Elektronika Daya

Elektronika Daya
Disiplin ilmu yang mempelajari penggunaan teknologi
elektronika dalam konversi energi (daya) elektrik.

Mengapa energi (daya) elektrik perlu dikonversikan?

• Hampir semua peralatan listrik bekerja kurang
efisien atau tidak bisa bekerja pada sumber energi
(daya) elektrik yang tersedia.
• Banyak pembangkit energi (daya) elektrik
nonkonvensional mempunyai bentuk yang tidak
kompatibel dengan sumber energi (daya) elektrik
lainnya.
2
 Konverter Daya
Daya masukan Daya keluaran
Konverterdaya Beban

Pengukuran
Pengukuran
Pengendali

Acuan
3
 Klasifikasi Konverter Daya
• Konverter DC-ke-DC (Chopper)
• Konverter AC-ke-DC (Penyearah)
• Konverter DC-ke-AC (Inverter)
• Konverter AC-ke-AC (Cycloconverter/Matrix)

4
 Konverter Sinyal dan Daya
Konverter Sinyal Konverter Daya
Sinyal masuk Sinyal keluar Daya masuk Daya keluar

Daya masuk Sinyal masuk

Efficiency is the key

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 Regulator tegangan

R1
Rv
Io Vi Io
Vi
R2 Vo
Ro Vo
Ro

Efficiency is very low

No ripples on the input and output sides
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 Switching Regulator
Ts
Ii Vi
Io
Vo TON

Vi Vo Load
Io
0

Ii
0

Efficiency is very high T

Vo  ON Vi
Ripples on the input and output sides Ts

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Linear and Switching Power Supplies

Linear

Switching

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 Switching Mode Power Supplies
Advantages:
• High efficient and small size
• DC filter capacitor is working at high voltage
(Energy stored is high)
• The reactive component requirements are small.
Disadvantages:
• Control is more complicated
• EMC problems
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 Power Supply Comparison
Power Density Efficiency

Linear Power <0.12 W/cm3 <40%

Supply

SMPS 6W/cm3 >95%

10
 Power Electronic Applications
in Power Generation
• Excitation system
• Automatic Voltage Regulator
• Variable Speed Power Generation (Hydro,
Wind, Microturbine gas)
• Power Conditioners for Renewable Power
Generation (Fuel cells, solar cells)
• Energy Storage
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Excitation System in Brushless AC Generator

D1 D3 D5

Rotor

D2 D4 D6

Stator

Exciter Main generator

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Renewable Energy System
Solar Cells

DC/DC DC/DC

Energy Storages
Fuel Cells
Exhaust

Fuel
DC/DC
AC/DC
Fuel
Cells

BUS DC
Fuel Cells Modules
Micro Hydro Electric Power

Generatr DC/AC

Utilitas

AC/DC

DC/AC

AC Loads

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Rote Island Hybrid Power System

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15
Power Electronic Applications in
Power Transmission
• High-Voltage Direct Current Transmission
• Static VAR Compensators
• Series Compensation
• Phase Shifters
• Dynamic Braking
• Flexible AC Transmission System
• High-Speed Circuit Breakers
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 Static VAR Compensator

• Improving power factor

• Reducing voltage drop and losses
• Increasing maximum power transfer
• Improving damping factor
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 HVDC Transmission System
DC Line

AC System
AC System

Converter Converter
Two - terminals
dc system

• Asynchronous links
• Suitable for long distance transmission and
underground cable transmission
• Improving damping factor
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Power Electronic Applications in
Power Distribution
• Static VAR Compensators
• Power Conditioners
• Active Filters
• Unified Power Conditioners
• Dynamic Voltage Restorers
• High-Speed Circuit Breakers
• Light High-Voltage Direct-Current Distribution
• Power conditioners for distributed power
generation
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 Active Filter
is

AC source

Ls

if ih

es
Harmonic
Active source
filter

20
Power Electronic Applications in
Transportation Industries
• High-Speed Trains
• Electric vehicles
• Elevators
• Airplanes
• Ships
• Unmanned vehicles

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PWM Inverter for Electric Traction
Pantograph
PWM Inverter

Traction Motors

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Shinkansen

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Electric Traction

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Electric Traction

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Diesel Electric Locomotive

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Toyota Prius

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Ford Escape

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Toyota Siena

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Honda Accord

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Hybrid Vehicles

parallel

Split

Series

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Power Electronic Applications in
Industries
• Rolling mills
• Variable speed pump systems
• Cement kilns
• Rolling ball mills
• Robotics
• Electrolysis

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 Variable Speed Drive Applications
FLOW
REFERENCE

SET-POINT
CONTROLLER
MOTORIZED
VALVE

STARTER

SENSOR
MOTOR

Fixed Speed PUMP

FLOW
REFERENCE

SET-POINT
CONTROLLER

VSD MOTOR
SENSOR

PUMP

CONTROLLER

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Variable Speed Drives
Smoothing
inductor

AC Motor
AC source

3
Smoothing
capacitor
vout

Controlled Square - wave

rectifier inverter

AC Motor
AC source

3
Smoothing
capacitor
vout

Uncontrolled PWM inverter

rectifier

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 Variable Speed Pumping System

80
VALVE OPERATION
WITH STANDARD
70
Pipe characteristic 2 EFFICIENTMOTOR
Head/Press ure

Pipe characteristic 1 60
H2
50
H1

INPUT KW
Pump characteristic 1 40 ADJUSTABLE SPEED
OPERATION WITH
ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTOR
30

H3 20
Pump characteristic 2
10

Q2 Q1 Flow
0
500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700

FLOW (GPM)

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Power Electronic Applications in
Home Appliances
• Microwave heating
• Air conditioners
• Refrigerators
• Toasters
• Cookers
• Vacuum cleaners
• Wash machines
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Power Electronic Applications in
Information Industries
• DC power supplies
• Distributed power supplies
• Power conditioners
• Uninterruptible power supplies
• Battery chargers
• Voltage Regulator Modules

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 Is power electronics new technology?

Power electronics have been developed since the

beginning of 20th century when mercury arc and
vacuum tubes technology was emerged.
Power conversion has been known for a long time by
using a combination of electrical machinery.
Power electronics development has grown very fast
since the introduction of thyristor or SCR
(Semiconductor controlled rectifier) in nineteen
fifties.

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Interdiciplinary nature of power electronics

Control Circuit
Signal theory theory
processing
Electronics

Power
Solid - state Power Electronics systems
physics

Computer Electric
machines

Electromagnetics

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 Current Challenges
• Voltage regulator modules for microprocessors
• Embedded inverter for motor drives
• Intelligent power ICs
• Flexible AC power transmission systems
• Custom power distribution system
• Unified power conditioners
• Renewable energy power generation system

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Microprocessor operating voltages

41
Laptop Power Supply System

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Matriks saklar

S1 S3

Vi u v
Load

S2 S4

43
 Penyearah tak terkendali

Vi

S1 S3

Vi S1
u Load v
S2

S2 S4
S3

S4

v uv
44
 Penyearah terkendali

Vi

S1
S1 S3
S2

Vi u v
Load S3

S4
S2 S4

v uv

45
AC regulator

Vi

S1 S3 S1

Vi u v
S2
Load

S3

S2 S4
S4

vuv

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Phase-Controlled AC-AC Cycloconverter
S1 S3


ei Beban vo

S2 S4

ei
t

S1 & S 4
t

S 2 & S3
t
Fundamenta l component

vo
t

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Konverter DC-ke-DC

Vi

S1 S3
S1

Vi u v S2
Load

S3

S2 S4
S4

v uv

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Inverter PWM

Vi

S1 S3
S1

S2
Vi u v
Load
S3

S4

S2 S4

v uv

49
Understanding Power Electronic Circuits

• Consider all power semiconductor switches as

ideal switches
• Ideal switches have no voltage drop, no leakage
current, and transition times are zero.
• Practical considerations are given in detailed
design.
• Background on signal electronics is useful to
understand power electronics.

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The End

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