Three-Dimensional Holographic Imaging. Edited by Chung J.

Kuo, Meng Hua Tsai

Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ISBNs: 0-471-35894-0 (Hardback); 0-471-22454-5 (Electronic)

THREE-DIMENSIONAL
HOLOGRAPHIC IMAGING
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THREE-DIMENSIONAL HOLOGRAPHIC IMAGING l Chung J. Kuo and

Meng Hua Tsai
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
HOLOGRAPHIC IMAGING

Edited by

Chung J. Kuo
Meng Hua Tsai

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To my father, Ming-Fu Kuo, my mother, Yin-Chiao Chao, Kuo, and
my wife, Chih-Jung Hsu
C J. K

To my husband, Chu Yu Chen

M H T
 CONTRIBUTORS

Benton, Stephen Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
Caulfield, H. John Department of Physics, Fisk University, 1000 18th Avenue
North, Nashville, Tennessee 37208
Cescato, Lucila Laboratório de OAptica, Instituto de Fı́sica Gleb Wataghin,
UNICAMP, Cx. P. 6165, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brasil
Chang, Hsuan T. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Yunlin
University of Science and Technology, Touliu Yunlin, 64002 Taiwan
Chang, Ni Y. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Cheng
University, Chia-Yi, 62107 Taiwan
Chen, Oscal T.-C. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung
Cheng University, Chia-Yi, 621 Taiwan
Dai, Li-Kuo Solid-State Devices Materials Section, Materials and Electro-
Optics Research Division, Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology,
Tao-Yuan, 325 Taiwan
Frejlich, Jaime Laboratório de OAptica, Instituto de Fı́sica Gleb Wataghin,
UNICAMP, Cx. P. 6165, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brasil
Huang, Kaung-Hsin Solid-State Devices Materials Section, Materials and
Electro-Optics Research Division, Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Tech-
nology, Tao-Yuan, 325 Taiwan
Hwang, Jen-Shang Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung
Cheng University, Chia-Yi, 621 Taiwan
Jannson, Tomasz Physical Optics Corporation, 2545 West 237th Street, Torr-
ance, California 90505
Jih, Far-Wen Solid-State Devices Materials Section, Materials and Electro-
Optics Research Division, Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology,
Tao-Yuan, 325 Taiwan
vii
viii CONTRIBUTORS

Kuo, Chung J. Institute of Communication Engineering, National Chung

Cheng University, Chia-Yi, 62107 Taiwan
Liu, Wei-Jean Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Cheng
University, Chia-Yi, 621 Taiwan
Pappu, Ravikanth Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
Plesniak, Wendy Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
Poon, Ting-Chung Optical Image Processing Laboratory, Bradley Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
Schilling, Bradley W. U.S. Army CECOM RDEC, Night Vision and Electronic
Sensors Directorate, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060
Shamir, Joseph Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Israel Insti-
tute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
Sheen, Robin Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Cheng
University, Chia-Yi, 621 Taiwan
Tang, Shiang-Feng Solid-State Devices Materials Section, Materials and
Electro-Optics Research Division, Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Tech-
nology, Tao-Yuan, 325 Taiwan
Ternovskiy, Igor Physical Optics Corporation, 2545 West 237th Street, Tor-
rance, California 90505
Tsai, Meng Hua Department of Information Technology, Toko University,
Chia-Yi, 613 Taiwan
Weng, Ping-Kuo Solid-State Devices Materials Section, Materials and Electro-
Optics Research Division, Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology,
Tao-Yuan, 325 Taiwan
 CONTENTS

Preface xi

1. Introduction 1
Meng Hua Tsai and Chung J. Kuo

2. Holograms of Real and Virtual Point Trajectories 5

H. John Caulfield and Joseph Shamir
2.1. Introduction 5
2.2. Early Work 6
2.2.1. Brightness Problem 6
2.2.2. Longitudinal Motion Problem 7
2.3. Mathematical Analysis 8
2.3.1. Longitudinal Translation with Constant Velocity 10
2.3.2. Longitudinal Vibration 11
2.3.3. Transverse Motion with Constant Velocity 12
2.3.4. Circular Motion in a Transverse Plane 13
2.4. Analogies to Coded Aperture Imaging 14
2.5. Synthetic Recording 15
2.6. Discussion 16
2.7. Conclusions 17
References 17

3. Self-Stabilized Real-Time Holographic Recording 21

L ucila Cescato and Jaime Frejlich
3.1. Introduction 21
3.2. Fringe Stabilization System 23
3.2.1. Holographic Setup 23
3.2.2. Wave Mixing 24
3.2.3. Synchronous Detection 26
3.2.4. Feedback Optoelectronic Loop and Fringe Stabilization 27
3.2.5. Simultaneous Stabilization and Monitoring 32
ix
x CONTENTS

3.3. Applications 33
3.3.1. Self-Stabilized Holographic Recording in Photoresist
Films 33
3.3.2. Self-Stabilized Photoelectrochemical Etching of
n-InP(100) Substrates 35
3.3.3. Self-Stabilized Holographic Recording in
Photorefractive Crystals 40
References 46

4. Optical Scanning Holography: Principles and Applications 49

T ing-Chung Poon
4.1. Introduction 49
4.2. Optical Heterodyne Scanning Technique 49
4.3. Scanning Holography 52
4.4. Three-Dimensional Holographic Fluorescence Microscopy 56
4.5. Three-Dimensional Image Recognition 63
4.6. Preprocessing of Holographic Information 65
4.7. Conclusion Remarks 68
References 73

5. Tangible, Dynamic Holographic Images 77

Wendy Plesniak, Ravikanth Pappu, and Stephen Benton
5.1. Introduction 78
5.2. Context 79
5.3. Haptics and Holographic Video 80
5.4. Holographic Video System Architecture 82
5.4.1. Optical Pipeline 83
5.4.2. Computational Pipeline 83
5.5. Holo—Haptic Lathe Implementation 86
5.5.1. System Overview 86
5.5.2. Haptic Modeling and Display 88
5.5.3. Precomputed Holograms and Limited Interaction 89
5.6. Results 90
5.7. Modality Discrepancies and Cue Conflicts 92
5.7.1. Spatial Misregistration 92
5.7.2. Occlusion Violations 93
5.7.3. Volume Violations 94
5.7.4. Visual—Haptic Surface Property Mismatch 94
5.8. Implications for Mixed-Reality Design 95
5.9. Conclusions 96
References 97
 CONTRIBUTORS xi

6. Preliminary Studies on Compressing Interference Patterns

in Electronic Holography 99
Hsuan T. Chang
6.1. Introduction 99
6.2. Characteristic of Interference Pattern 100
6.3. Electronic Holography 103
6.3.1. A Novel Architecture 103
6.4. Sampling and Quantization 106
6.4.1. Uniform Quantization 107
6.4.2. Nonuniform Quantization 107
6.5. Compression of Interference Pattern 110
6.5.1. Downsizing 111
6.5.2. Subsampling 111
6.5.3. JPEG-Based Coding Technique 112
6.6. Summary 114
References 115

7. Holographic Laser Radar 119

Bradley W. Schilling
7.1. Introduction 119
7.2. Background and Theory 120
7.2.1. Holographic Recording 120
7.2.2. Point Spread Function 121
7.2.3. Image Reconstruction 122
7.3. Experimental Breadboard for Holographic Laser Radar 123
7.4. Experimental Results 125
7.5. Advanced Numerical Techniques for Holographic Data
Analysis 134
7.6. Conclusions 138
References 138

8. Photoelectronic Principles, Components, and Applications 139

Oscal T.-C. Chen, Wei-Jean Liu, Robin Sheen, Jen-Shang Hwang,
Far-Wen Jih, Ping-Kuo Weng, Li-Kuo Dai, Shiang-Feng Tang,
and Kaung-Hsin Huang
8.1. Light-Receiving Components 140
8.1.1. Principles of Photodiodes 140
8.1.2. Types of Photodiodes 141
8.2. Light-Emitting Components 144
8.2.1. Principles 144
xii CONTENTS

8.2.2. Types of Components 144

8.3. Applications of Photoelectronic Components 146
8.3.1. Image Sensors 146
8.3.2. Optical Interconnection Systems 152
8.4. Measurement Results of Photoelectronic Components 159
8.4.1. Physical Characteristics of CMOS Photodiodes 159
8.4.2. Measurements of CMOS Photodiodes 161
References 164

9. Design and Implementation of Computer-Generated Hologram

and Diffractive Optical Element 167
Ni Y. Chang and Chung J. Kuo
9.1. Sampling Issues in CGH 168
9.1.1. Fourier Hologram 169
9.1.2. Fresnel Hologram 170
9.2. Computational Issues in CGH 171
9.3. A Special Form of CGH: Kinoform 172
9.4. Design Methods for CGH and DOE 172
9.4.1. Error Reduction 174
9.4.2. Input—Output Approach 176
9.4.3. Asymmetric Transform 178
9.5. Fabrication of Computer-Generated Hologram 183
9.6. Conclusions 187
References 187

10. Is Catastrophe Analysis the Basis for Visual Perception? 191

Igor Ternovsky, Tomasz Jannson, and H. John Caulfield
10.1. Introduction 191
10.2. In Search of Perceptual Elements 191
10.2.1. Photogeometrical Manifold Description 192
10.2.2. Image Synthesis 194
10.3. Discussion 196
10.4. Methodology 200
References 201

Index 203
 PREFACE

Holography has been extensively studied for the past 50 years. With the advent
of electronic devices such as image-capturing devices [charge-coupled device
(CCD) and complementary metal—oxide—semiconductor (CMOS) sensor] and
the spatial light modulator (SLM), it is now possible to capture the interference
pattern in real time and then display it on a SLM. In other words, a
three-dimensional holographic pattern can be captured by an image-capturing
device or calculated by a computer and the three-dimensional object can then
be reconstructed by using electro-, acousto-, or magnetooptic SLM or com-
puter peripherals. Moreover, many holographic techniques were also invented
recently and attracted the attentions of researchers in photonics area.
The chapters in this book were contributed by different research groups
around the world and introduce the reader to the general concepts and
fundamental research issues of holographic techniques. Although each chapter
is self-contained, the chapters are organized in the following order: The first
part (Chapters 1—5) of the book deals with holographic techniques and related
issues. The applications and components of holographic techniques are covered
in the second part (Chapters 6—9). Finally, the stereovision technique and its
analysis are presented (Chapter 10). Due to the extensive coverage of topics in
holographic technique, this book can be used as a graduate textbook for
three-dimensional real-time holography or a reference book for researchers and
students who are working at holographic techniques. Since each chapter is
self-contained, readers can study only the chapters that are of interest to them.
We are indebted to S. A. Benton at MIT Media Laboratory, whose
encouragement during the preparation of this book is very much appreciated.
One of us (Chung J. Kuo) is indebted to his Ph.D. students Chia H. Yeh and
Yi C. Tsai for their support. Finally, secretarial support from Meei-Jy Shyong,
Yi-Jing Li, and Avon Ning is very much appreciated.

C J. K
M H T

National Chung Chang University

September 2001

xiii
 ABOUT THE EDITORS

Chung J. Kuo received B.S. and M.S. degrees in Power Mechanical Engineering
from the National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, in 1982 and 1984, respec-
tively, and a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from Michigan State
University (MSU) in 1990. He joined the Electrical Engineering Department of
the National Chung Cheng University (NCCU) in 1990 as an associate
professor and then became a full professor in 1996. He is now the chairman of
the Graduate Institute of Communications Engineering of the NCCU. Dr. Kuo
was a visiting scientist at the Opto-Electronics and System Lab, Industrial
Technology Research Institute, in 1991 and at IBM T. J. Watson Research
Center from 1997 to 1998 and a consultant to several international/local
companies. He is also an adjunct professor at the National Cheng Kung
University.
Dr. Kuo’s interests are in image/video signal processing, very large scale
integrated circuit signal processing, and photonics and is the codirector of the
Signal and Media (SAM) Laboratory at NCCU. He has received the Distin-
guished Research Award of the NCCU (1998), the Overseas Research Fellow-
ship of the National Science Council (NSC) (1997), the Outstanding Research
Award of the College of Engineering, NCCU (1997), the Medal of Honor of
the NCCU (1995), the Research Award of the NSC (every year since 1991), the
Best Engineering Paper Award of Taiwan’s Computer Society (1991), the
Electrical Engineering Fellowship of MSU (1989), and the Outstanding Aca-
demic Achievement Award of MSU (1987). He was a guest editor for two
special sections of Optical Engineering and an invited speaker and program
committee chairman and member for several international/local conferences.
He also serves as an associate editor of the IEEE Signal Processing Magazine
and president of the SPIE Taiwan Chapter (1998—2000). Dr. Kuo is a member
of Phi Kappa Phi, Phi Beta Delta, IEEE, OSA, and SPIE and is listed in W ho’s
W ho in the World.

Meng Hua Tsai received her B.S. degree in Engineering Science from the
National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, in 1991, and M.S. and
Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Michigan State University
(MSU), East Lansing, MI, in 1995 and 1999, respectively. During her stay at
MSU, she received both the Teaching Assistantship from the Department of
xv
xvi ABOUT THE EDITORS

Electrical Engineering and Research Assistantship from the College of Engin-

eering. She also worked as a research assistant in the Electronic and Surface
Properties of Materials Center at MSU from 1998 to 1999.
In 1999, she joined the Graduate Institute of Communications Engineering
of the National Chung Cheng University (NCCU), Chia-Yi, Taiwan, for
postdoctoral research and is involved in the design and optimization of
free-space optical communication system for chip-to-chip interconnection. She
is now an assistant professor in the Department of Information Technology,
Toko University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, and also an adjunct assistant professor at
the NCCU since 2000. Her current research interests include modeling and
characterization of plasma sources for semiconductor processing, optoelec-
tronic devices, and fiber-optic communication systems.
 INDEX
Acousto-optic modulators (AOMs), 83,
123
Analysis by catastrophes (ABC), 191
Charge-coupled device (CCD), 139
Cheopes imaging system, 83
CMOS photodiodes, physical
characteristics of, 159
Coded aperture imaging, 14
Computer-generated hologram (CGH),
82, 167
Computer generation, 5
Cue conflicts, 92
Data reduction, 194
Diffractive optical element (DOE),
Digital desk, 80
Digital holography, 12 1 - 122
Downsizing, 111
Edge-illuminated hologram, 80
Encryption, 6
Error reduction, 174
Fast Fourier transform (FFT), 123
First-harmonic feedback, 28
Fourier hologram, 169
Fringe stabilization, 23
Fresnel hologram, 170
Fresnel zone pattern (FZP), 52, 119,
123-124
Haptics
display, 88
modeling, 88
Harmonic feedback, 28
Heterodyne scanningimage processor,
Fresnel zone pattern, 52
Holo-haptic
display, 86
lathe, 86
system,77
Holographic interferometry, 11, 43
Holographic stereogram,85
Holography
3D holographic microscopy, 49
3D image display, 70
3D image recognition, 49
3D movies, 70
3D preprocessingand coding, 49
cosine-Fresnelzone pattern hologram,
167 52
electronic holography, 49, 100, 119
optical scanning holography, 49
real-time holography, 119
sine-Fresnelzone pattern hologram,
52
TV transmissionof holographic
information, 72
twin-image, 52
twin-image noise, 56
Homeomorphic mapping, 196
Horizontal-parallax-only (HPO), 82
IlluminatingLight, 80
Image reconstruction
numerical image reconstruction, 122
optical image reconstruction, 122
Image sensor,146
Integral harmonic feedback, 30
Interference pattern, compressionof, 110
Interferometers, 23
203
204 INDEX

Isomorphic mapping, 196 Primary element complete set (PECS),

194
JPEG-based coding, 112
Quantization
Kinoform, 172
nonuniform, 107
uniform, 107
Laser radar, 119
Light emitting diode (LED), -144
Read-out circuit, 150
MERES, 184 Relativity, 5
MetaDesk, 80 Rigorous coupled-wave analysis, 178
MIT second-generation holographic
video system, 81 Second harmonic feedback, 29
Mixed-reality, 95 Self-stabilized holographic recording, 33,
Modal mismatch, 91 40
Modality discrepancies, 92 Self-stabilized photoelectrochemical
Motion, 7 etching, 35
Multimodal, 87 Spatial light modulator (SLM), 15, 70,
122
Nano Workbench, 79 Spatial misregistration, 92
Subsampling, 111
Occlusion violations, 93 Synchronous detection
Optical heterodyne scanning technique,
acousto-optical frequency shifter, 50
Three-dimensional, 5
Optical holography
Three-dimensional holographic
lateral resolution, 63
fluorescence microscopy,
longitudinal resolution, 63
photobleaching, 56
Optical interconnection, 152
Three-dimensional image recognition
Optical microscopy
complex hologram, 64
holographic fluorescence microscope,
correlation, 64
59
data acquisition and processing, 63
numerical aperture, 6 1
holographic correlation, 72
scanning confocal microscope, 56
image matching, 72
Optical scanning holography (OSH),
medical imaging and recognition, 63
119. See also Holography
microscopy, 63
optical remote sensing, 63
Phantom Haptic Interface, 8 1
robotic vision, 63
Photodiode, 141
Three-dimensional printer, 90
Photogates, 150
Trajectory, 5
Photoreceiver, 153
Pinwhell cell grouping, 196
Point, 5 Vertical cavity surface-emitting laser
Point spread function (PSF), 121 (VCSEL), 145
Preprocessing of holographic Virtual lathe, 79
information Volume violations, 94
difference-of-Gaussian function, 68
edge extraction, 68 World line, 5
m2-Gaussian shape, 68 WYSIWYF, 79