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Rise of Tea culture in China and Hong Kong (including the tea circle in Hong Kong)

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CHAPTER1 Background and Introduction

Originating in China over 5,000 years ago, tea has evolved from a simple beverage to a

significant symbol of culture and identity. Beyond just a drink, tea in the Chinese context plays a

pivotal role in shaping societal narratives, providing a framework for expressing individual and

communal identities.

This is especially evident in Hong Kong, while a part of China and a formerly British colony, has

its unique dynamics in tea culture. China stands as the largest tea producer globally. In contrast,

Hong Kong, despite not being a tea-growing region, has acted as a pivotal transshipment hub for

Chinese tea for nearly a century. Hong Kong people have a deep fondness for tea. Due to the

unique geographical location and historical reasons, a particular societal circle known as 茶圈

(cheque) centered around "Tea Practitioner " or 茶人 (Charen), has taken shape since the 1980s

in Hong Kong. Many of these individuals, although not professionally engaged in tea-making or

possessing formal tea education, claim expertise in tea art and its authentication. For them, tea

can be a profession, a hobby, a daily indulgence, or even a form of social currency. Impressively,

they have carved out a niche for themselves as recognized authorities or having a unique taste

within the tea community, influencing local tea-drinking habits, consumption trends, cultural

perceptions, and social dynamics. Their impact even extends to shaping China's broader tea

industry and the evolution of its tea culture.

According to the sociologist Pierre Bourdieu's Theory of Practice, the unique tea circle

constructed in Hong Kong society is a "field" based on tea. In his discourse, the specific position

of each actor within the field results from the interplay between the field's particular rules, the

actor's habitus, and the actor's capital (social, economic, and cultural capital). Another concept,
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"symbolic violence," refers to the imposition of a field's values and rules of power distribution

onto every participant in a gentle and legitimized manner.

Tea has been used as the "cultural capital" of tea practitioners to form their discursive power and

authority. They affect the "habitus" of people within this field, producing their "symbolic

capital," influencing the consumption perceptions of individuals in the tea circle.

CHAPTER 2 Aims and Objectives

Existing research on tea primarily emphasizes its cultural, economic, and technical aspects,

covering the historical evolution of tea, studies on tea artistry, the growth of the tea industry and

its economy, and advancements in tea-making techniques. There are only a few studies that

explore the role tea plays among overseas Chinese communities in a sociological dimension.

There needs to be more research on how tea constructs social circles and serves as cultural

capital in the stratification of classes or how tea practitioners utilize tea as cultural capital to

shape processes, influencing habits within these circles and thereby causing shifts in

consumption ideologies. While Bourdieu's theories have been widely applied across various

sectors, with concepts like habitus and cultural capital frequently invoked, there has been scant

application in the realms of tea culture and the regional influences of tea.

In this sociological investigation, we explore how tea intake moves beyond simple gastronomic

behavior and develops into a potent instrument for communication and a method of information

distribution. As a culinary culture, this study examines how tea intake creates a distinctive social

network and the nuanced implications of interlaced social relationships. Additionally, by

examining the phenomena of tea drinkers' culture, our research aims to shed light on how

cultural communication and identity concerns have evolved within the tea-loving society (Deb &

Mir). The growth of the tea culture business and the preservation of traditional tea culture
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heritage are the ultimate goals of our work. We want to come up with some helpful ideas in this

regard.

Hong Kong's "Tea Practitioner" impact has not decreased in the digital era. On the contrary, it

has increased because of the city's distinctive geographic setting and historical backdrop.

Through a case study of "tea people" inside the tea drinkers' circles in Hong Kong, this study

examines the complex link between discourse dominance, identity, and the history of tea culture.

Our study's goals include the following:

1. To understand how tea evolved from a straightforward beverage into a versatile

communication tool and a medium for information transfer.

2. Investigate how tea intake creates its social circle, one marked by intricate and

interconnected social relationships.

3. To learn more about how the identity and cultural communication of the tea enthusiast

culture develop into a sort of "tribalism" communication where "tea people" claim

narrative authority.

4. By examining the phenomena of tea drinkers' culture, it is possible to investigate the

connection between identity and the history of tea culture to offer helpful advice for the

growth of the tea culture business and the preservation of traditional tea culture heritage.

CHAPTER 3 Research Questions

The following primary research inquiries are addressed in this study:

Q1: How did the Hong Kong Tea Drinkers Cultural Circle create its unique community, focusing

on "tea people" and expressing their voice around tea culture?

Q2: How did the Tea Drinkers Cultural Circle's impact spread to other nations and the more

significant tea industry? Why did it start in Hong Kong?

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Q3: How do people who drink tea in particular cultural communities develop a sense of cultural

identity, and how does this impact how much tea is consumed?

CHAPTER 4. Literature Review

4.1. Rise of Tea Culture in China and Hong Kong (including Tea Circle in Hong Kong)

The emergence and development of tea culture in China and Hong Kong, encompassing

the tea circle in Hong Kong, has constituted a significant and complex phenomenon. China's tea

culture has been shaped by a rich history and cultural heritage spanning over two thousand years

(Feuchtwang & Bruckermann, 2016). The impact of tea on daily life, rituals, and ceremonies

within Chinese civilization has been substantial, and this effect persists in contemporary society.

The current revival of tea culture is of particular significance, as it has seen a rebound in recent

years owing to several crucial elements.

The return of tea culture can be attributed to a notable change in consumer behavior,

which corresponds to the expansion of China's economy and the rise of its middle class. The

market for high-quality, genuine teas has experienced a significant increase, and the act of

consuming tea has transitioned from being predominantly a domestic leisure activity to a widely

enjoyed source of pleasure and a means of social engagement. The fervor exhibited by the

younger generation in their pursuit of knowledge regarding novel varieties of tea, techniques for

brewing, and engagement in tea-related endeavors has been essential in driving this

phenomenon. Moreover, the revitalization of tea culture has been greatly facilitated by

governmental assistance since the Chinese government has taken proactive measures to endorse

tea as a symbol of Chinese heritage and its economic prospects (Bray & Jeffreys, 2016).

Initiatives such as the "Chinese National Tea Culture" campaign and assisting with tea-related

travel and commerce have bolstered the industry's viability.

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Additionally, the phenomenon of globalization has significantly contributed to the

resurgence of China's tea culture (Pieterse, 2019). Chinese teas have garnered international

acclaim following a period of relative anonymity, hence leading to a heightened global

appreciation for traditional Chinese tea rituals and customs (Yus, 2016). The international

acknowledgment of Chinese tea has propelled it to a prominent position in the global business.

The notion of habitus proposed by Bodeguer holds relevance in the context of the

comeback of tea culture. This theoretical framework examines the individualized dispositions

and preferences that emerge with the consumption of tea, encompassing distinct brewing

methodologies and taste predilections (Fowler, 2016). Bodeguer's theory posits that tea culture is

a social setting where tea enthusiasts, producers, and academics compete for recognition and

create cultural, social, and financial capital. Significant roles are played by social capital within

the tea community, cultural capital in terms of knowledge and appreciation of tea, and economic

capital used to purchase tea and teaware (Fowler, 2022). As dominant practices or preferences

imperceptibly assert themselves, Bodeguer's theory demonstrates how symbolic violence in tea

culture can subtly influence individuals' tea-related identities and decisions.

The rise of tea culture in China and Hong Kong, with a particular emphasis on the tea

circle in Hong Kong, is a dynamic and evolving cultural phenomenon influenced by historical

traditions, contemporary consumer behavior, government support, globalization, and the

interaction of cultural capital, social capital, and economic capital.

4.2. Existing research on Hong Kong tea culture, tea circle, and tea practitioners (research gap,

few to use Bourdieu’s Theory, in sociological dimension)

Existing research on Hong Kong's tea culture, tea circles, and tea practitioners provides valuable

insight into a unique facet of the city's cultural heritage, offering a distinctive perspective on the
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interplay between tradition and modernity. These studies represent a significant research gap,

with only a few utilizing Bourdieu's Theory to explore these aspects within a sociological

dimension.

Hong Kong's tea-drinking customs, particularly within the context of unique tea circles, are

essential due to their intricate blend of history and modern living (Aktaş & Polat, 2020). These

customs not only showcase the enduring value of tea in Chinese culture but also demonstrate its

evolution in response to Hong Kong's vibrant metropolitan environment (Mak, 2021). Special tea

groups provide windows into the intricate relationships between modernity and tradition in this

global city. These entities function as central points for facilitating intercultural engagement,

fostering a sense of affiliation and inclusion among participants, and contributing to the

revitalization and safeguarding of customary practices.

Unique tea circles are organized gatherings when individuals with a shared interest in tea come

together to engage in social interactions, conversations, and knowledge acquisition about the

subject of tea. These social collectives, often formed based on personal relationships or shared

interests, serve a crucial role in preserving Chinese cultural traditions, cultivating a sense of

belonging among members, and imparting knowledge about the intricacies of tea to those

unfamiliar with it. Hong Kong boasts a distinctive tea culture that places significant emphasis on

the meticulous preparation of Gong Fu tea, which involves the utilization of teapots and Gong Fu

tea sets. The urban environment provides a diverse selection of tea options, encompassing

renowned varieties such as Oolong and Pu-erh. The tea rituals, brewing methods, and teaware

selection of these societies collectively contribute to the distinctive cultural fabric that arises

from them.
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The understanding of the unique tea circles and rituals seen in Hong Kong is significantly

enhanced by the incorporation of Bourdieu's Theory. Through the concept of habitus, Bourdieu's

theory explains how people in these cultures form their personalities, tastes, and preferences for

tea. The social context in which these distinctive tea circles operate is referred to as a "field" in

Bourdieu's theory, highlighting the members' struggle for cultural and social capital (Fowler,

2020). The knowledge, appreciation, and understanding of tea within these groups are integral to

Bourdieu's notion of cultural capital. Within these circles, individuals engage with tea culture

while negotiating their identities and preferences. This process illustrates symbolic violence,

where specific actions or desires may dominate the field while others face rejection. Bourdieu's

theory provides a valuable framework for comprehending the dynamism and complexity of Hong

Kong's specialized tea circles.

In summary, existing research on Hong Kong's tea culture, tea circles, and tea practitioners,

particularly when viewed through the lens of Bourdieu's Theory, sheds light on a distinct

sociological dimension and represents a noteworthy research gap in exploring this cultural

phenomenon.

4.3 Bourdieu’s practical theory and implication (introduce some key concepts, overview the

implication of Bourdieu’s theory, mainly in Hong Kong tea, but few implications in the tea

circle, and build the societal circle in the tea realm.)

Bourdieu's practical theory provides valuable insights into the implications of his key concepts,

mainly when applied to the context of Hong Kong's tea culture and the development of

specialized tea circles. This sociological framework introduces several key concepts, including

habitus, cultural capital, and field, which have significant implications for understanding the

dynamics within these cultural circles.

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Habitus, as proposed by Bourdieu, plays a central role in developing complex identities within

Hong Kong's tea culture and specialized tea circles (Bourdieu, 1984). Individuals within these

circles acquire dispositions, rituals, and tastes for tea, shaping their unique identities closely

associated with the practice of tea. The interaction between tradition and modernity in Hong

Kong's diverse cultural milieu becomes apparent as individuals express their cultural identities

through tea-related habits and preferences.

Cultural capital, another key concept in Bourdieu's theory, is significant when examining the

implications within these circles (Bourdieu, 1986). Knowledge of and respect for tea represent

forms of cultural capital, illustrating how individuals gather and utilize cultural resources to

construct identities associated with tea. This cultural capital is not only about understanding the

intricacies of tea but also about demonstrating cultural competence and affiliation within the tea

community.

The concept of "field" in Bourdieu's theory emphasizes the dynamic social context in which

these specialized tea circles operate (Bourdieu, 1993). Participants in these circles engage in a

struggle for cultural and social capital, affecting the narratives that circulate within these

communities. The "right of narrative" allows individuals to share their unique experiences,

rituals, and travels within the world of tea, contributing to the cultural tapestry of tea culture and

serving as a means of transmitting traditional wisdom and customs (Behar, 2022).

Within these circles, the cognitive processes related to tea intake are tightly interwoven with

identity formation and the establishment of social networks (Bourdieu, 1990). Participants

carefully select their teas, employ specific brewing techniques, and appreciate awareness and

rituals that align with their tastes and beliefs. The concept of capital is essential here, as

individuals leverage their cultural and social capital, including their networks, expertise, and
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resources, to make choices related to tea consumption. The complex interplay of cognition,

identity, and social networks underscores the intricate dynamics of this cultural environment

(Kearney, 2018).

In conclusion, Bourdieu's practical theory, when applied to the context of Hong Kong's tea

culture and specialized tea circles, sheds light on how individuals develop their identities,

exercise their right to narrative, and make cognitive decisions related to tea consumption. The

implications of habitus, cultural capital, and the field provide a sociological framework for

understanding the intricate interplay of tradition, modernity, and identity formation within the tea

community.

CHAPTER 5. Methodology

5.1. Ethnographic Study: Field Interviews and Observations

5.1.1 Research Method

We will use ethnographic research techniques to grasp Hong Kong's tea culture circle

thoroughly. Observing and engaging with people in their natural environment requires

immersing oneself in the cultural background. An initial round of on-site interviews and

observations will be a part of our research.

5.1.2 Research Subjects

Our main topics will be those actively involved in the tea culture scene, such as "tea

people," people who profess to be experts in tea, and people who participate in tea-related

events. We will randomly choose participants from this community to provide a representative

and varied sample.

5.1.3 Objective
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This phase's objective is to gather preliminary information that supports Research

Question 1 (Q1), which asks, "How did the Tea Drinkers Cultural Circle in Hong Kong establish

its distinctive circle, focused on "tea people," and assert their voice within the discourse of tea

culture?" Through ethnographic study, we may learn more about the complex relationships

within the tea culture community, the customs and rituals of tea connoisseurs, and the influence

that "tea people" have on speech and behavior.

5.1.4 Theoretical Approach

The notions of habitus, cultural capital, and field from Pierre Bourdieu's sociological

theory are fundamental to our theoretical framework. Because ethnography allows us to connect

directly with the tea culture field, watch social interactions, and get rich qualitative data, it fits

within the theory of Bourdieu. We will look at how experts in the area build up cultural capital

and use it to influence the conversation around tea culture. Our data collection and analysis will

be guided by Bourdieu's theories, which will shed light on the underlying power dynamics,

identity construction, and cultural practices inside the tea culture circle.

5.2. Interviews

5.2.1 Sample Source

We will conduct in-depth interviews with a representative sample of respondents in the

Hong Kong area to get a thorough picture of the dynamics inside the tea culture circle. The

majority of the people in our selection will be between the ages of 30 and 50, representing a

variety of positions within the tea culture community. This group comprises "tea people,"

devotees of the tea culture, vendors, and customers.

5.2.2 Research Approach

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We will conduct our interviews offline so that we may speak with the chosen responders

in person. This strategy fits with the purpose of our study, which is to dive deeply into the

experiences, convictions, and customs of those who are a part of the tea culture circle. Personal

interviews will produce rich qualitative data that will allow us to examine the subtleties of tea

culture and identity in the local setting.

5.2.3 Methods

The interviews will be audio-recorded, transcribed, and translated as required to

guarantee accuracy. We will then use coding techniques to find patterns and recurrent themes in

the data. This qualitative analysis will provide insights into power dynamics and how cultural

identity is constructed within tea culture.

We will use statistical tools, such as SPSS, to statistically investigate certain parts of the

data in addition to qualitative research, providing a thorough view of the interaction between

identity, tea culture, and consumption habits. Our methodology is designed to thoroughly explore

the tea culture circle in Hong Kong, examining the complex relationships between cultural

capital, identity, and consumption practices. It combines ethnographic research with in-depth

interviews, both informed by Bourdieu's sociological theories.

CHAPTER 6. Ethical Considerations

We focused on ethical behavior throughout our investigation of the connections between

tea, social circles, identification, and consuming identity in Hong Kong.

6.1 Anonymization

We shall anonymize all data to preserve the privacy and welfare of our study participants.

Each participant will be given a pseudonym, and we will not use any details that may reveal their
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identities. Participants may freely share their experiences thanks to anonymization, which

protects them from facing any negative personal or professional consequences.

6.2 Data Retention and Disclosure

We are dedicated to maintaining the privacy of the information gathered. Transcripts and

field notes are included in the study data, which will all be safely archived and only available to

the research team. Data will not be disclosed to third parties without the participant's

authorization. Before utilizing specific quotes or comments, we will get informed consent to

uphold our commitment to openness and safeguard participants' privacy.

6.3 Authenticity

The integrity of our study findings must be preserved at all costs. Participants' viewpoints

and experiences will be presented honestly and objectively. The results will be rigorously

analyzed, and cross-referencing will guarantee their validity. To avoid prejudice and

misinformation, a variety of voices will be represented.

Respecting participants' rights, assuring the validity of the research, and preserving the

highest ethical standards throughout the study all depend on our dedication to ethics.

CHAPTER 7. Timeline

Below is a simplified summary table of a research plan

Phase Duration Task

Research Proposal Months 1-2 Define the goals and questions for the study.

Development Review of the literature and theoretical

background. Creation of methodologies.

Ethical Approval Month 2 Create and submit the request for a moral

evaluation.
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Data Collection Months 3-6 interview people and do fieldwork for

ethnography.

Ensure the confidentiality and

anonymization of data.

Data Analysis Months 7-9 Coding, transcription, and translation.

Analyses, both qualitative and quantitative.

Writing and Reporting Months 10-12 Prepare the study findings and report.

For precision and clarity, go back and

rewrite.

Finish the study paper, then get it ready to be

submitted.

Submission and Publication Month 12 Send the study paper to conferences or

scholarly magazines.

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