Machinery - 507 Mechanical Movements (Hydraulics, Pneumatics, Steam Engines, Gearing, Presses, Misc Machinery) - Brown Vb1871

CORNELL
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
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DATE DUE
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OCT I
G4YLOIID "Rt NTKO IN U . S . A .
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Cornell University Library
TJ 180.887
Rttiiiilililiiil
3 1924 022 807 055 •
FIVE HUNDRED AND SEVEN
MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS, -
E~IIJR.\ CI'°'G
ALL TH OSE \VH ICH ARE :\10ST l:\IPORTANT IN
DYNAMICS, HYDRAULICS, HYDROSTATICS, PNEUMATICS, STEAM

ENGINES, MILL AND OTHER GEARING, PRESSES, HOROLOGY,
AND MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY; ·
A~D IKCLt;DI ~ G
l\,IANY ~IOVE:\IE~TS NEVER BEFORE P UBLISHED,
A l'iD
SEVERA L \VHICH H.-\. VE ONLY RECENTLY CO:\iIE IN1'0 ·USE.
~y
HENRY T. BROWN,
EDIT O R OF TH E ''AMERI C A:-- A RTISAN. 11
NE\V-YORK:
P U RLI SH E D BY B R O \V N , C O O 1'1 B S & C O . ,
OFFICE OF THE "..\).! ERIC.AK .-\RTISAN,"
189 BROAD\V A Y. !'

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187 I.
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E::-Tl':RED according to Act of Congress, in the year 1868, by
HE'.\'RY T. IlRO\\"X,
In the Clerk's Oflicc of the Di,;trict Court of the United States far the Southern District of
New Y ork.
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PREFACE.
THF. ,~ant of a comprehensive collection of illustrations and descriptions

of ~IECHANICAL :\fOVE:\IE"'TS has long been seriously felt by artisans, inventors,
and stude nts of the n1echanic arts. It was the knowledge of this ,vant ,vhich
induced the com pilation of the collection here presented. The moven1ents
which it contains have been already illustrated and described in occasional°
instalhne nts scattered through five volumes of the AMERICAN ARTISAN, by the
readers of which their publi(;;ation was received with so much favor as was
believed to warrant the expense of their reproduction, with some revision, in a
separate volun1e.
~fore than one-fou rth of the movements-many of purely Ame.rican o r igin-
have never previously appeared in any published co llection. Although the
collection
. embraces about three times as 111anv . movements as have ever been
contained in any previous American publication, it has not been the object of
the compiler to n1erely swell the .number. but he has e ndeavored to select
only such as may be of r eally practical value; and with this end in view, he
has rejected many which are fnund in nearly all the previously published col-
lections, but which he has considered only applicable to some exceptional war.t.
Owing to the selection of these m ovements at such intervals as could be
snatched fron1 professional duties which admitted of no postponement, :!nd. to
the engravings having been made fro m time to time for immediate publication,
the classification of the movements is not as perfect as the compiler could have
desired; yet it is believed that th is deficiency is more than compens:1ted for
by the copiousness of the Index, and the entirely novel arrangement of the ill us-
trations and the descriptive lette rpress on opposite pages, which make the col-
lection-large and comprehensive as it is - more convenient for re;ference than
any previous one.
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I. ME.CH A~ICAL MOVEMENTS.
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IND-EX
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I W"· I N this INDEX the numerals do not indicate the pages, but they refer to the
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.) engr,rvi11gs and the t1111nbered paragraplu. Each page of the letter~press contains a!l ' I
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. i- .. the descriptive m:itter appertaining to the illustrations 1vhich L1ce it.
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A. , Cra11k. ~\1bstitutcs for th.?, 3 >, 11'>. 123, 15~. 157, 16 7, J:>4·
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\ .11!:olipil e, 47 4- I \'a ria ble, 94-
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1 I ~ranks, 9 2, tJ~ 98, J ~ 131, 145, 14(;. 15S, 15~, 1~ 17.s, 17<>, !
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B. : 2ZO, ~30, 2Jt, 26$, 279, 3~ '40l.
! bell, 126, 154, ts(>, 157.
,··, . lI Balance, compensation, .319,
'Barometer, 501. I compouncl, 168, 169.
I Blower, Ca,,, 497· i Cydograph, 40.,, 404-
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! Brake, .frictioo, 2.4:a. ;
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c. i Dlfferenliaf rnovc nu:!n ls. 5;,. 5~! _; ) . <~ 6 1, V~ 26<>, z6+··
I D rag-link, 031. · .
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·Cams. 95, ¢,,:,97, 111, ·130, 138, 149, .•so. 165, 217, zp., r,6. '. Drill, 359- i!
··, .... , ' Capstans. 412, 491 . fiddle, I :lf . ..
.Centro:inead, .,.•oS p ers1.1n.
· r 1z.
Clutclies, 47, 4';, 5.1.. 53, :¢1. · Drills. cramp. J l '>o 3So. .j
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Chase.-5, 375· · D rop. S5- I
Oan1ps, bench, 174, 18o, 381. Drum and rope, 1 34- !
,, .. screw, 1qo.
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' Driver,
· pt·1e, 051. 1l ·
·.1·· Cock,'. iour-way, 395- · : Dynamc,,neten;., ? ~4, 372. I,
,'I-· Cofunm, o.sciilatin g, 4-45, 4-t6. E.
) Cnmpa.5-.ses, proportion, 40 J· !:
{ Cou_nters of revolu1io11,;, 63, 64. 65, 66, 6 ; . 68, 6'), -;o. 71. : Eccentrics, SQ. <p, 91, 135, 137. ·
t · ·.. Coyplmg. union, 24$. i Ejectors, bil~, 475, 476..
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I MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS . v I
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j E:lipso~aph, 152. Gearing, variable, 38. i
Engine, disk, 347. worm, 29, 31, 64, 66, 67, 143, 151, 202.
''· Engines, rotary, 425, 4z6, 417, 428, 429- Governors, 147, 161, 162, 163, 170, 274, 287, 357.
steam, 175, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 3.H , Guides, 326, 327, 330, 331.
335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 341, 344, ! Gyroscope, 355.
345, 346, 421, 422, 423, 424. ! H.
valve gear for, 89, 90, 91, u 7, 135, 137, 150, 171, [ Hammer, atmospheric, 471.
179, 181, 13~, 183, 1S4, 1S5, 1S6, :87, 188, 189,
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! bell, 420.
286, 418. I compressed air, 472.
Epicyciic trains, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507. I ste~m, 47.
Escapements, 234, 238, 288, 289, 290, 291, 29::, 293, 294, 295, j Ha~11ners, trip, 72, 353.
z.')6, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, Heltcograph, 384-
3()6, 307, 3o8, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314,
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396, 1 Hook, beat-detaching, 492.
402. \ releasing, 251.
Hooks, centrifugal check, 253-
F.
H ypcrbolas, instrument for dra,ving, 405.
Fountain, H iero's, 464.
l'' usees, 46, 35&
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G.
II I nterm1ttent
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Gasometers, 9, 8o.
47 4
Gauge, bisecting, ,po.
Gauges, pressure, 4()3. 499, So"·
I movements, 63, 64, 6 5, 66, 6 7, 68, (>9, 70, 71 , 73 ,
74, 75, 76, 88, 211, 235, 241, 364, 39-'l.
Gear, steering, 490. ! J·

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G earing, b eve,1 7, 43, 49, 53, 74, 200, 2:?6, 4?3· Ii Jack, hydrostatic, 467.
lifting, 38q.
b rus h, 28.
capstan, 412.
conical, 37.
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Joint, ball and socket, 249-
bayonet,_ 245.
crown, .26, 2 19- u01versa1, 51.
1 L.
eccentric, 219, 222. .
elliptical, 33, 35, 221. L adder, foldin~, 3~
face, S+ 1; self-adJustmg, 387.
fr:ction, 28, 32, 45, 4 13. I Lazy-tongs, 144.
intermittent, 63, 64, 65, 66, 6;, 63, 69, 7o, 7,., 73, 74, I Level, self-recording, 41 t.
75, ;6, 77, 7s, 79, So, 81,s~.s3, 84- ! Lever, be:1-crank or elbow, 1.?6, 155, 156, 157.
internal, 34, 55, 57· I . k nee, , 64.
irregular, 201. 1Lewis, 493·
multiple, 27. j Link, detachable chain, 399-
mutilated, 74, 114.
M.
scroll, 191, 414-
sector, 38. Machine, Bohnenberger's, 356.
I. spur, 24. drilling, -.¢,6.
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step, 44- po'.ishing, 370, 393-
stud, 19;. I punching, 140.
; sun and planet, 39- warp-dressing, 383-
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. MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.
Main, flexible water, 468. I Pulleys, 18, 19, 20. "• 22, 23, 58, 59, 6o, 61, 6z, 2.43, 255,
Maintaining power, 3:w, 321. j 250, 057, 258, 259, 267.
Meter, gas (wet) 481; (dry) 48J. ! anti-friction bearing for, 270,
water, «<>- l chain, 2,7, u8, 229,
Mill, Barker's, 438. ,l Pump, air, 473-
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tread, 317· II beljows, 453.
wind, 435, 486. chain, 462.
Miscellaneous movements, 101, 120, 153, 172, 173, 1')6, 203, I diaphr~m, 454-
20.,. 210, 217, 218, 232, 235, 247, 252, 261, 26z, I steam-siphon, 476.
'63, 265, 273, 231, 232, 348, J6o, 363, 38 5, J<)0, 1Pumps, double-acting, 452, 453.
H•, 415, 417, 447, 46,>, 43+ force, 450, 451, 452.
Motion, l\lternating traverse, 1-.:i. I lift, 448, 4-49.
rocking, 419, j rotary, 455, 4.,6.
sel f-reversing, 87. ; Punching machine, 140.
shuttle, 397. I R
Motions, feed, 9,1, 121, 15s, 284, 388, 400- · R k l • 8
. k · ; ac , mange, 19 7, 19 , 199-
l111t171 , 15. 8 . .
g j muttlated, 26<).
pan II e I, 32 , 329, 33~, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 33S• . R k d · ·
. ac s an puuons, 81, 113, 114, 115, 118, 119, 127, 139,
33J, 340, 341, 343-
; 197, 198, 199, 269, 283.
P'""l', 86, 127, 2S3-
: Ram, Montg1>lfier's water, 444-
traverse, 350, 362.
Yari:i.b~e traverse, 122, i is, 1•2, 17&.
! Ratchets and pawls, 49, 75, 76, 78, 79, So, 82, 206, 225, 236,
' 271.
l Regulator, gas, -482.
p
i watch, 318.
1 Reversing mot'ton, self, 87.
Pantograph, 246. 'J R evolver, ~n.
P arabolas, iMtrument fur drawing, ~ Rollers, oblique, 20,, 365-
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Paradox, mechanical, 5"4· I Rolls, anti-~iction, 250.
Pcnduh,rn, conic:il, 315- I d.a wmg, 496
Pendulums, 31 5, 316, 317, 36g. ! feed, , 95, 207, 3$8.
o:>mpenS2tion, 316, 31,- ! Ruler,;, parallel, 322, 323, 3z4, 325, 349, 367.
Pinion, 81, r:;. i
la.nten., 19J- I s
mutila1ed, 11+
slotted, 208.
isa..·,
i endless band, ···-
t1A·o-toothed, 205, gig, 392.
PO\'ler, horse, 376. , pendulum, 378.
Presses, 105, 132, 133, 16+ ; Screw, Archimedes', 443.
hyd~static, 466. differential, 266.
Propeller, screw, 488. , double reversed, 1o8.
Pulley, expanding, 224- jI micrometer, 1 t 1.
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friction, 21",7.• I Scre\\-s, 102, 103, ro~ 10s, 109, 112, 202, 2ss.
Pulleys, 1, 2, 3, 4, S, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, u, 1.2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, I endless, 31, 6.(:66, 67, 143, 195, 207, 275,
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MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS,
Screws, right-and-left hand, , ,o, 151. w !

Sectors, toothed, 130, 133, 223, ..s... Water, machines for raising, H~, 441, 442, +13, 4+1, '457, I
See-saw, 363- <458, 459, <46o, 461.
Shears, 130. Weir, self-acting, 463.
Stamps, 85, 351. Wheel, cnm, 136. \.
Stand, mirror, 382. lantern, 233. II
Stop for hoisting ai;paratus, 27:!. Persian, « 1 .
for lantern wheels, 233.
for ratchet wheels, 240 .
pin, 208.
rag, 237.
II
for spur gear, 239. sprocket, 2 54-
Stops for ,.;uding watches, 212, 213, 214, 215- steering, '490·
waved; 165.
Wheels, crown, a:6, 219, 237.
.' T mangle, 36, 192, 193, 194, 371•
paddle, 487, 489-
i Test, friction, 373.
water, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438.
Throstle, s pinning, 4<)6.
Toggle-joint, 1 40. Windlass, Chinese, 129, 352.
friction, 28o.
Tongs, lifting, 494-
I Trap, steam, 477, 478.

Treadles, 82, 158, 159, 16o, 374, 401, 416. I
Wincl·mills, 485, 486.
Wipers, 85, 128.
MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.
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1. Illustrates the tr.1:1smission of power by up the slack, the belt transmits motion from '
simple pulleys and an open belt. In this one of the larger pulleys to the other ; but
case both of the pulleys rot1te in the same when it is not, the belt is so slack as not to
direction. transmit motion.
2. D1"ffiers firom 1 1n · t11e su b s t"t
I u t"ion o f a l 6. By giving a vibratory . . motion to the .
crossed b eIt 1orr
t 11e open one. 1n tl. us · case
· of ro t a t.10n o f ti1e pu lley•s 1·s re·
• t 11e d"irection
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, lever secured to the semi-circular segment,
the belt
. attached
. to the said
. segment imparts
verse d . a reciprocating rotary motton to the two pul- ·
By arranging . th ree pu11eys, s1.d e by s1·cte, leys
· below. . . .
upon t h e s h a1r.t, t o b e d nven,
· ti1e m"ddle
1 one 7· A method
. of engaging, disengaging,
. and reversmg the upright shaft at the left.
fast and the other two loose upon 1t, and Th b It . h h "ddl f h
.
usmg both a1; open and a crossed belt, the e e 1s s own on t e m1 e one o t e
direction of the said shaft is enabled to be three pulleys on the lower shafts, a, b, which
reversed without stopping or revers:ng the pulley is loose, and consequently no move-
ment is communicated to the said shafts. ·
df; river.ll Onedbellt wihll always rufntlonl the When the belt is traversed on the left-hand
ast pu ey, an t 1e ot er on one o 1e oose . .
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pu11eys. The s h a fit w1-11 b e d nven
· ·in one d"1- pulley, which 1s fast on the hollow shaft, b,
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i · 1 ~t11er, alcc~rditng Jals th e open
rect1on ord tb1el
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carrying the bevel-gear, :8, motion is com-
I municated in one direction to the upright
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or crosse e t is on t 1e 1as pu ey.
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shaft ; and on tts bemg traversed on to the
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3· A metho:i of transm,ttmg motion from
a sha~t at right angles to another, by means
ri<Tht-hand pulley motion is transmitted
I thc;_ough the gear,' A, fast on the shaft, a,
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t ! of gmde-pulleys. There are two of these which runs inside of b and the direction of
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. ' pulleys, side by side, 'One for each leaf of the the upright shaft is re:ersed .
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II :: belt. i 8. Speed-pulleys used for lathes and other
' 4- A method of transmitting motion from i mechanical tools, for varying the speed ac-
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a shaft at right angles to another whose axis cording to the work operated upon.
I I is in the same phne. This is shown with a · 9. Cone-pulleys for the same purpose as
I I crossed belt. An open belt may be used, 8. This motion is used in cotton machin-
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but the crossed one is preferable, as it gives ery, and in all machines which are required
more surface of contact. · j to run with a gradually increast;d or dimin-
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5. Resembles 1, with the addition of a ished speed.
; movable tio-htenino- . pulley' B. When this iI 10. Is a modification of 9, the pulleys be-
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pulley is pressed against the band to take / ing of different shape.
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MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. I I
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11. I
Another method of effecting the same arate loose pulleys, or a series of grooves
result as 3, without guide-pulleys.
,
lI can be cut· in a solid block, the diameters
! being made in proportion to the speed of the
1 :?. Simple pulley used for lifting weights. rope ; that is, I, 3, :ind 5 for one block, and
In this the power mus t be equal to the weight 2, 4, and 6 for the other. Power as I to 7.
to obtain equilibrium.
16 and 17. Are what are known as Span-

1 3. In this the lower pulley is movable. . h b t
1 1s ar ons.
One end of the rope being fixed, the other I
must n1ove twice as fast as the weight, and I
18. Is a combination of two fixed pulleys
a corresponding gain of power is conse-
and one 1novable pulley.
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auentlv .
effected.
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· 14. Blocks and tackle. The power ob- 19, 20, 21, and 22. Are different arrange-
I tained by this contrivance is calculated as ments of pulleys. The following rule applies
l follows: Divide the weight by double the : to these pulleys :-In a system of pulleys
number of pulleys in the lower block; the where each pulley is embraced by a cord at-
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quotient is the power required to balance I tached at one end to a fixed point and at the
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the weight. other to the center of the movable pulley, the
II j effect of the whole will be= the number z,

15. Represents what are known as \Vhite's n1 ultiplied by itself as many times as there
I pulleys, which can either be made with sep- are movable pulleys in the systeui.
MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. "I 3 '
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z3. A contrivance for transmitting rotary z7. "Multiple gearing "-a recent invelh- ,'
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motion to a movable puiley. The pulley · tion_ The smaller triangular wheel drive\
at the bottoin of the figure is the movable the larger one by the movement of its atl
one ; if this pulley were raised or depressed, I tached friction-rollers in the radial grooves.
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the belt would be slackened or tightened I
accordingly. In order to keep a uniform 28. These are sometimes called "brush-
tension on the belt, a ()ullev A carried in a wheels-'' The relative speeds can be varied
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frame slidinrr between !!Uides (not shown) - by changing the distance of the upper wheel
o o '
hangs from a rope passing over the two from the center of the lower one. The one
guide-pulleys, B, B, and is acted upon by r drives the other by the friction or adhesion,
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the balance weight, C, in such manner as to and this may be increased by facing the lower
produce the desired result. one with india-rubber.
z4. Spur-gears. 29. Transmission of rotary motion from

one shaft at right angles to another. The
25. _Bevel-gears. Those of equal diame- spiral thread of the disk-wheel drives the
ters are termed "miter-gears." spur-gear, moving it the distance of one
tooth at every revolution.
26. The wheel to the right 1s termed a
"crown-wheel;" that gearing with, it is a 30. Rectangular gears. These produce a
spur-gear. These wheels are not much used, rotary motion of the driven gear at a varying
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and are only available for light work, as the speed. They were used on a printing-press,
teeth of the crown-wheel must necessarily be the type of which were placed on,.a rectangu-
thin. lar roller.
MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 15
31. \Vorm or endless screw and a worm- I from their application to mangle~onverts
wheel. This effects the same result as 29 ; ! continuous rotary motion of pinion into rc-
and as it is more easily constructed, it is ! ciprocating rotary motion of wheel. The
oftener used. shaft of pinion has a vibratory motion, ancl
32. Friction-wheels. The surfaces of I works in a straight slot cut in the upright
these wheels are m 1 de rough, so as to bite I stationary bar to allow the pinion to rise and
as much as possible ; one is sometimes faced fall a,nd work inside and outside of the gear-
with leather,or, better, with vulcanized india- ing of the wheel. The slot cut in the face of
rubber. the mangle-wheel and following its outline is i
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to receive and guide the piniol).-sh1ft and
33. Elliptical spur-gears. These are used keep the pinion in gear.
where a rotary motion of varying speed is
required, and the variation of speed is de- 37. Uniform into variable rotary motion.
termined by the relation between the lengths The bevel-wheel or pinion to the left has
of the major and 1ninor axes of the ellipses. teeth cut through the whole width of its face.
34- An internally toothed spur-gear ~nd
I ts teeth work with a spirally arranged series
of studs on a conical wheel.
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p1n1on. \Vith ordinary spur-gears (such as I
· represented in 24) the direction of rotation is 33. A means of converting rotary motion,
opposite; but with the internally toothed by which the speed is made uniform during
gear, the two rotate in the same direction ; a part, and varied during another part, of the
and with the same strength of tooth the revolution.
gears are capable of transmitting greater
force, because more teeth are engaged. 39. Sun-and-planet motion. The spur-
gear to the right, called the planet-gear, is
35·. Variable rotary motion produced by tied to the center of the other, or sun-gear,
uniform rotary motion. The small spur- by an arm which preserves a constant dis-
pinion works in a slot cut in the bar, which tance between their centers. This was used
turns loosely upon the shaft of the elliptical as a substitute for the crank in a steam en-
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gear. The bearing of the pinion-shaft has gine by James Watt, after the use of the
applied to it a spring, which keeps it en- crank had been patented by another party.
Ii gaged ; the slot in the bar is to allow for the 1, Each revolution of the planet-gear, which is 1
.i·
.,
variation of length of radius of the elliptical rigidly attached to the connecting-r9d, gives i;
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gear. two to the sun-gear, which is keyed to the '
36. Mangle-wheel and pinion-so called fly-wheel shaft.
40 and 41. Rotary converted into rotary I of the spring as it uncoils itself. The chain
motion. The teeth of these gears, "being I is on t]1e small diameter of the fusee when
oblique, give a more continuous bearing the watch · is wound up, as the spring has
than ordin,ary spur-gears. then the greatest force.
42 and 43. Different kinds of gears fo, 1 · 47· A frictional clutch-box, thrnwn in and
transmitting rotary motion from one shaft Iout_ o~ gear by the lever. at the ~ttom.
to another arranged obliquely thereto. T his 1s used for connectmg and discon-
necting heavy machinery. The eye of the
disk to the right has a slot which slides upon ·
a long key or feather fixed on the shaft.
44- A kind of gearing used to transmit
great force and give a continuous bearing to
the teeth. Each wheel is composed of two,
three, or more distinct spur-gears. The 48. Clutch-box. The p1n1on at the top
teeth, instead of being in line, are arranged gives a continuous Fotary motion to the gear
in steps to give a continuous bearing. This below, to which is attached halfthe clutch,
system is sometimes used for driving screw and both turn loosely on the shaft. \Vhen
propellers, and sometimes, with a rack of it is desired to give motion to the shaft, the
similar character, to drive the beds of large other part of the clutch, which slides upon a
iron-planing machines. . key or feather fixed in the shaft, is thrust
into gear by the lever.
45. Frictional grooved gearing-a com-

I 49. Alternate circular motion of the hori-
parativel! r~<:ent invention. Th~ dia~m zontal shaft produces a continuous rotary
to the nght 1s an enlarged section, wh1ch motion of the vertical ' shaft, by means of
can be more easily understo'.:>d. · I the ratchet-wheels secured to the bevel-
gears, the ratchet-teeth of the two wheels
being set opposite ways, and the pawls act-
46. Fusee chain and spring-box, being ing in opposite directions. T he bevel-gears
the prime mover in some watches, particu~ and ratchet-wheels are loose on the shaft,
l larly of English make. The fusee to the and the pawls attached to arms firmly se-
right is to comP<:nsate for the loss of force cured on the shaft.
, ---·~~~~~~~~~~~-~~--~~~~~~~~~~~-'-~~~-'-~~~~~~~~·
- - - - -- - - -- - - - ------------------ - -- - - - - - - -- - -
50 and 51. Two kinds ot universal joints. I opposite directions by the bands, and at the
• l same time will impart motion to the inter-
52· Another kind of clutch-box. The I mediate pinion at the bottom both around
disk-wheel to the right has two. holes, corre- ! its own center and also around' the common
sponding to the studs fixed in the other I center of the two concentric «ears.
disk · and beino- pressed against it, the ; 0
stud; ente~ the l1oles, when the two disks i 58. For transmitting three different speec!s
rotate together. 1 by gearing. The lower part of the band 1s
. ; shown on a loose pulley. The next pulley
53. The vertical ;;haft is made to drive the I is fixed on the main shaft, on the other end
horizontal one in either direction, as may be I of which is fixed a small spur-gear. The
desired, by means of the double-clutch and 1 next pulley ;s fixed on a hollow shaft run-
bevel-gears. The gears o~ the. horizon~al ; ning on the main shaft, and there is se-
shaft are loose, and are <lnven in opposite f cured to it a second spur-gear, larger than
directions by the third gear ; the double- I the first. The fourth and last pulley to the
II clutch slides upon a key or feather fixed on ! left is fixed on another hollow shaft running
the horizontal shaft, which is made to ro- I loosely on the last-named, on the other end
I' tate either to the right or left, according to ! of which is fixed the still larger spur-gear
the side on which it is engaged. nearest to the pulley. As the band is made
I 54. l\1angle or star-wheel, for producing to traverse from one pulley to another, it
an alternating rotary motion. transmits three different velocities to the
11 shaft below.
I i
55. Different velocity given to two gears,
A and C on the same shaft, by the pinion, 59· For transmitting two speledsl
by gear-
l
D ' · incr. The band is shown on t 1e oose pu -
I ·
o
ley-thc left-hand one of the lower three.
56. Used for throwing in and out of gear The middle pulley is fixed on the same shaft
the speed-motion on lathes. On depressing. as the small pinion, and the pulley to the
the lever, the shaft of the large wheel !s ! right on a hollow shaft, on the end of which
drawn backward by reason of the slot in is fixed the large spur-gear. When the band
which it slides being cut eccentrically to the : is on the middle pulley a slow motion is
center or fulcrum of the lever, transmitted to the shaft below ; buc when it
57. The small pulley at the top being the · is on the right_-hand pulley a ~uick speed is
driver, the large, internally-toothed gear and ] given, proportionate to the diameter of the
the concentric gear within will be driven in I gears.
-,-. ---- ---- -
60. For transmitting two speeds by means of I 64- Another arrangement of jumping motion.
belcs. There are four pulleys on the lower shaft, [ lvlotion is communicated to worm-gear, B, by
the two outer ones being loose and the two inner ; worm or endless screw at the bottom, which is
ones fast. The band to the left is shown on its , fixed upon the driving-shaft. Upon the shaft
loose pulley, the one to the right on its fast one ; r carrying the worm-gear works another hollow
a slow motion is consequently transmitted to : shaft, on which is fixed cam, A. A short piece
!
lower shaft. \Vhen band to the right is moved of this hollow shaft is half cut awav. A pin
on to its loose pulley, and left-hand one on to its I fixed in worm-gear shaft turns hollO\v shaft and
fast pulley, a quic_ke_r motion is transmitted._ 1 cam, the spring whic_h presses. on c~m. hol<!ing
,i. 6r. For transm1ttmg t~vo speeds, one a differ- ; hollow shaft back agamst the pm until 1t arnves
l ential motion. The band is shown on a loose i a little further than shown in the figure, when,
t pulley 01~ lower shaft. The middle pulley is i the direct.ion of the pressure being changed by
i fast on said sh:ift, and has a small bevel-gear se- I the peculiar shape of cam, the latter falls dbwn
l
cured to its hub. Pulley on the right, which, ; suddenly, independently of worm-wheel, and re-
like that on the left, is loose on shaft, carries, ' mains at rest till the pin overtakes it, when the
transversely, another bevel-gear. A third bevel- i' same action is repeated.
gear, loose ';!Pon _the shaft, is held by a fricti~:m- 1 • 65. The left-hand _dis~ or wheel, C, is the driv-
band which 1s weighted at the end. On movmg ! mg-wheel, upon which 1s fixed the tappet, A.
band on middle pulley a simple motion is the re- i The other disk or wheel, D, has a series of equi-
sult, but when it is moved to right-hand pulley distant studs projecting from its face. Every ro-
'1
a double speed is given to shaft. The friction- tation of the tappet acting upon one of the studs
band o_r cur)) on the third bevel-gear is to ;:illow i in tht; wheel, D, causes the latter wheel to_move
it to shp a· little on a sudden change of speed. I the distance of one stud. In order that this may
62. For transmitting two speeds, one of which not be exceeded, a lever-like stop is arranged
'''
1·
is a different and variable motion. This is very , on a fixed center. This stop operates in a notch
i similar to the last, except in the third bev~l-gear j cu~ in wheel, C, _and at the instant tappet, A,
i beino- attached to a fourth pulley, at the nght of stnkes a stud, said notch faces the lever. As
the ~ther three, and driven by a band from a [ wheel, D, rotates, the end between studs is thrust
sm:ill pulley on shaft a1.>ove. \Vhen left-h,rncl I out, and the other extremity enters the notch ;
belt is on the pulley carryin~ the 111iddle bevel- but immediately on the tappet leaving stud, the
'1
g~ar, ~ncl pulley at the n ght tu_rns in the sa!lle , )e,·er is again forced ~p in front of next. stud, a~d
directJOn, the amount of rotation of the third 1 1s there held by periphery of C pressmg on its
bevel-«ear must be ded~cted from the double I other encl. ·
speed ~vhich the shaft would have if this gear I 66. A modification of64; a weight, D, attached
was at rest. If, on the contrary, the right-hand ; to an ar m secured in the shaft of the worm-gear,
belt be crossed so as to turn the pulley in an op- ; being used instead of spring and cam.
posite direction, that amount must be added. I 67. Another modification of 64 ; a weight or
63. Jumpin,Y or intermittent rotary motion, 't tumbler, E, secured on the hollow s haft, being
used for mete~s and revolution-counters. The used instead of spring and cam, and operating
drop and attached pawl, carried. by a spring at ; in combination with pin, C, in the shaft of
the left, are lifted by pins in the disk at the right. I worm-gear.
Pins escape first from pawl, which drops into I 68. T he single tooth, A, of the driving-wheel,
next space of the star-wheel. \Vhen pin escapes I B, acts in the notches of the wheel, C, and turns
from drop, spring throws clown suddenly the l the latter the distance of one notch in every
drop, the pin on which strikes. the 1:awl! which, 1 revolution of C. N? ~top is necessary in this
bv its action on star-wheel, rapidly gives 1t a por- , movement, as the dnvmg-wheel, B, serves as a
tion of a revolution. T his is repeated as each : lock by fitting into the hollows cut in the cir-
- -
pin passes.
- - - ----- - --- - -- --- --- - -·--·
cumference of the wheel, C, between its notches.
., .._._ - ·- ----- ------- · - - _ ___,
- - - ---- - ---- ·- -···---•"' ---- ·····- ... ... ... ·---····· -······-········------·- ---------·- --
69. B, a small wheel with one tooth, is : tached to a fixed support. As the wheel,
the driver, and the circumference entering i D, revolves, the spring, B, passes under the
between the teeth of the wheel, A, serves as 1 strong spring, C, which presses it into a
I
a lock or stop while the tooth of the small ; tooth of the ratchet-wheel, A, which is thus
wheel is out of operation. made to rotate. The catch-spring, B, being
released on its escape from the strong
. . I spring, C, allows the wheel, A, to remain
. 70. The dri_ving-wheel, ~' has a r(m, shown , at rest till D has made another revolution.
1n dotted outline, the exterior of which serves 1 The spring, C, serves as a stop.
as a bearing and stop for the studs on the i
other wheel, A, when the tappet, B, is out J . . . .
of contact with the studs. An opening in I 74- A un1(orm 1nterm1ttent rotary motion
this rin1 serves to allow one stud to pass in in opposite directions is g;ven to the ~evel-
I'
and another to pass out. The tappet is op- 1 gears, A and B, by means of the mutilated
posite the middle of this opening. bevel-gear, C.
. . 75. Reciprocating rectiiinear motion of

71. The
.
inner circumference
.
(shown
. .
by , h d C t 't . t 'tt t · cu
, t e ro , , ransm1 s an 1n erm1 en cir -
dotted hoes) of the nm .of the dnv1ng-wheel,
.
. to t he whee1, A , by means of the
:i 1ar motion
B' serves as a lock against which two of the I; paw1 B at t he end o f th e v1'b rat1nrr-
· · l>ar, D .
studs in the wheel, C, rest until the tappet, ,I ' ' b
A, striking one of the studs, th: next one j

below passes out from the guard-nm through I 76. Is another contrivance for registering
the lower notch, and another stud enters the : or counting revolutions. A tappet, B, sup-
rim through the upper notch. I ported on the fixed pivot, C, is struck at
I every revolution of the large wheel (partly
. . I represented) by a stud, D, attached to the
72 . Js a tilt-hammer. motion, the revolu-
. . sat.d w hee1. Th"1s causes t11e end o f th e tap-
tion of the cam or wiper-wheel,
. . B, hftmg pet next the rateh et-w h ee1, A , to b e l'ft I e
d,
the hammer, A, four times 1n each revolu- an d to turn th e w h ee1 t he a·1stance of one
tion. tooth. The tappet returns by its own weight
to its origjnal position after the stud, D, has
73. To the.driving-wheel, D, is secured a passed, the end being jointed to permit it
I
bent spring, B ; another spring, C, is at- to pass the teeth of the ratchet-wheel.
MECHANICAL Mo~MENTS. 25
77. The \·ibration of the lever, C, on the ! 83. A nearly continuous rotary motion
center or fulcrum, A, produces a rotary ! is ~iven to the wheel, D, by two ratchet-
movement of the wheel, B, by means of the ! toothed arcs, C, one operating on each side
two pa"vls, which act alternately. This is 1 of the ratchet-wheel, D. These arcs (only
almost a continuous movement. . I one of which is shown) are fast on the same
,! rock-shaft, B, and have their teeth set op-
78. A n1odificati9n of 77. ; posite ways. The rock-shaft is worked by
! giving a reciprocating rectilinear motion t~
79. Reciprocating rectilinear motion of : the rod, A. The arcs should )1ave springs
the rod, B, produces a nearly continuous · applied to them, so that each n1ay be capable
rotarv mo,·ement of the ratchet-faced wheel · of rising to allow its teeth to slide over those
J ' •
A, by the pawls attached to the extren1ities · of the wheel in moving one way.
of the vibrating radial arms, C, C. II
1 84. The double rack-frame, B, is sus-
80. Rectilinear motion is imparted to the ! pended from the rod, A. Continuous rotary J
slotted bar, A, by the vibration of the lever, ; motion is given to the cam, D. \Vhen the
C' throuahb
the a<Yency· of the two hooked ! shaft of the cam is midwav between the two
t:) • .,
pawls, which drop alternately into the teeth . racks, the cam acts upon neither of them ;
of the slotted rack-bar, A. : but by raising or lowering the rod, A, either
: the lower or upper rack is brought within
8 r. Alternate rectilinear motion is given .,' range of the cam, and the rack-frame moved
to the rack-rod, B, by the continuous revo- : to the left or right. This movement has
lution of the mutilated spur-gear, A, the · been used in connection with the governor
spiral spring, C, fo rcing the rod back to its of an engine, the rod, A, being connected
original position on the teeth of the gear, A, ! with the governor, and the rack-fran1e with
quitting the rack. ! the throttle or regulatin[! valve.
I
8:2. On motion being giYen to the two 85. Intermittent alternating rectilinearmo-
treaclles, D, a nearly continuous motion is tion is given to the rod, A, by the conrinu-
imparted, through the vibrating arms, n, and ous rotation of the shaft carrying the two
their attached pawls, to the ratchet-wheel, A. l cams or wipers, which act upon the projec-
..
• A chain or strap attached to each treadle r tion, n, of the rod, and thereby lift ft. The
passes over the pulley, C, and as one treadle J rod drops by its own weight. Used for ore-
is depressed the other is raised. stampers or pulverizers, and for hammers. I
- - - - ·- --- - -J
- - - - - -- -- - - - - -·------ -- ·-------- --------- -- - -- -- ---·-------·-·-
86. A method of ':orking a reciprocat'.ng : the perpendicular position, and thereby again
pump by rotary motion. A r ope, carrymg causes it to reverse the motion.
I'
the pump-rod, is attached to the wheel, A, ,

which runs loosely upon. the shaft. The ! 88 C .
shaft carries a cam, C, and has a continuous ! ·.
ontlnuous rotary converted into in-
. · term1ttent rotary motion The disk wheel
rotary motion. At every revolution the cam B . · - · '
seizes the hooked catch B attached t 0 th ; ' carrymg the stops, C, D, turns on a
. ' ' e . center eccentric to the cam A On con
wheel and dracrs 1t round to(Tether with th ! • ' •
' 0 ' 0 e ; t1nuous rota
wheel, and raises the rope until, on·1 ti1e ex- .! ry mo
t"
ion
be'
ing
·
given to t
11e-
A . . .
tremity of the catch striking the stationary ! cam, ' tnterm1ttent rotary motion is irn-
stop above, the catch is released, and the [ parted to the wheel, B. The stops free the~-
wheel is returned by· the 'Veio-ht of the \ selves from the offset of the cam at every hall-
bucket. ' 0 pump- 1' rev? Iu1·ion, t h e wI1eel, B, remaining
· · at rest
until the cam has completed its revolution,
87. A contrivance for a self-reyersing mo- 1 when the same motion is repeated.
tion. The btvel-gear between the gears, B i
and C, is the driver. The gears, B aad c, I 89. An eccentric generally ust•d on the
n1n loose upon the shaft, consequently mo- crank-shaft for communicating the r ecipro-
tion is only communicated when one or other eating rectilinear motion to the valves of
of them is eno-ao-ed
0 0
with the clutch-box, D , ·. steam. engines, and sometimes used for
which slides on a feather on t!1e shaft and is : pumpmg.
shown in gear with C. The wheel, E, at the !
right, is driven by bevel-gearing from the i 90. A modification of the above_; an
shaft on which the 1ears, B, C, and clutch '. elongated yoke being substituted for the
are placed, and is about to strike the bell- : circular strap, to obviate the necessity for
1
crank, G, and produce such a movement any vibrating motion of the rod which works
thereof as wili" cause the connecting-rod to : in fixed guides. .
carry the weighted lever, F, beyond a per- 1
pendicular position, when the said lever will ; 91. Triangular eccentric, giving an inter-
fall over suddenly to the left, and carry the ; mittent reciprocating rectilinear motion, used
clutch into gear with B, thereby reversing : in France for the valve motion of steam
the motion of the shaft, until the stud in the : engines.
wheel, E, coming round in the contrary di- 1
rection, brings the weighted lever back past J 92. Ordinary crank motion.
--·- - - - - - ·- -·- ·--· ...._ --- .... .. -··-·---------·-----··- ·· ·· - .. --- ···- - -

I
, I
I
'
II - -- - - -- -- --·- -- - ------·-· ···-···------ •
- - - - -- -- -- -- - - - -- -·-
• i
I
93. Crank motion, with the crank-wrist are described through these points. The
, working in a slotted yoke, thereby dispens- 1outside circle is then divided into double
ing with the osci.!.lating connecting-rod or i the number of these divisions, and lines
pitman. · Idrawn to the center. The curve is then
drawn through the intersections of the con-
centric circles and the radiating lines.
94. Variable crank, two circular plates re-
voh·ing on the sa:me center. In one a spiral
groove is cut; in the other a series of slots I 97. This is a heart-cam, similar to 96, ex-
I
radiating from the center. On turning one cept that it is grooved.
of these plates around its center, the bolt I
shown near the bottom of the figure, and
which passes through the spiral groo,-e and I 98. Irreg~lar vibrati~g motio~ is ~rodu~ed
radial slots, is caused to move toward or : by the rotation of the circular disk, 1n which
I
fron1 the center of the plates. ' is fixed a crank-pin working in an endless
groove cut in the vibrating ann.
95. On rotating the upright shaft, recipro- '

'
eating rectilinear motion is imparted by the 99. Spiral guide attached to the face of a
f oblique disk to the upright rod resting upon . disk; used for the feed-motion of a driijing
''
' its surface. n1achine.
'
i'
'
'
96. l\ heart-cam. Unifom1 traversing mo-
·.
100. Quick return crank motion, applicable
tion is imparted to the ..horizontal bar by the
to shaping machines.
I rotation of the heart-shaped cam. The .
I
'
dotted lines show the mode of striking out
the curve of the cam. The length of traverse ; 1or. Rectilinear motion of horizontal bar,
I'
I
' is divided into any number of parts ; and j by means of vibrating slotted bar hung from
l
'• from the center a series of concentric circles J the top.
I:
- - - - -- - -- - - -- ---- - ·--·· ·--·-----c----- - - - -- - - - -- ---'
~
30 ) I UHA,_.,c,.._ llm·~l<Drn.
.,
I
102. Con1mon screw bolt and nut ; rec- : in every revolution. A point inserted in the I
i
tilinear motion obtained from circular mo- : groove will traverse the cylinder from end
tion. I to end.
103.Rectilinear motion of slide produced I 109. The rotation of th~ screw at the left-
by the rotation of screw. i
! hand side produces a uniform recti Iinear
•
I movement of a cutter which cuts another
104. In this, rotary motion is imparted to : screw thread. The pitch of the screw to be
the wheel by the rotation of the screw, or : cut may be varied by changing the sizes of
rectilinear motion of the slide by the rota- '. the wheels at the end of the frame.
I
tion of the wheel. Used in screw-cutting i
and slide-lathes. I Uniform circular into uniform rec ti-
I 110.
'
; linear motion ; used in spooling-frames for
105. Screw stamping-press. Rectilinear .' 1ead'1ng or gm'd'1ng t h e t I1read on to ti1e
motion from circular motion.
spools. The roller is divided into two parts,
i
j each having a fine screw thread cut upon it,
1
106 and 107. Uniform reciprocating rec- one a right and the other a left hand screw.
tilinear motion, produced by rotary motion . The spindle oarallel
. with the railer has arms
of grooved cams. I
which carry nvo half-nuts, fitted t.o the
i
: screws, one over and the other t;nder the
I
108. Uniform reciprocating rectilinear mo- I roller. When one half-nut is in, the other
I
1
tion from uniform rotary motion of a cylin- is out of gear. By pressing the leve'r to the
'
der, in which are cut reverse threads or I right or left, the rod is made to traverse in
'
grooves, which necessarily intersect twic:e : either direction. I '
J
I
' ; ···- -- - - - - - ----
l'vlECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.
· --·,
33 J
- - - - I1
'
111. Micrometer cc:::-ew. Great power can ! rate pinion is used for each rack, the two
be obtained by this device. The threads i racks being in different planes. Both pinions
are made of different pitch and run in differ- ; are loose on the shaft. A ratchet-wheel is
ent directions, consequently a di~ or nut · fast on the shaft outside of each pinion, and
l
fitted to the inner and smaller screw would : a pawl attached to the pinion to engage in
traverse only the length of the difference be- : it, one ratchet-wheel having its teeth set in
tween the pitches for every re,·olution of the ! one direction and the other 'having its teeth
outside hollow screw in a nut: ! set in the opposite direction. When the
'I I
racks move one way, one pinion turns the
l
I 112. Persian drill. The stock of the drill ! shaft by means of its pawl and ratchet; and
'
·'' has a very quick thread cut upon it and re- when the racks move the opposite way, the
volves freely, supported by the head at the other pinion acts in the same way, one pinion
top, which rests against the body. The but- ! always turning loosely on the shaft.
ton or nut shown on the middle of the screw
· is held firm in the hand, and pulled quickly 117. A cam acting between two friction-
up and down the· stock, thus causing it to · rollers in a yoke. Has be~n used to give
rcvolv::: to the right and left alternately. the movement to the valve. of a steam en-
! gine.
113. Circular into rectilinear motion, or !
vice versa, by means of rack and pinion. '1 118. A mode of doubling the length of
. . stroke of a piston-rod, or the throw of a
11 4. Uniform circular 1notion into rec1- I ·k A . . . · dl t
. •• . i cran . pm1on revo1vmg on a spin e a -
procatmg rectilinear
. . - means of I, tac11e d t o ti1e connectmg-ro
.motion,. bv . d or p1't man is· 111
·
mutilated p1111on, wluch dnves· alternatelv , gear wit . 11 a fi1xed rac k. A not her rac k carne · d
the top and botton1 rac k · by a gui'de-rod a b ove, an cl 111
· gear wit · 11 t he
115 • Rotary motion of the toothed wheels opposite side of the pinion, is free to tra-
roduces rectilinear motion of the double! verse backward and forward. Now, as the
P I · d . 1 ..
rack and gives equal force and velocity to · connec~1ng-ro commu111c.at.es to t 1e p1111on
each side, both wheels being of equal size. the full length of stroke, 1t would cause the
top rack to traverse the same distance, if the
116. A substitute for the crank. Recip- bottom rack was alike movable ; but :2s the
rocating rectilinear motion of the frame car- latter is fixed, the pinion is made to rotate,
rying the <;louble rack produces a uniform and consequently the top rack travels double
rotary motion of the pinion-shaft. A sepa- the distance.
~ -----------------------------------------,
-1......,- -- - --- - ------·
'
·I MECHANICAL :l\10VEMENTS. 35
-:j ---- --- - ---- - - ··-·--·- ,--··---··---·-----·-··· ---·---·- - -------
; I 19. Reciprocating rectilinear motion of [ the double rack gives a continuous rotary
the bar carrying the oblong endless rack, J motion to the center gear. The teeth on
produced by the uniform rotary motion of I the rack act upon those of the two semi-cir-
th e pinion working alternately above and I cular toothed sectors, and the spur-gears at-
below the rack. The shaft of the pinion I tached to the sectors operate upon the cen-
I
moves up and down in, and is guided by, the ter gear. The two stops on the rack shown
slotted bar. by dotted lines are caught by the curved
piece on the center gear, and lead the
[ toothed sectors alternately into gear with
1 :::o. Each jaw is attached to one of the l the double rack.
two segments, one of which has teeth out- i
side and the other teeth inside. On turning !
the shaft carrying the two pinions, one of !' 1:i4. Fiddle drill. Reciprocating recti-
which gears with one _and the other with the J linear n1otion of the bow, the string of
other segment, the Jaws are brought to- r which passes around the pulley on the spin-
g ether with great force.
·
II die carrvincr
.., '° the drill,· proclucinrr0 alternating
i rotary motion of the drill.
121. Alternating rectilinear motion of the I
rod attached to the dis~-wheel produces an I 125 . A modification of the motion shown
intermittent rotary motion of the cog-wheel I in 1 22, but of a more complex character.
by n1eans of the click attached to the disk- 1
wheel. This motion, which is reversible by I
throwi~g over tl~e click, is used for the feed 1
'126. A bell-crank lever, used for changing
of J)lanincr
i:,
machines and other tools. th e d'1rect'ion o f any 1orce.
,..
12:i. The rotation of the two spur-gears, . . .

with crank-wrists attached, produces a va- [ 1 ~7- l\.Iotion used 10 air-pumps. On vi-
.
riable alternatrng
b
traverse o f t I1e 11onzonta
· I .
1· bratincr
1:>
the lever fixed• on the
•
same••shaft
with the spur-gear, rec1procatmg rect1l.1near
ar. motion is imparted to the racks on each
side, which are attached to the pistons of
123. Intended as a substitute for the two pumps, one rack always ascending while
crank. Reciprocating rectilinear motion of the other is descending.
- · · · - - -
36 MECRASlCAL MO~D<L..-n,.
.
'!
'.
.,r
l\.f ECHAXICAL l\f OVE~·I ENTS. 37
'. / - - - - - - -- - - -···--··--- ·-·· .... -·· - ·-·········· · -- --······- - - - - - - - - - - -- -
:1 128. A continuous rotary motion of the ; bars n1ove toward perpendicular positions
·: shaft carrying the three wipers produces a j and force the lower disk down. The top
I reciprocating rectilinear motion of the rec- ! disk must be firmly secured in a stationary
j tangular frame. The shaft must revolve in ! position, e"cept as to its revolution. I
.the direction
. . of the arrow for
d the parts to be 133.
A s·imp1e press mo t'ion is · given
·
In the posi.tion rep.resente · . i throu~h-the hancl-cra~k ~n the pi?ion-shaft; I
129. Clunese windlass. Tl11s embraces ! the p1n1on communicating motion to the I
I
the same principles as the micrometer screw toothed sector, which ~cts upon th~ platen,
11 r. The movement of the pulley in i by means of the rod wluch connects It there-
every revolution of the windlass is equal to ! with. I
half the ?ifference between the_ larger and I! 134. Un iform circular motion into recti-
smaller circumferences of the windlass bar- . linear by ineans of a rope or band, which is
.i
!' rel. . . I
wound once or more times around the drum.
1 30 . Shears for cutting iron plates, etc. i l\I d'fi . f .
I The jaws are opened by the weight of the ! . i35. 1
9 cation! 0
tie tnang~1ar ~cce n-
1
1
tnc 91, usec1 on t 1e steam en<r1ne In t11e
I Jong arm of the upper one, ancl c losedb y the I. 1) . .. 1. Tl . d' k 1:,b · I
l . f h 1 • ans n int. 1e circu1ar 1s - e1unc car-
rotat1on o t e cam. · · · h ·
,I ; nes t 11e tnangu1ar tappet, wl11c commun1-
I
13r. On rotating the disk carrying the cates an alternate rectilinear motion to the
crank-pin working in the slotted arm, reci- I valve-rod. The valve is at rest at the com-
l
procating rectilinear motion is imparted to pletion of each stroke for an inst:int, and is
I the rack at the bottom by the vibration of It pushed quickly across the steam-ports to .
the toothed sector.
132.
i the end of the next.
!
This is a n1otio:1 Y..-hich has been ; 136 . .I\. cam-wheel-of which a side \'iew
used in presses to produce the necessary ' is shown -has its rim formed into teeth, or
~ress_ure _u pon the platen. Horizontal ~o- j n1ade cf ~ny ~rofile fonn desired. The rod
t1on IS given to the arm of the lever which ; to the nght 1s 1nacle to press constantly
turns the upper disk. Between the top and : against the teeth or edge of the rim. On
botto1n disks are two bars which enter ' turn ing the wheel, alternate rectilinear mo-
holes in the disks. These bars are in ob- ! tion is com1nunicated to the rod. The char-
1
lique positions, as shown in the drawing, acter of this motion may be varied by alter-
when the press is not in operation ; but · ing the shape of the teeth or profile of the
when the top disk is I-:1ade to ro~ate, the . edge of the rim of the wheel.
'------- - -~ ---- -- -- - -- - -----·-·-·- - - - -·- - ----·- -- · -

~
3S M~.cn,~1c,,L Mo,·~""-'.s.
1 ~1·i·1@l
J{JW~
L
~er;
:tvlECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 39
.- ··- ... .. ····- - -·-- ---- - -----·-··-····-··--
l
137. Expansion eccentri_c used in France continued, the spur-gear would make an en-
to work the slide-valve ot a steam engine. I tire revolution. During half a revolution
The eccentric is fixed on the crank-shaft, ! the traverse would have been shortened a
and communicates motion to the forked vi- : certain amount at every revolution of disk,
bratin(Y arm to the bottom of which the : according to the size of spur-gear; and dur-
valve-fod is attached. ! ing the other half it would ha\'c gradually
· lengthened in the same ratio.
138. On turning the cam at the bottom a
variable alternating rectilinear motion is im- r43. Circular motion into alternate rec-
parted to the rod resting on it. : tilinear motion. l\1otion is transmitted
. . ; through pulley at the left upon the_ worm-
139. The intern~! rack, carr_1ed by the · shaft. \Vorm slides upon shaft, but 1s made
rectang~la! [rame, is fre~ t~ slide up and ! to turn with it by means of a groove cut i_n
down_ ,~1th1n 1t for a ce~tam _chstan~e, so that ! shaft, and a key in hub of worm. \Vorm 1s
the pinion c_an gear ,:,-1th either ~1dc of the ; carried by a small traversing-frame, which
r~C~. <:;onhnUOUS Cll"CUlar mot1~n Of ~he r slides upon a horizontal bar of the fix_ed
p1n1? ~ 1s ma~e to produce rec1procatrng frame, and the traversing-frame also carries
1·
rectilinear n1ot1on of rectangular frame. the toothed wheel into which the worm gears.
1 0 The too-o-le-·oint arrancred for a ! One end of a connecting-rod is attached
pun~l;ing machi::e. J Lever at fue right i~ 1 to fixed f1"3:me at the .right and ~he J°t~~
01ade to operate upon the J"oint of the to,Ycrle end to a wnst secured in toothed w~ee.
bv means of the horizontal connecting-link. turnincr o worm -s h a ft, ro tary mot"on
! 1s trans-
00
. ' .
J m1tted by worm to wheel, which, as 1t re-
141. Endless-band s aw. Continuous ro- volves, is f?rced by connec!ing-rod to. make
tar . motion of the pulleys is made to pro- I an alternating traverse motion.
)' . ·1· . f I
d ue~ continuous rect1 mear motion o t 1e Ii 144. A svstem of crossed levers, termed
straight parts of the saw. i ''. Lazy Tongs." A short al~ernati~f ~er.ti-
14:?. Movement used for varying the ! li_ne:ir motion of rod at the ng!1t w1l give a
lencrth of the traversin(Y 0<Yuide-bar which in : s1m1la~ but much greater moll?n to. rod ~t
i
. ""
silk m:ic• hmery,
· ·
guides ""' ·
the silk '
on to spools ·1 tl1e Jett· It 1"s frequent!" 1.
used
•
1n ch1ldren·s
I or bobbins. 'The spur-gear, turnincr free! f toys .. It has b_e:n applied in ~ranee to a
l on its center is carried round by th~ Iaro-e{ ; mac~me for _ra1smg sunken vessels; also
i circular disk'. which turns on a fixed central '. applied to ships' pumps, three-quarters of a
stud, which · has a pinion fas t on its end. 1century ago.
t Upon the spur-gear is bolted a small crank, 1 145. Reciprocating curvilinear motion of
to which is jointed a connecting-rod attached : the beam gives a continuous rotary, motion
I
f
to traversing guide-bar. On turning the · to the crank and fly-wheel. The small
disk, the spur-gear is made to rotate partly s tandard at the left. to which is attached one
upon its center by means of the fixed pinion, end of the lever with which the beam is con-
and consequently brings crank nearer to :1 nected by the connecting-rod, has a horizon-
center of disk. If the rotation of disk was : tal reciprocating rectilinear movement.
l
I
I-.__-_-_-_-_- - - - - - - - - - - - -
r
lvlECHANICAL l\!lOVEMENTS.
- -- · ---··- -·
i
146. Conti~uous ~otary n1~~ion of th~ disk that either may be made to act upon the
produces rec1procat1ng rectthne~r motion of i lever to which the valve-rod is connected.
I
I
i :
li o:
t~e yoke-ba~, by mea~s the wnst or crank- J A greater or less movement of the valve is
'1 pin on the disk working 1n the groove of the produced, according as a ca1n of greater or
i ~ I
yoke. The groove may be so shaped as to , less throw is opposite the lever.
'
!' '.' obtain a uniform reciprocatin~ rectilinear I 151. Continuous circular into continucus
motion. . I
but much slower rectilinear n1otion. The
_147.. Steam engine governor.. The op_er- j worm on the upper shaft, acting on the
at1on 1s as follows : - On engine starting i toothed wheel on th e screw-shaft causes the
the spindle revolves and carries round the ! right and left hand screw-threa~ls to move
cross-head to which fa ns are attached, and the nuts upon them toward or from each
on which are also fitted t wo friction-rollers I other accordino- to the direction of rotation.
,vhich bear on two circular inclined planes ,
attached securely to the center shaft, the I 1 2 1
5 · :n .i:,
elhpso~raph. :_he trave:sc bar
cross-head beincr loose on the shaft. The ! (shown In an oblique pos1t1on) carnes two
cross-head is n~ade hea\·y, or has a .ball or j s~uds which slid: in the grooves of the cross-
other weight attached, and is dri\·en by the ! piece. By t_u~ning the traverse bar an. at-
circular inclined planes. As the speed of l tached pen:'.l Is made to describe an el11p~e
the center shaft increases, the resistance of ! by the rectilinear n1 ovement of the studs In
the air to the wings tends to retard the rota- I the grooves.
tion of the cross-head; the friction-rollers I I 53· Circular motion into alternating rec-
therefore run up the inclined planes and I tilinear motion. The studs on the rotating
raise the cross-head, to the upper part of di_sk strike_ the projection ~-n th_e under _side
I!
which is connected a lever operating upon I ~t the horizontal bar, _n10;1m~ 1t one direc-
the regulating-valve of the engine. 1
t1on. The return motion 1s given by n1eans
148. Continuous circular motion of the i of the bell-crank or elbow-lever, one arm of
spur-gears produces alternate circular mo- j which is operate~ upon by the next stud,
tion of the crank attached to t he laro-er
I:>
a-ear. ,, and the other
0 •
strikes
.
the stud 011 the front
149. Uniform circular converted, bv the , of the horizontal bar.
cams acting upon the levers, in to alter~atinir ~
I 54- Circuiar motion into altcrnatin""
• l:> rec-
r ectilinear motions of the attached rods. -

tilinear motion., bv the action of the studs on
150. A valve motion for working steam the rotary disk upon one end of th e bell-
expansively. T he series of cams of varying I crank, the other end of which has attached
throw are movable lengthwise of the shaft so to it a weighted cord passing over a pulley.
I
•· -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~~
!
MECHANICAL MOVE:MEXTS.
~~~-
155. Reciprocating rectilinear motion I horizontal shaft and bevel-gears, and the
43
into intermittent circular motion by means ! lower gears control the rise and fall of the
of the pawl attached to the elbow-lever, and i shuttle or gate over or through which the
operating in the to?th~d whe_el. . l'..lotion is I water flows to the wheel. The action is as
given to the.wheel 1n e1~her d1rect1on accord- follows :-The two be:el-iears ~n the lo,~·er
jnO' to the side on which the pawl works. part of the center spmclle, which are fur-
This is used in giving the feed-motion to nished with studs, are fitted loosely to the
planing n1achines and other tools. said spindle and remain at rest. so long_ as
1 ·6. Circular motion into variable alter- the governor has a proper velocity ; but 1m-
nati~o- rectilinear n1otion by the wrist or mediately that the velocity increases, the
crank':pin on the rotating disk working in bal!s, flying further out, draw up the pin
the slot of the bell-crank or elbow-lever. which is attached to a loose sleeve wluch
r 57. A modification of the movement last s~ides UJ? an_d clown the. spindl~, and tl~s
described . a connecting-rod beina substi- pin, coming 1n contact with the stud on t e
tuted for ti1e slot in the bell-crank. o ul?per bevel. gear, causes t?at gea~ to rotate
. . .. . with the spindle and to give motion to the
I 58. Reciprocating _ c urvihnear. motion of lower horizontal shaft in such a direction as
the treadle gives a circular mot10n to the to make it raise the shuttle or gate, and so
disk. A crank may be substituted for the . reduce the quantity of water passing to the
disk. wheel. On the contrarv, if the speed of the
1 59. A modification of 158, a cord and pul- governor decreases below that required, tl:e
ley being substituted for the connec~ing rod. pin falls and gives motion to the lower t~-
160. Alternating curvilinear motion into vel-gear, which drives the horizontal shaft in
alternating circular. \Vhen the treadle has the opposite direction and produces a con-
been depressed, the spring at the top ele- trary effect.
vates it for the next stroke ; the connecting 163. Another arrangement for a water-
band passes once round the pulley, to which wheel governor. In this the governor con-
it gives motion. trols the shuttle or gate by means of the
cranked lever, which acts on the strap or
161. Centrifugal go,·ernor for steam en- belt in the followinO' manner :-The telt
crines. The central spindle and attached arn1s runs on one of three pulleys, the middle one
~nd balls are dri\'en from the engine b\' the of which is loose on the governor spindle
J?evel-gears at the top, ~nd the balls fl~· out and the upper and lower ones fast. When
trom the center by cei:itnfugal force . l f the the go\'ernor is running at the proper speed
speed of the eng1ne increases, the b~lls fly the belt is on the loose pulley, as shown ; but
o~t fu rther from the center, and so raise the , when the speed increases the belt is throw n
slide . at the botton1 and. thereby rcclu~e tl~c I on the lower pulley, and thereby ~a used to
opemng of _the ~egul.atmg-vah:e _wh1~h 1s_ . act upon suitable gearing for raising the gate
connected w1th said shde: A chmmut1on ot or shuttle and decreasing the supply of wa-
speed produces an opposite effect. ! tcr. A reduction of the speed of the gover-
162. Water-wheel governor acting on the ,· nor brings the belt <:>n the upper pulley,
same principle as 16r, but by different 1 which acts upon gearing for producing an
means. The governor is driven by the top opposite effect on the shuttle or gate.
-·------- - ····-··-··-~---···-- -- - -- -- -·· - . .. _ .... _.
164- A knee-lever, differing slightly from .' crank. Intermediate between the fi rst crank
the to«rrle-J"oint
Ob
shown in 40. It is often l• and the n1ovin2: -
power is a shaft carrving
~
a
used for presses and stamps, as a great i second crank, of an invariable radius, con-
II :: force can be obtained by it. The action : nected with the same pitman. \Vhile the
is by raisincr 0
or lo,vering the horizontal • first crank n10\·es in a circular orbit, the pin
' lever. ' at the end of the pitman is compelled to
165. C;ircular into rectilinear motion. The mcive in an elliptical orbit, thereby increas-
waved-wheel or c:i.m on the upright shaft ; ing the leverage of the main crank at those
communicates a rectilinear motion to the . points which are most favoraule for the
upright bar through the oscillating rod. ! transmission of power.
166. The rotation of the disk carrying the i 16 9. A inodification of 168, in which a
crank pin gives a to-and-fro motion to the : link is used to connect the pitman with the
connecting-rod, and the slot allows the rod : main crank, thereby dispensing with the slot
to remain at rest at the termination of eacl. ' in the said crank.
stroke ; it has been used in a brick-press, ! 170. Another fonn of stean1 engine go,·-
in which the connecting-rod draws a mold ' ernor. Instead of the arms being connected
backward and ·
forward,
·
and permits it to rest I, with a slide workinrr on a spindle, the~·
o · ;
cross
at the termination of each stroke, that the ; each other and are elongated upward beyond
clay n1ay be deposited in it and the brick : the top thereof and connected with the valve-
extracted. f rod by two short links.
167. A drutn or cylinder having an endless I ljI. Valve motion and reversing gear
spiral groove extending all around it ; one : used in oscillatinc:r marine engines. The
half of the groove having its pitch in one, i two eccentric rod; gh·e an oscillating mo-
and the other half its pitch in the opposite ! tion to the slotted link which works . the
. I
direction. A stud on a reciprocating recti~j curved slide over the trunnion. \Vithin the
linearly moving rod works in the groove, and ' slot in the curved slide is a pin attached to
so converts reciprocating into rotary n1otion. ; the arm of a rock-shaft which gives motion
This has been used as a substitute for the : to the valve. The cun·e of the slot in the
crank in a steam engine. : slide is an arc of a circle described from the
168. The slotted crank at the left hand of . center of the trunnion,. and as it moves . with
the figure is on the main shaft of an engine, ! the cylinder it does not interfere with the
and the pitman which connects it with the ' stroke of the valve. The two eccentrics
reciprocating moving power is furnished : and link are like those of the link motion
with a pin which wo:-ks in the slot of the ! used in locomotives.
.~.. . : : : :-:. . .: : :- - ~I
1~
"' "'I.
- ~
.,,
~~~
.rrr
I m4r-t ID
:@~~
~.,J:.-.. 1.··ft\...
L ~ ..-
I
I
MECHANICAL l\ilOVEMENTS. 47
- -- - --·- -----·-··--------- - - - - - - -- -- - -- - - - - - -
172. A mode of obtaining an egg-shaped f turning the crank to which said rino- is at·
"' .
elliptical movement. tached.
17~. A movement used in silk machinerv , 178. Contrivance for varying the speed of
same purpose as that described in' I the· s rd ti1e cu tfmg t oo1 ·m s 1ottmg
1
for the.) ·
1 e carrying ·
I 42. On the back of a disk or bevel-gear I and shaping machines, etc. . Th: driving-
is secured a screw with a tappet-wheel I sl.1aft _work~ th.roug~ an opemng in a fixed
at one extremit\·. On each revolution of disk, 1n which 1s a circular slot. At the end
the disk the tappet-wheel comes in contact of the said shaft is a slotted crank. A slide
with a pin or tappet, and thus receives an in- fits in the slot of the crank and in the ~ircu-
termittent rotarv movement. A wrist secured i lar slot ; and to the outward extremity of
to a nut on the 'screw enters and works in a 1 this slide is attached the connecting-rod
I
s lotted lxir at the end of the rod which which w~rks the slid_e. carrying the cuttin~
guides the silk on the bobbins. Each revo- tool. . \ vhe~ the dnvmg-shaft r~tates the
lution of the disk varies the lenath of stroke crank IS earned round, and the slide carry-
of the guide-rod, as the tappet-~·heel on the ing the :nd of the con~ecti.ng-rod is guided
end of the screw turns the screw with it by the circular slot, which is placed eccen-
and the position of the nut on the screw i~ trically to the shaft ; therefore, as the slide
therefore changed. approaches the bottom, the. length of the
crank is shortened and the speed of the con-
174- Carpenters' bench-clamp. By push- necting-rod is diminished.
ing the clamp between the jaws they are 179. Reversing-gear for a single engine.
made to turn on the screws and clamp the On raising the eccentric-rod the valve-spin-
sides. . . die is released. The engine can then be re-
17 ;. A means of giving one complete
. re- ! versed bv workino-
,#' t,
the uprio-ht
b
lever' after
volution to the cran k o f an engine to each which the eccentric-rod is let down again.
stroke of the piston. The eccentric in this case is loose upon the
176 and 177. Contrivance for uncoupling shaft and driven by a projection on the shaft
engines. The wrist which is fixed on one acting upon a nearly semi-circular projection
arm of the crank (not shown) will comm union the side of the eccentric, which permits
cate motion to the arm of the crank which the eccentric to turn half-way round on the
is represented, when the ring on the lat- shaft on reversing the valves.
ter has its slot in the position shown in 180. This only differs from 174 in be-
I 76. But when the ring is turned to bring ing composed of a single pivoted clamp
the slot in the position shown in 177, operating in connection with a fixed side-
i the wrist passes through the slot ,vithout i piece.
l
TVlECHAXICAL lvlOVEMENTS. 49
I
18 1 and 182. Diagc1~al catch or hand-gear ' slide and pin connected with an arrangement
used in large blowing and pumping engines. of levers terminating at the valve-stem. The
In 181 the lower stean1-vah-e and upper , link, in moYing with the action of the eccen-
eduction-valve are open, while the upper 1 tries, carries with it the slide, and thence
steam-valve and lower eduction-valve are ! motion is con1municated to the valve. Sup-
shut; consequently the piston will be as- I pose the link raised so that the slide is in
cen<ling. In the ascent of the piston-rod J the middle, then the link will oscillate on
I
the lower handle will be struck by the pro- the pin of the slide, and consequently the
j ecting tappet, and, being raised, will be- I valve will be at rest. If the link is moved
con1e engaged by the catch and shut the . so that the slide is at one of its extremities,
upper eduction and lower steam valves ; at ] the whole throw of the eccentric connected
I
the same ti1ne, the upper handle being dis- with that extremity will be given to it, and
engaged from the catch, the back weight will ; the valve and steam-ports will be opened to
pull the handle up and open the upper steam j the full, and it will only be toward the end
and lower eduction valves, when the pis- I· of the stroke that they will be totally shut,
ton will cons~~uently descend. 182 repre- I c~nsequently th~ steam ,~ill have been ad-
sents the pos1t1on of the catchers and han- i m,ttetl to the cylinder dunng almost the en-
dles when the piston is at the top of the tire length of each stroke. But if the slide
·1
cylinder. In going down, the tappet of the I is between the middle and the extremity of
piston-rod strikes the upper handle and j the slot, as shown in the figure, it receives
throws the catches and handles to the po- ! only a part of the throw of the eccentric,
1
si tion shown in 18 r. 1 and the steam-ports will only be partially
. . opened, and are quickly closed ao-ain, O so

183 and 184 represent
•
a mod1ficat1on
•
of I tl t tl
1 1a 1e a m1ss1on o s ean1 ceases s Ome
d . . f t
181 and 182, the diagonal catches being su- .i t.·1me b e1ore r · t.1011 of th e s t roke
t he term1na ' ,
P ersec1e d b y two qua d rants. 1 d • d · I Tl
I an t 11e steam 1s worke expansive y. 1e
185. Link-motion valve-gear of a Jocomo- : nearer the slide is to the middle of the slot
tive. Two eccentrics are used for one valve, ! the greater will be the expansion, and r ice 1
one for the forward and the other for the !1 versa. ·
backward movement of the engine. The 186. Apparatus for disengaging the eccen-
extremities of the eccentric-rods are jointed I tric-rod from the valve-gear. By pulling up
I
to a curved slotted bar, or, as it is termed, a the spring handle below until it catches in
link, which can be raised or lowered by an , the ~otch, a, the ~in is disengaged from the
arrano-ement
o of levers terminatinrr
o in a ban- 1gab 1n the eccentric-rod.
dle as shown. In the slot of the link is a 187 and 188. Modifications of 186.
I
i
,'
I
MECHANl<:AI.Mouu u
----- - ----·-- - - ---·- ----- ·- --- ---- -- -- - - - - - - ---- - -------~
MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 5I
.. -- ·- ----- ----- - ------ --- ·- - ·---- - - - -·-- -- - ..· - ·--·- -- --
IS 9· A nOther mo dification
. of 186. on!)' one circle of teeth bein2:
!.
- provided on
I •
! the wheel. \V1th all of these mangle-wheels
190. A screw-clamp. On turning the ! the ~inion-shaft is guid~d and the pinion
handle the screw thrusts upward against the : ke?t in gea~ by a groo~e 111 the :vheel. . ~ he
holder, which, operating as a lever,· holds f sa1~ shaft is made_ with ~ universal JOin~,
down the piece of wood or other material i which allow_s a portion of it to have tl~e _v1-
laced under it on the other side of its ful- ! bratory motion necessary to keep the p1n10n
p i in gear.
cr um. !
;
'
Scroll-gears for obtaining a gradually [ 195. A mode of driving a pair of feed-
191. f
increasing speed . !rolls, the opposite surfaces of which require I:
i' to move in the same direction. The two j
192. A variety of what is known as the ; wheels are precisely similar, and both gear I
"mangle-wheel." One variety of this was • into the endless screw which is arranged be- '
illustrated by 36. I n this ;ne the speed : twec 1: _them. The teeth of one ~vheel only
varies in every part of a rc\·olution, the , are vis ibl~, thos: o~ the other bemg o~ the
II
groove, b, ti., in which the pinion-shaft is ; back or side which 1s concealed from View. !'
guided, as well as the series of teeth, being ' '
eccentric to the axis of the wheel. ! 196. The pinion. B, rotates about a fixed
I •
I axis and gives an irreg ular vibratory motion
193. Another kind of mangle-w!1eel with : to the arm carrying the wheel, A.
its pinion. \ Vith this as well as with that !
in the preceding figure, although the pinion ' 197. \ Vhat is called a "m:mgle-rack." A
continues to revolve in one direction, the continuous rotation of the pinion will give a
man~le-\~heel wil_l ma_ke almost an enti~e re-, reciprocating motion to the square_ frame.
volut10n m one d1rect10n and the same m an The pinion-shaft must he free to nse and ·
opposite direction ; but the revolution of the ' fall, to pass round the guides at the. ends of
wheel in one direction will be slower than the rack. This motion may be modi.fied as
I
j
that in the other, owing to the g reater radius . follows :- If the square frame be fixed, and
I the pinion be fixed upon a shaft made with
I I•
of the outer circle of teeth.
Ia universal joint, the end of the shaft will
II 194. Another mangle-wheel. In this the : describe a line, similar to that shown in the
I speed is equal in both directions of motion, ! drawing, around the rack.
------------- - - - - -- - -- - -- ---·- ·- - ·-·-·-·--·----·----- - - --

.- - -- - - - - - - - - - --- - - - --- - - - - - - --- - -- -- -- ------- -- .
- -- - -- - - - -- -- - -- -- ----·--
I
- -- --- - - - - -- - - - -- ---·- ·-
198. A modification of 197. In this the : ment to the · horizontal arm, and a variable
i
I.
·1
pinion revolves, but does not rise and fall ; reciprocating movement to the rod, A.
• f
as in the former figure. The portion of I
the frame carrying the rack is jointed to the j 202 . \Vorm or endless screw and worm-
main portio~ ~f the _frame by rods, s~ t'.1at i wheel. i\-Iodification of 30, used when
when the p1mon arn\·es at the end it lifts I steadiness or great power is required.
the rack by its own movement, and follows :
!
on the other side.
I :?OJ. A regular vibrating movement of the
! curved slotted arm o·ives a variable vibration
i . "'
199. Another form of mangle-rack. The i to the straight arm.
lantern-pinion reYoh·es continuously
.
in one II
direction, and gives reciprocating motion to I 204. An illustration of the transmission of
the squa_re frame, which is guided by rollers rotary motion from one-shaft to another, ar-
I
or grooves. The pinion has only teeth in ; ranged obliquely to it, by means of rolling
I
less than half of its circumference, so that ' contact.
while it engages one side of the rack, the !
I
!
i toothless half is directed against the other. J :?05. Represents a wheel driven by a pin-
!·
I The large tooth at the commencement of ! ion of two teeth. The pinion consists in re-
I
I
each rack is made to insure the teeth of the 1; alitv
.-
of two cams' which buea~ with two dis-
! pinion being properly in gear. ! tinct series of teeth on opposite sides of the
i
I wheel, the teeth of one series alternating in
zoo. A mode of obtaining two different : position with those of the other.
'
speeds on the same shaft from one clrivinu-O II
wheel. l 206.A continuous circular n1ovement of
the ratchet-wheel, produced by the vibration
zo1. A continual rotation of the pinion , of the lever carrying two pawls, one of which
(obtained through the irregular shaped gear : engages the ratchet-teeth in rising and the
!
at the left) gives a variable vibrating move- other in falling.
l'vfECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 55
- -- -- --------- -· ·-
207. A modification of 195 by means of 21 r. A continuous rotary motion of the
'
two worms and worm-wheels. large wheel gives an intermittent rotary mo-
[ tion to the pinion-shaft. The part of the
20S. A pin-wheel and slotted pinion, by I pinion shown next th~ wheel. is G1t of the
which three changes of speed can be ob- i same curye as the plarn port10n of the cir-
tained. There are three circles of pins of I cun~ference of the _wheel, and therefo:-e
i
' equal distance on the face of the pin-wheel, 1 sen es as a lock wlule the wheel makes a
''
and by shifting the slotted pinion along its I part of a revolution, and until the pin upon
shaft, to bring it in contact with one or the I tl~e. wheel strikes th~ ~icle-piece upon the
other of the circles of pins, a continuous ro- , pm1on, when the· p1mon-shaft commences
I i
tary motion of the wheel is made to produce j another revolution. i'
three changes of speed of the pinion, or ·vice i
,!ersa. 212. \Vhat is called the "Gene,·a-stop,
• 1 used in Swiss watches to limit the numbet
Ii 209. I
Represents a mode of obtaining mo- of re\'olutions in winding-up ; the convex
Iil tion from rolling contact. The teeth are for I cun·ed part, a, b, of the wheel, B, serving as
!
making the motion continuous, or it would ! the stop.
!
ll cease at the point of contact shown 111 the ;
. :.
........
I
1 figure. The forked catch is to guide the f 213. Another kind of stop for the same
I
!
I! teeth into proper contact. I purpose.
I
f
210. Ily turning the shaft carrying the
II 214 and 215. Other modifications of the ~· i
<
;
cur~ed slottec~ a~m, ~ rectilinear m~tion of . stop, the operations of ~vhich will be easily f
!
;,
variable velocity 1s given to the vertical bar. 1 understood by a comparison with 212.
·- - -- - - - - - -- - -- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - -·-·-·-·---·- - -- -- - 1
l
.
II
MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 57 I
- -- - - -- - - -- -·-----·-·---·-·--·--«-------·-- -- - - - - - -- - - I I
216. The external and internal mutilated J slot of the other is continually chan<Yincr its !
cog-wheels work alternately into the pinion, distance from the shaft of the latter.I:> 1:> I
and give slow forward and quick reverse 22r. Irregular circular motion imparted to
I
i
motion. · wheel, A. C is an elliptical spur-gear rotat- {
I
217 and 2 18. These are parts of the same ing round center, D, and is the driver. B is
movement, which has been used for givin<)" ! a small pinion with teeth of the same pitch, 'I
the roller motion in wool-combing machinet I gearing with C. The center oi this pinion I
I
!! The roller to which wheel, .F (2 18), is secured l is not fixed, but is carried by an arm or i
: j is required to n1ake one third a revolution I frame which vibrates on a centc:r, A, so that '
I! backward, then two thirds of a revolution I as C revolves the frame rises and falls to :
;I
I forward, when it must stop until anothe·r enable pinion to remain in gear with it, not- i
Iength of co1nbed fiber is ready for deli ven·. withstanding the variation in its radius of I
This is accomplished by the grooved heart- I contact. To keep the teeth of C and B in I
!
cam, C, D, B, e (2 17), the stud. A, workincr ; gear to a proper depth, and prevent the1n i
in the said groove ; from C to D it move~ ! from riding over each other, wheel, C, has I
I
the roller backward, and from D to e it I attached to it a plate which extends beyond
moves it forward, the 1notion being trans- I it and is furnished with a groove, g, h, of
mitted through the catch, G, to the notch- I similar elliptical form, for the reception of a
wheel, F, on the roller-shaft, H . \Vhen the pin or small roller attached to the vibrating
stud, A, arrives at the point, e, in the cam, a ! arm concentric ,vith pinion, B.
projection · at the back of the wheel which 1 • •
carries the can1 strikes the projectin<Y piece j . 222. If for the eccen_t nc wheel described
on the catch, G, and raises it out O of the I ~n the last figure ~n ordinary spu~-gear mov-
notch in the wheel, F, so that, while the I in~ on an e~centn~ center of n;ot1on be sub-
stud is traveling in the can1 from e to c, the I st1tuted, a s1mpl_e hnk connectmg_t~e cen~er
catch is passing over the plain surface be- I of _the. wheel w1!h th~t o[ the puuo~ w_1th
tween the two notches in the wheel, F, with- wluch 1t iears will n~amta1n proper p1tch111g
out impartin<Y anv motion . but when stud ! of teeth u1 a more sunple 111anner than the
A, arrives at the part, c: the catch ha~ i groove.
dropped in another notch, and is agai!l ready J 223. An arrangement for obtaining vari-
to move wheel, F, and roller as reqmred. ! able circular motion. The sectors are ar-
. . . ·, ranged on different planes, and the relative
. 219. Vanab)e. circular motion, ~Y. crow!?-- v~Jocity changes according to the respective
wheel and p1~1on. The cro" n \\ heel 1s diameters of the sectors.
placed eccentrically to the shaft, therefore I
the relative radius chan<Yes. 224. This represents an expanding pulley.
1:> • On turning pinion, d, to the right or left, a
. 220: The two cra_nk-~hafts. are parallel 1n I similar motion is imparted to wheel, c, which,
direction, b~t not 1~ hne ,~1th each o!her. I by means of curved slots cut therein, thrusts
The. revolution of e1tl~er will c?mmun1c~te , the studs fastened to arms of pulley outward
motion to the other with a varying velocity J or inward thus aucrmenting or diminishing
for the wrist of one crank working in th~ ! the size of the pull~y.
·---- . ·-"-- - - --- - -- -- -- ---

I,,
- - - - - .
I .l8]_@Ao-~
m~·
~
0
'
·
--@ .,-
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;
,
I\.......,......,....., ,
WAI ~ ~ .:,_-
~ \ J (ir
·~
t
l.
I
• I
l
ii·1 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 59
!
J1 - -- --- - ------- - ---- - -

' 225. Intermittent circular motion of the T he links being in different planes, spaces
' ratchet-wheel from vibratory motion of the are left between them for the teeth of the
arm carrying a pawl. pulley to enter.
226. This movement is designed to double 228. Another kind of chain and pulley.
t he speed by gears of equal dian1eters and
numbers of teeth-a r~sult once generally 229. Another varietv
•
.
supposed to be impossible. Six beYel-gears
are employed. The gear on the shaft, B, is 230. Circular motion into ditto.The con-
in gear with two others-one on the shaft, necting-rods are so arranged that when one
F, and the other on the same hollow shaft pair of connected links is over the dead
with C, which turns loosely on F . The gear, point, or at the extremity of its stroke, the
D, is carried by the frame, A, which, being other is at right angles ; continuous motion
fast on the shaft, F, is made to rotate, and is thus insured without a fly-wheel.
therefore takes round D with it. E is loose
on the shaft, F, and gears with D. Now, sup- 231. Drag-link motion. Circular motion
pose the two gears on the hollow shaft, C, . is transmitted from one crank to the other.
were removed and D pre\·ented from turning
on its axis ; one re,·olution gi,·en to the gear 232. Intermittent circular motion is im-
o:i B would cause the fram e, A, also to re- parted to the toothed wheel by vibrating the
ceive one revolution, and as this frame car- arm, B. \Vhen the arm, B, is lifted, the
ries. with it the gear, D, gearing with E, one pawl, C, is raised from between the teeth of
revolution would be imparted to E ; but if the wheel, and, traveling backward over
the gears on the hollq_w shaft, C, were re- the circumference, again drops between two
placed, D would receive also a revolution on teeth on lowering the arm, and draws with
its axis during the one revolution of B, and it the wheel.
thus would produce two rc,·olutions of E.
233. Shows two different kinds of stops
227. Represents a chain and chain pulley. for a lantern-wheel.
- - - -- ---- - -- - ------ -·------- - - -- - - -- -- -- - - -- - - - -'

-
(,() M 11u1CAL!J:OVE1t1:>mL~
--t====================================:::::::::-=====i
~
l\;fECHAKICAL MOVEMENTS. 61
,1
;1 :. --~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-:-
.I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
234- Represents a verge .escapement. On I wheel, and C and B the pallets. i\ 1s the
l( oscillating the spindle, S, the crown-wheel i axis of the pallets.
!! has an intermittent rotary motion. . l
23 ;. The oscillation of the tappet-arm pro- ! 239. An arrangemer.t r.,f stops for a spur-
duces an intermittent rotarv,; motion of the :! gear.
. I
ratchet-wheel. The small spring at the bot- i
I
tom of the tappet-arm keeps the tappet in !

I
the position shown in the drawing as the i 240. Represents vaneties of stops for a
!
arm rises, yet allows it to pass the teeth on ·
ratchet-wheel.
I
the return motion.
236. A nearly continuous circular n1otion :

, z4r. Intermittent circular motion is im-
is imparted to the ratchet-wheel on vibratinO"
0
,
•
1 parted to the wheel, A, by the continuous
the lever, a, to which are attached the two , .
1I. circular motion of the smaller wheel with
pawls, b and c.
· one tooth.
I
237. A reciprocating circular motion of !
the top arm makes its attached pawl pro- II 242.
A brake used 1n
. cranes an d 1101stmg
· ·
.
duce an intermittent circular motion of the I mac111nes. By pulling down the end of the
crown-ratchet or rag-wheel. lever, the ends of the brake-strap are drawn
Itoward each other, and the strap tightened
238. An escapement. D is the escape- i on the brake-·wheel.
I.
,,. "' lsn
M~II a·
I . -~·' .
.?
,,.--ls -,· I '
1"'-.1.
Ir;;, .~·.·
•
.'."\
I . I lftf
I O~
I. ,..----.. --..•.- ~
. y ~- . .-.,(/ .
... ,,, ~ -•
, u o
MECHAXICAL 1fOVEMENTS.
- - -- - -------- - ·- --·-·-----·- ---- -- - - -- -
::?43. R epresents a mode of transmitting ! arm is attached to and turns on the fixed
power from a horizontal shaft to two vertical point, C. B is an ivory tracino--point and
ones by means of pulleys and a band. 1 A the pencil. Arranged as s~own, fr we
. ; trace the lines of a plan with the point, B,
24-1- A ~y~amometer, or m strum1:mt used , the pencil will reproduce it double the size.
for ascerta1111ng the ~mount of usetu_l effect . By shifting the slide attached to the fixed
given out by an_y motive-power. It is used point, C, and the slide carrying the pencil
as follows :-A is a smoothly-turn_ed pulley, i along _their respecth·e arms, the proportion
secured on a shaft as near as J?OSS1ble to the , to wluch the plan is traced will be varied.
motive-power. Two blocks ot wood are fit- i
ted to this pulley, or one block of wood and ·
a series of straps fastened to a band or : ::?-47. A mode of releasing a sounding-
chain, as in the drawing, instead of a com- wei~ht. \Vhen the piece projecting from
111on IJ!ock. T he blocks or block and straps i the bottom of the rod strikes the bottom of
are so arr2.nged that they may be made to : the sea, it js forced upward relatively to the
bite or press upon the pulley b): means of i r~~' and ~v,_thdraws the catch from under the
the screws and nuts on the top ot the le\·er : weight,\\ h1ch drops off and allows the rod to
D . To estimate the amount of power trans: : be lifted without it.
1nitted through the shaft, it is only necessarr :
to ascertain th_e _an.1ount '.)t friction of the ; 24s. Cnion coupling. A is a pipe with a
drum,. A, whe1; it is 111 motion, and the nym- : small flange abutting against the pipe, C,
ber ot re:olut10ns made. , ,:\t the_ end o_t the • with a screwed end ; n a nut ,Yhich holds
lever, D, 1s hung a scale, I>, m which, weights ; them together.
are placed. The two stops, C, C , are to ;
n1aintain the le\·er as nearly as possible in a
horizontal position. No,v, suppose the shaft ·. ::!f9· Ball-and-socket joint, arranged for
to be in motion, the screws are to be tight- tubing.
ened and weights added in B, until the lever :
takes the position shown in the drawing; at · ::?50. Anti-friction bearing. Instead of a
the required number of revolutions. There- . shait revolving in an ordinary bearing it is
fore the useful effect would be equal to the sometimes supported on the circumference
product of the weights multiplied by the ve- , of wheels. The friction is thus reduc::!d to
locity at which the point of suspensior. of the ; the least amount.
wei,;hts
0
would revoh-e if the lever were at- ;.
tached to the shaft_ ! 251. Releasinrr-J1ook, used in pile-dri,·ing
. : machines. \Vh~n the we ig ht, \V, is suffi-
245. Bayonet joint. On turn mg the part, , ciently raised, the upper ends of the l!ooks,
A, it is released fro1n the L-sh~ped slot in ; A, by which i"t is suspended, are pressed in-
the socket, I3, when it can be withdrawn. · ward by the sides of the slot, B, in the top
! of the frame; the weight is thus suddenly
246. Represents a pantograph for copying, ! released, and falls with accu,mulating force
enlarg ing, and reducing plans, etc. One : on to the pile-head.
6.j MECHANICAL Mo,·~,r~,..,.,._
~
-- -·------ - - - .
r -- ···-- ·-·- - -· ....... . .
'
i
i 1\:1ECHANICAL MOVE:\1ENTS.
---· -- --· .. --.. _____.....-·---
I
l - - - --··-- - - - ---·- ··-.. - "
j ·- ··· ·· - ~- -
1 252. A and Bare two rollers which require 255. A flanged pulley to drive or be driven
I
! to be equally moved to and fro in the slot, : by a rlat Lelt.
C. This is accomplished by mo\"ing the ·
piece, D, with oblique slotted ~rms, up and : 2 56. A plain pulley for a flat belt.
down.
257. A concaYe-grooved pulley fora round
band.
2 53.Centrifugal check-hooks, for prevent-
ing accidents in case of the breakage of ma- '
chinerv
.,
\\·hich raises and lo\\'ers \\'Orkmen J I I
2 53. 1\ smooth-surface Y-grooYecl pulley
ores, etc., in mines. :t\ is a frame-work fixed I for a round band.
!
to the side of the shaft of the n1ine, and ;
having fixed studs, D, attached. The dnnn I 2 59· AV-grooved pulley having its groove
on ,vhich the rope is wound is provided with: notched to increase the adhesion of the
a flange, B, to which the check-hooks are ! band.
'
attached. If the drun1 acquires a dangerous- I
'
ly rapid motion, the hooks fly out by centri- i 260. A differential mo,·ement. The screw,
fugal force, and one or other or all of them ! C, works in a nut secured to the hub of the
catch hold of the studs, D., and arres t the ; wheel, E, the nut being free to turn in a
drum and stop the descent of \\'hatevcr is I bearing in the shorter standard, but prcvent-
attached to the rope. The drum ought be- ! eel by the bearing from any lateral motion.
sides this to have a spring applied to it, ! The screw-shaft is secured in the wheel, D.
I
otherwise the jerk arising from the sudden I The driving-shaft, A, carries two pinions,
' .
stoppage of the rope might produce worse J F and B. If these pinions were of such
effects than its rapid motion. size as to turn the two wheels, D and E,
with an equal velocity, the screw Wl'\uld re-
Imain at rest ;
but the said wheels being
254. A sprocket-wheel to driYe or to be driven at unequal velocities, the screw tra-
,,
I
driven by a chain. vels according to the difference of velocity.

MECHANICAL MovE:\1EXTS.
- ---- - - - ---- ·--- - ---- -·---.. -·-·· .. --- -·-·----- ··- -- -- - - -- -----
26r. A combination movement, in which . :264. Two worm-wheels of equal diameter,
the weight, \V, mo\·es vertically with a but one having one tooth more than the
reciprocating movement ; the dO\\·n-stroke other, both in gear with the same worm.
be:no- shorter than the up-stroke. B is a Scppose the first wbeel has rco teeth and
re\·o·l:,ing disk. carrying a drum which winds the second 101. one wheel will gain one re-
round itself the cord, D. An arm, C, is YO!ution o,·er the other during the passage
jointed to the disk and to the upper arm, A. of 100 x 101 teeth of either wheel across
so that when the disk revolves the arm, A, the pla ne of centers, or during 10, 100 revo-
moves up and down, Yibrating on the point. lutions of the worm.
G. This arm carries with it the pulley, £ . .
Suppose we detach th_e cord from the cln1m
and tie it to a fixed pomt, and then move the 26;. \"ariable motion. I f the conicaldntm
arm, A, up and down, the weight, \\'. \\·ill has a regular circular motion. and the fric-
n1ove the same distance, and in addition the tion-rolier is made to tra \·erse len~thwise. a
movement given to it by the cord. that is to variable rotary motion of the friction-roller
sa\·, the movement will be doubled. Now will be obtained.
let i.ts attach the c9rd to the drum and re-
voh·e the disk, B, and the ,vcight will move 266. The shaft has two screws of different
vertically with the reciprocati:1g motion. in fi I
which the down-stroke will be ;;ho:·tcr than pitr.hes cut on it, one screwing into a xec
· . bearing, and the other into a bearinrr free to
the up-stro1,e, I)ecause t h e cIrum is contmu- t f , t" '" • the
• lJ • t l· · u) the cord . mo\·e o ancI ro. 1, otary mo 1011 o 1
a. Y a ,mg I · , shaft gives rectilinear motion to the mova- I
• . ' ble bearing, a distance equal to the d ifference ;
:262 a~cl :263. The first of tl~ese )1 gure~ is of pitches at each revolution. ·'; I•
an end \"Jew, and the second a side new. ot an
arrangement of mechanism for obtaining a .
'
q
series~ of changes ~f v~locity and dire~tion. i 2 67 . Friction pulle\·. When the rim turns :I l'
D is a screw on wh1~h is p)a~ed eccentnc~lly in the opposite direction to the arrow, it
the cone, B, and C is a inction-rollcr which rri,·es motion to the shaft bv means of the
is pressed_ aga_inst the cone by_a spring ~r , pivoted eccentric arms ; but when it turns
.j
!
weirrht. Contmuous rotary motion. at a uni- : in the direction of the arrow the arms turn '
form'=' velocity,
. o f _tI1e sere\~·, D , carrymg
. t I1~ ;' on their pi,·ots and the shaft is
' at rest. The
eccentric cone. gn·es a series of chang-es ol : arms are held to the rim bv sprin«s. 0
velocitv and direction to the roller, C. It ,·
will be' understood that during- e,·erv revolu- :
tion of the cone the roller would press : 268. Circular into reciprocating motion
against a different part of the con_e. and_ that by n1eans of a crank and oscillating rod.
it would describe thereon a spiral ot the ,
same pitch as the screw, D. The roller, C, (
would receiYe a reciprocating motion, the :269. Continued rectilinear movement of
movement in one direction being shorter the frame with mutilated racks gi\·es an
than that in the other. ' alternate rotary motion to the spur-gear.
68 ill :CN.?rc~L M o\"l!IIDl'TS.
1-- ~
.
I .:¢+r
~t*·~~~
_3f_J_ ~ -
, •• I
~}-,
,,. j@. "·.fl
"- . '
,I r . ···1 . ,
I -- -------- I
•
MECH AXICAL Mo VE)t E:KTS.
i
----- - - - --·-·· ---- -··
270. Anti-friction bearing for a pulley. the bar. The cam is of equal diameter in
: every direction measured across its center.
27 r. On vibrating the lever to which the ,
'
two pawls are attached, a nearly continuous l 277. Col. Colt's invention for obtaining
rectilinear motion is given to the ratchet- , the 1novcment of the cylinder of a revolving
I '
bar. _; fire-arm by the act of cocking the hammer.

I As the hammer is drawn back to cock it, the
2 72. Rotary motion of the beveled disk ; dog, a, attached to the tumbler, acts on the
cam gives a reciprocating rectilinear motion l ratchet, b, on the back of the cylinder. The
to the rod bearing on its circumference. !
clog is held up to the ratchet by a spring, c.
I'
I
273 . Rectilinear into rectilinear motion. ) .., C R . , r • r · th )!at-

1 -78 . . . O tis s sa1et)-stop 1or e I
\Vhen the rods, A and B, are brought to- f r f . . A the
i 1orm o a 1101st111g apparatus. are
crether the rotls, C and D, are thrust further ; . . lB. art
"' ' I stationary upng1us, anc 1s t 11e upper p
apart and vice versa.
' II of the platform workrng , 1
between t 1em.
. The rope, a, by which the platform is hoisted,
274. An engine-governor. The rise and is attached by a pin , b, and spring, c, and the
fall of the balls, K, are guided by the para- ! pin is connected by two elbow levers with
bolic cun·ed arn1s, B, on which the anti- two pawls, d, which work in ratchets secured
'J
friction wheels, L, run. The rods, F, con- to the uprights, A. The weight of the plat-
!
I
necting the wheels, L, "·ith the sleeve move form and the tension of the rope keep the
it up and down the spindle, C, D. pawls out of gear from the ratchets in hoist-
1
i
' ing or lowering the platform, but in case of
275. Rotary 1notion of the worm gives a I the breakage of rope the spring, c, presses
r ectilinear motion to the rack. down the pin, b, and t he attached ends of
!
the levers, and so presses the pawls into the . I
I;
276. Continuous rotary motion of the cam ratchets and stops the descent of the pht- '
gives a reciprocating rectilinear motion to form.
·- - -·· ---- - -...·-· ··--·- --

l\i1ECHAXICAL l\f OVE::l!E~TS. 71
279. Crank and slc;>tted cross-head, with : 2S3. Dy a vibratory motion of the handle
Cl2.yton'~ sliding _journal-box. applied to the I motion is communicated by the pinion t~
crank-wnst. This box consists of t\YO ta- . the racks. This is used in workin,r small
per lining pieces and_ t\\'O taper gibs adjust- : air pumps for scientific experiments."'
able bY screws, which sen·e at the same !
time to tighten the box on the wrist anc1 to
set it out to the slot in the cross-head as the
:I
,
.
284. R epresents a feecl_1ng apparatus for

box and wrist wear. I the bed of a sawing machine. By the rC\'O ·
I Jution of the crank at the lower part of the
280. A m<;>de of w.orkin.~ a windlass. By : figure, a_lternate motio:1, is communic~tecl. to
the alternatmg motion ot t he lon" hand- . the horizontal arm ot the bell -crank lc\(:r
lever to the ri'g ht, motion is commii'.nicated : \Yhose fulcrum is at a, n ear ~he top left-h.!nd
to the short }eyer, the encl of which is in . ~orner of t~1e figure . By this means motH)n
immediate contact with the r im of the , is c~mmumcat~d to the catch attach~d to the
wheel. The short lever has a very limited i vertical ~rm ot the. le\'er, and the said catch
motion u pon a pin, which is fixed in a block i commumcate~ m?t10~ to. the ratchet-,~'h.ecl,
of cast-iron, which is made \\'ith two jaws. , upon. the _shalt of which 1s a toothed ~m1on!
e'ach ha\'ino- a flancre pro3'ectinrr inward in : workmg m the rack attached to the side ol
"'
contact \Yith the inner "' surface of "' the rim of :. t' .
_11e carnage. Tl1e 1eec
r I 1s. vanea
. 1 b ya s crew
the wheel. By the upward motion of the , tn the bell-cr2.nk lever.
outward e~d .of the short lever, the rim of I .
the wheel is 3ammed between the end of the . 235. Is the moYab le head of a turning
le,·er and the flanges of the block, so as to , lathe. Bv turninrr the "·heel to the rio-ht,
cause fr~ction sufficient to turn the wheel by ; motion is' co mmu;icated to the screw, pro:
~he further upward mo,·ement of the lever. , clucing rectilinear motion of the spindle in
The backward mo,·ement of the ,vheel is ' the encl of which the center is fixed.
prevented by a common ~atchet-wheel an_d j
pawls ; as the short lever is pushed down 1t \ 20Q6 T d l'f ,. k' t
h wheel and slides freel ove · ; · • oe an 1 t~r 1or wor ·mg puppc
f rees t e . Y r it. ! valves 1n steam engmes. The cun·ed tee
. of ti d' k tl : on the rock-shaft operates on the lifter· at-
2 8 1. Tl1e reYol u t 1011 1e is causes 1e d . . ·
· lt t 'b ·at b th · , tac11e to the hfting:-rocl to raise the Ya!vc.
l ever at t I1e ng 1 o YI I e y e pm mov- : ~
ing in the g roove in the face of the disk. i
I 237. Pickerin <Y's governor. The b1JJ~ ar~
282. By the revoiution of the disk in which · attached to s priri,,.s the upper end of each of
is fixed a pin working in a slot in the upright I. which is attached to a collar fixed on the
~ ~
bar which turns on a center near the bottom, . spindle. ancl the lower encl to a collar on the
both ends of the bar are made to traverse, ; sliding; slee\·e. The springs yield in a proper
the toothed sector producing alternate recti- ; deg ree to the centrifugal force of the balls, .
linear motion in the horizontal bar at the · and raise the sleeve ; and as the centrifugal I
bott?m, and als? alternate perpendicular i force diminishes, they draw the balls toward
motion of the weight. I the spindle and depress the sleeve. - ____ j
- - ··· ··- ·- ··. ·- ---·-
.- -·
lvlECHAXIC.\L lvIOVE.ME~TS. 73
- · •• ---·-M• ··--·· -
!
2S8 and 2S9. The former is what is termed a . ual:tnce-wheel the force lost during a Yibration.
recoil, and the latter a repose or d,·ad-bi:at .:scape- · It will be understood that only at one point is the
ment for clocks. The same letters of reference free movement of balance opposed during an os-
indicate like parts in b?th. . The anchor, H, L, '. cillation.
K, is caused, by the o~c1llation of the penclukm, j .
to vibrate upon the axis,':- . Between the two ex- i 291. Stud escapement, usec\ m
large clocks.
trcmities, or pallets, H, K, is placed the escape · l One pallet, B, works in front of the wheel and
wheel, A, the teeth of which come alternately r the other at the back. The studs are arranged
a"ainst the outer s urface of the pallet, K, and in- '. in the s ame manner, and rest alternately upon
11~r surface of pallet, H. In 289· these surfaces · the front or back pallet. As the curYe of t he
are cut to a curve concentric to the axis, a ; con- ! pallets is an arc described from F, this is a repose
sequently, during the time one ~)f the teeth is i or d,·ad-beat escapement.
against the pallet the wheel remarns perfectly at I
rest. Hence the name n:J:o!,: or d,:ul-bi:at. In 1 293. Duplex escapement, for watches, so called
288 the surfaces are of a differeent lorm, not ne- i from partakinrr of the characters of the spur and
cessary to explain, as i~ cat~ be under.s tood that ! crown wheels."' The axis of balance carrie? pallet,
any form no~ concent~1c with the axis, ".• must i B, which at e\·ery oscillatirm recei vcs an 11npulse
produce a slight recoil of the wheel dunn~ the ; from the crown teeth. In the axis, A, of balance-
escape of the tooth, and hence the term rec01! es- i wheel is cut a notch into which the teeth round
capcment. On the pallets leaving teeth, _a_t each ! the edge of the wheel successively fall after each
oscillation of the pendulum, the cxtremtt1es of : one of the crown teeth passes the impulse pallet,
teeth slide along the surfaces, r, ,,, and ,I, b, and ! ll.
gi\'e sufficient impulse to pendulum. 1·
· d of pencl u l um escape- , h 294. th and 295. A · cylinder ·escapement. 194

-;,-· Another· kl 11 · 1er m perspectl\·e, an d 2 95 ~·ho,,--"'
Is ows e cy1me
".'!(\()
ment. part of the escape-wheel on a large scale, and re-

29 r. Arnold's chronometer or free escapement, 1 presents the different positions taken by cyl-
I
s ometimcs used in watches. A spring, A, is fix- inder, A, B, during a.n oscillation. The p~ll~ts,
eel or screwed against the plate of the watch at b. a, b, c, on the wheel rest alternately on the 1!1s1de
!
To the under side of this spring is attached a and outside of cylinder. To the top of cylmder
small s top, d, against which rest successi\·ely the ; is attached t he balance-wheel. The wheel pallets
teeth of the c;;cape-wheel, B; and on the top of i are beveled so as to keep up the im pulse of b!ll-
spring is fixed a stud, i, holding a lighter and ( ance by sliding against the be\·eled edge of cyhn-
more flexible spring which passes under a hook, der.
!.·, at the extremity of A, so that it is free on being
I
depressed, but in rising would lift A. On the I 296. Lever escapement. The anchor or piece,
axis of the balance is a small stud, a, which I B, which carries the pallets, is attached to lever,
to uches the thin spring at each oscillation of b:il- I E, C, at one end of which is a notch, E. On a
ance-wheel. \Vhen the movement is in the direc- disk secured on the arbor of balance is fixed a
1·
t ion shown bv the arrow, the stud depresses the small pin which enters the notch at the middle
spring in pas5ing, but on returning ra ises it and l of each vibration, causing the pallet to enter in
the spring, A, and stop, d, and thus allows one l and retire from between the teeth of escape-wheel
tooth of escape-wheel to pass, letting them fall [ The wheel gi\·es an impulse to each of the pallets
immediately to arrest the next. At the same alternately as it leaves a tooth, and the le,:er
'!
time that this tooth escapes another strikes I gives impulse to the balance-wheel in opposite
against the side of the notch, g, and restores to : directions alternately.
MECHA); lCAL iviOVEMENTS.
75
I - -· - -·- · -·- - - -- - - -- - - - -- - - ... .•
i 297. An escapement with a lantern wheel. I face of D ) are concentric with the axis on
A.~ arm, A, carries the two pallets, B and C. , which the pallets vibrate1 tnd hence there
is no recoil
An old-fashioned watch escapement. '.

I I
304. Pin-wheel escapement, somewhat
299. An old-fashioned clock escapement. i resemblinrr

o the stud esca1)ement shown by
i 292. T h'.! p1:1s, A, B, of the escape-
; wheel are of two different forms , l.Jut the
:
: form of those on the right side is the best.
300 and 3or. A clock or watch escape- ,
. f . l i One advantage of this kind oi escapement
n1ent; 300 l)emg a ront e 1evahon, anc 301 · ~
~ Th e pa11et 1s
. is that if one of the pins is damaged it can
a side elevation. acted upon .
easily be replaced whereas if a tooth is
by the teeth of one and the other of two , ' '
: damaged the whole wheel is ruined.
escape-wheels alternately.
302. Balance-wheel escapement. C is the · 305 . A single-pin pendulum escapement.

balance; A, 13, are the pallets ; and D 1s . The escape-wheel is a very small disk with
the escape-wheel. single eccentric pin; it makes half a revolu-
tion for every beat of the pendulum, giving
the impulse on the upright faces of the pal-
303. A dead-beat pendulum escapement. : lets, the horizontal faces of which are dead
•
T he inner face of the pallet, E, and outer : ones. This can also be adapted to watches.
,.._
~1ECHAl'\ICAL MOV E)I ENTS. //
- · - - - -- - - -- - - - -- - - - - - ···-· ·-· -···· ···-- . ... ---·· - -- - - · -- --·-- - - ·- --
306. Three-legged pendulum escapement. ; raises one of the weighted pallets out of the
The pallets are formed in an opening in a : wheel at each vibration. vVhen the pendu-
plate attached to the pendulum, and the ! !um returns the pallet falls with it, and the
three teeth of the escape-wheel operate on ; weight of the pallet gives the impulse.
the upper and lower pallets alternately. i
One tooth is shown in operation on the !
upper pallet. 310. Three-leo-o-ed
00 b
o-ravitv
.,
esca1)emcnt.
The lifting of the pallets, A and B, is done
by the three pins near the center of the
307. A modification of the above with ( escape-wheel, the pallets vibrating from two
Jong stopping teeth, D and E. A and Bl
centers near the point of suspension of the
are the pallets. 1 pendulum. The escape-wheel is locked by
i means of stops, D and E, on the pallets .
iI
308. A detached pendulum escapement, J

leavi ng the pendulum, P, free or detached j 31 1. Double three-legged gravity escape-
!
from the escape-wheel, except at the time of ment. Two locking-wheels, A, B, C, and
receiving the impulse and unlocking the ! a, b, c, are here used with one set of lifting-
whe~l. !here is but on~ pallet, _I, w~1ich / pins between them. The two wheels a re
receives impulse only dunng the v1brat1ons t set wide enoucrh apart to allow the pallets
i
of the pendulum to the lef~- . The leYer, Q, to lie between ~hem. The teeth of the first-
locks the escape-wheel until JUSt before the l mentioned lockin<Y-wheel are stopped by a
time for giving the impulse, when it is un- 1stop-tooth D on °one pallet and those of
.
locked by the click, C, attached to the pen- Ii the other ' one' by a stop-tooth,
' E, on the
dulum. As the pendulum returns to the I other pallet.
right, the click, ,vhich oscillates on a pivot, j
will be pushed aside by the iever. i
I
i 31:?. Bloxam's gravity escapement. The
J pallets are lifted alternately by the small
309. ]\;fudge's gra,·ity escapement. The j wheel, and the stopping is done by the ac-
pallets, A, B, instead of being on one arbor, 1 tion of the stops, A and B, on the larger
are on two, as shown at C. The pendulum J wheel. E and F are the fork-pins which
plays between the fo.k-pins, P, Q, and so l embrace the pendulum.
i_
MECHA!'\ICAL lvfOVEllIE~TS.
- ·- - - - - -------·----· ·-----,--·----
-· _... --------
·------ - - - ----- --·
313. Chronorneter escapement, the form now comrn only · ri,;ht, the curb-pins are made to reduce the length of acting
79
constructed. As the balance rotates in the direction of the ! p:irt of spring. and the vibrations of balance are made
:i.rro,,·, the tooth, \ :"" . on tl1e verge, pres£es the passing- faster; and by n1oving it to the Jett a:i opposite effect is
II
s pring ag:iin~t the 1e,·er, pressing aside the le,·er ~nd rl!- produced.
1
moving the de tent from the tooth of the escape-wheel. As l
b:;,l;1nce returns , tooth. ,-, p resses as ide and p:.s.;cs :,;pring ; 319. Cornpens:i.tion ba.la!1ce. I, n, t', is the n,:i.in bar of
\\'itho ut rnoving lever, ,vhich then res ts ng:tinst the stot>, E . . balance, ,vit h tin1ir:g sere,\·., for rc6ulation .i.t the e::cls. t
p is the on ly pallet upon which impu!~e i.s given. : and t' are two compound bars, of which the outside is
i brass and the inside s tce!, carr\·ing ,,·eight~, b, l>'. As heat
3 14· Lever chronometer
, l'k
escapement. In this thu J>allets , .
f ~ '
:
' · mcreases, these bars are bent mward bv the ereater expan-
:\ B ~nd lc\·er 10 01'. l ·e t 11ose o the 1e \·er cscapernent . . ~ .... .
· ' ' ' .. sion of the brass, and the weigh ts are thus drawn inward,
•- fi : but these pallets on. lv lock th~ csc:'!ie·whecl ' ha,·- d.1n1n11s · · 111ng · o f t h e ,.1J.l :ince. As t I1e l1eat cl'1m1-
· t h e ·1nert1a ·
. · . 1
in« no impulse. Impulse 1s given by teeth of escape -wheel · h . « . d l
."' . C · . ; n1s es? an opposJte enect 1s. pro uc~<. 1'his b:d:incc con~·
directly to ., pallet, , attache<I to l.,,1lance. , b - . •
; pensa1es ot11 1or Jts O\vn expansion and cvntr:lction, :a~c.l
315. Con,c:tl pendu!um, hung by a thia pi~ce of round that of th.:: balance-spring.
,rir~. Lo\Yer en d co:lncctccl ,,·ith :ind d~·i,·en in :\ circle b,·
an arm att:iched to a ,·enica l w:a:iug spindle. The pend~- : 3zo. Endless ch:ii n, maintaining r ower 0:1 ,:oing·lxtrre!,
lun1· ro<l describes :i cone in its rc\·olution. to keep a c lock going ,vhile ,,·inding, during "·hich opera·
I6 . .i\Iercurt:11 con1pens:1t:on p end•.1lunL ,.\ g!ass jar of j tion the action of the \Veight or main-spring· is taken otT 1hc
A
3
merct1ry is used for the bob or weight. As the pendulum· ' bane!. The wheel to the right is the" going-wheel, " m;d
rod is exp:mded lengthwise by inc,·eased temperature, the ' that to the left the "striking-wheel." P is a pulley fix¢d
e xi>ansio n of 1nercury in jar CJ.rries it to a greater heig ht . to the great ,vheel of the going part, and roughened, to
therein. and so raises its center of gra,-ity relath·ely to the : i;revent a rope or chain hung over it from stippiilg. A
r od suflicientlv to com pensate for downward exp:insion of · simil:tr pulley rides <>n ;mo:her a, bor, p, which may be the
.
the ro<l. As rod is cnntracted by a reduction of tempera-
'
' arbor of the great wheel of the striking part, and attached
ture, cont raction of ,nercury lo\,·crs it re'. ativc?y to rod. In : by a ratchet aud ciick to that ,,•heel, or to c)cck· fran1e, if
this ,vay the center of oscillation is nl,v:iys kept in the s:lnie '. there is no striking part. 1"he ,veights are hung. as n1:1y
place. and the effective length of penclu'.u,n always the · be seen, the small one being only large enour;h to keep the
s:une. , rope or chain on the pul:evs. If the pan, b, of the rope
,;. Componnd bar compensation pendulum. C is a ' or ch:1in is pulled down, th~ ratchet.pulley nms under the
3
comnound bar of brass and iron or steel, brazed together : c!ick , and the great weight is pulled up by c, without tak·
· I.1 b· ra~s
,vll .. . clO\\.ll\\·•r(l
,\ . As br•u :s..---.; ex·,ai,c's
1, , 1110t·e ti 1an iron,
- . mg its pressure off the gorni:;-wheel at all.
the bar will bend upwar~ asit ~ets warmer, an~ carry the . 321. Hanison's "going-baiTel." L.~rger ratchet-wheel,
weights, \V, \V, up wllh it, r 3,$mg the center OI •he aggrc· to which the click R is attached, is connected w11h the
gate wtight, J\I, ~V, to raise the ceter of oscil lation ~s great wheel, c;, b; a' spring, S, S'. While the clock is
much as e!ongat1011 of the pendu um rod would let 11 going, the weight acts upon the great wheel, G, through
down. the spring; but as soon as the weight is taken off hy wind-
31s. \Vatch regubtor. The bilance-spring is attached . ing, the dick, T, whose pi,·ot is set in the fran,e, prevents
at its outer end to a fixed stud, R, and at its inner end to the larger ratchet from fa!ling back, and so the spring,
staff of balance. • A neutral point is formed in the spring ' S, S', stilt drives the great wheel during the i i111e the deck
at P by inserting it between two curb-pins in the lever, . takes to wind, as it need only just keep the escapement
which is fitted to tum on a fixed ring concentric wi th staff i going, the pendulum taking care of itself for that short
of balance, and the spring only vibrates between th is neu·
tral point and staff of balance. Ily mOYing le,·cr to the
! time. Good watches have a sub$tantially similar appa·
: ratus.
lvfECHANICAL l\.fOVEMENTS. 81
322. A very con \·e.~icn t construction of J is guided by the vertical slot in the frame,
parallel ruler for drawing, made by cutting which is planed to a true surface.
1·
a quadrangle through the diagonal, forming

. . . I 327. n·rr f · h ·
1uers rom 326 111 av1ng ro ers
ll
two nght-~n.gled triangles, A and B. It ~s , substituted for the slides on the cross-head,
used by shdmg the hypothenuse of one tn- ! · 1 11 k'· · t t · lt ·d
! sa1c ro ers wor mg agams s ra1g 1 gUJ e-
an ,rle upon that of the other.
"' i• bars, A , A , a ttac11~d t o_ tl1e firame. 1' 1us· 1s·
323 . Parallel rul~r consisting of a simple I used for small engmes _in ~ranee.
straight ruler, B, \nth an attached axle, C, 328. A parallel mot10n invented by Dr.
and pair of wheels, A, A. The wheels, Cartwright in the year 1787. The toothed
which protrude but slightly through the un- Iwheels, C, C, have equal diameters and
der side of the ruler, ha\·e their edges . numbers of teeth ; and the cranks, A, A,
nicked to take hold of the paper and keep f have equal radii, and are set in opposite
the ruler always parallel with any lines directions, and consequently gh·e an equal
drawn upon it. obliquity to the connecting-rods during the
revolution of the wheels. The cross-head
324. Compound parallel ruler, composed on the piston-rod being attached to the two
of two simple rulers, A, A, connected by connecting-rods, the piston-rod is caused to
two crossed arms pi\·oted together at the move in a right line.
middle of their length, each pivoted at one 329. A piston-rod guide. The piston-rod,
end to one of the rulers, and connected A, is connected with a wrist attached to a
with the other one by a s lot and sliding-pin, coo--wheel B which turns on a crank-pin
as shown at 13. In this the ends as ~Ye!~ as ca~ried b; a_'plate, c, which is fast on th;
!
t he edges ar_e kept parallel. The pnnc1ple shaft. The wheel, B, revolves around a
of cons~ruct1011 of the several _rulers repre- ! stationary internally toothed gear, D, of
s_ented is take~ advantage _o f 11~ the forma- 1/double the diameter of B, and so motion is
t1on of some parts of machmer) · , given to the crank-pin, and the piston-rod
l
325. Parallel n1ler composed of t\YO sim- 1is kept upright: .
pie rulers, A, B, connected by two pivoted I 330. _The p1_ston-rod '.s ~rol.ong.ecl a_r.d
swinging arms, C, C. I works 111 a gUJde, A, which 1s 111 hne with
the center of the cylinder. The lower part
326. A simyle means of guiding or ob- of the connecting-rod is forked to permit
taining a parallel motion of the piston-rod the upper part of the piston-rod to pass
of an engine. The slide, A, moves in and between.
:i\,!ECHAXICAL l\fOVEl\IENTS. 83
- -- - - - -- -- -- - - -- -- - - - ·- · -- - -- -- - -- - ---· - --·-·-· ·· -··· - ··- f
I
331. An engine with crank motion like 336. An arrangement of parallel motion
1I
that represented in 93 and 279 of this • for side lever marine engines. The paral-
1
table, the crank-wrist journal working in a ! lel rods connected with the side rods from
slotted cross-head, A. This cross-head ! the beams or side levers are also connected
works between the pillar guides, D, D, of I with short radius anus on a rock-shaft
the engine framing. I working in fixed bearings.
I
332. A parallel motion used for the pis-
• 337. Parallel n1otion 1n which the radius
ton-rod of side lever marine eno-ines.
0 F C, l
' · 1rod is connected ·with the lower end of a
is the radius bar, and E the cross-head to ] .b . d f I· h
l . . Is 11ort v1 rating roe,
which the parallel bar, E, D, 1s attached. : . d .
1 t 11e upper en o w uc
h b d ,
I
I
I
11s connecte wit11 t e eam, an to t 11e cen-
! ter of which the piston-rod is connected.
l
I
333. A parallel n1otion used only in par-
l
'
ticular cases.
338. Another modification, in which the
l
. J radius bar is placed above the beam.
334. Shows a parallel motion used 1n ·
some of the old single-acting beam engines.
The piston-rod is formed with a straight J 339. Parallel motion for direct action en-
;
'
I
I .
rack o-carincr with a toothed segment on i o-ines
i 0 0 10 . In this, the end of the bar, B, C, is
I
l
the beam. The back of the rack works r connected with the piston-rod, and the end, I! .
I
I against a roller, A. ! B, slides in a fixed slot, D. The radius
I II bar, F , •A.' is connected at F with a fixed

l 335. A parallel motion commonly used I pivot, and at A, midway between the ends
I for stationary beam engines. j of B, C. .

I
--- -
114 )11.CHM<ICAL Mo,·o.><D<T ..

l\1ECI-iAXICAL MOVEMEXTS.
340. Another parallel motion. Beam, D, C, · gine. The cylinder has trunnions at its
with joggling pillar-support, B, F, which ,·i- : upper end and swings like a pendulum.
brates from the center, F . The piston-rod • The crank-shaft is below, and the piston-
is connected at C. The radius-bar, E, A, ) rod connected directly with crank.
produces the parallel motion. I T bl . Th . l · fi d
i 346 . a e engine. e cy1mcer 1s xe
341. "Grasshopper" beam engine. The ' on a table-like base. The piston-rod has
beam is atta<.:hed at one end to a rock- !I a cross-head workin<Y I:>
in strafa:ht
~
slotted
ing-pillar, A, and the shaft arranged as near ! guides fixed on top of cylinder, and is con-
to the cylinder as the crank will work. 13 ! nected by two side connectinrr- rods with
! .. ,':,
is the radius-bar of the p;;i.rallel motion . ! two parallel cranks on shaft under the
r
r. h" . . , table.
34::?. Old - 1as i0nec1 sing1e - actmg beam ;
pumping engine on the atmospheric prin- J 347. Section of disk engine. Disk piston,
ciple, with chain connection between piston- ; seen edgewise, has a motion substantially
r od and a segment at end of beam. The I like a coin when it first falls after being
cylinder is open at top. Very low pressure ! spun in the air. The cylinder-heads are
steam is admitted below piston, and the ! cones. The piston-rod is made with a ball
weight of pump-rod, etc., at the other encl ; to which the disk is attached, said ball
of beam, helps to raise piston. Steam is ! ,Yorking in concentric seats in cylinder-
then condensed by injection, and a vacuum : heads, and the left-hand end is attached
I
thus produced below piston, which is then to the crank-arm or fly-wheel on end of
forced down by atmospheric pressure there- , shaft at left. Steam is admitted alternately
by drawing up pump-rod.
1
on either side of piston.
I
343. Parallel motion for upright engine. 348. l\Iocle of obtaining two reciprocating
I
A, A, are radius-rods connected at one end mo,·ements of a rod by one revolution of a
with the framing and at the other with a shaft, patented in 1836 by B. F. Snyder,
, ;ibrating piece on top of piston-rod. has been used for operating the needle of
. . . . a sewing machine; by J. S. 1\fcCurdy, also
344. Osc1llatmg
. engme.. The cvhnder
. · r.
, 1or 1 • •
c,rinnrr a <Yanrr o f saws. 'fl1e d is-, " k .~."
has trunnions at the middle of its length ·r on t l1e centra atmcr s I1aft l1as t wo s Io ts,
::, l i:,ro to·
working in fixed bearings, and the piston- . h i:,l · I ·
~ . a. a crossm<Y eac ot 1er at a ng1it an" e 111
0
rod is connected directly with the crank, and ti, ' ti t" d -r~ 1
.d . d 1e center, anc1 1e connec mg-ro , D , 1as
no gui es are use · attached to it two pivoted slides, c, c, one
345. Inverted oscillating or pendulum en- working in each slot.
. "··"-.. · ·-·~
~
I~~
;J49 1$.ltl i'"~
l~·~f
A~W
I)<~ . ;~:~
,t~ :Py
MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.
349. Another form of parallel ruler. The I 356. Bohnenbero-er's machine illustra-
arms are. jointe~ in the_ middle and c<;>n- 1ting the same tend~ncy of rotating bodies.
nectecl with an 1ntermed1ate bar, bf wluch I This consists of three rings A A' A 2
n:ieans the ends of the ruler, as wel as the .1 place~ one within the other and ' connected
' ' '
sides, are kept parallel. by pivots at right angles to each other.
1
350. Traverse or to-and-fro motion. The 1 '.fhe smallest ring, A2, contains the bear-
pin in tl~e upper slot being stationary, and I mgs f~r the a?'is of_ a hea,:Y b~l, B .. Tl~e
the one 1n the lower slot 1nade to n10,·e in l ball being set 1n rapid rotation, its axis will
the direction of the horizontal dotted line ! continue in the same direction, no matter
the le ver will by its connection with the ba; ' how t he position of the rings may be
give to the latter a traversing motion in its ! ~Itei:ed ; ~nd the ri!1g, A2, which supports
rruides, a, a. : 1t will resist a considerable pressure tend-
i:,. 35 r. Stamp. Vertical percussive falls de- , ing to displace it.
rived from horizontal rotating shaft. The
n1uti~ated toothed p_in_io_n acts upon the rack i1 357. What is called the g}TOSCOp'.e gover-
to raise the rod until its teeth leave the rack ; nor, for steam engines, etc., patented by
and allow the rod to fall. i Alban Anderson in ,rss_8. _A i_s a hea:y
352. Another arrangement of the Chinese . wheel: the axle, B, B , ot which 1s ma~e in
windlass illustrated by 129 of this table. ' two_p_1eces connected tog~ther by a _univer-
353· A modification of the tilt or trip sal J0 m!.. The wheel, A, is on. one p~ec';, B,
hammer, illustrated by 72- Jn this the . a?cl a pmi?n, I, on the othe~ p1ec~, B · ~he
hammer heh·e is a lever of the first order. : P!ece, -!3,. is C?nnected at Jt~ m:ddle b)" a
In 74 it is a lever of the third order. 1 lunge JOint. w_1th tl.1e rev<;>lv1i:ig ~rame? H ,
. . ! so that variations 1n the mclmahon ot the
3 ;4. A mod1ficat1011 of the crank and slot- 1 wheel, A, will cause the outer end of the
te~ cross-head, 93· Tl_1e cr<;>ss-head con- ' piece, B, to rise and fall. The frame, H' is
ta1~s an endless gro_ove. 1n which the crank- ; driven by bevel gearing from the engine,
wns! works, an~ which 1s formed to produ_ce , and by that means the pinion, I, is carried
a un1f<_:ir m ve~oc1ty of movement of the wnst : round the stationary toothed circle, G, and
or rec1procat1ng-rod. ! the wheel, A, is thus made to receive a rapid
355. The gyroscope or rotascope, an in- i rotary motion on its axis. \Vhen the frame,
strument illustrating the tendency of rotat- ' H, and wheel, A , are in motion, the te n-
ing bodies to preserve their plane of rota- : dency of the wheel, A, is to assume a verti-
tion. The spindle of the metallic disk, C, : cal position, but this tendency is opposed
is fittc:I to turn easily in bearings in the '. by a spring, L. The greater the velocity
ria!?;. A. If the disk is set in rapid rotary , of the governor, the stronger is the tendency
motion on its axis. and the pintle, F, at one ' above mentioned, and the more it o;ercomes
side of the ring, A. is placed on the bearing . the force of the spring, and ,.1ice 7Jersa. The
in the top of the pillar, G. the disk and ring . piece, B, is connected with the valve-rod
seem indifferent to gravity, and instead. of : by rods, C, D, an~ the spring, L, is con-
dr?pping begin to revolve about the vertical . nected with the said rod by levers, N, and
axis. 1 rod, P.
i
MECHANICAL l\t!OVE'.\1ENTS.
- - - - -- - - -- - -------- ----' - -- - -- -- -- - - - - - - - - -- - - -
3;8. Traverse of carriage, made variable i 362. Alternating traverse of upper shaft
by fusee according to the variation 1n di- j and its drun1, pro~uce_d by 1~in on the e~d
ameter where the band acts. I of the shaft working 1n oblique groove 1n
I the lower cylinder.
I
359. Primitive drilling apparatus. Being

once set in 1notion, it is kept going by hand, 363. See-saw, one of the simplest illus-
by alternately pressing down and relieving I trations of a limited oscillating or alternate
the transverse bar to which the bands are ' circular motion.
attached, causing the bands to wind upon
the spindle alternately in opposite direc-
tions, while the heavy disk or fly-wheel 364. Intermittent rotary rnotion from con-
gives a steady mon1entum to the drill-spin- tinuous rotary motion about an axis at right
dle in its rot.rrv
•
n1otion. angles. Small wheel on left is driver ; and
the friction rollers on its radial studs work
against the faces of oblique grooves or pro-
360_ Continuous rotary motion from os~ p ecti~ns across ~he face of the larger wheel,
cillating. The beam being made to vibrate, l and impart n1 ot1on thereto.
the drum to which the cord is attached, !
working loose on fly-wheel shaft, gives mo- !
tion to said shaft through the pawl and l 365. Cylindrical rod arranged between
!
ratchet-wheel, the pawl being attached to two rollers, the axes of which are oblique
drum and the ratchet-wheel fast on shaft. I to each other. The rotation of the rollers
' J produces both a longitudinal and a rotary
I motion of the rod.

!
36r. Another simple form of clutch for
pulleys, consisting of a pin on the lower 366. Drilling machir..e. By the large
shaft and a pin on side of pulley. The pul- bevel-gear rotary motion is given to ver-
i
ley is moved lengthwise of the shaft by tical drill-shaft, which slides through small
means of a lever or other means to bring i bevel-gear but is made to turn with it by
its pin into or out of contact with the pin on [ a feather and groove, and is depressed by
shaft. ! treadle connecte~ with upper lever.
~ · "'"-"«..." ...= I
l.:!&S
. _Jvr_
361 J6.'J I
~··~:
~ 1
1i1td1 'j
J\lECHANICAL N{ OVE:.\1ENTS.
- ---- - ---- - - --------- --·-·----·- -- --
367. A parallel ruler with which lines rotary motion to any piece of mechat!ism.
may be drawn at required distances apart The two horizontal bevel-gears are arranged
without setting out. ~ower edge of upper in a hoop-shaped frame, which re\·ofres
blade has a graduated n·ory scale,_ on which freely on the middle of the horizontal shaft,
the incidence of th~ outer edge of the brass on which there are two vertical bevel-gears
arc indicates the "·1clth between blades. / gearing to the horizontal ones, one fast and
; the other loose on the shaft. Suppose the
368. Describin~ spir~l line on a cylinder. ! hoop to be held stationary, motion given to
The spur-&"ear wluch dnv~s the bevel-~ears, '. either ,·ertical bevel-gear will be imparted
and thus g1_ves rotary motion to the cylinder, i through the horizontal rrears to the ~ther
also gears 1nto the to?thed r:ick, and there- 1 vertical one ; but if the hoop be permitted
by causes the marking J?Omt to traverse i it will revolve with the vertical gear put in
from end to encl of the cylinder. , motion, and the .a mount of power required
. . . 1, to hold it ~tationary will cor respond with
369. Cycloidal surfaces, causing pendulum . that transmitted fron1 the first. rrear, and a
to mo'"~ in cycloidal curve, re~dering oscil- ( band attached to its periphery ,~ll indicate
lations isochronous or equal-timed. j that power by the weio-ht
0
required to keep
I it still.
37?· i\lotion_ for polishing ~1irrors, the I
rubbmo- of which should be vaned as much ;
as practicable. The handle turns the crank '. .3~3- Robert's contrivan_ce for proving tl!at
to which the lono- bar and attached ratchet- 1 fnct1011 of a ,Yheel carnage does not m-
wheel are connetted. T he mirror is secur- : crease "·ith velocity, but only with load.
ed rigidly to the ratchet-wheel. T he long • Loaded wagon is supported o_n s~irl~ce of
bar, which is guided by pins in the lower ! large "·heel, ~nd c?nnect~d with mcl1cator
rail has both a loncritudinal and an oscillat- : constructed with spiral spnng, to show force
inrr' mo,·ement and the ratchet-wheel is · required to keep carriage stationary "·hen
ca~sed to rotdte intermittently by a click \ large ,~·heel is P1:1t in mo~ion. I t was found
operated by an e:centric on the crank-shaft, i t\1a~ cl1~erence _m .\·eloc1ty prod~1~ecl no \"~-
and hence the mirror has a compound move- ; n ation 1n the rnchcator, but difference 111
ment. : weight immediately did so.
•
. 371. ~Iodificatio~ of _mangle-wheel mo- : 374. Rotary motion of shaft from trc:,dc
t1on. 1 he large \\ he~l is. toothed on_ bot_h . hv means of an endless band runnin.~ lrom
faces, and an a)ternating orcular _mot1~n is a, roller on the treadle to an eccentric ·on the
produced hy the uniform re,·olut~on ot the shaft.
pinion, which passes from one side ?f the
wheel to the other through an openmg on . .
the left of the figure. '. 37; . Pair of ed~e runners or c hascrs for
, crushino- or ITTinding. The axles are con-
372. vVhite's dy?amometer, f?r determ!n- I nected ~ith ~ertical ·shaft, and the wheels or
. ing the amount ot power required to give J chasers run in an annular pan or trough.
i
!
------- - - ----- - - - ·- - -·- ----···-··- - - . ··-· ···- - - I
.---- - -
iVIECHANICAL l\'IOVE'.IIE:'\TS. 93
- -- - - - - ----· --··-- - · - -- -----···· ···--- - - - ---.---
376. Tread-wheel horse-power turned by to recei\·e two wedges for clamping the
the weight of an animal attempting to walk piece or pieces of wood to be planed.
up one side of its interior; has been used
for drh·ino-
b
the paddle-wheels of ferry-boats
-
382. Adjustable stand for mirrors, etc.,
and other purposes by horses. The turn- by which a glass or other article can be
spit dog used also to be employed in such a raised or lowered, turned to the right or left,
wheel in ancient times for turning meat and varied in its inclination. The stem is
while roasting on a spit. fitted into a socket of pillar, and secured by
a set screw, and the glass is hinged to the
stem, and a set screw is applied to the hinge
377. The tread-mill employed in jails in to tighten it. The same thing is used for
some countries for exercising criminals con- photographic camera-stands.
demned to labor, and employed in grinding
grain, etc. ; turns by weight of persons
383. Represents the principal elements of
stepping on tread-boards on periphery. machinery for dressing cloth and warps,
This is supposed to be a Chinese invention, consisting of two rollers, from one to the
and it is still used in China for raising water
other of which the ,varn or cloth is wound,
for irrigation. and an interposed cylinder having its peri-
phery either smooth-surfaced or armed with
378. Saw for cutting trees by motion of brushes, teasels, or other contrivances, ac-
pendulum, is represented as cutting a lying cording to the nature of the work to be
tree. done. These elements are used in machines
for sizing warps, gig-mills for dressing
woolen goods, and in most machines for
379 and 380. Portable cramp drills. I 11
finishing woven fabrics.
379 the feed-screw is opposite the drill, and
in 380 the drill spindle passes through the 384. Helicograph, or instrument for de-
center of the feed-screw. scribing helices. The small wheel, by re-
\·olvirig about the fixed central point, de-
3S r. Bowery's joiner's clamp, plan and scribes a volute or spiral by movir.g along
transverse section. Oblong bed has, at one the screw-threaded axle either way, and
end, two wedge-formed cheeks, adjacent transmits the same to drawing paper on
sides of which lie at an angle to each other, which transfer-paper is laid with colored
and are dovetailed inward from upper edge side downward.
·1
I 1
l
i MECHANICAL MOYEMENTS. 95 I
I
i--·
:
1
38~. Contrivance empJoy~d in Russia for crossed. The pulleys have attached to
shutung doors. One pm .1s fitted to and them pawls which encracre with two ratchet-
I
! turns in socket attached to door, and the wheels fast on the flv1=wheel shait. One
; other is similarly attached to frame. In open- · pawl acts on its ratchet-wheel "·hen the
ing the doo~, pins a~e _brought together, and piece, A, turns one way, and the other whe:1
\\'eigl~t is ra1se_d._ \\i eight closes door by de- , the said piece turns the other way, and thus
pressing the JOJnt of the toggle toward a . a continuous rotarv motion of the shaft is
straight line, and so widening the space obtained. · .,
between the pins.
. . . J 391. Reciprocating into rotary motion.
386. F~k~1ng library ladder. It 1s shown ; The weighted racks, A, A1, are piYoted to
open, -~a1 ti}' open, a~~ clo~ccl ; th~ _rounds I th_e end of a piston-rod, and pins at the end
are pn oted to the side-pieces, "luch are · of the said racks work in fixed guide-crrooves,
fitted together to form _a roun_d ~ole when ; b, b, in such manner that one r~ck ope-
closed, the rounds shutting up inside. ' rates upon the cog-wheel in ascending and
I the other in descending, and so continuous
387. Self-adjusting step-ladder for wharfs : rotary motion is produced. The elbow leYer1
at which there are rise and fall of tide. T he , C, and spring, d, are for carrving the pin ot
steps are pivoted at one edge into wooden · the right-hand rack over thc'upper angle in
bars forming string-pieces, and their other , its guide-grooYe, b. •
edge is supported by rods suspended from I
bars forming hand-rails. The steps remain ! .
horizontal whatever position the ladder as- I 39:2. Gig-saw, the lower end connected
sumes. . f with a crank which works it, an~ the upp~r
, end connected with a spring which keeps 1t
. strained without a gate.
388. F eed-motion of \Voo<hYorth's plan- .
ing machine, a smooth supporting roller, and
a toothed top roller. 393. Contrivance for polishing lenses and
. bodies of spherical form . The polishing
. . . . : material is in a cup connected by a ball-.and-
389. L1ft111g-pck operated by an eccec!nc, · socket joint and bent piece of metal with a
pawl, and ratchet. The upper pawl 1s a I, rotatino- b
upricrht
~
shaft set
h
concentric
.
to the
stop. : body to be polished. T e cup 1s set eccen-
; tric, and by that means is caused to ha\'e
390. Device for converting oscillating in- an independent rotary motion about its axis
to rotary motion. The semicircular piece, ' on the universal joint, as well as to revolve
A, is attached to a leYer which works on a about the common axis of the shaft and the
fulcrum, a, and it has attached to it the ends body to be polished. This prevents the
of two bands, C and D, which run around . parts of the surface of the cup from coming
two pulleys, loose on the shaft of the fly- : repeatedly in contact with the same parts of
wheel, B. - Band, C, is open, and band, D, ; surface of the lens or other body
_______________________________ __
:__
..
!)6
~~
MucH•MCAI- )J<W~IIU"'fS.
-- -- -
: ,,. '"J ,. I
I
~1~.f
~~~·
J_
~-ct'. ~
i
"°~~ u i
I
l
:i\1ECHAKICAL l\tl o YEMENTS. 97
: - -·· · -- ·- - - - -- - --- - -·- ---- - - --~ - - - --·-· - - - ·- -- . ., .. ··-· --·· -·-- --·-- -·- -
394· C. Parsons's patent device for con- I 399. A n1ethocl of repairing chains, or
ver ting reciprocating mo~ion into rotary, an ; tightening chains used as guys or braces.
e ndless rack provided with g roovE.s on its ' Link is made in two parts, one end of each
s ide ..,.earino- with a pinion having two con- ! is provided with swi,·el-nut, a nd other encl
centr~ flan°;-es of different dian1eters. A l ,Yith scre,v ; th e screw of each part fits
s ubstitute f~r crank in oscillating cylinder '. into nut of other.
engines. i
1 400. Four-n1otion feed (A. B. \ Vihon's
395. Four-w~y cock, used_many years ago : patent), used on \Vheeler & \\' ilson's,
on steam engines to adnut and exhaust Sloat"s and other sewincr machines . The
stean1 from the cylinder. T he two positions l bar, A;
is forked, and haf a second bar, Il
r epresented ar: ~roclt!ced b!
a quarter turn : (c~rrying the spur or fee~lei), pivoted in t~e
of the plug: Su;;iposing th"' steam to e_n ter . said fork. The bar, n, 1s l1ftecl by a radial
a t the top, If: the upper figure_ the exhau~t ! projection on the cam, C. at the same time
is from the nght end of the cyh!1cler, and 111 ; the two bars a re carried forwa rd. A spring
the lower figure the. exhal!st is fro,_n the : produces the return stroke, and the bar, B,
left- the ste:un entenng, ot course, 111 the : drops of its own gravitv.
opposite port. I ·
1 ,._ • I 4or. E . P. Brownelrs pa tent crank-mo-
->96· G. P. R ecn _s pate.nt anchor ~nd ~e, er tion to obviate dead-centers. T he pressure
escapem~nt fo r '~ ate.hes . .·The le, er is so iI on the treadle causes the slotted slide, A, to
a.pphed 111 comb1nat1on "1th_ chronom_eter i move forward with the ,Yrist until the latter
escapem~nt that tl~e wJ1ole . impulse g:1ven i has passed the center, when the spring, B,
balance in one direction _,s trans~1ttecl i for ces the slide ao-ainst the stops until it is
t hr<?ugh _leve_r, ai:icl whole. impul~e 111 op- ! a..,.ain required to tnove forward.
pos1te d1rect1?n is transmitted d1~ectly to ' 0
chronometer impulse pallet, locking and !
unlocking the escape-wheel but once at :
each impulse given by said wheel. 4 02. G. 0. G uernsev·s patent escapement
I for watches. In this escapement two bal-
: ance-whee ls are employed, carried by the
397. Continuoi1s circular into intern1it- ! same d riving-power, but oscillating in op-
tent r ectilinea r reciprocating. A motion ! posite. directions, for the purpose <;>f coun-
used on several sewino- machines for driv- ! teract1ng the effect of any s udden Jar upon
ino- the shuttle. Sam~ motion applied to j a watch o r ti1ne-piece. T he jar which would
th~ee-revo]P•' )11 cylinder printing-presses. r accelera te motion Of One Wheel WOt ld r~- 1
! tard the motion of other. Anchor, A, 1s

I secured to lever, B, havi ng an interior and
398. Continuous circular motion into in- i exterior toothed segment at its encl, each
termittent circular- the cam, C, being the : o ne of which gears with the pinion of bal-
driver. ! ance-wheels.
~
!'"'--= .\'"'\y
.•. .
l~~Jf\
! ."' .
tct1blF~
1
-
'"X1~~ - - _J
..,
I
/ ____ :rv1ECHAXICAL
- ---------- -- ----- - ·-
l\foVEMENTS. 99
l 403. C"clograph for describing circular arcs in drawings j 408. Centrolinead for clrawin; lines toward an inaccessi-
l where the center is in accessible. This is composed of : ble or inconveniently distant point; chiefly used in per-
three straight ru'.es. The chord and ,·ersed sine being ; specti,·e. Upper or clrawin;: edge of blade and back of
!i laid do\\'n, <lra\\' straight sl oping lines from ends of fonner movable leg,; should in tersect center of joint. Geometrical
to top of latter, and to these lines by two of the rules : diagram indicates mode of setting iustrument, legs forming
! crossing at the apex. Fasten these rules together, and an· ! it may form unequal ang:es with blade. At either end of
l other rule across them to serve as a brace, and insert a pin J dotted line crossing centra l, a pin is inserted vertically for
i
or poi.n t at each end of chord to ~tide th.e appara.tus, which, i,~strument to work against. $ 11 prosi11g i~ to be. inconve-
II I
on be111g moved aga'.nst these pomts, will describe the arc ment to produce the convergent !tnes u:H1l the~ mtersect,
by means of pencil m the angle of the crcs"s ,ng edges of , even temporan ly, for the purpose of semng the instrument
l the sloping rules. I as shown, a corrcsronding convergence may be found be-
4:>4. Anothe r cyc:oi;raph. The elastic arched bar is · tween them by drawing a line para:lel to and inward from
Jn:tde half the depth at the e:ids that it is at the middle, · each.
and is formed so that its outer ed;e coincides with a true i 409. P roportional compasse:, use:1 in copying drawings
circul:,,r arc when bent to its greatest extent. Three points : oa a Given large r or smaller scale. The rivot of com-
in the required arc being g:vcn. the bar is bent to them by ! passes is secured in a slide which is adjnst::b!e in the longi -
means of the screw, each end being confined 10 the st:aight · t udinal slots of legs, and capab:e of being recured by a
bar by means of a sma!i ro!ler. · set screw, the dimensions are taken between m,e pair of
405 . ll!echanical mean; of descr il.,irg hyperbolas. tl!e:r ' pair.ts and transferred with the other pair, and thus en-
fcci and vertices beini: gi,·en. Surposc th ~ cmTes two larged or diminished in proportion to the relati\'e distances
opposite hy perbolas, the points in n ,r:ical cl,,a ed center oi the points from the pivot. A sca!e is provided on one
line t heir foci. One end of ruie tunis on one focns as a or both legs to indicate the proportion .
center through which one edge ranges. O ne end of thread . 410. Bisecticg gauge. (Ji t\\'O i:;ar:-.llel cl:eeks on the
being looped on pin inserted at the ot hcl' focus, and other : cross-bar one is fixed and the other adjustable, and held by
encl held to other end of rule, with just cn(,u,:h sbck be- : thumb-screw. In either cheek is centered one of two short
tween to permit height to reach ,·ortex when r::le coinci des : b:trs of equal length, unit ed by a pivot, having a sha rp
with center l ine. A pencil held in bight, a.nd kept close to i point for marking. Th:s poi1:t is always in a centra l rosi·
rule while latter is 1110 \'ec\ from center line, dc,cribes one· i tion between the cheeks, whate,·er their distance apart, so
half of parabola; the nt!e is then rc\'ersed for t he t•ther · that any parallel sided soli<l to which the cheeks are adj ust-
half. ; eel mav be bisected from end to end by drawing the ga116e
406. '.'\lcchanical means of clescribin:; parabolas, the base, i along it. Solids not parallel sided may be bisected in like
altimcle, focus, and directrix being gi,·en. Lay straight ; omrmer, by leaving one cheek loose, but keeping it in con- .
ed~e ,,·ith near side coinciding ,,·ii h directrix: and square ; tact \Yith sol id.
with stock against the s:une, so that the b!ad( is parallel ; 411. Self-recording level for surveyors. Consists of a
with the axis, and proceed with pencil in bi;;ht of thread, : carriage, the shape <>f which is .;ovemed by an iscsceles
as in the preceding. i triangle having horizontal base. 1'he circurnfe re nce of
407. Jnstl'ument fer describing poir.ted arches. H ori- , each wheel equals the base of the t riangle. A pendulum,
zontal bar is slotted and fitted with a slide ha\'in;; pin for when the instru:nent is on level ground, bisects !he bse,
loop of cord. Arch bar of elastic wood is fixed in horizon- ·, and when on an inclination gravitates to right or lefi from
ta! at right angles. Hor:zontal bar is placed with upper : center accordingly. A drum, rota ted by gearing from m,e
edge on springing line, and b~ck oi arch bar ranging with · of the carriage wh eels, carries sectionally n1led paper,
jamb of open ing, and the latter b~r is bent till the upper upon which pencil on pendulum traces profile corresponding
side meets apex of arch, fulcn:m -piece at its base insuring ; with th~t of ground traveled over. The drum can be
its retaining tangential relation to jamb ; the pencil is , shifted vertically to accord with any given scale, and h-0ri-
secured to arched bar at its co11 11ectio11 with cord. ' zoi;tally, to avoid removal of filled paper.
·-'-
,- - -
MECHANICAL lVIovEMENTS. •
IOI
- --- ----·- ---·---·----·
412. \Vh~el-work in the base of capstan. : tre~dle motion over. the dead-centers. T he
Thus · provided,
l the capstan
d Ican
· be ·used
l as ·, helical sprin<r
::,,_ A , :has .a tendenc· y. t o 1110,.e
a. s11np e or compoun 1nac Hne, sing e or , the crank, B, 111 direction at ri<rht-an<rles O
to
tnple purchase. T he drumhead and barrel ; dead-centers. e
r otate independently ; the former, being : . .
z·
fixed on spindle, turns it round, and when ! 4~ Contnn!ous Cl:Cular n1otion into a
locked to barrel turns it also, forming s in- : r~ctJl~n;a: r ec1p:ocat1ng: The. shaft, A,
<Tle purchase ; but when unlocked wheel- : workmo 111 a fixed beanng, D, is bent on
~ork acts, and drumhead and barr~l rotate · one end, and fit~ed to turn in a socket at
in opposite directions, "·ith velocities as ' tl:e. upper end .ot a rod, B, ~he lower end of
three to one. I ,.,. hich W?rks 111 a socket 111 the slide, C.
413· J. \V. Hewlett's patent adjustable Dotted li~es s how t he position of the rod,
frictional <rearin<r This is an imi)rovement B, and sl!de, when the shaft has made half
o ' ~- · . a revolution fro1n the position 110 ·11 ·
on that shown 111 45 o.f tl11s .tab!~. T he bold lines. · s ' ' in
upper wheel, A, shown 1n section, 1s com-
posed of a rubber disk with V-edge, clamp- 4 18. Bu~hanan & Righter 's patent slide-
ed between two metal plates. By screwing · Yalve n1otto!1. Valve, A, is attached to
up the nut, B. ,,.·hich holds the parts toge- i lower end of rod, B, and free to slide hori-
the r, the r ubber d isk is made to expand ' zon.tally on valve-seat. U pper end of rod
radially, and gre'..lter tractive power may be 13 . is attached to a pin which slides in verti:
produced between the two wheels. i <:a~ slots, ~nd ~ roller, C, attached to the
414. Scroll gear and sliding pinion, to . said_rod., ~hcles in two .sus1~e~ded and verti-
produce an increasing velocity of scroll- ~al)y adjustable arcs, D. 'Fh1s arrangement
plate,. A, in one d irect!on, . and a decreasing ' is_ intend~_d to prevent the valve. fron:i being
velocity ,vhen the 1not1on 1s reversed. Pin- P1_essed "ith too g~eat force against its seat
ion, B, 1noves on a feather on the shaft. i b) tl~e pressure ot steam, and to relieve it
. k . . fi ot friction.
415. P. D1c -son s patent c1ev1ce or con- ; _
verting an osciihting motion into interm it- i 419.. Continuou s circular motion con-
tent circubr, in either direction. O scillat- i vert~d into a rocking motion. l,sed in self-
ing motion communicated to lever, A. which : rocking cradles. \Vheel, A, revolves, and is
is provided with two pawls, B and C, bing- ' co~nected !O a wheel, B, of greater radius. '
eel to its upper side, near shaft of wheel, D. which receives an oscillating 1notion and i
Small crank, E, on upper side of lever, A, ' wheel, B, is provided with two tl~xible I
is attached by cord to each of pawls, so that · bands, C, D, which connect each to a stan- I
,...-hen pawl, C, is let into contact with inte- · dard or post attached to the r ocker, E of
rior of rim of wheel. D, it moves in one the cradle. ' .
. i
direction, and pa,d, B. is out of g:ear. n--1 0- 420. Arrangement of hammer for strikin(Y i
tion of wheel, D . may be reversed by lift- bells._ Spring b:low the hammer raises it I
ing pawl, C, ,Yhich \\'as in ~car, and letting out ot contact \\'1 tl1 tl1e l)ell ft
· · I ' · J· E" a er stn·k·m <r :i
opposite one ~nto_ge:u ~y :ran,. · . a(1d SC? pre,·ents it from interferin<T with ti~~
416. A deY1ce tor ass1st1r:g :he crank of a Y1brat1on of the metal in the bell.~
.. .. ... ·--·· ·-- - ·-·· -· - ··· -- -····-· -· ····--·- ·-··--·-··- ·- - - ---

- ------- --- ~---
M&ellUlCAL MOH11'->"TS.
,. ,1,·f l~I
~11~~~
if~&~
J I • ur I
~~ ~1
MECHANICAL lvIOVEMENTS. 103 ]
I
·----,-- - -- - - -- - - -- - - - -- --- 1I
421. Trunk engine used for marine purposes. trally through it. The piston, C, is simply an '
The piston has attached to 1t a trunk at the lower I eccentric fast on the shaft and working in contact
end of which th e pitman is connected directly ! with the cvlinder at one point. The induction
with the piston. The trunk works through a ' and eduction of s team take piace as indicated
stuffing-box in cylinder-head. The effective area , by arrows, an<l the pr essure of the steam on one
of the 'upper side of the piston is greatly red uced . side of the piston produces its rotation and that
by t he trm~k. To. equalize t he power on both I of th_e shaf~. The slidin~ abutment, D, between
sides of piston, !ugh-pressure steam ha;; been ' the mduct1on and etluctwn port,; moves out of
first used on the upper side and afterward ex- ; the way of the piston to let it pass.
haustecl into and u::;eJ. expansively in the part '. . . .
of cylinder below. i 426. Another f?rm of r otary engme, rn w!11~lt
· I there are two stat10narv abutments, D , D , w1thm
422_ Oscillating piston engine. The profile ; the crlinder, and the t1,•o pistons, A, ;\, in order
of the cylinder A, is of t he form of a sector. ; to enal,lc them t o pass the abutments, are made
The piston, B, i:; attached to a rock-shaft, C, and : to slide radially in grooves in the hub, C, of the
steam is admitted to the cylinder t o operate on '. main shaft, B. The steam acts on both pistons
one and the other s ide of piston alternately, by i at once, to produce the ro tati on of the hub and
means o f a slide-Yake, D, substantially like that, shaft. The induction ancl eduction arc indicated
of an ordinary reciproc:tting engine. The rock- : by arr ows.
shaft is connected with a crank to produce rotary I\ · • · I · I th
' . . 427. - not 11er rotary engme, 111 w 11c 1 , e
m otion. : shaft, B, works in fixed bearings eccentric to the
423. Root's patent cl.oublc-quadrant engine. · ~ylinder. The pi_sto1~s,_ ~' A, are fitt~d to. ~lic)e
This is on the same pnnc-1 plc as 422; but two , m and oi_it fr?m g1001 es 111 the hu b, C, "h1ch is
single-acting pistons, B, B, are used, and both ' c~mcentnc with !he shaft, _but they are a lway~ ra-
cm1nected wi t h one crank, n. The steam is ad- 1 dial to t he c:yhnd~r, berng kept so by. nngs
mit.ted to act on the ou ter sides of the two pis- ' (:,hown d?tted) fi t tmg _to hubs on the. c:ylmdcr-
tons alternate ly by means of one induction vah·e, : )1eads. 1 ~e pistons sl!de through roll mg pack-
a and is exluusted through the space bet\\'een . rngs, a, a, m the hub, C.
ti1e pistons. The piston and crank co_nnections ; 41 s. The inclia-rubber rotary engine in which
are such that the ~team acts on each piston dur- · the C\·lindcr has a l~exil>le lining, E, of india-
ing about two-th irds of the re\·oluti~)n of the ru bber, and roller;,, A, •.\, are subst ituted for pis-
crank, and hence there are no dead points. : tons, said rollers IJ<. ing attached to arms radiat-
. t'· . 1 _. • • " : ing from the main shaft, lJ. The steam act)ng
. 414. Ro.o_" d<?ub,~, 1 c.c_ipro~~~m"' or s9nare bc,ween the india-rubber and the surround mg
piston engme. lhe c~l!nde1, A, of ~h is en- , ri aid portion of the cvlinc!er presses th e india-
g)~ie is of, oblong_ sqt~:i re form ~nd .~o~tam~ ! IYO nJ)ber against the r ollers, and causes them to
p1::-tOn$, l, :md l . , the fo rmer \\ <;Jrkm"' (10 1.11.<?n- rc1·oh·e around the cylmder 2nd turn the shaft.
tallv, and the btte:r l\'Orkmg vertically w1thm 1t ;
the· piston, l', j ., connc c1ed with the wrist, a, of 4 79. Holly's pate1!t _doubl~ -ell iptical rotary
the crank 0:1 t he m;, in ~bait./,. The ports fo r engrne. T he two elhptieal pistons geared to-
the admis~ion oi steam are :-hOl\'n blac k. The gether are operated upon by the steam entering
tll' O p istons produce the r0tation of the crank between them, in such manner as to pr oduce
without dead points. their rotary motion in opposite directions.
425. One of the many forms of rotary engine. These rotary engines can all be co1wertecl into
A is the cylinder having the shaft, B, pass cen- pumps.
.... -· ·--·-··· ··-- - - -- - - ·-- -

- - - - - -- -- -···---·- -- -· ··- I
430. Overshot water-wheel. I 436. Jon val turbin~. The "shutes''. are '
: arranged on the outside of a drum, radial to
I
; a common center and stationary within the
431. Undershot water-wheel. I trunk or casing, b. The wheel, c, is made
'. in nearly the same way ; the buckets exceed
. · . ! in number those of the shutcs, and are set
432. B reas t-wh ee1. T 111s 110 11cs 1nterme- 1 . . .
.1ate p 1ace be t ween overs I10 t ancI un d ers 11ot I. at a slight
. tang:ent mstead . of rachallv,
' and
<l ~
wI1ee1s ; I1as float- board s l1 .k·e ti1e fiormer, . the curve generally used 1s that of the cy-
.. b cl . 1 cloid or parabola.
b ut t l1e cavities etween are con\'ertc mto .
buckets by moving in a channel adapted to .1
circumference and width, and into which ]
water enters nearly at the level of axle. : 437· Volute wheel, havingradia] vanes, a,
I against which the water impinges and car-
i ries the wheel around. The scroll or volute
i
433. Horizontal overshot water-wheel. ! casing, b, confines the water in such a man-
) ner that it acts against the vanes all around

• ; the wheel. By the addition of the inclined
434. A plan view of the Fourne,Ton 1
tur- b uc k·et s, c, c, a t t 1e b ottom, ti1e wa t~r I·5
· 1
bine water-wheel. In the center are a num- !, n1a d e t o ac t wit a 1 1ona1 fiorce as it
. h dd·t·
ber of fixed cun·ed " shutes" or guides, . A, I, escapes through the openings o f sa·id
which direct the ,Yater against the buckets I, b uc kets.
of the outer wheel, B, which revolves, and '
the water discharges at the circumference.
438. Barker's or reaction mill. Rotary

43;. \Varren's central discharge turbine, . motion of central hollow shaft is obtained
I
plan view. The guides, a, are outside, and by the reaction of the water escaping at
the wheel, b, revolves within them, discharg- , the ends of its arms, the rotation being in
ing the water at the center. 1a direction the reverse of the escape.
1\-1ECHAN1CAL l\'.lOVEMENTS. 107
--
···-----·-·--·-..·-·-· .. ·· ·-··-- ...... ----·-··-- ·····-·- ..
'
··-·---··.. -·- ----·--·- - - -- - - - -- - - - - -
4~9- A method _of obta_ining_ a reciprocating · 444- Montgolfier's hydraulic ram. Small fall
mouon fron~ a continuous tall ot water, by means of water made to throw a jet to a great he ight
of a Yah·e 1_n. the bottom of the bucket wluch or furnish a supply at high level. The right·
?pens by stnkmg t!~e ground and thc!eby empty· ; ha1~d Ya)Ye being kept open by a weigh t or
rng the. bucket, which 1s c~used to n se agam _by sprmg, the current flowing throu gh the pipe in
th e action of a count~r-\\:c1ght on the other side . the direction of the arrow escapes therebv till
of the pulley over which It 1s suspended. it~ pre_:Ssure, oYercoming the rcsista11.:e of "·eight
. . . or sprmg, closes it. ()n tbe clo!:int! of this valve
. 440. Represents a trough clindecl trans,erscly the momentu m of the current o~·erco mcs th e
11~to equal parts a~d supported _on an a:"1s by a '. pressure on the o'.her yah-c, orens i~. a 1icl throws
~i,ame benea~~: . 1 he fall of ~' at.~r filling one a qu;mtitv of \\"ater into th e glc>bular ;iir-cham·
::,1:)e of the d1, 1s1on, the ~rough is ~ 1brat~~ o_n its ; ber by tlie e:xpansi\·e force oi the air in ,,hich
a:xis, and at the _sam~ time that It delt I ers the , the upward stream from the no1.2le i,; ma intained.
water the opposite ~1de. 15. brought under the j Un equilibrium takin 'Jitce, the rh?;ht-hand
strea~n ~n~I fil led, wluch n~ltke m~nn:r.proc~u.c~s i vah-c opens and left-h!ncfo ne shuts. 1'hus, by
tile_ , ibr,tt1on of the_ trou,,h back a 0 am. 1 his : the al ternate action of the vahef, a quantity oi
ha::. been used as a ,,ater meter. : water is raised into the air-chamber at every
441. Persi:m wheel, used in Eastern countries : stroke, and the elasticity of the air giYCS uni·
for irrigation. It has a hollow shaft and curved ; form1ty to the efflux.
floats, at the e:-.tremit ics of which are suspended I
buckets or t ubs. The wheel is partlv immersed I 445 and 446. D'Ectol 's oscillating column, for
in a stream ac~ini on the con,·ex surface of its I eleYating a portion of a ~i,·en fall of water ab ove
floats, and as 1t 1s thus caused to rc,·oh·e, a ; the Je,·el of the resen·01r or head, by nK2,ns of
q uantitv of water will be elevated bv each float ; a machine all the parts of \Yhich are absolutely
at each' re,·olution, and conducted to the hollow , fixed. It consists of an uppcr and smaller t ube,
shaft at the same time that one of the buckets : which is constantly. supplied with water._ and a
carries its fill of water to a higher Je,·cl, where : lower :mcl larger tube, provided "·!th a C(rcular
it is emptied by coming in contact with a s ta· : plate below concentric with the orifice which re-
tionary pin placed in a convenient position for : cei,·e,; th e $\ream from the tube aboYe. U p~n
tilting it. · · ! allo"·in~ the water to descend as s hown 111
~ . . .. . ! 445, it 'forms itself gradually into a cone on the
44~. :\~ach1n:. ofanc~ent on .(!ln.' still empl?}ed , circular plate, as shown in 446, which cone
on the Ii, er Eisach, m. the T) rol, (or ra1~mg J protrudes into the smaller tube so as to check
water. A cu1:rent ~eepmg the wheel n: mot1_on, i th e flow of wate: downward ; and the reg ular
the pots on its penphe~y a~e successivel y m~- : supply cont inuing from above, the column. in the
merse<l, filled, and emptied rnto a trough abO\ e , upper tube rises until the cone on the c1rcular
the stream. j pl~te gh·es ,~·ay. This action is renewe_d peri·
443. Application of Archimedes's screw to rais- ; ochcally apd 1s regulated by the supply ot water·
ing water, the supply stream bcin~ the motive j
power. The oblique shaft of the wheel has ex- : 447. This method of passing a boat fr-~m one
tending through it a spiral passage, the lowe r ' shore of a river to the other is common on the
end of which is immersed in water, and the R hine and elsewhere, and is effected by the ac-
stream, acting upon the wheel at its lower encl, t ion of t he stream on the rudder, which carries
produces its r eYolution, bv which the water is , the boat across the stream in the arc of a circle,
conveyed upw~rd conti11uoi'1sly through the spiral I the center of \\·hi~h is the anchor which holds
passage and discharged at the top. ! the boat from floatrng down t he stream.
f '-.
~ - ~ ~
ro8 .l,l,:c1u><ic., L}[on.-"=

- - -- - -- - ---- -·----- - - --- - - -- - - -·- -- ------·--····-·--- ---
'\
I lvlECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 109
Iii - -· ·-· -- - -- - - - --- ·- ·-·-· --- ----- - .
448. Common lift pump. In the up- rushe~ in at suction-valve, 1,. on upper end
stroke of piston or bucket the lower valve of cylinder, and that below piston is forced
opens and the vah·e in piston shuts ; air is through va!ve, 3, and discharge-pipe 13 · on
exhausted out of suction-pipe, and water the piston ascending again, ,vater i; fo;ced
rushes up to fill ~he vacuun1. In _do":n- thr?u~h discharge-valve, 4, on upper end of
stroke lower valve is shut and valve 1n pis- cyhncter, and water enters lower suction-
ton OJ)ens, and the water simply pass.es valve, 2.
through the piston. The ,Yater above pis- 453. Double lantern-bello,,·s pump. As
ton is lifted up. and runs over out of spout one bellows is distended by lever. air is
at each up-stroke. This pump cannot r~refi~d within it, and water passes tip suc-
raise water over thirty feet high. t10n-p1pe to fill space; at same time other
449. l\{odern lifting pump. This pump bellows is compressed, and expels its con-
operates in same manner as one in prev1- !ents through discharge-pipe ; val\·es work-
ous figure, except that piston-rod passes 1ng the s~n1e as in the ordinary force pump.
through stuffing-box, and outlet is closed 454. Diaphragm forcin<Y pump. A tlexi-
by a flap-valve opening upward. \Yater can ble diaphragn1 is employ~d in;;teacl of bel-.
be lifted to any height above this P:1mp. lo,vs, and valves are arranged same as in
450. Ordinary torce pump, \\'It h t\\'O preceding.
valves. The cylinder is above \\'ater, and 455· Old rotary pump. Lower aperture
is fitted \\'ith solid piston ; one vah'e closes entrance for water, and upper for exit. Cen-
outlet-pipe, and other closes sucti<?n-pipe. tral part revolves with its val-ves, which fit
vVhen piston is risi ng suction-valve is open, accurately to inner surface of outer cvlinder.
and water rushes into cylinder, outlet-valve The projection shown in lower side· of cyl-
bein<Y closed. On descent of piston suction- inder is an abutment to close the valves
valv; closes, and water is forced up through when they reach that point.
outlet-valve to any distance or elevation. 456. Cary's rotary pun1p. \Vithin the
451. Force pump, sa1ne as above, ,Yith fixed cylinder there is placed a revolving
addition of air-chamber to the outlet, to pro- drum, B, attached to an axle, A. Heart-
dnce a constant flow. The outlet fron1 air- shaped cam, a, surrounding axle, is also
chamber is shown at two places, from either fixed. Revolution of drun1 causes slidino--
of which water mav be taken. The air is pistons, c, c, to move in and out in obecfl-
compressed bv the\vater during the down- ence to form of cam. \\later enters and is
ward stroke o{ the piston, and expands and removed fron1 the chamber through ports,
presses out the water fro1n the chan1ber L and I\1 ; the directions are indicated by
during the up-stroke. arrows. Cain is so placed that each piston
452. Double-acting pump. Cylinder closed is, in succession, forced back to its seat
at each end, an::! pis.ton-rod passes through when opposite E, and at same time other
stuffin<Y-Lox on one end, and the cylinder piston is forced fully against inner side of
has fo~r openings covered by valves, t:vo chamber, th~1s driv~ng .before it water al-
for admitting wate.r and. like numbe.r for dis- ready_ there into ex1~-p1p~, H , !nd drawing
charge. A is suct1on-p1pe, and B discharge- 1 after 1t through suct1on-p1pe, F, the stream
pipe. \Vhen piston n1oves down, water of supply.
;
- - - - - -- - -·----- -- - - -- -- -·- -·---. -··---·-··--·----···---·- ·· - .. --··---·--- I
i J\1ECH,\XICAL l\.fOVE:\fENTS. I I I
I
- ------- - ------------- ····-- - - ·
I
;' i.
I
457. Common n1ode of raising water from ; 40:::?. Chain pump; lifting water by con-
"·ells of inconsiderable depth. Counter- : tinuous circular motion. \Yood or metal
balance equals about one-half of weight to be '. disks, carried by endless chain, are adapted
raised, so that the bucket has to be pulled ; to water-tight cylinder, and forn1 with it a
down when empty, and is assisted in elevating : succession of buckets filled with water.
it when full by counterbalance. '. Power is applied at upper wheel.
.458.. The common pulley and buckets . · .for :. 4 6 3. S eIf-ac t.mo· weir . an d scounn.rr · • · -e.
s1,:1c
raismo- water · the emptv bucket 1s l)ulled ' i:, • "'
0 • ' _ J ; Two lea.Yes turn on pivots below centers;
down to raise the iull one. '.
. , _ . _ : upper leaf much larger than lower, anc1 turns
4; 9 . Reciprocating lift for "ells. I op ·, .111 d"1rec t.1011 o f stream, w 111·ie 1ower t urns
Part re presents . .
horizontal wind-\\·heel on a !
. , _
. .
. i against 1t. Top edge of lower leat o,·erlaps
· -
shaft which Carnes spiral •
tnrcad.
•
Coupling:
•
; b tt d f
· ! o 01n e ge o upper one anc 1s orce
l · fi d
of' latter allows small nbration, that 1t mav ' ·· agams . t ·t
I
b v pressure o f water. I n ore1·111arv
act on one worm-w11ee 1 at a time. Behind • ' . '
' . l states of stream, counter:ictm~ pressures
worm-wheels .
are• pulle\·s ,
over "·luch passes •
I! k·eep weir · \'er t'1c:11 a11c1 c 1osec1, as In · tl1c Ie ft-
rope ,Yhich. carnes . .bucket at each .extrem1t,·. . - :1 11and fi g;ure, ancI wa ter flows ti1rougl I n otcJ1
In center is . v1bratmg . . tappet, against . which [' 111 . upper · · le a f ; b u t on ,va t er nsing · · a bo,·e
.
bucket strikes 111 its ascent, and which. by · d. b
. . . · . . or mary 1eve, 1 pressure a ove .,·om grea t er
r.
means of arm 1n step wherein spiral and shalt : c d · t .e
· suriace an 1evera<Ye overcomes res1s anc
aresupportecl. traYcrsesspiral fromone wheel ; b f i:, I · back
to other so {hat the bucket which has de- ! e 1ow, uid)pei: 1ea bturns _over, pdus ung_ t
. 1ower, re ucmo- o struct1ons an openmg a
livered water is lowered and other one raised. · b d ,..,t d .
: c a passage o epos1t.
460. Fairbair11's bailing-scoop, fo r ele,·at- ·
·JJl"' ,·,:1 t er s Iior t d'st 1 an ces. Tl1e scoop is · :· 464. I·Iiero's fountain. \V·.tter being poured
i:, · t f f into upper vessel descends tube on right
connectec1 1"" pitman o encI o a 1e,·er or o , . . . .
·. · · D. 111to lower ; 111 termecliate vessel being also
a b e:im o f smg1e-:ictmg engme is tance .
r f I ~i d l · I ~· d f filled and more water poured 111to upper,
? f 1 t n lay )le a tci:e fi J~· Pacing en
m note11es s 1own m o-ure.
° I
roe : confined air in caYities over water in lmvcr
. . . . .
::, . . fi · and 1ntermed1ate vessels and 111 commtrni-
46 r. P en d u I urns or swmgmg gutters or . . . .
- · b · t. cation tube on left, bemg compressed. dnYes
ra ism<Y water y t 11eir penc1u 1ous mo ions. . ·
':' - b t by its elastic force a Jet up central tube.
T ermmat10ns at ottom arc scoops, ant1 a
top open pipes ; intem1ediate angles are : 465. Balance pumps. Pair worked re-
formed with boxes (and flap vah·e), each '. ciprocally by a person pressing alternately
connected with two branches of pipe. : on opposite ends of leYer or beam. I
f
l
- -- - ·- -- - --·
mF TI/~
1FQw ~ ~
- ,,, ~"' i "'
~1~11&.
"'111f1
Jt j&
.·"'
.
A.~
:.·r ,"'
~.
l\if.ECHANICAL l\tlOVEMEKTS. I I 3
- ·-···- ---- - -- - - -- - - --- - - - ---·--
466. Hydrost:itic prc!"s. \Y:iter forced by the . Steam being alternately admitted below piston
pump throui::h the small pipe into the ram cylin- , and allowed to escape, raises and lets fall the
der and uncle r the solid ram, pres~es up the ram. , hammer.
The am()unt ot force obtained is in proportion f 4j1. Hotchki,;s's atmospheric hammer; cle-
to the rclati\·e are:is or squ:ires of diameters of · rives the force of its blow from compressed air-
the pump-plunger and ralll. Sappose, for in- ; Hammer head, C, is attached to a piston fitted
st:incc, the pump-plunger to be o:H: inch diameter : to a cylinder, ll, which is connected by a rod,
and the r:im thirty inches, t he upward pressure · D, with a crank, A, on the rotary driving-shaft.
r eceived by the ram would be 900 times the · As the cylinder ascends, air entering hole, c, is
downward pre;;s ure of the plunger. . compressed below pi;;ton and lifts hammer. As
467. Robe rtson 's hydrostatic jack. In this . cylinder descend$, air entering hole, e, is com-
the ram is stationary upon a hollow base and the · pressed above and is stored up to produce the
cvli:ldcr with claw attached slicle,; upon it. The · blow by its instant expansion after the crank and
p'ump takes t he water from the hollow base and · connecting-rod turn bottom ce nter.
forces it through a pipe in the ram into the cylin- 1 4i2- Grim~haw's compressed air hammer.
der, and so raises the latte r. At the bottom of , The head oi this hammer is attached to a piston,
pipe there is a YalYe operated by a th umb-screw , A, which works in a cylinder, 13, into \Yhich ai~
to let back the water and lo wer the load as · is admitted-like s team t,, a steam engine-
gradually as may be desired. ' above and below the piston bv a slide-valve on
468. Flexible wate r main, p b n and section. 1top. The air is recei\·ed from' a reservoir, C, in
Two pipes of 15 and !8 inches interior diameter, i the framing, supplied by an air p ump, D, driven
having some of their Joints thus formed, conduct I by a crank on the rotary driving-s haft, E.
water across the C lyde to G lasgow \Yater-works. ! 473. Air-pump of simple construction. SmalJer
Pipes are secured to strong log frames, ha,·- : tub inverted in larger one. TI1e latter conta111s
ing hinges with horizontal p i,·ots. Frames and : water to upper clotted line, and the pipe fro1_n
pipes were put together 011 south side of the ; shaft or space to be exhausted passes throug~ it
river, and, the north e nd of pipe being plugged, i to a few inches above water, terminating with
they were hau led acro,s,, by machinery 011 north ! vah·e opening upward. Upper tub has short
side, their flexible structure enabling them to ; pipe and upwardly-opening valve at top, and is
follow the bed. Isuspended by ropes from levers. \Vhen upper
469. French in\·ention for obtaining rotary , tub c\escencls, great part of air within is expelled
motion from different temperatures in two bodies · through upper vafre , so that, when afterward
oi water. Two cisterns contain water : that in ! raised, rarefaction within causes gas or air to
left at natural temperature and that in right I ascend throu,.,h the lower \'ah-e. This pump
higher. In right is _a wa~er-whecl ge_ared with \ w~s suecessfltlly used for drawing off carbonic
Archimedean screw m Jett. From spiral screw I acid from a large and deep shaft.
of the latter a pipe extends o,·er and passes to , 474- .tEolipile or H ero's steam toy, described
the under side of wheel. .Machine is started by ; by Hero, of Alexandria, 130 years B.c., and now
turning screw in opposite direction to that for \ regarded as the first steam engine, the rotary
raising water, thus forcing d own air, which i form of which it may be considered to represent.
ascends in tube, crosses and descends, and im- : From the lower vessel, or boiler, rise two pipes
parts motion IC! wheel ; and it~ ,:olun.1e increasing ) cond~1cting steam to gl~bular vesse) abo\'e, an_cl
with change ot temperature, 1t 1s said, keeps the i formmg pivots on wluch the sa,d vessel is
! machine in m otion. \Ve are not info rmed how I caused to revolve in the direction of arrows, by
r
the difference of temperature is to be maintained. i the escape of steam through a number of bent
l 470. Steam hammer. Cylinder fixed above ! arms. This works on the same principle as
'l
I and hammer a ttached to lower end of piston-rod. ; Barker's mill, 438 in this table.
l
'-~-----~- --~-~~-~~------- ~
- - -- - ------·--·
i\1ECHA.NICAL l\IOVEc\1E XTS. 1 15

- -- - -- ·-- - -·----·---..~-.. . ·-·····--- -- ··-·M
·---------- --·-- ---··---·
475 . Bil;e ejecJor ( Brear's. J)atent) for discharging bi l?e· bottom of the tank. A s gas enters, vessel, A. rises, and
,,·ater fronl ves::>e:s 1 or 1or rat$Hl~ and torca'l'-' ,,·c.uer nno~r v;(;c ,:,cr sa. 'l'he pres...;arc i.;; r,:gula,ed by adding IQ or
v:irious circu1n~1ances. l> is a l1tan~b..:r ha,·~1g a tt«che<l a rcduci,1g the ,,·.::::;h\$, C, C.
s~:ction -piJ:e, B. and d~schar~e-pipe, C, a1~d h:i,;ng a stearn .. I
pipe cn1cr1ug at one s ide. \\'1th a nozzie d1r.:!cte<l to,,·ard the I
dlsch:1r$e -pipe. .;\ jet of ste~1111 e ntl.!ring through .~ expe!s ;
t he air 1rom D and C, prod uces a v~cuum in H, a11Cl ~an~e~ ' 4So. An other k i::d of gasometer. The vessel, A, has
,,·,1ter to rise through B. and pa:5s th rough D and C, in a ! 1>er111i1nen t!y sc:cart:cl ,vith in it a centr:.tl tube, a ., \\·hich slides
regular an_d con~t:u:t strca:r1. C<J111pressed ai.r 111.;iy be u5e<l : on a h..x.ed tube, l·, iu the center vi the tank.
as a substi~utt! 1or ste~1n1. l
!
I
481. Wet gas meter. T he s:ationary case, A, is filled
476. Ano:h ~r apparatHS operating on the same prii,ciplc '. wiih water HJ> to a bo,·e the cenlcr. 'l he rn ner f evolvi ng
:.s the for~g:oing. It is tcr t!"l~d a ste:tn1 sipho n 1')u111p : dru1n i::; divid~<.t int<) 10u r co n1part 1nents, B1 13, \\'ith inlets
(Langdell 's p~t,:nt). A is the jet· pipc; B. B, a r~ two sue· · arunnd the cen tr;tl p ipe, a, which intrc,duces the gas
ti(ln · pipes. havin~ a forked connection \,·ith the o :schar·,.!e- : th rvu~h one of the huJ!t,,v jou:·n:t!s of the ciru111. 1 'his
pipe, C. 1 ' he s te:urt j..:-t-pipt! ent~ring at the fork off~rs '"i~o : pi1>e 1's ,urned up to adn, it the ga$ n l;ove the ,,·ater, as indi-
ob,t;1de. to the upwa rd passage of the water, which moves · cated by the arrow near the ce nter ofd,e figure . .As ;;as
up,,·ard 111 an unbroken current. : c1a.:rs the cc:1!partn1ents, 11, It one :-i.ner ano ther, , t tur1~s
; t:,c <lruni in the direction o f 1hc arro ,,· ~h c,\\·n near its per1-
I phery, di~p1ac ing the \\':lte:r fron, the 1n. r\s tl1e chan~bers
! J.):'lSS over thev ti!l ,,·it h ,rater .1~.~in. 'l'he cubic conten ts
477. Steam trap for s hu!ti n~ i:t st~:un ~ t,ut p ro·:id-in('r fo r i oi the con1 pa1;tn,:e nts Lci111,,; kno;,.11. a.nd the nutnber of the
the e scape of ,,·ater 1Ton1 steal n C()i'. s and r:tdi:1t ors (.l-(;.,_rd ; revolut!ons <:·t' t he <lrunl b~ing re~i~tered bv dial*,,·ork, the
& Wi~gin's patent). It consists of a bo ,. com,ected a t A · quantity of g as passing thro t:gh the meter 1$ registered.
,vith the E.nd o f the coil or the ,,·aste- pipe. ha,·~np- an outJet
at B. and furnished with a hollow valve, D, the botto m of
which is com posed of a llexibie diaphragm. Yalve is filled
,,·ith Hquici. a1~d l,er1netical1y !$e:tleci, and its di:tphr:1g1n :
482. G~s regulator (Powers's ratent) for eqnalizin~ the
rest5 upon a bridge o,·er the outlet-pii)e. 'fhe presence of ;
s tc3111 1n the outer box so heats the ,,·~1ter in valve that th~ l
supplv of gns to a ~l t he burnt:r~ oi a building or aparti_nent,
not"\vi(hsta nding variatio11s in the ra·c:ssure on the nla1n, or
cliaphra;.:n1 expands and raises \'al\·e \1p to the seat ,1, a. l
\\."ater of ~ondensation acc111.nul_:tt-i1_1g reduces the ten;pe:a- vari.1:ions proc~uced by turnin~ g:as nn or off, to or fro 1n ~ny
nunlb~r of th<:- bu rut.·r:;. '1 he I i:.-g ulator-v"l,·e, D, of ,~·h 1cl1
ture of va.ive; and :ts the 11qu1d 1n valve contracts, dia- a sc:1larate out5,ldc vie,v h; g.i\'en, js arranged over 1nlet-
phragm allows .-alve to descend ::.nd let water oft:
pipc, J::, and conuected by a kver, d, m1h a n inverted cup,
IH, t he lower edges of_ which, as ."e:J ns,those ,i vain;, <lip
1 1nto cliannels contauung q u1cl.; ~1l\·er. I htre ts 1~0 e.~cape
I of g;is around the cup, H, but there a re 1:01che~. /,, 111 the
47$. Another steam _tn~ (R~y's patent). I
Valve, n, valve to permit the gas to pass over the surface of the
closes and opens by long1tud111al expansion an<l co:itrac ti()n quicksilver. As the pressure of.i,as increa~es, tt acts upon
!
of waste-p ipe, :\, which terminate~ in the middle of an at· the inner surface of cup, H, \\ll:ch is larger than v:,lve,
tache<I hollow sph e re, C. A ponion of the pipe is firmly i and the cup is thereby raised , ~using a <\epress,on of the
sec~1rcd to a ~xed su pport~ B. .\.ctlve consists (If a p_lunger ; \·.:tl\·e into the qui.ck~i~ve!·, and coutra~ung the open!ng
wh,ch_works .m a $taffini; ·box m 1he sphere, opposite the , 1101ches, b, and dnmmshmg th~ quantity of i;as passing
end <JI the pipe, a nd ll is pressed toward the end of the throu;:h. As the press ure d11m n1sl:es, a•) opposlte resclt ,s
pipe by a loaded elbow le,·er. V, as far as permitted by a · produced. The outlet IQ burners 1s at I· .
sto p-screw, t,, and stop, c. \Vhen pipe is fiiled with water,
its length is so reduced th:u Yalve remains open ; but whe n
filled with steam, it is expanded so that ,·alve closes it.
Screw, b, serves to adjust the action of valve. 4$3. Dry gas meter. Consists of two bcllows·like drn,:n·
bers A A' which are al:ern;1tely filled with gas, and dis·
ch~r~e<i 1hr'ou,.,h a v;i)\·c, R, soineth ing like the s lide-,·(llve
of a "stean, engine, \\'orkecl t?y the chiln,bers, .~, ~~·' . '!'he
479. G:1.:;omcter. '"l'hc opcn-l:ot~omed \'('::;~el. 1\, is (lr· capacity of the ch?.t:.be~ bemg known, and the number of
ran~ecl in the tank. n. of ,,•:tter. :incl part1v cc,un terbalanced t imes thev are ti:kd be mg r.,g,stered by dial-work, the
I by ;,·eights, C, C. Gas en ters the gaso,,,eter by ou e a nd qu;in ticy oi· f;::tS 1>a s:.;ing through the ,neter is indicated on
i! leaves it b y the other o f the two pipes inserted th rough the the d:a:s.
l - --H--- ---·--..-• - -- · ----- - - - -- - -- ----'

-- - -
11 6 MECllA>lC>LMov>.><>.>m,
- ~~ ~
- -- -- - - - ---- ---- - - --·...- - - - -···-- -
1\1:ECHANICAL l\iOVE:\-IE:XTS. I !7
- --- - -- - - - - - ·- ··--..- -- ·-··-· · ····- ··-·· ... -···- ..·· _.... ·-- .... -·--·--------- - -- -----· - -··- . . - - :
i
484, A spiral wound round a cylinder to ; sistance or lift, and while in the water are
convert the motion of the wind or a s tream ; in the most effective position for propulsion.
of water into rotary motion_ I 490. Ordinary steering apparatus. Plan
485. Common wind-mill, illustrating the ; view. On the shaft of the hand-wheel there
production of circular n1otion by the direct j is a barrel on which is wound a rope which
action of the wind upon the oblique sails_ i passes round the guide-pulleys and has its
486. Plan of a vertical wind-mill. The ! opposite ends attached to the "tiller" or
sails are so pivoted as to present their edges : lever on the top of the rudder; by turning
in returning toward the wine!, but to present ; the wheel, one encl of the rope is wound on
their faces to the action of the wind, the ! and the other let off, and the tiller is moved
direction of which is supposed to be as in- · in_,,one or the other direction, according to
dic:ited bv, the arrow. !I the direction in which the wheel is turned.
487. Common paddle-wheel for propelling ; 49r. Capstan. The cable or rope wound
vessels ; the revolution of the wheel causes : on the barrel of the capstan is hauled in by
the buckets to press backward :igainst the : turning the capstan on its axis by means of
i
w:i.ter and so produce the forward move- hand-spikes or bars inserted into holes in
ment of the \'essel. i the head. The capstan is prc\·ented from
488. Screw propeller. The bbdes are ' turning b:ick by a p:iwl attached to its
sections of a screw-thread, and their revo- I lower part and working in a circular ratchet
lution in the water has the same effect as ' on the base.
the working of a screw in a nut, producing i_ 492 . Doat-dctaching hook (Brown & Lev-
motion in the directioa of the axis and so : e!':, j. The upright standard is secured to
propellin_g t?e vessel. I the bo::i.t, and the tongu: hinged to its ~1p-
489. Vertical bucket p:i.ddle-,d1eel. T he ' per end enters an eye in the le,·el wh1~h
buckets, a, a, are pivoted into the arms, b, b, : works on a fulcrum at the middle of the
at equal distances from the shaft. To the I standard. A similar apparatus is applied at
pivots are attached cranks, c, c, which are j each end of the boat The hooks of the
pivoted at their ends to the arms of a ring, ! tackles hook into the tongues, which are
d, which is fitted loosely to a stationary ec- ; secure until it is desired to detach the boat,
centric, e. The revolution of the arms and i when a rope attached to the lower end of
buckets with the shaft causes the ring, d, ; each lever is pulled in such a direction as to
i
also to rotate upon the eccentric, and the slip the eye at the upper encl of the lever
action of this ring on the cranks keeps the [ from off the tongue, which being then liberat-
buckets always upright, so that they enter ; ed slips out of the hook of the tackle and
the water and lea\·e it edgewise without re- ' detaches the boat.
_____ __________ ___- -- ··-·- ---··
,.,,
. Iv!ECHANICAL l\1ovE:.1ENTS. I 19 !
·- - - ·- -- · - - - ·-1
!
I
493. "Lewis," for lifting stone in building. It · tube, against which the scale is marked, is open
is composed of a central taper pin or wedge, \\·ith · at top, the othe r leg connected ~vith the steam-
two wedge-like packing-pieces arranged one on boiler or other apparatus on ,vh1ch the pressure I
each side of it. The th ree p ieces arc inserted is t o be indicated. The pressure on th e rner-
together in a hole drilled into the stone, and cury in the one leg causes it to be_ de pressed in
when the central wedge is hoisted upon it ,vedges that and raised in the other \11lt:l there is an
the packing-pieces out so tightly against the equilibrium established betwee n the weight of
sides of the hole as t o enable the stone to be mercury a nd pressure of steam in one leg, and
lifted. . the weight of me rcury and press•.1re of atmos-
494· Tongs for liiting stones, etc. The pull phere in the other. This is the most accurate
on the shackle which conn ects the two links gauge knO\\ n ; but as high pressure requires. so
causes the latter so to act on t he upper arms of : long a tube, it has given place to those which
the tongs as to m;ike their point:; 1ne,ss them- : are practically accurate enough; and of more
seh·es agai ns t or in to the stone. T he gre:iter the con,·enient form.
weight the harder the tongs bite. ! 499. Aneroid gauge, known as the " Bourdon
495. Entwistle's patent gearin9. De,·el-gear, 1 gauge," fr om the name of its inventor, a French-
A, is fixed. B, g;eari ng with A, 1s fitted to ro- : man . B is a bent tu be closed at its ends, secured
tate on stud, E, sec ured to shait, D, and it also j at C, the middle of its length, and having its
gears with be,·el-gear, C , loose, on the shaft, D. , e nds free . Pressure c f steam or other fluid ad-
On rota ry mo tion be ing gi,·en to shaft, D, the : mi tted to t ube tends to straighten it more or less,
!"e::ir, E, reYoh·es around A, and also rotates according to its inten$itv. The ends of tube are
~pon its own axis. :incl so acts upon C in t,vo I connected with a toothed sector-piece gearing,
way:-, name ly, by it,; rotation on its own axis and '. "·ith a pinion on the s pindle of a pointer which
by its rc,·olutil>n around A. \\'ith three gears indicates the pressure on a dial.
of equal s ize, the gear, C, makes two re,·olutions 500. Pressure gauge now most commonly used.
for e,·e:1· one of the s haft, D. ~his Yelocity oi : Sometimes known as the "Magdeburg gau~e,"
revolutton m:ly, ho\\·eyer, be vaned by changing : from the name of t he place where first manutac-
the relati,·c sizes of the gears. C is representecl . turcd. Face view and section . T he fluid whose
with an attached d rum, C '. This gearing may ' press ure is to be meas ured acts upon a circular
be used for s teering apparat us, d riving screw-pro- metal disk, A, gene rall y corrugated, and the. de-
pellers, etc. By apply ing power to C, action may tlection of the disk under the pressure i:pves
be reve rsed, and a slow motion of D obtained. : motion to a toothed sector, e, which gears with a
496. Drawing and twist ing in spinning cotton, ' pinion on the spindle oi the pointer.
wool, etc. T he front drawing-rolls, ll, rotate 5o r . .Mercurial barometer. Longer leg of
faster than th e back ones, A, and so prod uce a be nt tube, a'"'ainst which is marked the scale of
d raug ht, and d raw out the fibers of the sli,·er or . inches, is cl~cd at top, and shorter one is open
rm·ing passing between th em. RO\·ing passes to the atmosphere, or merely co,·cred ":ith some
from the front draw ing-rolls to th rostle, "·hich, . porous mater ial. Column of me rcury m lon~r
bY its rotati on around t he bobbin, twists and le~, from which the air has been extracted, is
,,:ind;; the y:ll'n on the bobbin. hit ld up by the press ure of air on the surface of
497. F::in-b lowcr. The casin~ has circular · t hat in the sh9rter leg, a nd rises or fall;; as the
opcnin g:s in its sides throug:h which, bv t he re,·o - prc:-sure of the atm osphere varies. The old-
lut ion of the shaft and atta'ched fan -blades, air is fashioned weather-glass is composed of a similar
drawn in at th e center of the casing, to be forced t ube attached to the back of a dial, and a float
out under press ure through the spout. . inserted into the shorter leg of the tube, and
498. Siphon pressure gauge. L ower part of · geared by a rack and pinion, or cord and pulley,
bent tube contains mercury. The leg of the . with the s pindle of the p ointer.
-···· ___.... ____________ ·---··----- -·-- ·-···· ... --- - ·- - ---- - - -- - - - -
MECHANICAL lvlOVEMENTS. 121
- - -- - - -- - - - - -- - -- -- . -----·-·--·--·--- -·- ·--- -- - - - - --
l
502. An "epicyclic train." Any train. of · the aggregate motion will thus be commu-
gearing the axes of the "·heels of which re- . nicated to the arm.
voh-e around a common center is properly ! 503. A very simple form of the epicyclic
known by this name. The wheel at one : train, in which F, G, is the arm, secured to
end of such a train, if not those at both : the central shaft, A, upon which are loosely
ends, is always concentric with the re\'olv- .' fitted the bevel-wheels, C, D. The arm is
ing frame. C is the fn1n1e or train-bearing : formed into an axle for the be\'el-wheel, B,
arm. The center wheel, A, concentric with ; which is fitted to turn freely upon it. l\1o-
this frame, gears with a pinion, F, to the : tion may be gh·en to the two wheels, C, D,
same axle ,,·ith which is secured a wheel, I in order to produce aggregate motion of the
E, that gears with a wheel, B. If the first !. arm,. or else to the a rn1 and one of said
wheel, A, be fixed and a motion be given to '. wheels in order to produce aggregate mo-
the frame, C, the train will revf)lve around ; tion of the other wheel.
the fixed wheel and the relati\'e motion of i 504. "Ferguson's mechanical paradox," .
the frame to the fixed wheel ,,·ill communi- I designed to show a curious proper ty of the
cate through the train a rotary motion to B ! epicyclic train. The wheel, A, is fixed upon
on its axis. Or the first wheel as well as J a stationary stud about which the arm, C, D,
the frame may be made to re\'oh·e with dif-1 revolves. . In this arm are two pins, 1\.1, N,
ferent velocities, 'l'.·ith the same result ex- i upon one of which is fitted loosely a thick
~ept a_s to the Yelocity of rotation of B upon j wheel, B, gearing with A, and u1:on the
its axis. I other are three loose wheels, E , F, G, all
In the epicyclic train as thus described ! gearing with B. \Vhen the arm, C, D, is
only the wheel at one extremity is concen- !' turned round on the stud, motion is given
I
tric with the re,·oldng frame ; but if the to the three wheels, E, F, G, on their com-
wheel, £, instead of gearing with B, be j mon axis, viz., the pin, N ; the three form-
I
made to gear with the wheel, D, which like ing with the intermediate wheel, n, and the
the wheel, A, is concentric with the frame, . wheel, A, three distinct epicyclic trains. Sup-
we ha"c an epicyclic train of which the 1I pose A to have twenty teeth, Ftwenty,E twen- I
I
wheels at both extremities are concentric ty-one, and G nineteen ; as the arm, F., C, D,
>
I
I
with the frame. In this train we may either is turned round, F will appear not to turn on i
con1municatc the driving motion to the arm its axis, as any point in its circumference
and one extreme wheel, in order to produce will always point in one direction, \\·hile E
an aggregate rotation of the other extreme will appear to turn slowly in one and G in
wheel, or motion may be given to the two theotherdirection, which-anapparentpara-
extreme wheels, A and D, of the train, and dox-gave rise to the name of the apparatus.
·- - - -- - --- -----·---· - - . ·--- - - - · -·- -- -·-- - --·- ·-- - -- - -
122 l\fECHA:\" IC,\L l\:IOVE'.11E!\TS.
505. Another simple form of the epicyc- ' prQlluces an aggregate motion of the arm,
lie tr;iin, in which the :1rm, D, carries a pin- · k, I, and shaft, 111, "·
ion, n, "·hich ge:.1rs both with a spur-wheel, ' This train n1ay be modified; for instance,
A, :1.ncl an annular wheel. C, both concentric suppose the wheels, g anct;; to be disunited,
with the axis of the arm. Either of the g to be fixed to the shaft, 1J1, ll. and f only
wheels, A, C, may be stationary, and the . running loose upon it. The clri\·ing-shaft,
revolution of the arm and pinion will gi\-e A, will as before communicate motion to
motion to the other wheel. the first wheel, c, of the epicyclic train by
''
' n1cans of the wheels, a ancl b, and will also
506. Another epicyclic train in which nei- · by It cause the wheel, g, the shaft, '"• 11, and
ther the first nor last wheel is fixed. 111, n. the train-bearing arm, !..·, I, to reYoh·e, and
· is a :-;haft to which is firmly secured the the aggregate rotation will be giYen to the
train-bl:'aring arm, !.-, I, which carries the loose wheel, f.
two \rhccls, d, .:, secured together, but ro- 507. Another form of epicyclic train de-
tating upon the arm itself. T he ,vheels, b signed for producing a Yery s lo,\· motion.
and ,·, are united and turn together, freely 11t is a fixed shaft upon which is loosely
upon the shaft, 111, 11 / the wheels, f and g , fitted a long sleeYe, to the lower e nd of
are also secured together, but turn together '. which is fixed a wheel, D, and to the tt!)per
freely on the shaft, 111, I!. The wheels, cJ d, '; encl a wheel, E. Upon this long sleeve
e and _f, constitute an epicyclic train of : there is fitted a shorter one which carries
I
which c is the fir:,t and f the las t \Yhcel. at its extremities the wheels, A and H. A
I
A shaft,.:\, is employed as a driver, and has wheel, C. gears with both D and r\, and a
firmly s ecured to it two wheels, a and It, the : train-bearing arm, 111, 11, which reYolYes
fir;;;t of \\'hich gears with the \Yheel, b, and freely upon the shaft. 111. p, carries upon a
thus communicates motion to the first wheel, : stud at n the united ,vheels, F and G. If
c, oftheepicyclictrain.ancl thewheel,lt,drives · A have 10 teeth, C 100, D 10, E 61, F, 49,
the wheel, K, which thus gi,·es motion to · G 41, and H 51, there \Yill be :25,000 revo-
the last wheel, f. :\lotion communicated. lutions of the train-bearing arm, 111, 11, for
in this way to the two ends of the train ;. one of the wheel, C.
L . __ _,_ ·---- -- - - -·-···-- - -- -- ----··--~- ·- ·· - -------·----
TI-I E "}MERICAN .,ARTISAN"
,,
UNITED STATE S AND FOREIGN PATENT AGENCY.

:\I Essr,~. Dr.ow,:, Coo~,o~ & Co., Proprietors oi the A~IERICAN A RTI SAN, offer thei r best services to i11vc11tors, as f:oii-
citors of Ameri can and Foreign Patents. :'.\Ir-. HE>:R\" T . BRuw:-., of thi,3 firm, has had more than f.wenl; •·t«·o y<?nrs' experience
in that profcssim1, both in this country and Eu rope ; and his long pnctice has made him personally known lo thousands of
in\"en,or,; and p2ten tees. · The applications for the patents upon ma,: y ot' the greater and more important inventions of the present
cent,u·y h::ive been prepared by him. :,J e~sr,. .DRrJws, Cocnr ss & Co. 2.1·e thoroughly fan ,il iar with all the rules and regulations
instituted for the r:tjJi<l transaction of busi ne~s with t he l;nited States Paten t O ffice, and the general pra ctice in the P atent Bureau~
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pro,nise their c:ients n,z absolute certainly ef success in their efforts to ob:a:n Letters-Pa ten t for inventions th at are r eally new
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l laS been the 1:1..Js! s_.,..~,-•.,s.iful i11st i lut 1~11; ef t/11 l,:i,z~l c: ,er cst,1b!isl1ed.
J\Iessrs. Brw wx, Coo:,ti,$ & Co. arc prepared to famish to per$ons rcsidins; :it a cl is tance from X ew York-fr~e of chari;c-
, ,,.riftt.·1l o/ i;1cOus as to ,vhe tht.!r invcntior:s contain ::ir.y fe3tures of 1:atent::1.b:e nove!ty. To do this tltcy s imp:y rc-q~dre a s k.ctch or
1
ri)ugl1 n1ocl~l of the n1:ic11ine or o~hL!r i1t\'Cnt il1n th;1t is suppos~d to be ne,,·, ,og-etl1er ,,·hh a brief descriptio n o f lhe san1e, uncl a:-:.
soon as possible t here::iftcr a ktter of the best ad ,·ice is mailed to the person desiring the informat ion . Thefe cpi::i<,ns are formed
from t heir O\\~l mature experience; b nt if an inventor desires to know, positi\'ely, whether his incipient idea has ever hecn embodied
in a machine or proce,s already pate med, his wi,;cst course wiil b~ to have a preliminn,-;y e.rnminntion made ;;t t he C nited State.,
P a tent Offi.:e by :\Ie,srs. B~ow:,;, Coo~rn, & C0., "ho wi;J make a ~peciai seJrch among all the records of that in~tit. :tion, and thtn
promptly forward a fu:l and carefull y written report a., to the p~1cm abi:ity of the i11ventiot1 under examination. F,,r th:s labc,r tbc
.small fee of $ 5 is payable in adva nce; and 11!.:, remia:rnce should 1.:e ~cccmr :rnit d by a ske tch of t he invention ::1:d a few lines of
, •:riting <lescribing the san1e, and distinctly s~ati1~g tho$e points of novt-!ty \, hic h the inve:1tor desires to l1ave 1:rotc:cte<l by Lctte r$-
P:itent.
Patents for t\ew and us~ful in ven:ions are now granted for the term of ~E , ·E:-: T EE>. Y EARS, The first installment of the Go,·crn -
mcnt fee is $15, ,,·hich sun1- together \,·:t h fi f:y cents re,·e:1uc st:1 n1p-tax on the f:O\Ve r-of-attorney- is payable i,1. 1r1/,;.·,111cr., on app~ying
for the patent ; :tlld $~o add:tional :1re due to the GoYemment when t he Letters-Patent are aHowed. The Age,1cy fee is from ;$25
up·.r:m l, :ici:ord::1; to t he iabur invoh·ed; but in a:J ca~c~ our char:,;e.i will l:e a, moderate il$ po,sihlc in the preparaiion ofdra"ings
and all nece,,>ary d"cuments. This foe is r.ot payable unt,l :tft~r the aFpEcation has been p:·epar cc\ and the case is rea,ly to be ser,t
10 \\"a~hingto:1. :\le~srs. Drww,:, Coo:-rn,- 8.: Co. hav~ a brnnc!t ojii,·e in \V .\SJl!:-:<.;To :-:, so that :ill ::;1plicatiots made thron;;h
ti1c1n can h3ve e \'~ry neccss:1ry attcnt!on in the:r p:1.ssagc throu,;11 the I>ate:1t Office.
c:7· :-1. /t•ndiny feature of /heir mode of' (le,iny blf.<lness is lhal uo e:dra char17es are usual/;• mnde iu
Nt."e of rf"j,!Clion of the applil'aliou, and subst'fJllt'nt successjitl pro~eculiou,
Jm·cntor~ a r p;yin;; ftr pat~nt,; 11111$ ! furnish models ,,f the:r machines, whencYer possible, for the in~pecti on of the Examiners
in the P atent 0 (:ice ; bu t if the in\'ention is a chtm ica l composition, sam ples of all the ingredients will be 11CC('$Sary. Each oi
th ese shou'. cl be m ,rrl.~d wirh :he i1wentor 's name, then carefnlly boxed, :u:d sent (by express, prc,Mid), togeth:r with tlte firs t
i!lstallmc 11t of the C,wernn,cnt fee, to l\I<.'ssr$. BRo w:-:, Coo ~ms &: Co . \ Vhen the model is small and light, it C'.l!l be conveniently
and ch eaply sent by mail. Th~ model m ust r.ot exc~cd one foot in an y of its d imensions, u nless it is of such a d, ara~ter that it is
i,npracticab!c.
l\lessrs. Br-ow:-:, Coo~rns &: Co. a!,o attend to interfere1!ces, t he ex:enzions of expiring Letters-Patent, and all proceedings
rel ating to patents before the United States Patent Office.
All letters, 1~ackagcs, boxes, etc., shou!d be addressed, prepaicl, as fol!ows :
BROWN, COOMBS & CO., Solicitors of Patents,
No. 1S9 BROAD\VAY, KEW YO~K.
COLI.INS & CO.'S
NEW PATENT SCREW-WRENCH.
ALL :\IECll:\XICS
_ -..,...... .- ~~J\' \~T,\Gl:s - . -
r.....:·· ..,......... . .. -.-. .· ,_.,_.. ,..,.--•",.,,,_ ... ~ - l .. ,,..,._-_ .
+::; '"';::;:·:::~:,·~~~~~-.
21~ Watec s,,_, ~,w Yori<.
EXTENSIONS OF PATENTS.
I N\·E:,;TQRS of new and useful discoveries or impro\'ements paten ted i:i 1$5.h or at any subseque nt period p rior to !\larch 2 ,
,S61, or their heirs, will do well to obser\'e that by the law of the United States, patents granted within the periods here stated
...,, 3 y, upo11 proper grounds, be ex~endcd fi.,r a period of seven years in fa4,or of tl1e i1tr/e11ttJr or l,i.s lu:irs; the prohibit:on as to
, ,<ttnsio,1 only appiying to patents issued, since ;\larch 2, 1861. The: novelty, a t tbe time o f the patent havini; been granted, and
, h..:, utility and value and import ance <>f the inventio n to the public being prO\'ed, to ob tain an extension for a period uf ,.even years
.t i s o,1ly necessary for the inventor (or his heirs) to show that, h:iving used diligence and without fault o n his (or the:r) part, an
td<!quatc re muneration has i,ot been received. The mere fact of an invemor ha,·ing sold his patent or parted with his r ii;ht for :111
n::ideq uate amoun t, so tha t he has been exclt?ded from making the in vention profi table to himself, however well it may have paid
~,t llers. dc->C.s not c!e:>.ir ))irn fron1 obtainii~g nn extension. In 1854 ne1r~y 2,000 patents ,vere issued, say 1,8.00 for tlE:\\' and use ful
a ,echaait'.:il in\'ent:ons, any or all of wh:ch a re, o r were, cpen to e:x tens:on, provid ed re~sonable ground:; for t he same. as already
1
uc nt i,)i,ed, o n or cou:<l be ~hown. \Vith ma r.y of the:,e, ho•.,;ever, it is now too late, as all of said pa te nts expire d uring the
~u rrc11t year; .. nd the law requires that the petition for extension sh<o11id be ti led at least ninety days before the expiration of
l h c patent; such c~se,; should, in fact, l;e put in compe ten t hands to posecute some four to six months in advance thereof. · l\l a ny
o f these p:t tcnts arc cxtretr.e !y valuab!e on occount of the or:binal bround they co\'er, occas ionally n1~king 11"1ore rccl!nt 11atents
sul>sid iary LO them; and holders of patents issued in 1354-55 ought now 10 be m:iking their necessary arrangements for extension.
P,Ro w :,;, CooMSS & C0., Solicitors of Patents, 1S9 Broadway, ); ,:w Yor!,, a rc always ready to i;ive advic~ in such a pplications and
t o spare no r,ains in prosecut ing them.
FOREIGN P~\TENTS.
THF. patent systems of the various cnun trie,; nf F.urnpc di ffr.r in so many essential respect s not only from that of the Lnite<l
S tates, but from each other, that altl:0up;h the arpl'catio"s for ratent$ in those countries must be conducted by atwrncys or
solicitors in their respective capitals, it is very neces,;ary for a;J A merican$ intending to a pply for European patents to first secure
the advice and aid o f thoroughly competent agents in 111,s co un try, so that their ~pplications may be pul in proper condition fur
trans1nission.
F or foreign patents 1r.oc!els are r.o t required, and hence the to:al cost o f the pate nts is limited to the Governme n t and agency
fees. There are man y cases in which, in European countries, as much matt er rela ting to one subj ect can be embraced in a si ni;i e
r,atent as would require two or mere separate and distinct i;atcn ts in the United S tates. It is important that t his should be born e
in mind by A merican i1l\·entors, a nd that in order to sec ure the g reatest possil>!e protection at the least expense, they should a.~k
the advice only of scch soi ici:ors as are perfectly familiar with foreig n r,ract:ce, and capable of j udging how much would be allowed
under one patent. In man y cases patents in Eng land and Frai,ce, and some of the other more important countries in Europe.
c..111 be secured at a cost in each countr, less than would, w:th cost of models, be invok ed in paten ting the same amou1:t of 5u bject·
1n;1tter in the l: nited States.

)IE~SRS. BROWN, Coo~rns & Co., of the" A ~1ER1c,,:,; ;\ RTISAX P,,TEXT Acn:xcv," are very extensively engaged in procuring
fo1·eign patents. They have at t heir commar.d such experier.ce and b usiness facilities as will e nable them to prepare in the best
possible manner, and as e xpeditiously as is practicable, such drawings, specifications, and other documents as are required. It may
be h t re stat~d that the se nior member of their finn, Mr. HENRY T . BRow:,;, durinf! more than twe11fy·hv1J )'l'tJrs' practice, has
prepared more foreign applications than ar.y practitioner in the United States.
MESSRS. BROWN, Coo'1us & Co. have also so ori:anized their re)ations with the most e xperienced and reliable patent attorneys
in the principal C:l.'pitals of Europe, who are now acting as their agents, that they are en abled to insure the best altcntion to the
application o f t heir clients while in progress. and to meet at 01,ce a ny obstacles or d ifficulties that may arise.
A circular stating the cost of patents in the principal foreign countries, and containing other valuable information on the subject,
may be obtained by addre~sing-
BROWN, COOMBS & CO., Solicitors of Patents,
No. 189 BR01\DWAY. NE\V YORK.
GUILD & GARR ISON,
STEAM PUMPS
STEAM ENGINES, VACUUM PUMPS,
VACUUi\I P.\:"/S
FOR Sl!GAR Rffl"'l:R,;,co,-;m.,·,rn >flll,'.. O)lrl!D'E,CLL'E,CO,\l..Olt
:)(TRACTO,'llUP. T. 9ARK.LTC,TC.,
;!:!..a-...,~.,,............ ,·to ,.,,,,.,,h«<....-,d«mdoo.-

AD"""'"'"-"*,,,."''° t.n. WARIU.\'Tl'f> 10 (!ff J>fflKt ..-....._
U---Sca<lloo-lLL"runoCuu.oo,·t.rlrioJM'pu,k.i....
I
IB.T. BABBITT'S LION COFFEE.

I OFFICE OF B. T. BABBITT,
I 1Vos. 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, and 74 lVash£ngton Street,
NE\V YORK.
I aJ11 putting into tl1c ;lfarl.:ct superior article o.f PURE J AVA COFFEE,
a l-IERMETl-
ICALLY ROASTED, GROUXD, AXD SEALED in One Pound Cans.

'
· I ':i!lll gi, e O..VE O{J.1-CE OF GOLD for
1
C'i. 1ery ounce of adulteration found in ·11ty Co.ff,:.-.
For the first six 111011ths I shall put TH REE ONE-DOLLAR GREENBACKS ;'n 1n1c,y
/JO-'t: of Sixty Pounds, (tl1at is, three cans in cacli box 'will contain A DOLLAR BILL.)
In the usual way of roasting, you can smell the coffee a long distance fro1n the mill while
r oasting, which proves that there is a 7.1c1,y larg.: percentage of the aro//za or jla'i. or lost, which
1
, is the richest and best part of the coffee.
THIS AROMA. OR FLAVOR I SAVE.

I have patented a new Roasting ~Jachine, whereby the Coffee is HER!\IETICALLY (without
I r.; h ange of air) ROASTED, GROVXD, and SEALED in cans ; consequently, EVERY PARTICLE of
th e ARO:.IA is SAYED. '.\ly manner of roasting giYes the Coffee a rich, glossy appearance,
produced by coxnE:s;SIXG the .ARO:\IA. This brings the Coffee to the highest state of per-
fection.
I can, with confidence, recommend this Coffee as being STRICTLv PURE, and from fifteen
to twenty per cent STROXGER 1::-. ARO:\L.\ than any other pure Java Coffee. It needs only
·o n e irial to becon1e permanently used in every family that appreciate a GOOD CUP OF COFFEE.
Yours respectfully,
J3· T· j3ABBITT.
CIRCULAR SAWS,
WITH EMERSON'S PATENT MOVABLE TEETl-1
n,.. ~,.,,.. -,;-.w1t1, ,,.,.,.n •....,....

0 , . . ,<T .. n,,:1rr.u:.1Ts1rrr11.ro1<;
~T.:;.,~~JI< ~~';KY l>f!lt.R Kl~!>. 11o:11 a, o, u11<·•w,<~ »1> '-""~""'· I.I,,_ f,,11,
Emerson's Patent Perforated Circular and Long Saws.
D!r.KSON'S rxrE:-; T ,\OJtJST \RU,: S\\',.>,GE

Fo.~.,,x;,.,.s,,"1"°"'6 - ~............. TN<holall5(>Utti"l($a,. !•"'-'<,$;.
AMERICAN SAW COMPANY

Ojjiu, Xo. 2 Yaro6 Slrvrf. ,uar frrry St,wi., Ar.~ Yori.
OF THE
AMERICAN ARTISAN.
VOLUME IX. NEW SERIES. 1859.
:rU.E ~ *V.E:RIC.:4..1Y .71.:1l 7IS.71..JV" is a

weekly journal, de\'oted to the interests of Artisans and Manufac~urers, ln-
"?entors and Pat<::ntees. It is published e,ery JY"edne,<lay, at 180 Broa,.hrcty (opposite John Street), Ne"· York, by
tJ:RO Jf".,Y, C00.Jt2JS di CO., Solicitors of American and Foreign Patents The proprietors of this journal respectfully
..nnounce that it is their aim to a:.ake it more instructive and interesting than any other similar periodical ii: the U nited
5tates or Europe.
The Al\IERICA:N ARTISAN contains numerous Original Engra•1ings and Descriptions of New Machinery: No-
Jcc3 of all the Latest Discoveries: Instructions ic Arts and Trades: Relia6ltt R.:, ~·}:•, for use in the Field, the ,vorkshop,
.incl the Household; Practi,:al Ru!u /or 11fechanics and Advic, tq Jtur,-,e,..,·; Des•:riptions of Rnnarka/;le lnve11tion1
recently patented in the Unite<! ~:.ates and Europe; the wh.;1,i torming :in E ·,tcy.·!v,'>edia o/ 1_,e,,,.ral ln/ormation 011 topics
-::cnnectcd with the lnd:u1rial A.-t.•, the Prop us o/ :nvenrion, etc.
Each number of the AMERICA 1-.; ARTISAN contains ,i:r:!een ~UT.'!<'I of instructive and interesting reading matter,
,n which the pro;;~ess of the Ar.sand Sciences is recorded in familiar language, di\'estcd of dry technicalities and abstruse
"·ords and phrases. In this journal i:; publ:shecl reg,Jlarly the Official Li.·/ of all :J>ale7its issued weekly from the United
Slates Patent Office. Twcmty-six number" make a half-year!:,- n:ilumc:: of ltandsome and convenient size.
Owing to a reduclic.:i in the c;,:;,enses of printing. paper, etc., t he pub!:~hers of the AMERICAN ARTISAN are en·
v.blcd to pla<:e their journal in the hands of C\'Cry )!echani•.' . :Vlanufac:urcr, and Inventor at the extremely low price of
!"JYO 1)0.L.L.'1.:R S per.:4.nnunz, or o.:VE Z)OL.L.>1:0 for Sl:e.1ronllu, /es, lkanfourcen/1 per copy weekly,
• 11d to Clubs at the following reduced rates:
F ive copies for one year..... ..... .. ....... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . ... . ..... .. ............. . $8 00
Ten '' i., .. • . • • • . . •• • • •• . .•....• . . . • . • . •• • . • • • • . • • • •• • •.• ••••••••••••••• • • ••• 1.5 00
Five O
six months, . . . .... . ... . ... . . . . ... . . . ... . .......... ... ... . . .. . . . .. . ...... . ... . ........ . .. . 4 00
Ten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................ ... .. 8 00
Papers delivered io tile City of New York. !1y the carrier,~ so per annum. Canadian S•Jbscribers should reiwt
twenty cents extra to pay postage.
C;F To every person who rem:l~ us a cl11b subscription of not less than ei~bt dollars, at the , bove ,ow rates, we will
,end free by mail a copy of" 507 MECHANICAL '.\Iov&,1£:.-rs.'' ai,d an additional copy for every ac!.d,tional eight dollars.
SPECIMEN COPIES SENT FREE.
\ ddress-
BROWN, COOMBS & CO.,
of the Anie-1•ican .A.:rtisan,
189 Broadway, New York..
THENovELTY IRON WoRKs,
FOOT OF EA.ST Tf1/"ELFTH .ST1?EE7~
BRANCH OFFICE, Nos. 77 & 83 !.I BERTY STREET, .'.':£\V YORK CITY.
Ha\·e just perfectP.d an impro,;.ed stylt! of
.HIGH PRESSURE ENGINE,

CHEAP. ECO?\'O:\I IC.-\L. DC KABLE, Al': 0 HA:'\ DSO.\IL.
And invite all those wi,.,hin~

... En~ines
•. to examine them.
They also ma!,e all ki nds of
SUGAR., COTTON. AND RICE lvIACH I ~ERY.
IN IRON ARCHITECTURE
They are prepared to furnish
COMPLETE FIRE-PROOF STRUC'TURES.
~RONTS, COLU.MNS, LINTELS. FLOORS. ROOFS, ETC .
. t;PECIAL ATTENTION PAID TO IRO·N· BRIDGES.

NEW YoRK BELTING - AND PACKING Co.,
MA1'UFACTURERS OF
VULCANIZED RUBBER FABRICS,

ADAPTED TO . MECHANICAL PURPOSES.
PATENT SMOOTH BELTING,

(Patented November 22, 1859.)
Vulcanized between layers of a patent metallic alJoy, by which the STRETCH IS ENTIRELY
TAKEN OUT, TH E SURF ACE i\'IADE PERFECTLY Si\100TH. A:'.\ D T\IE SUB-
STANCE THOROUG HLY AND EVENLY VULCANIZED.
THIS IS THE ONLY PROCESS THAT WILL MAKE RELIABLE RUBBER BELTING.
HOSE NEVER NEEDS OILING. and warranted to stand any required pressure.
STEAl\I PAC KI NG in every variety, and warranted to stand 300° of heat.
SOLID El\1ER\·" VULCANITE.

\ Vheels made of this are soli<i. a nd resemble stone or iron ; wil! wear out hundreds of
the ordinary wheels.
Directions. Prices. .etc.. can he (}/,fai11ed bv
. 111ail or olherwz'.re.
JOH.l\T H. GYHEEVER, Treasurer,

Wareh.::>use, 37 and 38 P a rk Row, New York City.

Machinery - 507 Mechanical Movements (Hydraulics, Pneumatics, Steam Engines, Gearing, Presses, Misc Machinery) - Brown Vb1871

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Machinery - 507 Mechanical Movements (Hydraulics, Pneumatics, Steam Engines, Gearing, Presses, Misc Machinery) - Brown Vb1871

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CORNELL

G4YLOIID "Rt NTKO IN U . S . A .

ALL TH OSE \VH ICH ARE :\10ST l:\IPORTANT IN

DYNAMICS, HYDRAULICS, HYDROSTATICS, PNEUMATICS, STEAM

l\,IANY ~IOVE:\IE~TS NEVER BEFORE P UBLISHED,

SEVERA L \VHICH H.-\. VE ONLY RECENTLY CO:\iIE IN1'0 ·USE.

189 BROAD\V A Y. !'

- -------·--·.--·-·- --- ______________________________ _ ___ ., __,

THF. ,~ant of a comprehensive collection of illustrations and descriptions

Gear, steering, 490. ! J·

' - - - - - - - -·--····---- - - -- -- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --------'

Screws, right-and-left hand, , ,o, 151. w !

I Trap, steam, 477, 478.

16 and 17. Are what are known as Span-

II j effect of the whole will be= the number z,

z4. Spur-gears. 29. Transmission of rotary motion from

45. Frictional grooved gearing-a com-

. . 75. Reciprocating rectiiinear motion of

A, striking one of the studs, th: next one j

the pump-rod, is attached to the wheel, A, ,

--·- - - - - - ·- -·- ·--· ...._ --- .... .. -··-·---------·-----··- ·· ·· - .. --- ···- - -

95. On rotating the upright shaft, recipro- '

12:i. The rotation of the two spur-gears, . . .

'------- - -~ ---- -- -- - -- - -----·-·-·- - - - -·- - ----·- -- · -

r ectilinear motions of the attached rods. -

. . opened, and are quickly closed ao-ain, O so

------------- - - - - -- - -- - -- ---·- ·- - ·-·-·-·--·----·----- - - --

·---- . ·-"-- - - --- - -- -- -- ---

J1 - -- --- - ------- - ---- - -

- - - -- ---- - -- - ------ -·------- - - -- - - -- -- -- - - -- - - - -'

tom of the tappet-arm keeps the tappet in !

236. A nearly continuous circular n1otion :

driven by a chain. vels according to the difference of velocity.

bar. _; fire-arm by the act of cocking the hammer.

273 . Rectilinear into rectilinear motion. ) .., C R . , r • r · th )!at-

·- - -·· ---- - -...·-· ··--·- --

284. R epresents a feecl_1ng apparatus for

· d of pencl u l um escape- , h 294. th and 295. A · cylinder ·escapement. 194

ment. part of the escape-wheel on a large scale, and re-

An old-fashioned watch escapement. '.

304. Pin-wheel escapement, somewhat

299. An old-fashioned clock escapement. i resemblinrr

302. Balance-wheel escapement. C is the · 305 . A single-pin pendulum escapement.

308. A detached pendulum escapement, J

a quadrangle through the diagonal, forming

I II bar, F , •A.' is connected at F with a fixed

I for stationary beam engines. j of B, C. .

114 )11.CHM<ICAL Mo,·o.><D<T ..

359. Primitive drilling apparatus. Being

I motion of the rod.

! tard the motion of other. Anchor, A, 1s

.. .. ... ·--·· ·-- - ·-·· -· - ··· -- -····-· -· ····--·- ·-··--·-··- ·- - - ---

.... -· ·--·-··· ··-- - - -- - - ·-- -

) ner that it acts against the vanes all around

438. Barker's or reaction mill. Rotary

ro8 .l,l,:c1u><ic., L}[on.-"=

i\1ECHA.NICAL l\IOVEc\1E XTS. 1 15

l - --H--- ---·--..-• - -- · ----- - - - -- - -- ----'

122 l\fECHA:\" IC,\L l\:IOVE'.11E!\TS.

UNITED STATE S AND FOREIGN PATENT AGENCY.

1n;1tter in the l: nited States.

;!:!..a-...,~.,,............ ,·to ,.,,,,.,,h«<....-,d«mdoo.-

IB.T. BABBITT'S LION COFFEE.

ICALLY ROASTED, GROUXD, AXD SEALED in One Pound Cans.

- -------·--·.--·-·- --- ______________________________ _ _ ., ,