PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.

Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

Analysis of Faulted Power System

Power System Protection Group (PSPG),

Department of Electrical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Shebin Elkom,
Minoufiya University,
PO. Box 32511, Egypt.

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- Basic Information
PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

Basic Information
Title: Analysis of Faulted Power Systems Code Symbol: ELE413B

Lecture: 4 Tutorial: 2

Practical: 0 Total: 6

Aims of the course:

This course is intended to deeply cover the various methods for analyzing the
behavior of power systems during normal operations and abnormal conditions in
particularly during faults. Various methods are used starting from simple
mathematical representation to general purpose software packages such as Matlab
and EMTP.

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 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

Course Topics
Topic
General Topics Weeks
No.
An introduction: Fault causes, characteristics, and IEEE-standard
1st 1-3
problems.
Matrix computation-based analytical solutions and EMTP
2nd 4-6
representation.
3rd Digital signal processing for fault feature extraction. 7
4th Sequence parameter estimation for power elements. 9-15

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 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

Week No. Content

Week-1 An introduction: Fault causes and characteristics.
Week-2 Cont. An introduction: Fault causes and characteristics.
Week-3 The seven Types of Power Problems: IEEE white paper.
Week-4 Analytical solution for steady state power system operation.
Week-5 Matrix computation-based analytical solution for faulted power systems.
Week-6 Electromagnetic transient program (EMTP): Introduction and transient examples.
Week-7 Digital signal processing for fault feature extraction: Introduction and Algorithms.
Week-8 First Midterm exam.
Week-9 Role of symmetrical components solutions for power system fault analysis.
Week-10 Line Parameters calculation: An introduction to Carson equations.
Computation of inductive sequence parameters for overhead transmission lines.
Week-11 Cont. Computation of inductive sequence parameters for overhead transmission lines
Week-12 Computation of capacitive sequence parameters for overhead transmission lines
Week-13 Second Midterm exam.
Week-14 Computation of sequence parameters for underground cables: An introduction.
Week-15 Computation of sequence parameters for electrical machines and power transformers.

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 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

References
1- Naser Tleis “Power Systems Modelling and Fault Analysis: Theory and Practice”
Elsevier Ltd. 2008.

2- Ismail Kaiskci "Short circuits in Power Systems: A practical guide to IEC 60 909"
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2002.

3- Paul M. Anderson, “Analysis of Faulted Power Systems”, IEEE PRESS Power

System Engineering Series, 1995.

4- Stagg and El-Abiad, “Computer Methods in Power System Analysis”, McGrow-

Hill Ltd, 1968.

5- Power System Relaying Committee, WG -I16 “Understanding Microprocessor-

Based Technology Applied to Relaying” Pages 21-23, Feb. 2004.

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 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

Analysis of Faulted Power System

Lecture 1: Introduction

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 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

1- Structure of power systems

 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

2- Need for power system fault analysis:

1- Health and safety considerations
-To ensure the safety of workers as well as the general public by
calculating the earth potential rise at substations and overhead line
towers.
-To avoid catastrophic failure of the circuit-breakers.
-To avoid thermal or mechanical failure of other equipment such as
busbars, transformers and cables.
-To calculate the induced voltages on adjacent communication
circuits, pipelines, fences and other metallic objects.

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 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

Cont. 2- Need for power system fault analysis:

2- Design, operation and protection of power systems
- To determine the short-circuit ratings of new switchgear and
substation infrastructure equipment to be procured and installed.
-To check the continued adequacy of existing equipment as
system operating configurations are modified.
-To calculate the min short-circuit currents and therefore for
adjusting the protection relay settings in order to ensure accurate
and coordinated relay operations.
-To calculate the max short-circuit current for the design of
substation earth electrode systems.
- To initially assess the power quality for the connection of
disturbing loads to electrical power networks (voltage flicker,
harmonic analysis and voltage unbalance).
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 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

Cont. 2- Need for power system fault analysis:

3- Design of power system equipment.
- Switchgear manufacturers design.
- Manufacturers of substation infrastructure equipment and other
power system plant, e.g. transformers and cables

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 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

3- Characteristics of power system faults :

1- Nature of faults.
- Short-circuit fault due to insulation failure as a result of
overstressing and degradation of the insulation over time or due to
a sudden overvoltage condition such as direct and indirect lightning
overvoltages.

-Open-circuit Fault (Cessation of current flow).

- Permanent Fault
- Transient Fault.

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 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

Cont. 3- Characteristics of power system faults :

2- Fault Types.
- Short-circuit faults can be earth fault (phase to earth) or phase
faults (phase to phase, phase to phase to earth, three phase faults).
Which are symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults?
- Simultaneous short circuit faults are a combination of two or
more faults that occur at the same time.
- Open-circuit Fault (One-phase, two-phases or three-phases)
- A broken overhead line conductor falling to earth (Down
conductor) is a simultaneous one-phase open-circuit and one-phase
short-circuit fault at one location.
- Permanent or transient faults.

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 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

Cont. 3- Characteristics of power system faults :

3- Causes of faults.
- Open-circuit faults may be caused by the failure of joints on
cables or overhead lines or the failure of all the three phases of a
circuit-breaker or disconnector to open or close.
-The weather factors that usually cause short-circuit faults are:
lightning strikes (Direct and indirect), accumulation of snow or ice,
heavy rain, strong winds, salt pollution depositing on insulators on
overhead lines and in substations, floods and fires adjacent to
electrical equipment, e.g. beneath overhead lines.
-Equipment failure, e.g. machines, transformers, reactors, cables,
etc., cause many short-circuit faults due to ageing, degradation,
breakdown (caused by high switching/lightning overvoltages),
mechanical incidents or inappropriate installation.
- Human error. 13
 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

Cont. 3- Characteristics of power system faults :

4- Characterization of faults.
-Short-circuit faults are characterized by the short circuit current
and its components ( the ac or symmetrical root mean square (rms)
short-circuit current, dc short-circuit current or dc time constant or
X/R ratio, and the overall asymmetrical short-circuit current).
- By the concept of short-circuit fault level:

High system strength is characterized by a high short-circuit fault level

infeed and thus low system impedance, and vice versa. This impedance
is also equal to the Thévenin’s impedance. 14
 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

Cont. 3- Characteristics of power system faults :

4- Cont. Characterization of faults.
- By the fault impedance (the flashover arc resistance and the
earthing impedance).

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 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

Arcs in the power Systems

Arc Furnace
Circuit Breaker Arcs

Arcing Faults

Video 1

Video 2

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 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

HIF Field Testing Das & Bayoumi,

CIRED2007

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 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

HIF Field Testing Ref. CIRED2007

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 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

4- Impact of the earth concept on the earth fault

current in the distribution networks:

Solidly Earthed
Unearthed
-The earth fault
current is very high. Compensated
-The earth fault current
-Arcs due to earth is very low.
-The earth fault current is
faults are not self-
-Arcs due to earth faults exteremly low.
extinguished
can be self-
-Arcs due to earth faults are
extinguished
self-extinguished

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 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System
t1 t2 t3 t4

Druml et. al.

CIRED2003

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 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

Arcing Fault in a Compensated MV Network

t5 t6
Kizilcay & Seta
PSCC2005

t7

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 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

5- Terminology of short-circuit current waveform and

current interruption :

Basic balanced three-phase electric circuit with earth return

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 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

For a solid three-phase to earth fault:

Substituting i=r, y, b in the above equation and adding the three equations:

where

Also, from Figure

Therefore,

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 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

The solution is given by:

where K is a constant that satisfies the initial conditions. Since the three-phase
system is symmetrical and balanced, ie(t =0)=0. Thus, the above equation gives
K =0 and ie(t)=0.

Return to the first equation in the previous slide and substitute ie(t)=0 , it gives:

where

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 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

The previous equation can be written as the sum of an ac component and a

unidirectional dc component as follows:

Is L time dependent or independent?

What are the factors affecting on the dc decay amplitude and its rate?

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 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

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 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

420 kV SF6 Circuit Breaker

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 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

6- Effects of short-circuit currents on equipment:

1- Thermal effects.
Fault currents in power systems create thermal effects on conductors and
equipment due to heating and excess energy input over time (I2t). Generally,
both ac and dc components of the short-circuit current contribute to the thermal
heating of conductors.

2- Mechanical effects.
Short-circuit currents flowing through the conductors of various power system
equipment create electromagnetic forces and mechanical stresses on equipment
such as overhead line conductors, busbars and their supports, cables and
transformer windings.

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 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

F(t) contains a dc component, a power

frequency component and a double-
power frequency component.

Electromagnetic forces on two parallel round current carrying conductors

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 PSPG, Dep. of Elect. Eng., Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University, Egypt.
Course: Analysis of Faulted Power System

7- Per-unit analysis of power systems:

Power System Analysis Course
by Dr Elgamasy

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