UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

PUSAT ASASI

TSL 042
GRAMMAR II

LEXICAL ANALYSIS REPORT

GROUP MEMBERS:

NAME: FASIHAH BINTI ZAKARIA

STUDENT ID: 2022890744

NAME: NUR HAZIQAH NADHRAH BINTI MOHD FUAD

STUDENT ID: 2022886818

NAME: ALYSSA NATASHA ASJAD BINTI MUHD ROHAIZAD

STUDENT ID: 2022891678

GROUP: T21

LECTURER’S NAME: MR MAHADI

DATE:

FOR LECTURER’S USE ONLY

SCORE:
TITLE OF TEXT: Bioluminescence
AUTHOR: National Geographic society
SOURCE: https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/bioluminescence/
Bioluminescence is light produced by a chemical reaction within a living organism.
Bioluminescence is a type of chemiluminescence, which is simply the term for a chemical
reaction where light is produced. (Bioluminescence is chemiluminescence that takes place
inside a living organism.)
Bioluminescence is a "cold light." Cold (ADJ) light means less than 20% of the light
generates thermal radiation, or heat.
Most bioluminescent organisms are found in the ocean. These bioluminescent marine
species include fish, bacteria, and jellies. Some bioluminescent organisms, including fireflies
and fungi, are found on land. There are almost no bioluminescent organisms native to
freshwater habitats.
Chemistry
The chemical reaction that results in bioluminescence requires two unique chemicals:
luciferin and either luciferase or photoprotein. Luciferin is the compound that actually
produces light. In a chemical reaction, luciferin is called the substrate. The bioluminescent
color (yellow in fireflies, greenish in lanternfish) is a result of the arrangement of luciferin
molecules.
Some bioluminescent organisms produce (synthesize) luciferin on their own. Dinoflagellates,
for instance, bioluminescent in a bluish-green (ADJ) color. Bioluminescent dinoflagellates
are a type of plankton—tiny (ADJ) marine organisms that can sometimes cause the surface
of the ocean to sparkle at night.
Some bioluminescent organisms do not synthesize luciferin. Instead, they absorb it through
other organisms, either as food or in a symbiotic relationship. Some species of midshipman
fish, for instance, obtain luciferin through the "seed shrimp" they consume. Many marine
animals, such as squid, house bioluminescent bacteria in their light organs. The bacteria and
squid have a symbiotic relationship.
Luciferase is an enzyme. An enzyme is a chemical (called a catalyst) that interacts with a
substrate to affect the rate of a chemical reaction. The interaction of the luciferase with
oxidized (oxygen-added) luciferin creates a byproduct, called oxyluciferin. More importantly,
the chemical reaction creates light. Bioluminescent dinoflagellates produce light using a
luciferin-luciferase reaction. The luciferase found in dinoflagellates is related to the green
chemical chlorophyll found in plants.
Bioluminescent dinoflagellate ecosystems are rare (ADJ), mostly (ADV) forming in warm-
water lagoons with narrow (ADJ) openings to the open sea. Bioluminescent dinoflagellates
gather in these lagoons or bays, and the narrow opening prevents them from escaping. The
whole lagoon can be illuminated at night. Biologists identified a new bioluminescent
dinoflagellate ecosystem in the Humacao Natural Reserve, Puerto Rico, in 2010.
Most bioluminescent reactions involve luciferin and luciferase. Some reactions, however, do
not involve an enzyme (luciferase). These reactions involve a chemical called a
photoprotein. Photoproteins combine with luciferins and oxygen, but need another agent,
often an ion of the element calcium, to produce light.
Photoproteins were only recently identified, and biologists and chemists are still studying
their unusual chemical properties. Photoproteins were first studied in bioluminescent crystal
jellies found off the west coast of North America. The photoprotein in crystal jellies is called
"green fluorescent protein" or GFP.
Bioluminescence is not the same thing as fluorescence, however. Florescence does not
involve a chemical reaction. In fluorescence, a stimulating light is absorbed and re-emitted.
The fluorescing light is only visible in the presence of the stimulating light. The ink used in
highlighter pens is fluorescent. Phosphorescence is similar to florescence, except the
phosphorescent light is able to re-emit light for much longer periods of time. Glow-in-the-dark
stickers are phosphorescent.
Bioluminescent Light
The appearance of bioluminescent light varies greatly, depending on the habitat and
organism in which it is found.
Most marine bioluminescence, for instance, is expressed in the blue-green part of the visible
light spectrum. These colors are more easily (ADV) visible in the deep ocean. Also, most
marine organisms are sensitive only to blue-green colors. They are physically unable to
process yellow, red, or violet colors.
Most land organisms also exhibit blue-green bioluminescence. However, many glow in the
yellow spectrum, including fireflies and the only known land snail to bioluminesce, Quantula
striata, native to the tropics of Southeast Asia.
Few organisms can glow in more than one color. The so-called railroad worm (actually the
larva of a beetle) may be the most familiar. The head of the railroad worm glows red, while
its body glows green. Different luciferases cause the bioluminescence to be expressed
differently.
Some organisms emit light continuously (ADV). Some species of fungi present in decaying
wood, for instance, emit a fairly consistent glow, called foxfire.
Most organisms, however, use their light organs to flash for periods of less than a second to
about 10 seconds. These flashes can occur in specific spots, such as the dots on a squid.
Other flashes can illuminate the organism's entire body.
Adaptations
Bioluminescence is used by living things to hunt prey, defend against predators, find mates,
and execute other vital activities.
Defensive Adaptations
Some species luminesce to confuse attackers. Many species of squid, for instance, flash to
startle predators, such as fish. With the startled fish caught off guard, the squid tries to
quickly (ADV) escape.
The vampire squid exhibits a variation of this defensive behaviour. Like many deep-sea
squid, the vampire squid lacks ink sacs. (Squid that live near the ocean surface eject dark
ink to leave their predators in the dark.) Instead, the vampire squid ejects sticky (ADJ)
bioluminescent mucus, which can startle, confuse, and delay predators, allowing the squid to
escape.
Many marine species use a technique called counterillumination to protect themselves.
Many predators, such as sharks, hunt from below. They look above, where sunlight creates
shadows beneath prey. Counterillumination is a type of camouflage against this predatory
behavior.
Hatchetfish use counterillumination. Hatchetfish have light-producing organs that point
downward. They adjust the amount of light coming from their undersides to match the light
coming from above. By adjusting their bioluminescence, they disguise their shadows and
become virtually (ADV) invisible to predators looking up.
Some bioluminescent animals, such as brittle stars, can detach body parts to distract
predators. The predator follows the glowing arm of the brittle star, while the rest of the
animal crawls away in the dark. (Brittle stars, like all sea stars, can re-grow their arms.)
When some animals detach body parts, they detach them on other animals. When
threatened, some species of sea cucumber can break off the luminescent parts of their
bodies onto nearby fish. The predator will follow the glow on the fish, while the sea
cucumber crawls away.
Biologists think that some species of sharks and whales may take advantage of defensive
bioluminescence, even though they are not bioluminescent themselves. A sperm whale, for
instance, may seek out a habitat with large communities of bioluminescent plankton, which
are not part of the whale's diet. As the plankton's predators (fish) approach the plankton,
however, their glowing alerts the whale. The whale eats the fish. The plankton then turn out
their lights.
Some insect larvae (nicknamed "glow worms") light up to warn predators that they are toxic.
Toads, birds, and other predators know that consuming these larvae will (MV) result in
illness and possible death.
Offensive Adaptations
Bioluminescence may (MV) be used to lure prey or search for prey.
The most famous (ADJ) predator to use bioluminescence may be the anglerfish, which uses
bioluminescence to lure prey. The anglerfish has a huge head, sharp teeth, and a long, thin,
fleshy growth (called a filament) on the top of its head. On the end of the filament is a ball
(called the esca) that the anglerfish can light up. Smaller fish, curious about the spot of light,
swim in for a closer look. By the time the prey sees the enormous, dark jaws of the
anglerfish behind the bright esca, it may be too late.
Other fish, such as a type of dragonfish called loosejaws, use bioluminescence to search for
prey. Loosejaws have adapted to emit red light; most fish can only see blue light, so
loosejaws have an enormous advantage when they light up a surrounding area. They can
(MV) see their prey, but their prey can't (MV) see them.
Attraction
Adult fireflies, also called lightning bugs, are bioluminescent. They light up to attract mates.
Although both male and female fireflies can luminesce, in North America most flashing
fireflies are male. The pattern of their flashes tells nearby females what species of firefly they
are and that they're interested in mating.
Other Bioluminescence
Organisms can luminesce when they are disturbed. Changes in the environment, such as a
drop in salinity, can force bioluminescent algae to glow, for instance. These living lanterns
can be seen as spots of pink or green in the dark ocean.
"Milky seas" are another example of bioluminescence. Unlike bioluminescent algae, which
flash when their environment is disturbed, milky seas are continuous glows, sometimes
bright and large enough to be visible from satellites in orbit above the Earth.
Scientists think milky seas are produced by bioluminescent bacteria on the surface of the
ocean. Millions of bacteria must be present for milky seas to form, and conditions must be
right for the bacteria to have enough chemicals to light up. Satellite imagery of milky seas
have been captured in tropical waters such as the Indian Ocean.
Bioluminescence and People
Biologists and engineers are studying the chemicals and circumstances involved in
bioluminescence to understand how people can use the process to make life easier and
safer.
Green fluorescent protein (GFP), for instance, is a valuable "reporter gene." Reporter genes
are chemicals (genes) that biologists attach to other genes they are studying. GFP reporter
genes are easily identified and measured, usually by their fluorescence. This allows
scientists to trace and monitor the activity of the studied gene—its expression in a cell, or its
interaction with other chemicals.
Other uses are more experimental. Bioluminescent trees, for instance, could (MV) help light
city streets and highways. This would reduce the need for electricity. Bioluminescent crops
and other plants could luminesce when they needed water or other nutrients, or when they
were ready to be harvested. This would (MV) reduce costs for farmers and agribusiness.
THE ANALYSIS
INSTRUCTION: Identify & list down 20 words and/or phrases from the assigned text.
ADJECTIVES
 7 to 8 Adjectives (at least 3 - 4 types)

1. Word: Cold
Type: Opinion
Line from text: Cold light means less than 20% of the light generates thermal radiation, or
heat.
Analysis: Cold is used to describe a temperature that is low or lacks heat. Cold in the text
refers to the light which means a light that has little to no heat.
Example of usage: The milk and beverages are no longer cold because the refrigerator
has been broken for a few days.

2. Word: Bluish-green
Type: Colour
Line from text: Dinoflagellates, for instance, bioluminescent in a bluish-green color.
Analysis: Bioluminescent in a bluish-green colour is one of the examples of
dinoflagellates. Bluish-green here is describing the colour of bioluminescent.
Example of usage: She chose the bluish-green dress to wear on the prom night following
the event’s theme.

3. Word: Tiny
Type: Size
Line from text: Bioluminescent dinoflagellates are a type of plankton—tiny marine
organisms that can sometimes cause the surface of the ocean to sparkle at night.
Analysis: Tiny marine organisms ( referring to the meaning of plankton ) are the
bioluminescent dinoflagellates’ type that cause the surface of the ocean to sparkle at night
which justifies the size of the organisms.
Example of usage: The baby’s hand is so tiny when he grabs his mother’s finger.

4. Word: Rare
Type: Opinion
Line from text: Bioluminescent dinoflagellate ecosystems are rare, mostly forming in
warm-water lagoons with narrow openings to the open sea.
Analysis: The word ‘rare’ describes something that is very uncommon or unusual. It is
counted as an opinion because it explains the condition of Bioluminescent dinoflagellate
ecosystems which others might not agree with the author statement that stated it is rare.
From the text, the author is trying to convey that this ecosystem is something that does
not happen often.
Example of usage: She bought a rare pendant with RM 10,000 market value for just RM
2000 at the pawn shop.
5. Word: Narrow
Type: Size
Line from text: Bioluminescent dinoflagellate ecosystems are rare, mostly forming in
warm-water lagoons with narrow openings to the open sea.
Analysis: The word “narrow” is used to describe the openings which mean it is small.
“Narrow” falls under the size category because it is talking about the size of the openings.
Example of usage: The narrow road is not suitable for buses and heavy vehicles to go
through because it is only meant for light vehicles.

6. Word: Sticky
Type: Material
Line from text: Instead, the vampire squid ejects sticky bioluminescent mucus, which can
startle, confuse, and delay predators, allowing the squid to escape.
Analysis: Material is used to describe a substance with distinctive features that allow it to
be classified. In the text, the author is trying to describe the feature of the mucus which is
sticky. A sticky material means that something that tend to be adhesive to other things.
Example of usage: My shoe sole is sticky because I accidentally stepped on chewing
gum.

7. Word: Famous
Type: Opinion
Line from text: The most famous predator to use bioluminescence may be the anglerfish,
which uses bioluminescence to lure prey.
Analysis: The word “famous” refers to something or someone that is well-known. It is
considered as an opinion because some might not think it is famous. In this context,
“famous” is used to describe the well-known predator which is the anglerfish.
Example of usage: Elvis Presley was famous because of his outstanding stage presence
and he helped popularise rock ‘n’ roll back then in America.
 ADVERBS
 7 to 8 adverbs (at least 3 types)
1. Word: Simply
Type: Adverbs of manner
Line from text: Bioluminescence is a type of chemiluminescence, which is simply the term
for a chemical reaction where light is produced
Analysis: “Simply” describes the other words for chemiluminescence. The adverb is used
together to modify the meaning of “chemiluminescence”.
Example of usage: He simply answered the questions because he had studied the topic
beforehand.

2. Word: Mostly
Type: Adverbs of degree
Line from text: Bioluminescent dinoflagellate ecosystems are rare, mostly forming in
warm-water lagoons with narrow openings to the open sea.
Analysis: The adverb “mostly” is used to tell that for the most part of bioluminescent
dinoflagellate ecosystems forming in warm-water lagoons with narrow openings to the
open sea.
Example of usage: Some people mostly like to start their trip at night rather than the day to
avoid traffic jams.

3. Word: Easily
Type: Adverbs of manner
Line from text: These colors are more easily visible in the deep ocean. Also, most marine
organisms are sensitive only to blue-green colors.
Analysis: “Easily” here describes that most colors are more easy to see in the deep ocean.
Example of usage: The professional baker made the cake easily despite the complicated
recipes to follow.

4. Word: Continuously
Type: Adverbs of frequency
Line from text: Some organisms emit light continuously.
Analysis: The word ‘’continuously’’ from the text is used to describe the fact that some
organisms emit light without stopping in a period of time.
Example of usage: All of her friends left her because she continuously bad mouth them
behind their back.

5. Word: Fairly
Type: Adverbs of degree
Line from text: Some species of fungi present in decaying wood, for instance, emit a fairly
consistent glow, called foxfire.
Analysis: “Fairly” is considered as an adverb of degree because it makes the adjective
“fair” stronger. It refers to the foxfire that emits moderately high consistent glow.
Example of usage: The teacher did not treat every one of her students fairly because she
is biased towards the smart ones.

6. Word: Quickly
Type: Adverbs of manner
Line from text: With the startled fish caught off guard, the squid tries to quickly escape.
Analysis: In this context, “quickly” is used to describe or give information about the action
of the squid which is escaping.
Example of usage: When she saw the robber, her heart started to beat quickly because
she was alone in the house and she could not believe what was happening.

7. Word: Virtually
Type: Adverb of manner
Line from text: By adjusting their bioluminescence, they disguise their shadows and
become virtually invisible to predators looking up.
Analysis: The word virtually is the adverb form of the word virtual. From the text, it is used
to describe that bioluminescence is used by hatchet fish to disguise themselves and they
became almost completely invisible to predators.
Example of usage: She keeps on complaining about her financial issue but she shops
virtually every day.
 MODAL VERBS
 4 to 6 modal verbs (at least 2 – 3 types)

1. Word: Will
Type: Future possibility
Line from text: Toads, birds, and other predators know that consuming these larvae will
result in illness and possible death.
Analysis: The modal verb “will” be used to say that consuming those larvae lead to illness
and possible death.
Example of usage: Students will become stressed when their examinations are around the
corner.

2. Word: May
Type: Possibility
Line from text: Bioluminescence may be used to lure prey or search for prey.
Analysis: The modal verb ‘may’ is used to express possibility that is not certain. From the
text, the author is trying to explain that it is possible to use Bioluminescence to lure prey
or search for prey but the author is not certain of the fact.
Example of usage: The concert at Sunway Lagoon has been delayed because the
management are afraid that it may rain tomorrow.

3. Word: Can
Type: Ability
Line from text: Loosejaws have adapted to emit red light; most fish can only see blue light,
so loosejaws have an enormous advantage when they light up a surrounding area. They
can (MV) see their prey, but their prey can't see them.
Analysis: Loosejaws have the ability to see their prey when they light up the area. The
modal verb “can” is used to tell the ability of loosejaws.
Example of usage: People in the library can talk as long as they do not bother other
people.

4. Word: Can’t
Type: Ability
Line from text: They can see their prey, but their prey can't see them.
Analysis: “Cannot” is the negative form of the modal verb “can”. In the text, it is used to
express the prey’s inability to see.
Example of usage: The accident happened because the car was speeding and the driver
cannot see the pedestrian as there was no street light at the road.
 5. Word: Could
Type: Possibility/Past ability
Line from text: Bioluminescent trees, for instance, could help light city streets and
highways.
Analysis: “Could” is used to express possibility or to make suggestions. “Could” in the text
is expressing the possibility of bioluminescent trees being used to light city streets and
highways.
Example of usage: Maya could have spent her vacation in Maldives if it weren’t for the
terrible flu she has.

6. Word: Would
Type: Past possibility
Line from text: This would reduce costs for farmers and agribusiness.
Analysis: “Would” is the past tense of “Will”. From the text, the modal verb “would” is
used to express the possibility of bioluminescent crops or plants to reduce costs for
farmers and agribusiness.
Example of usage: If I can speak Korean, I would definitely move to Korea.