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PROVÃO INGLÊS
Al. Brito

General System HFO

Sentindo Horário, iniciando pela vermelha.

1. Settling tank: Water and impurities are separeted from the fuel and drained off

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 2. Purifier / clarifier: From the heater before the settling tank, the fuel led through a
separator (puriffier/ clarifier) to purify the fuel.

3. Daily service tank HFO: From the separator the fuel enters the daily service tank
for HFO

4. Daily service tank HFO: Use 2 daily service tanks, so that one tank may be used
while the other is being filled

5. Storage tank. MDO:

6. Strainer: The fuel is passed through a fuel strainer, which filters the fuel

7. Viscosity regulator: From the heater the HFO is passed through a viscosity
regulator

8. Booster pump: From daily service tank the fuel is pumped to heather by the low
pressure fuel pump (booster pump)

9. Air vent: The hot fuel fumes can escape through the air vent in the mixing tank

10. Drain Valve: Drain the impurities of settling tank.

General system MDO

The difference of the system the HFO:

The purifier is localized after the fuel pumps and go directly for storage tank MDO

Don´t need of a settling tank for drain the impurities.

Mixing Tank/ Buffer tank/ Circulating tank

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 A mixing tank is used for a gradual transtion from HFO to DO, and can hold a quantity
of fuel which will be circulated and lead to the engine.

Injection

a) Specific gravity or relative density

Specific gravity or relative density is a measurement that compares the weight of

a given
volume of a substance (in this context, fuel oil) to the weight of the same volume of
water. It
is expressed as a ratio and is typically measured at a fixed temperature. Specific gravity
or
relative density helps determine the density of the fuel oil in relation to water, providing
insights into its characteristics and behavior.

b) Viscosity

Viscosity refers to the resistance of a fluid (such as fuel oil) to flow. It measures how
easily or
difficultly a liquid can flow. In the context of fuel oil, viscosity is an important property
because highly viscous fuel oil may require heating to reduce its viscosity and make it
flow

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 more easily. The measurement of viscosity can be determined using instruments like
Redwood, Saybolt, or Engler, which measure the flow times of a given volume of fuel.

c) Ignition quality

Ignition quality refers to the ability of a fuel to ignite and combust effectively in an
engine. It is
typically measured by the time delay between the injection of the fuel and the actual
combustion process. Good ignition quality is characterized by a short delay, leading to
controlled and efficient combustion. Several parameters, such as cetane number, diesel
index, and calculated cetane index, are used to indicate the ignition quality of a fuel.
Higher
values of these parameters indicate better ignition quality.

d) Flash point

Flash point is a critical safety parameter used to determine the lowest temperature
at which
a fuel (in this case, fuel oil) can produce enough vapor to ignite when exposed to
an open
flame or other ignition source. There are two values associated with flash points: open
flash
point, which occurs under atmospheric heating conditions, and closed flash point, which
occurs when the fuel is heated while covered. Knowing the flash point is essential for
safe
storage and handling of fuels

e) Pour point

Pour point is the lowest temperature at which a fuel (such as fuel oil) can still flow
under its
weight. It indicates the temperature at which the fuel begins to solidify or become
more

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 viscous, potentially causing difficulties in handling and transportation. Fuel oils with a
high
pour point may require heating to maintain their fluidity, especially in cold environments.
Below the pour point, waxes can form in the fuel, potentially leading to pipe or filter
blockages.

f) Cloud point:

The cloud point is the lowest temperature at which a fuel, like diesel, begins to
develop wax
crystals that can lead to the formation of solid deposits. These wax crystals can
cause
blockages in fuel filters and pipelines, which is something no one wants, especially in
low-temperature conditions.

g) Conradson method

Measures the formation of carbon residues from a fuel. It is a controlled burning of a fuel
sample, giving a measure of residual carbon and other residues.

h) Calorific value

Thermal energy released during combustion. Two values are used: Higher calorific
value,
which is the thermal energy resulting from combustion, and Lower calorific value, which
is
the average thermal energy available and does not include the thermal energy
contained in
the vapor produced during combustion. The measurement is obtained through a bomb
calorimeter test, in which a small amount of fuel is burned under controlled conditions.
burned under controlled conditions.

2. Por que há a preocupação com a presença de enxofre?

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 Sulfur can have a negative impact on an engine's fuel system. This is due to the
presence of
sulfur in fossil fuels, such as gasoline and diesel. When these fuels contain high
levels of
sulfur, pollutant emissions may occur, as sulfur when burned turns into sulfur
oxide and this
contributes to air pollution and the formation of acid rain. Furthermore, the presence
of sulfur
can form corrosive compounds that can wear down the ship's fuel system.

3. Qual a consequência da presença de “wax”?

At the cloud point(solid deposits) waxes will form in the fuel. Below the cloud point
temperature, pipe or filter
blocking may occur. Wax deposited in filters and fuel lines will cause blockages and may
restrict fuel flow to the engine.

4. Qual a importância do “cetane number”?

The cetane number or diesel index is important as it will determine the injection time
and will
also influence combustion noise and black smoke production.
The cetane index or diesel index indicates the quality of the ignition.
The ignition quality of a fuel is measured by the time interval between the injection and
the
combustion, which must be short for a good controlled burning.
The higher the value, the better the ignition quality of the fuel.

3MA, GRUPO 02.pdf

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 1- O que é o processo de “Blending”?

Blending involves the combination of two types of fuels, typically a heavy fuel
and marine diesel oil.
The primary objective is to create a fuel with intermediate viscosity, which is well-suited
for auxiliary
diesel engines. The cost savings associated with using intermediate fuel grades are
substantial
enough to warrant the investment in the blending facility. Additionally, there are no
supply issues
because the blending process allows for the creation of the necessary mixture using
readily available heavy and marine diesel oils

2- Que problema por ocorrer neste processo e no que ele pode resultar?

Problems such contamination on fuel, instability mixture, fuel property variations.

This maneuver can cause instability and storage issues on board due the fact that these
different fuels come from
different tanks and the volume inside those tanks is directly related to how the ship
reacts on
transferring fluids inside it.

3- O que é o “strainer”?

"Strainers" are filters that remove larger particles normally visible to the naked
eye. They are
generally found in pairs (duplex), with the second acting on standby. A mesh screen, an
assembly of
closely packed metal plates or wire coils that effectively block larger particles.

4- Onde ele é posicionado?

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 Normally, it is installed on the pump's suction side, but in cases where suction
conditions are crucial, the strainer will be placed on the pump's discharge side.

5- Como é feita a limpeza das partículas?

The strainer should be cleaned as soon as it is taken out of the system.The dirt particles
are collected on the outside of the strainer element or basket and are removed by
compressing air or brushing.
After this, the strainer is reassembled and is ready to use.

6- Como funciona um “centrifugal filter”?

A centrifugal filter can be used in a bypass system, where the oil flows through a
rotor that is spun at high speed. Impurities in the oil are then deposited on the walls of
the rotor, allowing the clean oil to return to the reservoir. This type of filter is not prone to
blockages and does not require the
replacement of filter elements. It needs to be disassembled periodically for cleaning of
the rotor unit.

7- Como pode ser reduzida a emissão de SOX ?

The emission of SOX can be decreased by either lowering the sulfur content in fuels or
implementing an exhaust gas treatment system. Innovative engine technologies can
potentially lower the formation of NOX and, consequently, emissions, while effective
plant maintenance can lead to a reduction in carbon oxide emissions.

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 Diesel Engine

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 1. Cylinder -

Rigid cast iron monoblock or iron jacket modules bolted together to form a rigid block.

2. Piston -

3. Exhaust valve - A valve located on the cylinder head in order to expel the exhaust
gases from the combustion chamber.

4. Crosshead bearing (Mancais da cruzeta) -

single piece white metal large surface bearings. Elevated pressure hydrostatic
lubrication.

5. Crankpin Bearing -

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 6. Crankshaft - The crankshaft is a shaft with counterweights and arms (cranks) that
converts the reciprocating motion of pistons into rotary motion.

7. Flywheel - It’s a cast iron wheel located on the extreme side of the crankshaft and
made up on the proposal of keeping the crankshaft turning even while the engine isn’t
producing power.

8. Crankcase door -

9. Crankcase bed -

10. Exhaust gas receiver - It’s a tube that receives the exhaust gases from all the
cylinders in order to drive it through its way out, commonly there is a turbo-charger
installed in its exit.

11. Piston rod - It’s an iron rod disposed between the piston and the crosshead in order
to transmit the alternative movement to the connecting rod.

12. Connecting rod - It’s an iron rod that transmits movement received from piston
rod in some cases or direct from the piston to the crankshaft, converting the alternative
movement into rotative movement.

13. Turning gear - A jacking gear (also known as a turning gear) is a device placed on
the main shaft of an engine or the rotor of a turbine. The jacking gear rotates the
shaft or rotor and associated machinery (such as reduction gears and main steam or
gas turbines), to ensure uniform cool-down.

14. Cylinder cover - Special grey cast iron, bore cooled cylinder liners with load
dependent cylinder lubification

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 15. Air receiver - It’s a container that stores the air which came from the turbo-charger
to be used on admission stroke.

16. Turbo-charger - It’s a device destined to fill the air receiver with compressed air
using a gas turbine in order to provide enough air to the combustion process that occurs
inside the cylinder.

17. Sump - In the main engine, the sump is a container destined to store all lubricate oil
that is circulating

18. Foundation -

19. Fuel pump -

20. - Camshaft → Eixo de cames → Actuated by crankshaft by means gearwheels or

chaindrive

21. A-frame - Sturdy engine structure with low stresses and high stiffness comprising
A-shaped fabricated double-wall columns and cylinder blocks attached to the bedplate
by pretensioned vertical tie rods.

22. Cooling water -

23. Lub. Oil lines -

24. Tie rod - ROD: is a slender structural unit used as a tie and (in most applications)
capable of carrying tensile loads only

BEDPLATE: a plate, platform, or frame supporting the lighter parts of a machine

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 Turbo Blower:

Constant-pressure turbocharging system comprising exhaust gas turbochargers and

auxiliary blowers for low-load operation.

ENTABLATURE: It is the housing which holds the cylinder liner, along with the
scavenge air

space and cooling water spaces

Fuel injection pump and exhaust valve actuator:

For two cylinders each. Camshaft driven fuel pump with double spill valves for timing
fuel delivery to uncooled injectors. Camshaft-driven actuator for hydraulic drive of
poppet-type exhaust valve working against an air spring.

Turbo Blower:

Constant-pressure turbocharging system comprising exhaust gas turbochargers and

auxiliary blowers for low-load operation.

Exhaust port/ ROCKER ARM:

Solid forged or steel cast, bore-cooled cylinder cover with bolted-on exhaust valve cage
containing Nimonic 80A exhaust valve

Bottom and bearing:

Main bearing cap tightened with down bolts for easier assembly and disassembly of
whitemetalled shell bearings.

Exhaust manifold:

Uniflow scavenging system comprising scavenge air receiver with non-return flaps.

Pushroad → Haste que conecta a came(campeak) com o balancim (rocker arm)

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 Is actuated by campeak;

Rocker arm → Balancim (Exhaust valve is actuate by rocking lever/arm), is actuated for
Pushroad

Scavening Air manifold → caixão de ar de lavagem

Scavenging ports → janelas de admissão. they supply the scavenging air to remove
the exhaust gases

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