade and protectionism. Free trade
means no restrictions on trade. The main idea is that supply and demand factors, operating
on а global scale, will ensure that production occurs efficiently. Therefore, nothing needs to Ье
done to protect or promote trade and growth, because market forces will do so automatically.
7 ln contrast, protectionism holds that regulation of international trade is important to ensure

that markets function properly. Advocates of this theory believe that market inefficiencies
may hamper the benefits of international trade and they aim to guide the market accordingly.
Protectionism exists in many different forms, but the most common are tariffs, subsidies,
and quotas.
(adapted from lnvestopedia, 2015)
1 READING COMPREHENSION
2) ldentify the main idea in each paragraph Ьу answering the questions below:
Paragraph 1: How do consumers benefit from international trade?

Paragraph 2: What is the basic reason for international trade?
Paragraph 3: How does specialisation in international trade work?
Paragraph 4: When does а country have an absolute advantage in the production
of а good?
Paragraph 5: When does а country have а comparative advantage in the production
of а good?
Paragraph 6: What is the idea of free trade based оп?
Paragraph 7: What are the arguments of the advocates of protectionism?
Team of authors: Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Stu en t'S вооk,
d
- -
posslЫe
/
~
h
ations: е list of
LOO
ka tt restrl <tlons to free trade •nd rnatch lhe
n, Wlth th •11.
а Ьу
8
31 ipl•~
а. grant given to an ustry the govern
the industry can lowlnd
er its prices ment so that
adm inishtra
the pat oftive
impobs
ortetac
rsles Whlch the governments р\асе \n
с.
а tax on imports
d.
а partlal or complete ban on the lmport о! certaln goods
е.
а physlcal limlt placed on the amount о! а good Which can
imported per year (e.g. 200,ООО pairs of
shoes)
Ье
ILANGUдGE FOCUS
4) List 10 key terms relate
d to international trade from
the article:
1.
2.
З.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1Q, - - - - - - -
-
11
· lnternationa\ Trade and Globallsati
on
d
ln the artlcle, flnd the words whlch correspoп to e
th following definitions:
5)
(para 1)
1. to make something increase in size, number or importance
2. а border between countries (para 2)
3. to naturally have а partlcular quallty, feature, etc. (para 3)
to give up havlng or dolng somethlng pleasant or enjoyaЫe
(pa_ra 5)
4.
e in а particular society
5. the amount of wealth, comfort and other thlngs that peopl
have (3 words, para 5) spe~ified price (para б)
6. the total amount of а product availaЫe for purchase at any
part1cular price (para б)
7. the total amount of а product estimated to Ье bought at а
thing (para 7)
8. to prevent somebody from easily doing or achieving some
9. correctly, or in а satisfactory way (para 7)
1о. money that is paid Ьу а government to reduce the
costs of producing goods so that
their prices сап Ье kept low (para 7)
1 LISTENING
g You are going to listen to а part of the radio programm
e Talking Business.
1)
words from the recording
Before you listen, check your understanding of some
Ьу matching up the words and definitions:
,. misconception а. а plant whose grain is used for making flour
2. justify ь. а situation in which something is not easy to find or get
to officially force а rule, tax, etc. to Ье obeyed

3. inevitaЬly с.
an idea that is wrong because it has been based

4. resurface d.
оп а failure to understand а situation
(will) certainly happen, belng unavoidaЫe

5. wheat е.
or unpreventaЫe
6. scarcity f. to give а good reason for
7. impose g. to appear again
t's вооk,
Team of authors: Engllsh for Buslness вnd Economlcs. Studen
.: •:;~!W:··.-·.
• 1 , ••
ow listen to the interview about р
il Q Ngum .
ents ment1oned in the reco rotectlon1
the ar rdin . srn and ln th
g. е tаЫе below tlck
Arguments ln f1vour of prot

•ct1onlsrn
uard employment at home Tlck
to safeg
ent over-specia\isation
ct an infant industry
to protect home ftrms from competition Ьу

low-wage countries
to achieve political aims

s.
to prevent dumping, i.e. а pricing p~licy whe
n manufacturers export
а product to another country at а pr1ce
6. below the price charged in its home
market
to ensure domestic production of vital good

7. s
-1-------------------
--'-----'
Explain the following terms:

31
• дn infant indu stry
• Economies of scale
• Vital goods
• Labour \aws
4) Answer the following questions:
. . 7
1. Which of the arguments do you fiп d con~in~in;.
2. Are you in favour of free trade or prote~tю~1sm. 1· t I for th f
3. Do you think sanctions are ап effective iore1gn ро icy оо е purposes о changing
the target state's behaviour?
1 GRAMMAR - REPORTED SPEECH
When we tel1 someone what another person said we сап give the exact words that were said
(= direct speech) or we сап make the person's words part of our own sentence, using а reporting
verb She said (that) ... (= indirect speech).
t -
Direct speech Reported {lndirect speech)

- ';;/ -
Paul said (that) he would call me the next

"1 will call you tomorrow", said Paul.
day.
ln indirect speech, we do not quote

Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact somebody directly, instead we use
words spoken and there is по change in а reporting verb (such as say or ask) and we
these words. тау need to make certain changes to the
grammar to make the sentence make sense.
ln writing we place the words spoken The conjunction that is often dropped
between quotation marks (" ") especially in informal speech.
-
Study the following example:

Оп Wednesday, you met Olivia from the export department. The words she spoke are below.
The export department person's words:
"Did you get ту email I sent yesterday about the meeting this afternoon? 1hope so.
~'m s~rry to ask you to come here at such short notice, but it's quite urgent. The situation
is: _we а~е worried about the impact of the new tariffs оп our exports. l'm having
15 th
а meeting wi th the Financial Manager tomorrow, but I think I should talk to you first." _
The next week you tell а colleague about the conversation. This is what you say to your
colleague:
Team of authors: Engllsh for Business and Economlcs. Student's вооk,

·d she hoped I had got her email that she had sent the day before about the
oliVI~ sai hat afternoon. And she apologised for asking me to go there at such short notlce
et1n9 t
rtle ·d it was urgent.
he sai · d Ь t h ·
~s arently, they were worr1e а ou t е 1mpact of the new tarlffs on their exports.
а
well, ;idpshe was having meeting with the Financial Manager the following day, but she
5
she he should talk to me first.
though,t-_:s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ j
k at the way the conversation was reported. What changes were made when
1)
~::ting direct speech into reported speech?
Think about changes in
• Tenses
• Pronouns
• Context words (places, times, ... }
2) '6 complete the tense changes in the following tаЫе. Use the example above
and your background knowledge:
{ .,р- ~t;;
Direct speech l ·},_.,·,,~ ~
Reported (lndirect) speech -,
Present simple .::::::::::>
Present continuous .::::::::::>
Present perfect simple .::::::::::>
Present perfect continuous .::::::::::>
Past simple .::::::::::>
Past continuous .::::::::::>
Past perfect simple .::::::::::>
Past perfect continuous .::::::::::>
Will .::::::::::>
Can .::::::::::>
Must i:::=:>
Мау
i:::=:>
Would
i:::=:>
Could
~
i:::=:>
Should
'----- i:::=:>
Might
,___ i:::=:>
Ought to
..____ i:::=:>
12. 1
nternational Trade and Globallsatlon
es, tlm es and oth er con tex t wo rds also chan 9е
Р":1 lac
le Ьу one person
References to реор , р
ds tha t we re spo ken
3)
lace at а
may Ье
"
ln rep ort ed spe ech , bec aus e the wc:: dif fer ent tim e.
ano t er Р
rep ort ed Ьу ano the r person in
Re por ted (lnd lrec t) speech
Dlr ect speech -
к==:>
1 -
к==:>
you -
we к==:>
-
my к==:>
-
our к==:>
now к==:>
tod ay -==:>
yes terd ay ~
tom orr ow -==:>

this afte rno on -==:>
last we ek -==:>
nex t we ek -==:>
а few days ago -==:>
this -==:>
4) g Re wri te the sta tem ent s in rep

ort ed spe ech .
las t we ek.
1. This com put er sys tem was ins tall ed _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
(tha t) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Joh n sai d
s wi/1 red uce sta ff cos ts.
2. Ou r inv est me nt in the se new sys tem _ _ __
t ____________
The ma nag er inf orm ed the sta ff tha
pro jec t sin ce las t we ek.
3. We hav e Ьееп wo rkin g оп this new _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Не told us tha t _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _
ay.
4. You sen t us the wro ng invoice yes terd _ _ __
ry com p/a ine d tha t Bi/1 _ _ _ _____________
Har
, but l'm not sur e wh en.
5. l'm goi ng to visit out Czech sub sid iary _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
__
She sai d (that) _ _ _ _ _ _ _
fou r tim es.
6. 1hav e a/re ady wri tten this par agr aph _ _ __
_____________
She com pla ine d tha t _ _ _ _ _
t dow n.
7. 1will not sto p unti/ this fac tor y is shu _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Не pro mis ed tha t _ _ _
____ ________
_
ing оп а trai n to Gla sgo w.
8. Tom orr ow at five o'cl ock I wi/1 Ье sitt _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Не sai d (tha t) _ _ _ _
____
dent's вооk,
1iean, 0 f authors: Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Stu
. g questions
0 rt1n
~е P
Whдt do the letters_ с:10 mean? -==:> 1asked the teacher

___T_h_e::._y_as~k=e:_d~m~1:e at thw~at the letters СЕо m
DO you sp_ea_k_S_p_a_n1_s_._ _ _ _-==:>
е 1nterview if I eant.
• 5Poke Spa • h
What do you not1ce about the word ord . n1s .
• . . . er in reported .
ln writ1ng, 1s there а questюn mark at th quest1ons?
• е end of а report d
What do we use when we report yes/no . е question?
• quest1ons?
.... ng commands and requests

керо,~•
1'ake us to the airport. с:::> She told the driver to take th .

i, Ь ·t ~ Sh em to the a1rport
Don't worry а out 1 . ~ е told me not to worry аЬо t 1·t .
W ould you mind
.
waiting for
~
а moment? Не
-==:>
ask d u
е metowa1t
· .
Please, don't wa1t for me. ~ Не asked me not to wait. ·
• What do you notice about reporting commands and requests?

• Which verb is used to report commands and which verb to report requests?
• Which other verbs could Ье used in this way
5) g Read the following reported statements and write the actual words the person
said.
1. Anna said that she had already finished.

2. She said he would Ье back after lunch.
3. Peter said he wanted to make а phone call.
4. Не said he was meeting the Finance Manager at 11.
5. Не said he wouldn't do it until the following day.
6. She said she was sorry about the delay, and she'd deal with it right then.
7- David said he had to Ье back in the office Ьу two th irty.
8. Carol asked Ann what she had done the day before.
9. The technician asked me if I would Ье th ere th e next day.
1 . . 1 had done that day. . d
О. Kate asked me how many 1nterv1ews h 5h lf when he had fin1she
11 - The teacher asked the student to put th e book back оп t е е
With it.
12 · Jim begged me to lend him 500 dollars.
arkaЫY, completely
6) . 1trade has grown rem nected, globallsed
Over the last two centuries internat1ona ld is now an lntercon t'on and whether
1
transforming the global economy, The wor effects of globallsa
~lace. There is а heated debate about th e true
•t ls а good or bad thing.
12
· lriter .
riatlonal Trade and Globalisat1on
Work with а partner, look at what реор~е f~om aroun d the world
said about
other complet
increased international trade and global1sat1on and help each
the tаЫеbelow. Together decide wheth er the speakers are in favour or agains~
globalisation:
Example: and ideas.

Dan, Southampton: Globalisation has increased the exchange of values
Student А: What did Dan say about globalisation?
and ideas.
Students В: Не said that globalisation had increased the exchange of values
Student А
'-, ,,,
What they said For/Agalnst
Person
Through globalisation, corpor ations acquire а

Phil, Nottingham compe titive advantage. They are аЫе to buy,
sell and manufacture goods around the world.
Patrick, Leeds
Globalisation can lead to the implem entatio n

Kenneth, Edin~urgh of Western concepts and ideas in countri es
with differen t practices and beliefs.
James, Australia
Th~re should Ье better politica l systems and

Sally, Lancaster gшdance to monito r cross-b order trading .
Rory, Shrewsbury
Globalisation may contrib ute to а loss of

Sebastian, Spain
cultural identity .
Anahi, Mexico
!he d~wns ide to globali sation сап Ье seen

Keisuke, Japan ~~ the rnc~eased risk for the transmission of
rseases lrke Ebola, SARS or covid-19.
Wasim, Pakistan
Team of authors: Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Student's вооk,
..r",1'·', '
- ~ - · , :k
st1.1dent s
--
~
Pe rs on ,1
What th ey sa ld For/Agalnst
phil, N ot ti ng ha m
--
patrick, L ee ds
afford
w or ld .
aЬ le an d
lo w s тап
G lo ba lis at io n alav
е m
ods to Ье more
ailaЫ ( O goor e parts of th e
Kenneth, E di nb ur gh
fami/y-
eater risks to smal/,
Free tra de pose~ gr st iff
w hi ch have to face
ow ne d ~~mpan,es hug
James, Australia compet,tюn fro
m companies w ith е
resources.
Sally, Lancaster
ou t
ke rs in ?e ve /o pe d countries тау /ose
Wor /abour.
tries w ith cheaper
Rory, Sh re w sb ur y to w or ke rs 1n coun
Sebastian, Sp ai n
verty.
lif t реор/е ou t of po
G/oba/isatio n сап
Anahi, M ex ic o
кeisuke, Ja pa n
at io ns
be ne fit /arge co rp or
Free tra de po /ic ie s greater po ve rty in
nd ric h na tio ns bu t /ead to 1
а
wasim, Pakistan oo re r nations.
1
1Р
1
ISPEAKING go ti at io ns
ri ng countries in trade ne
ud en ts В sh ou ld lo
al l ne ig hb ou ok
re pr es en t sm
Work in pairs. You 22 9. St
ud en t А sh ou ld go
1) to pa ge
With ea ch ot he r. St
at Page 22 6.
2) Discuss the followlng toplcs:
1. Explain the concept of comparative advantage, the theory about the benefits th
specialisation and trade would bring. at
2. How has globalisation affected your life?
3. What are the good things and bad things about globalisation?
4. What do you think about the concept of а global village?
5. Do you think globalisation will reduce or increase the poverty gap?
6. What will globalisation look like fifty years from now?
3) Pros and cons of multinational companies
You are going to debate the pros and cons of international multinational corporations.
Use the clues and ideas at the end of the book (For page 226, Against page 228) to help
you create an argument for your appointed point of view with your team members.
4) There is а heated debate about the true effects of globalisation and whether
it is а good or bad thing. Look at the following statements and divide them into
two categories - the positive aspects of globalisation and the negative aspects
of globalisation. First, however, in each statement choose the correct option:
Positive aspects of globalisation Negative aspects of globalisation
1. As more money is poured into developing countries, there is а greater chance

for the people in those countries to economic/economical/economically succeed
and increase their standard of living.
2. Deveioping countries are аЫе to benefit of/in/from current technology without
undergoing many of the growing pains associated with development of these
technologies.
3. Outsourcing, while/despite/thus it provides jobs to а population in one country, takes
away those jobs from another country, leaving many without opportunities.
4. Although difference/different/differentiate cultures from around the world are аЫе
to interact, they begin to mix, and the contours and individuality of each begin to fade.
5. There is а greater access/excess/assess to foreign culture in the form of movies, music,
food, clothing, and more. ln short, the world has more choices.
6. There is а little/little/few international regulation, an unfortunate fact that could have
crucial consequences for the safety of people and the environment.
7. There may Ье а greater chance of disease spread/spreading/to spread worldwide,
as well as invasive species that could prove devastating in non-native ecosystems.
8. Global competition encourages creativity and innovation and makes/gives/keeps
prices for commodities and services in check.
Team of authors: Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Student's вооk,

Definltlon
the abllity of а countr .
etc. to produc e а goo~' individual, comp
unit than the cost at h~t а lower cost Р any,
ute advantage
,~,
~ьsо l
P
r d
о uces that same
w ich an
go d
- - - - - r : : : - ~ ~ - - - ~ ~ o ~ o ~ r sservice
У other
er
entit
У
absolutnl vyhoda
the differe nce in the amount of

t f
ou о а countr y and that . ~oney going
s,1ance of payments when the total incomin _w~1ch is coming in s~hodek platebnf
9 15 ess than the tot~I brlace
deficlt (n) outgoi ng
thet differe nce in the am ount of mon .

f
?u о а countr y and that whi h . е~ 901ng
salance of payments in, when the total incoming 15. с is com,ng prebytek platebnf
Ыlапсе
511
rplus (n) the total outgoi ng more than
the goods that are being carried in а shi

cargo (n) plane or anothe r large vehicle Р, naklad
the ~Ьility to produce something more komparativnf

comparative effic1ently (at а lower opportunity cost) than vyhoda
advantage (n) someb ody else
the act of charging а lower price for the

goods in а foreign market than опе charges dumping
Dumping {n) for the same produc t in а domestic market
penalti es imposed Ьу one country оп another hospodarske

Economic sanctions countr y for political and social issues sankce
(n) hospodarska
econo mic system of а nation that displays stabllita
Economic stabllity only minor fluctuations in the economy
(n)
the reduct ion in production costs that uspory z rozsahu
Economies of scale is а result of making and selling goods
(n) in large quantities
embargo
an official order to stop trade with another
Embargo (n) countr y
vyvoz
the business of sending goods to ano~~her
countr y in order to sell themt~~~~untry
Export (n)
а produc t that is sold to ano
ents of various vo/ny obchod
а policy Ьу which g~ve!n m rts to or exports
nations do not restrrct ,mpo
Free trade (n)
from thelr countries g/obalizace
·onal integration
the process of internatr of products,
the lnterchange
arising f rom ts of culture
Globallsation (n)
ideas and other aspec
Term
Defi nltio n
--
Translation
the business of bring ing good s from one
lmp ort (n) coun try into anot her so they сап Ье sold
there ;
а prod uct that is brou ght from one coun dovo z
try
into anot her so that it сап Ье sold ther e
lnte rnat iona l trad e
the exch ange of good s and services betw een
(n)
coun tries mezinarodni -
obch od
lnvisiЫe trad e (n) expo rt and impo rt of phys ically
item s such as services
intangiЬle
vyvo z а dovoz -
sluzeb
Lab our laws (n)

laws rega rding the relat ions hip betw een
emp loye rs and emp loye es and betw een
-
emp loye rs and trad e unio ns pracovni pravo
Mul tina tion al

corp orat ion (MN C) an orga nisa tion that own s or cont rols
(n) prod uctio n of good s and services in one
nadn arod ni
Tran snat iona l or mor e coun tries othe r than their hom e
korporace
corp orat ion (TNC) coun try
аbene fit, prof it, or value of som ethin g that

Opp ortu nity cost (n) naklady
mus t Ье give n up to acqu ire or achieve
obet ovan e
som ethin g
prflezitosti
zboz i podlehajici
PerishaЫe goo ds (n) good s that are likely to decay quic kly zkaze,
rych le se kazici
zboz i
the diffe renc e betw een the total popu latio n
Pov erty gap (n) and thos e livin g in pove rty (or the diffe renc e
mira chudoby
betw een rich and poor )
Prot ecti onis m (n) gove rnme nt actio ns and polic ies that restr ict protekcionismus,
inter natio nal trad e ochranarstvi
the num ber of good s and services that can
Ье impo rted or expo rted durin g а parti
Quo ta (n) cula r
time perio d, acco rding to а gove rnme nt- kv6ta
impo sed trad e restr ictio n that limit s this
an idiom refer ring to offic ial rules that seem

Red tape (n) unnecessary and prev ent thing s from bein g byrokracie,
done quic kly and easily 'ured ni siml'
-
not requ iring any help , supp ort or inter actio n
Self -suf ficie nt (adj) for survival;
а self- suffi cien t econ omy does not trad sobestacny
e
with the outs ide worl d
. ued ge
Contm оп ра 219
Team of autho rs: Engllsh for Buslness and Econ d nt's вооk,
omlcs. Slu е
. dfrom page 218
со
nt1nue
тerm
. •:'
!,
Deflnltion
~ а method of production wh Translatlon
or area focuses on the ro ere_ а business
scope of products or sirviduc~1on of а limited
cialisation {n)
spe
---
sta
L,---
ndard of living {n)
greater degrees of produc~~s in~r~er to gain specializace
have ,n а particular society

ive е c1ency
the a~ount of money and comfort
people
money t~at !s paid Ьу а government

zivotnf uroven
subsidY (n) or organ,sation to ~ake prices lower, reduce

the cost of produc,ng goods, etc. dotace
а tax imposed on imported goods tariff,

тariff (n) and services, used to restrict trade clo,
celnf poplatek
,;de alliance (n) treaty between two or more countries where mezinarodnf
Trade Ыос trade barriers are reduced or eliminated obchodnf
Trade agreement among the participating countries dohoda, aliance
export and import of goods at various stages vyvoz а dovoz

VisiЫe trade (n) of production zbozf
Additional Material
. _csR examples - Student А

un1t8
lete the text about the Body Shop, а
cornP d in each gap: British cosmetics and ski
withonewor n care company,
. 'green' fashionaЫe: The Body Sho
мak1n9 p
тnе Body Shop gained а reputation for 1._ _ _ а respon

siЫe Ь .
it ьесаmе fashionaЫe. They were one us1ness 1ong before
of the first companies to puЫish а full
CSR initiatives 2._ _ _ to the fou report on their
nder дnita Roddick's passionate beli
protection, animal rights, community efs in environmental
trade and human rights.The compan
so far as to start The Body Shop Founda y з . _ _ _ gone
tion, 4._ _ _ supports fellow pionee
normally strugg\e to get funding. rs who would
over 20 years ago the company set 5

.._ _ _ а fair trade programm
'Fair Trade' started to become popula e, well before the term
r on supermarket shelves. Of course,
is famous 6. _ _ _ its anti-anima\ The Body Shop
testing policies. 7 ._ _ _ this mak
products more difficult, especially in es testing thelr
markets such as the USд and Japan,
created а \оуа\ customer base. The resu their position has
lts? From opening her ftrst store in
8. Roddick's empire was taken 9. 1976, 30 years
Ьу l:Oreal for f652m, where it
10. __ _ make annual proftts has continued
of over f40m.
Unit 4- Student А
COUNTRY 1:
For you deadlines are absolutely vita
l and they must Ье kept. lf the pro
on time, it wil\ Ье а failure. ject isn't ftnished
From your point of view, the meetings
the minutes. People onl are chaotic, they are not chaired ап d
y seem to Ье discussing things which nobody takes
а\\ decisions seem to Ье made outside do not lea~ to any out come. Also,
of the meetings rather than dur,ng th
д\t'-
em.
•iough you always send written memo 1 d ou very rarely receive theirs.
~ome things are written down, some s to the other еа ers, У dd
are not. You think that everything sho
in agendas, memos, minutes and projec uld Ье reco r е
t reports.
Tn·15
Project shou\d Ье а team effort but you
asifth . have noticed that some members seem to behave
еу are 1n charge of the whole' pro .
Ject.
дdd\t·
iona\ Mat eria\
Unit 8 - Grammar - Student А
Philip Kotler (born _ _ _When?_ _ _ in Chlcago, III/nols) is an Amerlcan marketing

author, consultant, and professor. Не Is the author of _ _ _How many?_ _ _ marketln
books. His book Marketing Management, first puЬlished in 1967, Is а classlc textbook that ha~
already run to more than а dozen editions. lt applied rigorous analysis and mathematica/
methodology to the practice of marketing, something that had never been done before.
ln _ _ _When?_ _~ the Financial Тimes cited Marketing Management as one
of the 50 greatest business books of all time. Kotler has always seen marketing as
What?_ _ _ and his book has also moved with times. lt was first focused on transaction~
---
marketing, but now pays much more attention to _ _ _What?_ ___, the idea
of customer loyalty as the means to build а whole series of sales out of а single transaction.
Kotler has also stretched marketing outside the business arena, writing articles, for instance
'
about how to apply marketing to health-care organisations, to individuals (celebrities)
and even to countries.
Unit 6 - Student А
What is your greatest accomplishment?
The fact is you сап have several accomplishments you could pick from. Pick the one that
will have the most impact that exhiЫts how you will Ье а perfect fit for the position you're
interviewing for.
Don't fa/1 into the trap of thinking your accomplishment is 'too sma/1'. А sma/1
accomplishment that is in line with 'what the company values' сап Ье more powerful
than an unrelated one.
Where do you see yourself in five years?

Show that you are an amЫtious person but you don't have your 'head in the clouds'
and are focused оп the job at hand. Stress your interest in а long-term career at the company.
Don't act like this particular job is just а 'stepping stone' for you.
Do you have any questions for me?

This question gives you а great opportunity to stand out from the crowd and show your
knowledge of and passion for the company. Always have а few questions prepared. Ask
about something you've discovered in your company research. Focus your questions
оп what you сап do for them.
Don't react "No, 1think that's everything". Don't ask about time off and benefits or how
soon you сап start applying for another position in the company.
SR examples - Student В
1ts-C
Lll"I th text about the Walt Disney Company and for each gap choose the word from
11ead e loW that CANNOT Ье used in the text:
thebOX ье
. he fun into CSR: Walt Disney
puttin9 t . .
·пg ьeyond mak1ng cartoons, today the Walt D1sney Company additionally owns, e.g.
мovi N and две networks, holiday resorts and puЫishing businesses. The result is а lot
the ESP
• and environment al 1. . as well as the abllity to 2. а huge number
of soc1a 1 . . ,
that you can t entertain а family on the one hand
1 lmportantly, D1sney recogn1sed . .
0 f peop е.
.
h n 3• the world and c1rcumstance s 1n wh1ch they live. Acting responsiЫy
and t е . . .
·ves the company 4. and authentюty. Accord1ngly, they have set themselves strict
gi . nmental targets and S. their figures in the Global Reporting lnitiative which
env1ro . . . .
•des а comprehens1 ve 6. of 1nd1cators cover1ng the economic, environment al
prov1
and ethical impacts of а company's performance . 7. ambltious financial targets
together with environment al performance targets may sound like an oxymoron, but Disney
has managed to do this with initiatives such as running Disneyland trains on blodiesel made
with cooking oil from the resort's hotels. They also created the 'Green standard' to 8.
and motivate employees' reduction of their environment al impact when working, having
meetings, travelling and eating lunch.
1. impact influence afford
2. attach influence affect
3. disregard embrace ignore
4. honesty trustworthiness credibllity
5. reveal abandon disclose
6. collection set bunch
7. Achieving Meeting Making
8. enhance involve engage
Additlonal Materlal
Unit 4 - Student В
COUNTRY2:
Although you consider deadlines important, they are not carved in stone. So if there is а proЫem
оп the way, deadlines сап Ье changed.
You see meetings as an opportunity to discuss things so there is по need to have а chairman
and write everything down. Everybody knows what to do anyway.
You feel there is too much writing. You don 't understand why minutes should Ье taken if you
all go to the meetings, it is а waste of time. You don 't see why memos have to Ье written either.
This project should Ье а team effort, but you have noticed that some members seem to behave
as if they are in charge of the whole project.
Unit 2 - Manager 2:
The proЫem: staff morale is low because the employees are bored. Their jobs are repetitive
and they have been doing them for too long.
PossiЬle solutions:
• introduce job rotation
• create better social facilities (such as а staff social club) to compensate for
the routine work
about corporations
. d'ffi
s based
th ~ ' ~rhent c~untrie Exp/ain
stereotypical jok es
you сап find some tries from
ws. Сап you match
the co un
е ох w1t the Jokes?
ве/о~, ke about twopacortner.
оп а JO . to your
yourch oice
А Japanese А Chinese А German

An Australian rporation
An /talian corporation corporation co
corporation
corporation
А British An American An /ndian
А Swiss
А French corporation corporation corporation
corporation
corporation
produce the milk
ws . Yo u se/ 1 on e and force the other to
have two co dead.
1. _ _ _ _: You an t to an aly se wh y the cow has dropped
u hire а consult
of four cows. Later, yo , organise а riot, and Ыо
сk the roads
. Yo u go оп strike
u have two cows
2. _ _ _ _.: Yo
ree cows.
because you want th the m so they are one-te
nth the size
o cows . Yo u re de sig n w
з. _ _ _ _: You have tw uce twenty times the milk. You then create а clever co
d prod
of ап ordinary cow an worldwide.
d 'C ow kimon' and market it
cartoon im ag e ca/le r 100 years, eat
co ws . Yo u re -e ng ine er them so they live fo
u have two
4. _ _ _ _: Yo
i/k themse/ves.
once а month, and m do n't know where they
are. You decide
two co ws , bu t yo u
s. _ _ _ _: You have
to have lunch . You charge
co ws . No ne of them be/ong to you.
u have 5,000
6. _ _ _ _: Yo operty.
fo r keep ing them оп your pr u c/aim that
the ow ners
. Yo u ha ve 30 0 ре ор/е mi/king them . Yo
u have two cows rest the newsman
7. _ _ _ _: Yo d hig h bo vin e productivity. You ar
men t, an
you have fu/1 employ
al situation.
who reported the re them.
_ : Yo u ha ve two cows. You worship
В. _ _ _
are mad.
_ _ : Yo u have two cows. Both u close the office
9. _ _
cows . Bu sin es s se ems pretty good. Yo
have two
10. _ _ _ _: You
s to celebrate.
and go for а few beer
n country?
r joke about your ow
Can you make а simila
Add/t/
onaJ Material
Unit 2 - Manager 1
low
The proЫem: staff morale is low because the employees work long hours for re/atively
рау.
PossiЬle solutions:
• reduce worklng hours

• recruit more workers
• increase wages
Unit 12 - For Multinationals
• Offer emplo yment to local workers

• Promo te реасе interna tionall y
• Create а sense of comm unity crossing interna tional border s
• Allow the entire world to improv e standards of living
• Give access to quality produc ts regardless of locatio n
• Promo te econo mic stablli ty
• Raise the standard of living for regions involve d in produ ction
• Give local economies new econo mic oppor tunitie s
• Аге а fact of life which needs to Ье accepted
Unit 12 - Student В
of others. Relations between
Your countr y has а surplus of some commodities and а shortage
а deal with Student А to get
your countr y and Student A's country are very friendly. Negotiate
the commodities you need.
r
.
After negotlatlon
Commodity Youhave Youneed
youhave
Coal 1 million tons 2 million tons
Gas 4 blllion cublc 4 blllion cublc

metres metres
Wheat 1 million tons 1.5 million tons
Теа 6,000tons 5,000 tons
lron ore З million tons 3.5 million tons
's sook,
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Student
- Student в
tJnit в - Grammar .
_~Wh ere? arket·mg author
у 27, 1931 in _ ) t/an Amerlcan m
15
or n М а -
books. His Ьооk мar etmg
ot /e r (b -
r. Не is th e au
phi/ip K th or of over 55 m ar k k . '
cons u/tant , an d pr ofesso. ,; ае ng •
те пt , pu Ь/ rs he d in _ _ _Whe n1_ ___ 5 с1assrc textbook that has а1ready
мапаgе tirst
. is and
an а do ze n ed itions. /t app/ied rrgorous ana/ys h d 1
mathematlcal met о о ogy
run to more . th .
one before. ln. 199б' - - -
that hаd never been d
o f m ar ketrng, something
s of а/1
pr ac tr ce
st busrness Ьook
to the em en t e 50
- ci te d M arketing Manag as one of th grea te
Wh0 1 - -
som th'rng that evo/ves e, and his Ьооk has
.
ha s a/ w ay s se en marketing as е ov er trm
cused оп
r
time. Kot/e . . Ь t ys much
m ov ed w rth trmes. lt was first fo _ _ _ What?_ __ , и now pa
a/so 'd
. n t о reIаt·ronsh rp marketing' th е ' еа of customer /о уа У as the means to build
' lt
te
more at t. n ro
t o f а single transa /ОП.
ct·
s o u
а whole se rr es of sa le
.
ke ting outs . ess arena rr·t·rng artrc
ide th е Ь usrn ' w les, for instance,
m ar
Kot/er has also stretched
hat?_ _ _ .
about _ _ _ W
ent с /
t 8 - CS R ex amples - Stud · cr ea m pr od •th h
е ords
out Haagen-Daz d, undant and w1·11 not Ь е used:
/ U ni s an Amer1can · 1c e- ucer, w1 t w
xt ab
gaps, 1О words
Compl ete th e te are re
that best fill the
d honeybees 1
Haagen-Dazs an 1 1 hi gh er
1 research
1 less
sales rlse
1 welfare stakeholders
odd
media lower
goals greater
angles
pr omotion posts 1
ev en supply 1
rais e 1
de ve /o pm ent
chain food
' e an im po rt an t part of the globa/
ybees ar _ than
at first, but hone ea t! W ith th eir numbers 3._
This might soun llinate one-third o f а// the food
d 1. w e ice creams.
th ey po ge n- D az s an d their a/1-natural
2· - as H aa paign
s fo r co mpanies such as d а so cial S._ _ cam
created а websi
d ne w te , st ar te
. As уои сап see, а
ever, this is ba campaign /ike
s, Haagen-Dazs es
come to б.
en es be
То 4·- aw ar
in
into
ly is it helping societ
y/
ап d donated а po
n o f th e ir . N ot on
lps to show а hu
rt io nt 1.
а number of differe man side
's CSR в.
nt astic al ly from . it al so he
th15 works fa ith the company at consumers are
more likely
as а who . /п fact,
le, in ke ep in g w surv ~y s sh ow ~h
w hi ch can't hurt 9• arrty donatron.
u ct /inked to а ch
:: co ns um er s,
рау а 10, price for а prod
1
Add/tf ona/ Materla/

Unit 2 - Manager 3:
The proЫem: staff morale 1s low because the employees do not feel they are part
of
the company. They think that nobody 1s lnterested ln thelr opinlon .
PossiЬle solutlons:
• introduce teambullding programmes

• provide more opportunltles for dlscussion
• increase involvement of staff in the decision making process
Unit 9 - Student А questions:

1. Have you ever considered buying stocks/shares in а company?
2. What sort of business would you invest in?
3. 'Ethical investing' refers to the practice of only investing in companies which you consider
to Ье ethical. For instance, you would invest in а company which is involved in producing
clean energy but you would not invest in а tobacco company. What do you think about
investing in this manner?
4. Would you invest all the money in one company or different companies, in one sector
or in different sectors?
Unit 12 - Against Multinationals

• Ruin local economies
• Discourage cultural growth and expansion оп а local level
• Many profits are taken out of the host country
• Provide little help with proЬ/ems which are local in nature
• Create cultural homogenisation
• Are too Ьig, little interest in the individual
• Give political power to outside interests
• Create economic instabllity Ьу being subject to sudden changes in the global
economy
• Replace traditional values with materialistic values
• Make /оса/ economies subject to mass layoffs
_student в questions:
9 g bonds?
u11lt u ever considered buyin
наvеУО
would you buy?
1. Which types of bonds
y?
2· What kind of people do you think invest mone
driven Ьу "fear and greed 0 r а rnve5tors а/1 make
" th t .
rket is
з. ou think tha t
ab
the
out
stock ma
ares to buy? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __J
the best sh_
4. Do_ ynal ch oice __ ___
ratro_ _ _ _ _ _
unlt 2 - Manager 4: iated. They think

cause the em ployees do not feel apprec
Тhе proЫem: staff morale is low
be
we/1.
when they do their job
that nobody takes notice
possiЬle solutions: regu/ar/y
ap praisal system (where managers wou/d
introduce а performan
ce
• do their job)
wi th the sta ff to discuss how we/1 the workers
meet to standard
uc e sa nctions fo r work which was not up
• red ance
vide praise an d re co gnition for good perform
• pro
Unit 12 - Student А . Re/ations between

me co mm od ities and а shortage of others
Your country has а surp/us of so nt В to get
try are very ~riend/y. Negotiate а dea/ with Stude
t B's coun
your country and Studen
ne ed .
the commodities you
' After negotlatiqn :
Youhave Youneed youhave

Commodity
1 mi//ion tons
Соа/ 4 mi/lion tons
5 Ьi//ion cublc metres
Gas 2 bl//ion cublc metres
1.5 mi/lion tons
Wheat З million tons
2,000tons
Теа о
7 million tons
~onore 8 million tons
-
L дdditlo
nal Material
Unlt 6 - Student В
Tel1 me about yourself.
Кеер your answers to the point. Ве speclfic and say where you are now professionally,
what you've learned from your past work experience and then talk about what makes you
excited about this specific opportunity.
Don't offer your life story. Don't speak about experience that is not related to the job
you're interviewing for.
Why do you want to work for us7

You need to show that you want to become 'part of the family ' and how your 'wants'
coincide with their 'needs'.
Do your homework beforehand and find out relevant information about the company. Talk
about specific things you like about the company.
Don't criticise. Don't answer 'because I need money' or 'because l'm between jobs'.
Describe а difficult work situation you experienced and what you did to overcome it?
You need to have а 'success story' ready to go for this. The key here is to pick а story that
shows you exhiblting the qualities/skills required at the job you are interviewing for. Pick
an example tackling the proЫem that could arise at the company you're interviewing for.
Don't bash anyone (colleagues, boss or customer).
Unit 4 - Student С
COUNTRY3:
From your point of view, deadlines must Ье flexiЬle. lf there is а slight delay, it is nottoo serious.
Country 1 is making things worse Ьу stressing everyone about time.
You think that the meetings are not necessary. Most of the proЫems сап Ье sorted out
between the three project leaders face to face or оп the phone. Then, the rest сап Ье informed
in writing.
Although you consider having someone take all the meetings' minutes and make long reports
to Ье а waste of time, you think that it is important to write regular project updates to keep
people informed.
You are not happy with the hierarchy of the project. You think that one of the three leaders
should Ье appointed as а project manager. You have been taking some initiative on your own
in order to move the project further. You know that some people didn 't like it.
Team of authors: New Engllsh for Buslness 11nd Economlcs. Student's вооk.
Тense Revision
а grammar genius7 Find ou

дrе you 'th а partner. t how good your knowled
f .
thistest w1 ge о Engl1sh verbs is Ьу doing
1) Find and underline th e examples of th

below: e tenses from th Ь . h
е ох in t е sentences
.---
Present Present
simple Past Past
continuous simple
-sentence
perfect
Past
continuous
Present
perfect
\etter
- \
а. Miche\e Ferrero, the founder
and patriarch of the ltalian Nu
empire, died on Saturday, Va tella and Ferrero Rocher
\entine's Оау, at the age of 89.
Ь. The Nutel\a empir
e has always been а family bu
с. The company pro siness.
duces tons upon tons of Nutell
as much as the Empire State a - every year, an amount that
Bui\ding. weighs
d. ln April 2011, Pietro Ferre
ro, Michele Ferrero's son, tragic
he was working on а humanit ally died in South Africa when
arian mission .
е. ln 1946, Pietro
Ferrero , Michele, s father
hazelnuts into сосоа as сосо invented Nutella spread Ьу
а had been rationed adding
f. At the moment, thousan after WWII.
ds of people in the world are
either buying or eating Nutella.
2) Look at the picture and answ

er the questions:
TAXI
/
а. Which job does the man see . ь1·

as his permanent JO
Ь. What does he see as his tempo
rary jоЬ ?
iense n
"evlslon
3) ТWо of the sentences below contain incorrect verb forms. Cross out and correct
the lncorrect sentences:
а. Do you llke your new office?

Ь. Are you liking your new office?
с. What do you think?
d. What are you thlnking about?
е. Her new colleague is very unfriendly.
f. Her new colleague 1s being very unfriendly.
g. 1know the answer to that question.
h. l 'm knowing the answer to that question.
i. 1don 't have any coffee.
j. l'm not having any coffee.
4) Underline the best verb form in the sentences below:

а. Christine met/was meeting her boss when she jogged/was jogging in the park.
Ь. 1wrote/was writing an email when suddenly the power went/was going out.
5) Answer the following questions in а logical way:

а. What did you do when you broke your arm?
Ь. What were you doing when you broke your arm?
6) Which diagram represents each sentence most accurately?

а. She's worked for Google for three years.
Ь. She worked for Google for three years.
3 years
1
past now future
3 years
2
past now future
3 years
3
past 3 years now future
ago
Team of authors: New English for Buslness and Economics. Student's вооk,
n,eet а colleague in а canteen а d
1) you n notice she h
saY7 . as а new halrstyle
y u 're chang1ng your hair - it looks r 11
0 •What do You
а. You 've changed your hair - it looks r eall у Qood!
ь. h . еа у 90odl·
You were с ang1ng your hair - it looks
с. rea 11у Qood!
Choose the most logical way to complete h

8) еас sentence••
They'd known each other for а long time
а. 1. . .. before they started doing busin
ess together.
2. . .. and they are really good friends.
ь. They've known each other for а long time
1. . .. before they decided to set up а bus·
iness.
2. . .. and they don 't get on very well.
91 Which of the sentences below refer to the past only?

а. They used to phone each other every day.
ь. They've always phoned each other every day.
с. They phoned each other every day.
1 о) AII the verbs in bold are past forms, but which of them really refer to the past?
а. lf only I had all the time to do the things l'd like to!
ь. дs а student he always had а part-time job.
с. 1knew at once he was going to get the job.
d. lf I knew what you wanted, maybe I could help you.
11) Which of the verb forms below are used:
to talk about а timetaЬled future event

to talk about an event arranged for а certain time
to talk about а personal intention

.
to talk about something that w1II Ье .1n pro gress in the future
to make а spontaneous decision or offer
~о make а prediction . . . the future

comp leted Ьу а certa1n
. t,me in
to talk about an action that w1II Ье
.__
. next month.
the new а dve rtising campaign
а. We are launching
Ь. Our flight to Singapore leave~,~- "Y~s, 1.'11 leave it оп your des .
t 10·30 k"
с. "Have you finished the rep~rt._ е for the meeting.

d. 1рrоЬаЫу won't get back in tim t the weekend.
Spanish exam а
е. l'm going to study for my the ьеасh.
f. This time next week, 1'11 Ье lylng оп
g. John will have retlred Ьу 2020·
,._
12) Choose the rlght optlon:
1. Lucy: Shall I ring you at one o'clock?
Tom: No, my lunch hour is earlier tomorrow so - - - my lunch in the canteen then.
Ring me at about one-thirty.
а. l'm having
Ь. 1'11 Ье having
с. 1have
2. ___ to the dentist after work so I can't play squash with you today.
а. l'mgoing
Ь. 1'11 go
с. lgo
З. 1'11 let you know as soon as ___ from the accounting department.
а. 1hear
Ь. 1'11 hear
с. l'm going to hear
4. Тhе builders ___ our new offices Ьу the end of this month.
а. have finished
Ь. will have finished
с. will have been finishing
5. Jane: Could you contact our clients and let them know about the changes in our
payment conditions?
David: ОК, ___ it right now.
а. ldo
Ь. 1'11 Ье doing
с. 1'11 do
13) J:;iPut the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. Ве sure to read ahead so you
understand the whole situation before you start:
Paul works for an international company McКinsey. Не always 1.____ (TRAVEL) а lot. Не
2._ _ __ (ВЕ) only three years old when he first 3•.____ (FLY) to Canada. His mother
4._ _ _ (ВЕ) Czech and his father 5._ _ _ (ВЕ) Canadian. Paul 6._ _ _ (ВЕ BORN)
in London, but his parents 7.____ (МЕЕТ) in Paris after they 8.____ (LIVE) there for
three years. They 9.____ (МЕЕТ) one day while Paul's father 10._ _ _ _ (HAVE) lunch
in the university cafeteria and his mother 11.____ (SIT) down beside him. Anyway, Paul
12._ _ __ (ТRAVEL) а lot because his parents also 13•.____ (TRAVEL) а lot.
As а matter of fact, Paul 14._ _ _ _ (VISIT) his parents in Prague at the moment. Не
15.____ (LIVE) in Los Angeles now, but 16.____ (VISIT) his parents for the past few
weeks. Не really 17.____ (ENJOY) living in Los Angeles, but he also 18.____ (LOVE)
coming to visit his parents at least twice а year.
This year he 19.._ _ _ _ (FLY) over 75,000 miles. Не 20.._ _ _ _ (WORK) for McКinsey
for more than three years. Не believes that he 21._ _ _ _ (WORK) for them next year
as well. His job 22._ _ __ (REQUIRE) а lot of travel. His next journey 23._ ___ (ВЕ)
• ____ (NOT LIKE) going to China because it is 50 far away. This time
11 24
."
c111ri"·
не rea У(FLY) from Prague after а visit of the company's Czech subsidiary.
------ (ТдLЮ
;25•--.----= with his parents earlier this evening when his colleague from
(PHONE) to let him know that McКinsey 28._ _ _ (DECIDE)
111 26
ра eleS 21,------;;у in Germany. The two companies 29._ _ _ (NEG0TIATE)
Los ,дr,g е with а comP_ ally wasn't much of а surprise. 0f course, this means that Paul
er9 th so ,t re
to 111 past r,,on ' СдТСН) the next plane back to Los Angeles.
for tne (НАVE ТО
30------ ---
Numbers
.. ,..
NAME EXAMPLES
'
t;...,- 1, 2, 5, 10, 100, 1,000
cardinal numbers one, two, five, ten, а hundred, а thousand
i- l5t, 2nd1 3rd1 41h 5th 15th

1 1
ordinal numbers first, second, third, fourth, fifth, fifteenth

~
3.14, 0.5
oecimals
-Fractions ½, ¾, Р19, 317/509
Prime numbers
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13
Even numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
Odd numbers 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11,

32, 2з
Powers
Roots ✓9,,J25
Ca\culations 2 + 3 =5, 8 - 5 =3, 3 х 4 =12, 10: 2 =5
Note the spelling:
Two - twelve - twenty
Three - thirteen - thirty
Four - fourteen - forty
Five - fifteen - fifty
Numbers
100 a/one hundred --
250 two hundred and fifty (BrE), two hundred fifty (AmE) -
1,000 a/one thousand -
5,400 five thousand, four hundred -
10,650 ten thousand, six hundred and fifty
-
100,000 a/one hundred thousand
240,000 two hundred and forty thousand
500,000 five hundred thousand (or half а million)
1,000,000 a/one million
1,000,000,000 a/one blllion
Note:
• ln American English and is not used after hundred.
• Hundred, thousand, million, blllion, etc. do not take а plural when they are used
with precise numbers:
six hundred and eighty-five (no 's' on the hundred).
• Hundred, thousand, million, blllion take а plural when they are used
with imprecise numbers:
Hundreds ofреор/е arrived for the conference.
Thousands ofour customers are in the Far East.
• А comma indicates thousands and millions:

З 1,000 not З 1.000
(Тhese days the comma is often omitted completely and just а space is used.)
- • •• - - • ' _: ·,, • • ,\.: '~.~-,··~ 1',
. ' '
• The figure О is normally called nought in BrE, and zero in AmE.

• When numbers are said figure Ьу figure, О is often called 'oh' (like the letter О).
Му account number is four опе three two six oh nine.
• ln measurements (e.g. of temperature) О is called zero.

Zero degrees Fahrenheit = 17.8 degrees below zero Centigrade.
• Zero scores in team games are usually called nil in BrE (in AmE zero or nothing).
Manchester three, Liverpool nil.
• ln tennis, taЫe-tennis and similar games, the word 'love' is used.
Fifteen-love, your service.
150 several informa\ and slang words for'zero': zip zi . h
е are а .
rher . . ate from slang Amer1can . ' РРо, z1 1с , nada
Eng\1sh but have become glob • d ·
rheу 0r1gin а 11se .
EXan,ples:
• The СЕО expresses his displeasure to his executive team· "How .

we secure th,s mont . 1рро. Z1/ch. Nada!!! Who wants to exp/ain this to те?"
· h? z· • · тапу new contracts d1d
• Employee А: "l've got absolutely zilch to work with here unti/ 1have some concrete
numbers. What have уои heard back from Accounting?"
Employee В: "Nada. 1'/1 emai/ them again ог try cal/ing Emi/y':
• ln British English it is usual to say each individual digit after the decimal point.
This is not the case in American English.
• Note that in English we use and say point for decimals, not comma .
BrE
AmE
4.56 Four point five six
Four point fifty-six
-
0.175 Nought point one seven five Zero point one hundred seventy-five
Simple fractions are expressed Ьу using 'ordinal numbers:
1/8 an/one eighth

3/7 three sevenths
1/2 a/one half
1/3 a/one third
3/4 three quarters
1 S/9
one and five ninths
More complex fractions are often expressed ЬУ using the word over.r l
317/509
three hundred and seventeen over fi ve hundred and nine
Numbers
t-.~~.
'
1:"J , ••
There are various ways to write dates, to avold confusion write th e month as а word rather than
а number.
Wrlt•
'
"
S1y -
1 October 2015
The first of October twenty fifteen -
October the first, twenty fifteen
-
October 1, 2015
Nineteen (hundred and) eighty-nine
-
1989
Eighteen oh five/eighteen hundred and five
-
1805
2004 Two thousand and four/Тwo thousand four
2020 Twenty twenty
NОТЕ: ln AmE the definite article is usually omitted in an instance like the second example.
So it would Ье said 'October first, twenty fifteen: sometimes even contracted further to 'October
one, twenty fifteen~
Addition Two and two are four. informal

2+2=4
toadd Two plus two equals/is four. formal
Four from seven leaves/is three.
SuЬtraction informal
7-4=3 Seven take away four leaves/is three.
to suЬtract
Seven minus four equals/is three. formal
Three fours are twelve.
informal
Multiplication Three times four is twelve.
3 х 4 = 12
to multiply
Three multiplied Ьу four equals/is twelve. formal
Division Five into twenty goes four (times). informal

20 : 5 =4
to divide Twenty divided Ьу five equals/is four. formal
Dot www.fairtrade.com www dot fairtrade dot part of an email

com or website address
Point 4.5 four point five а decimal point
Full stop (BrE) Put а full stop at the end of the sentence. а punctuation mark
Period (AmE) used to show the end
of а sentence
Team of au thors: New Engllsh for Buslness and Economlcs. Student's Book,

2021 English For Buisness and Economics

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Fac ulty of lnternational Relations -

вооКМАР I RE AD ING \ LISTENING \ LANGUAGE

Unit 2 2025 mil len nia ls,

Un it4 Ho fste de' s cul tur al

Unitб Lif tin g the cur tain

ВООКМАР I READING I LISTENING I LANGUAGE

Unit 10 Fiscal and monetary А dialogue about lnfinitive or gerund,

Unit 12 What is international An interview about Reported speech,

№W English for Business and Econom

Level: upper-intermediate (В2 acc

The course a\so offers these add

• Greeting / welcome • Signposting

• What were you presenting and to whom?

AnaJysis ofТwo -Layer Scheme

4) What do you think а presentation should look like?

А sales representative presenting а prod uct to а pote

Factors to take into account:

Audience Purpose Туре of situation

take into account whe ther it requires

9. Let's start/begin Ьу looking at ...

10. То summarise ...

11. l'm here today to talk to you about ...

More form al style ."

purpose begin turn to theme summarise finish cometo

outline represent sum up next last ly lookat topic

The _ _ _ of this presentation is to give you а(п) ___ of our company

3. Then 1'11 our market and how it is changing.

9. This graph our sales last year.

break into carry out show set up buy

look into рау move speed up use

We are plannin g to ...

More formal verb Less formal verb Endlng

the proЫem in more

3. investigate с. new markets in Asia.

the develop ment of our

5. penetrate е. new supplies soon.

our product ion to

8. demonstrate h. more market research.

our staff according to their

10. relocate j. the latest technolo gy.

8) Do you think the following advice is useful? Why/not?

1. lt is а good idea to use both а PowerPoint presentation and а flipchar t.

10) Match the followlng words wlth the plctures:

а. picture/ image с. flow chart е. plan g, pie chart i. diagram

lt is importa nt to place the word stress correctly because otherwi se the

11) Where is the main stress in the followi ng words?

1. The French will never agree to that.

1. We need to come up with а new strategy. (а plan is important)

ld the presentatlon go,

5. your studies 6. а produc t/servic e you know well

а thing you really like/is importa nt

9. your favouri te sport 10. а charity you suppor t

1. saying why the topic is relevan t to your audien ce

Today's topic is of particul ar interest

Mytop ic is /will Ье very important

Welcoming Explalning the Sayin gwhy Golng

4) g Comp lete the phrases used in the introd uctio n with

particular interest like to talk update aim presentation

let show you welcome espec ially relevant finally

first divide d for those of you sum up present

ar with the ERASMUS

1. Тhethemeof а. on the importance of recycling. -

7) Work in groups and practise an ope