Adenoviridae

By: Group 1
Roldan
Sabitero
Segocio
Sembrano
Mastadenovirus General
information
Members are icosahedral, non-
enveloped DNA viruses.

Usually, 80 nm in diameter.

First isolated from human

Aviadenovirus adenoids, hence their name.

Two most common genera are

Mastadenovirus and
Aviadenovirus, which infects
mammals and birds,
respectively.
Human Adenovirus (HAdV)
species C
 Taxonomy and background
information
Member of the family Adenoviridae and genus
Mastadenovirus.
Non-enveloped virus.
Capsid shape is icosahedral with a size that
ranges from 90–100 nm in diameter.
Has a genome size of ~36-kb.
Belongs to Baltimore class I (dsDNA) viruses.
First isolated from human adenoid tissue cultures,
hence the name.
Has five serotypes (1, 2, 5, 6, 57) and associated
with diseases in the respiratory, gastrointestinal,
Human mastadenovirus species C obesity, pneumonia, and hepatitis.
Life cycle
Life Cycle Stages:
Attachment
Penetration/Endocytos
is
Viral Uncoating
Replication and
Biosynthesis
Bioassembly and Release
Disease
Acute Respiratory
Infections (ARIs)
Human adenovirus (HAdV) species C
infection can cause a variety of diseases.
It is a major pathogen of acute
respiratory tract infections (ARIs),
which can be life-threatening on infected
person.
 TRANSMISSION
Acute respiratory infection (ARI) caused
by HAvD species C usually spread from
infected people to others through:
Close personal contact such as
touching or shaking hands.
Touching fomites (objects or surfaces)
then touching your mouth, nose, or
eyes.
Transmission also occur through the
air via droplets or aerosols produced
during coughing and sneezing.
 SYMPTOMS

Congestion, Runny nose Cough Sore throat Body aches

either in the and fatigue.
nasal sinuses
or lungs.
 DIAGNOSIS

Check for inflammation and fluid in the lungs by

listening to the abnormal sounds made when
breathing.
Physical examination of upper respiratory
infection
Redness of the throat
Redness inside the wall of nasal cavity
White secretions on the tonsils
Enlargement of the tonsils
Facial tenderness
Redness of the eyes.
 DIAGNOSIS

X-ray or CT scan to check lower respiratory

tract
Lung function tests
Pulse oximetry - can check how much
oxygen gets into the lungs.
Swab from nose or mouth, or sample of
sputum to check for the type of virus or
bacteria causing the disease.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The spot of entry usually dictates the place of infection
Gastrointestinal tract infection results from fecal-oral transmission,
whereas respiratory tract infection infections outcome from droplet
inhalation.
The spot of entry usually dictates the place of infection
Gastrointestinal tract infection results from fecal-oral transmission,
whereas respiratory tract infection infections outcome from droplet
inhalation.

Lytic infection Chronic or latent infection

- viral reproduction cycle

- enters and replicates inside of
the host (human epithelial cells)
- inhibit macromolecular synthesis
and transport mRNA to cytoplasm
- cellular death and cell lysis
- virions produced, resulting in a
host inflammatory response
- latent state for years
- HAdVs remain in lymphoid organs,
such as adenoids, tonsils, or
Peyer’s patches
- re-activate, re-infect, and
replicate in epithelial cells
Treatment and Management
 - ARIs have no known treatment
- Antibiotics, only if bacterial infection is suspected
- Focus on relieving symptoms

Bronchodilator Oral rehydration Rest Analgesics like

medication acetaminophen
(Tylenol) and NSAIDs to
reduce fever, aches, and
pains
Epidemiology
ARIs have 20% of mortality among
children <5 years old
80% of the total global cases is
from Southeast Asia and sub-
Saharan African countries
2.4% prevalence in the urban areas
and a 3.8% in the rural areas
265,000 in-hospital deaths of young
children were attributed to ARI
99% in developing countries
over two-thirds of all childhood
illnesses in urban slum areas
Coronaviridae
 General
Information
Torovirus Large, enveloped, single-
stranded RNA viruses.

Largest known RNA viruses

with genomes ranging from 25
to 32 kb.

Virions are characterized by

the large spike (S)
glycoprotein that extends 15-
20 nm in diameter.

Two genera Coronavirus and

Coronavirus Torovirus contain viruses that
infect humans.
Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome Coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2)
Taxonomy and
background
information
Belongs to the family Coronaviridae and
genus Beta coronavirus.
Enveloped virus that is spherical in shape
with a diameter of ~80 nm.
Named after the coronavirus responsible
for the SARS outbreak in 2013.
Zoonotic in origin and has a virion size
ranging from 70 to 90 nm.
A single-stranded and positive-sense RNA
virus (Class IV) .
It has already infected millions of people
since its outbreak last december 2019.
SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are some of
viruses belonging to the same genus that
are know to infect humans.
Life Cycle
binding to a host
cell surface
receptor
cell entry
virion uncoating
translation of
replicase proteins
RNA transcription
RNA synthesis
virion assembly
release of mature
virions into the
extracellular space
Coronavirus
Disease 2019
( COVID-19)
Transmission

sneezing coughing talking

Symptoms

fever dry cough shortness of

breath
Diagnosis
Diagnostic
Testing

Polymerase Chain Reaction

and Serology
Reverse transcription
polymerase chain reaction (RT-
PCR) is the standard for
diagnosis.
False- negative tests results
are often due to adequacy of
the specimen collection technique,
time from exposure, and specimen
source.
Serological testing can also help
in the diagnosis.
Laboratory
Findings

elevated serum C- reactive

protein

elevated lactate hydrogenase,

alanine aminotransferase and
aspartate aminotransferase

low albumin levels

lymphophenia and mild

thrombocytopenia
Imaging
Tests

chest tomographic imaging of a

COVID-19 patient will show a
diffuse, peripheral ground- glass
opacities

The opacities will have ill-defined

margins, air bronchograms,
smooth or irregular interlobular
thickeningand thickening of
adjacent pleura
Pathophysiology
Additional
infos
the most common Coronaviruses
in clinical practice are 229E,
OC43, NL63, and HKU1

SARS-CoV 2 is the 3rd

Coronavirus that has caused
high mortality rate in the past 2
decades

the virions have an appearance

of solar corona

Pangolins are believed to be the

intermediate host of the virus
Treatment
and
Management
Antiviral Treatments

Oral IV
Antivirals Antivirals

Paxlovid Veklury
Lagevrio (Remdesivir)
Monoclonal Antibody

Bebtelovimab
Epidemiology
The novel human virus originated in bats.
Responsible for about 5% of infant
hospitalizations from lower respiratory
tract infections (LRTI), globally
In 2002-2003, SARS-CoV caused an
epidemic in human populations of a severe
pulmonary disease with a mortality rate
of 10% that rapidly spread to four
continents, infecting 8,096 individuals
and claiming 774 victims
After the first cases from Wuhan, it
increased globally to 500 million
confirmed cases
 References
Biggers, A. (2022). Acute Upper Respiratory Infection. https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-upper-respiratory-infection

Crenshaw, B. J., Jones, L. B., Bell, C. R., Kumar, S., & Matthews, Q. L. (2019). Perspective on Adenoviruses: Epidemiology,
Pathogenicity, and Gene Therapy. Biomedicines, 7(3), 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines7030061

ICTV. (2022). Family: Adenoviridae | ICTV. Ictv.global. https://ictv.global/report/chapter/adenoviridae/adenoviridae

Murarkar, S., Gothankar, J., Doke, P., Dhumale, G., Pore, P. D., Lalwani, S., Quraishi, S., Patil, R. S., Waghachavare, V., Dhobale, R.,
Rasote, K., Palkar, S., Malshe, N., & Deshmukh, R. (2021). Prevalence of the Acute Respiratory Infections and Associated Factors
in the Rural Areas and Urban Slum Areas of Western Maharashtra, India: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study.
Frontiers in public health, 9, 723807. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.723807

Oxford, J., Kellam, P., & Collier, L. H. (2016). Human virology. Oxford University Press, Cop.

Supriya, N. (2019, July 19). Life Cycle of Adenovirus? Stages, Multiplication & Host-Virus Interaction - Biology Redaer. Biology
Reader. https://biologyreader.com/life-cycle-of-adenovirus.html#Attachment

Wiersinga, W. J., Rhodes, A., Cheng, A. C., Peacock, S. J., & Prescott, H. C. (2020). Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and
treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. Jama, 324(8), 782-793.
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