Irawan Satriotomo, M.D., Ph.D.

What is Neuroscience?
Brain computer interface, Neuroprothestic, Functional MRI, Neurointerventional radiology
Neural tissue engineering
Genomic, Proteomics, Metobolomic
Computational neuroscience, Neuroinformatics,
Cybernetics
Signal transduction, Drugs development, etc.
Learning, Memory, Cognition, Emotion, Addiction

Epigenetic, Animal diseases model

(transgenic/mutant), etc.
Neural/nerve conduction (EEG, EMG),
Brain stimulation, etc. Neural tracer, Synapse, Pathology, etc.

Neurodegenerative diseases
 Unique Facts about The Brain
Comparison of the brain in different species
 Unique Facts about The Brain

Species Brain Weight (g)

Human 1,300-1,400

Monkey 90-97

Rat 2

Bear 498

Elephant 4,783

Then, should be the elephant far more smarter than us ?

Nieuwenhuys, R., Ten Donkelaar, H.J. and Nicholson, C. , 1998; Mink, J.W., Blumenschine, R.J. and Adams, 1981
The Brain is not only about the weight!

In the evaluation of higher cortical function,

the brain ratio to body weight is important!

BL Hart, LA Hart, N Pinter-Wollman, 2007

Era of 1500s Era of 1900s

Rene Descartes Johannes Pierre Paul Camillo Golgi Santiago Korbinian Wilder Penfield
1596-1650 Purkinje Broca 1843-1956 Ramon Y Cajal Brodmann 1891-1976
Nerves contains 1787-1869 1824-1880 Full 1852-1934 1868-1918 One of the
“animal spirits”, First to Broca’s visualization The Neuron Categorized the greatest
Mind & Body are describe a aphasia: can of a single Doctrine: brain into 52 neurosurgeons,
separate nerve cell, understand but neuron via defines distinct areas – Leading figure in
“Purkinje” cannot respond silver Golgi synaptic Brodmann area Epilepsy
cell correctly staining transmission

Golgi stained neurons Brodmann area (based on cytoarchitectonics)

NEUROSCIENCE: PRESENT
Where are we now?
Period: 2000s - Present
Nobelists 1994 Nobelists 2003 Nobelist 2003

Sir Peter Mansfield Paul Lauterbur Roderick MacKinnon

Discovery G-protein couple receptor Discovery Magnetic Resonance Imaging Discovery of ion channel
& Signal transduction

Nobelists 2013 Nobelists 2014

Discovery of machinery vesicle traffic, major Discovery mature cell can be

transport system in the cells “reprogrammed “ into stem cell
 Neurotechnology & Medical Applications
Neurotechnology is any technology that has a fundamental influence on how people
understand the brain and various aspects of consciousness, thought and higher order activities
in the brain. It also allow researchers and clinicians to visualize the brain and includes
technologies that are designed to improve and repair brain function.
Positron Emission
Tomography (PET)
for Alzheimer’s
patient

Transcranial Magnetic
Stimulation (TMS) for Electroencephalography
depression (EEG) for Epilepsy
diagnosis

Functional Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to
differentiate brain activities
during visual vs. auditory
Neurotechnology
CURRENT BRAIN RESEARCH
INITIATIVESHuman Brain Project in EUROPE
 Focuses on Neuroinformatics, Brain
stimulation, High-performance
computing, Medical informatics,
Neuromorphic computing,
Neurorobotics
 1.190 Billion € funding

Brain Activity Map

Project in UNITED
STATES
 Focuses in mapping
every activity of every
neuron in the human
FAONS-IBRO Symposium 2022
August 2022, Bali, Indonesia
NEUROSCIENCE: FUTURE
Where will we go?
Period: 2014 - Onwards

Artificial Intelligence
(A.I)
Super Computer

Multi-Omics

Brain Machine Interface

Gene Therapy

Stem Cells
Robots
 Personalized Medicine & Multi-Omics era

AI need it to integrate all the data (genes and omics, etc.) to get the precise diagnosis and
treatment
Neuroscience & Artificial Intelligence (A.I)

Robots
Super Computer Facility
Neural structure and its circuits
 Artificial Intelligence artificial (AI) is program with the
ability to learn and reason like humans.

Machine Learning:
Algorithms with the
ability to learn without
being explicitly
programmed

Deep Learning: Subset

of machine learning in
which artificial neural The data types considered in the AI literatures. The comparison
networks adapt and is obtained through searching the diagnosis techniques in the AI
learn from vast amounts literature on the PubMed database.
of data.
The road map from clinical data generation to natural language processing data enrichment,
to machine learning data analysis, to clinical decision making.
EMR, electronic medical record; EP, electrophysiological.
Brain Machine Interface (BMI): Clinical Applications

BMI used to command a robotic arm to

assist eating for handicapped patients

BMI to assist moving wheelchair BMI to communicate non-verbally in verbally

impaired individuals (“How are you?” in
Results from the predictive models for patients from the test set. Four biomarkers used for predictions (TRACE diffusion weighted imaging [DWI], cerebral
metabolism of oxygen [CMRO2], mean capillary transit time [MTT], and time point for the maximum of the residue function [Tmax]) are shown, as well as the follow-
up T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery with the final infarct shown as a red contour. Patient A is a 58-year-old man (NIHSS=23), scanned 2.5 hours after
symptom onset. Patient B is a 44-year-old man (NIHSS=13), scanned after 2 hours. Patient C is a 74-year-old woman (NIHSS=4) scanned after 1 hour. Patient D is a
69-year-old woman (NIHSS=8) scanned after 2.5 hours. ADC thres indicates thresholding of the ADC biomarker; CNNdeep, deep convolutional neural network;
CNNshallow, simple CNN; CNNTmax, CNN based on the Tmax imaging biomarker; and GLM, generalized linear model. (Srke 2018)
 Future Medicine / Healthcare

Robotic surgery
Proton Beam Therapy
(PBT) for meduloblastoma

3D bioprint
 Conclusions
• Neuroscience influenced and inspired the industrial revolution through Artificial
Intelligence (AI) and/or machine learning to improve medical technology.
• The increasing ability of healthcare data and rapid development of big data
analysis has made possible the recent successful application of AI in healthcare.
• We believe that human physician will not be replaced by machine in future, but AI
can definitely assist physician to make better clinical decisions or even replace
human judgment in certain functional areas of healthcare.